EDUCATION  DEPT. 


)/ 

c'/*''^^ 


-2.  ^  3 


GUIDE 

TO    THE    STUDY    OF 

AMERICAN  HISTORY 


EDWARD    CHANNING,   PH.D. 

/'       AND 

ALBERT    BUSHNELL    HART,  PH.D. 


ASSISTANT    PROFESSORS    OF    HISTORY    IN 
HARVARD    UNIVERSITY 


BOSTON,  U.S.A.,  AND  LONDON 
GINN    &    COMPANY,    PUBLISHERS 

SUfcenaettm 
1896 


. 


OEPT. 


EDUG 

OEPT. 

COPYRIGHT,   1896 
BY  E.  CHANNING  AND  A.  B.  HART 


ALL    RIGHTS    RESERVED 


GUIDE  TO  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


EDUCATION  DEPT 


PREFACE. 


THIRTEEN  years'  experience  in  the  teaching  of  American 
history  to  college  and  graduate  students  has  led  to  the  prep 
aration  of  this  book.  Some  of  the  material  has  been  printed 
in  tentative  form  for  the  use  of  our  own  classes  ;  for  instance, 
the  General  Readings  (Part  I,  §  56)  and  the  Topical  References 
(Parts  II  and  III)  are  revised  and  enlarged  from  lists  which  have 
been  tested  in  everyday  use.  Since  American  history  is  so  widely 
taught,  we  have  hoped  that  other  teachers  and  other  students 
might  find  available  these  lists  of  references,  and  also  some 
suggestions  on  methods  of  teaching,  derived  from  actual  experi 
ence  in  Harvard  University,  or  known  to  work  successfully  in  other 
colleges  or  secondary  schools. 

In  Part  I  we  have  therefore  placed  in  type  a  body  of  informa 
tion  for  teachers,  students,  readers,  and  librarians.  This  includes 
a  set  of  lists  of  related  books,  which  may  serve  investigators, 
purchasers  of  libraries,  instructors,  and  workers  ;  among  them  are 
selected  lists  of  state,  town,  county,  and  city  histories  ;  national, 
colonial,  state,  and  local  records  and  statutes  ;  biographies,  writ 
ings  of  statesmen,  reminiscences,  newspapers,  and  periodicals  ; 
books  of  travel,  novels,  poems,  and  other  illustrative  matter. 
References  to  most  of  these  books,  and  to  many  others  of  equal 
value,  will  be  found  under  the  appropriate  topics  in  Parts  II 
and  III.  The  rest  of  Part  I  is  devoted  to  descriptions  of  proved 
methods  of  class  exercises,  of  reading  history,  of  written  work, 
and  of  oral  and  written  tests. 

No  one  can  be  better  aware  than  the  authors  of  the  inadequacy 
of  this  work  ;  the  immense  mass  of  rich  material  on  American 
history  cannot  be  condensed  into  a  single  volume  ;  and  doubtless 
much  has  been  omitted  that^ou°rhi  to  go  in,  or  inserted  that  might 


vi  Preface. 

well  be  left  out.  It  is  to  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  plan 
of  the  work  does  not  admit  of  complete  bibliographical  informa 
tion  on  any  topic.  It  has  been  our  endeavor  to  select  out  of  the 
available  material  that  likely  to  be  most  immediately  useful  to  the 
searcher  into  political,  social,  constitutional,  and  economic  history. 
For  the  antiquarian  and  the  genealogist  we  have  not  been  able  to 
provide.  We  have,  however,  noted  as  many  as  possible  of  the 
more  elaborate  bibliographies,  to  serve  as  guides  to  more  com 
plete  information  ;  and  we  have  ventured  to  save  space  in  some 
cases  by  referring  to  bibliographies  or  other  material  previously 
prepared  by  the  same  hands. 

Included  in  the  Index  is  an  alphabetical  list  by  authors  of  all 
the  works  to  which  reference  is  made  ;  but  only  that  page  is 
entered  on  which  the  book  is  first  mentioned.  An  asterisk  indi 
cates  that  the  title  is  printed  in  full,  with  place  and  date  of  publi 
cation. 

All  the  titles  and  references  and  index  entries  have  been  care 
fully  verified  ;  but  errors  have  doubtless  crept  in,  and  the  authors 
will  be  grateful  for  any  indication  of  mistakes,  and  for  any  sug 
gestions  how  the  Giiide  may  be  made  more  useful  to  those  inter 
ested  in  our  country's  history. 

Acknowledgments  to  authors  of  serviceable  books  stand  on 
every  page  ;  but  we  cannot  send  this  volume  to  press  without 
stating  our  peculiar  obligations  to  our  friend  and  master,  Dr.  Jus 
tin  Winsor,  the  profound  scholar  whose  researches  have  opened 
up  the  rich  mines  of  literature  in  American  history,  and  whose 
greatest  work,  the  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America, 
has  been  freely  drawn  upon  throughout  our  labors. 


CAMBRIDGE,  JULY  i,  1896. 


EDWARD  CHANNING, 
ALBERT  BUSHNELL  HART. 


o  **r*~&£rri& 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS 


PART    I. 
METHODS  AND   MATERIALS. 


I.     THE  SUBJECT  MATTER. 

PAGE 

1.  The  Standing  of  American  History        .....  I 

2.  The  Extent  of  American  History       .....  3 

3.  Connection  with  the  History  of  other  Countries   ...  4 

4.  Proper  Position  in  a  Curriculum      ...           .         .  6 

5.  Educative  Value    .........  7 

6.  Historical  Basis 9 

7.  Convenient  Subdivisions       .         .         .         .         .         .         .11 

§  7  a.     Ten  Topics 1 1 

§  7  b.     Twenty  Topics 12 

§  7  c.     Fifty  Topics 12 

§  7  d.     One  Hundred  Topics 15 


IT.     METHODS  IN  GENERAL. 

§    8.     The  Place  of  "  Method " 19 

§    9.     Preparation  of  Teachers        •  «      •         •         •         •         •         .21 

§  10.     School  Work 23 

§11.     College  Work 24 

§  12.     Investigation       .          .          . 25 

§  13.     Study  without  a  Teacher        .......  27 

§  14.     Collateral  Subjects 29 

vii 


viii  Table  of  Contents. 


III.     BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY. 

PAGE 

§  15.     Bibliography  of  Methods  in  History 30 

§  15  a.  Books  and  Essays  on  Methods  ...  30 
§  150.  Selected  Periodical  Articles  on  Methods  .  .  32 
§150.  Collateral  Authorities  on  Methods  33 

§  1 6.     Special   Bibliographical  Aids 33 

§  1 6  a.     Brief  Bibliographies 35 

§  i6b.     Topical  Outlines 36 

§  i6c.     Useful  Indexes 37 

§  i6d.     Useful  Catalogues 38 

§  i6e.     Indexes  to  Public  Documents,  1776-1895          .         38 
§  17.     General  Reference  Books  on  American  History  .         .         .40 

§  18.     School  Text-Books 41 

§  18  a.     Brief  List  of  School  Text-Books          .  .     43 

§  19.     College  Text-Books 43 

§  19  a.     List  of  College  Text-Books  .         .         .         .44 

§  20.     General  Histories       ........         45 

§  20  a.     Larger  Comprehensive  Works      .         .         .         .46 

§  21.     Historical  Geography 48 

§  21  a.  Physical  Geography  of  America  .  .  .  -5° 
§  21  b.  Physical  Maps  of  North  America  .  .  .  51 

§  21  c.     Historical  Maps 53 

§  21  d.     Sources  of  Historical  Geography  53 

§  22.     Works  on  Special  Topics       .......     55 

§  22  a.     Brief  List  of  Works  on  Special  Topics     .         .         55 
§  23.     State  and  Local  Histories      .......     57 

§  24.     Books  of  Travel 78 

§  25.     Biographies    ..........     86 

§  26.     Periodicals          .........       101 

§  263.     List  of  Periodicals  containing  Historical  Material  102 

§  27.     Newspapers 104 

§  28.     Printed  Sources          ........       106 

§  29.     Colonial  Records 107 

§  30.     United  States  Records 118 

§  30  a.     Journals  of  Congress    .         .         .         .         .         .119 

§  30  b.     Records  of  Debates  .         .         .         .         .119 

§  30  c.     Laws      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .120 

§  30  d.     Documents        .         .         .         .         .         .         .120 

§  30  e.     Reports  of  Judicial  Decisions       .         .         .         .121 


Bibliography  and  MetJiods.  ix 


§  31.     Proceedings  of  Learned  Societies          .  ,         .         .122 

§  32.  Works  of  American  Statesmen  .  .  .  .  .124 
§  33.  Autobiographies  and  Reminiscences  .  .  .  .  .127 
§  34.  Collections  of  Documents  and  Speeches  .  .  .  .132 

§  35.     Manuscript  Sources       . 134 

§  36.     Illustrative  Material 135 

•   §  36  a.     Historical   Novels 137 

§  36  b.     Poems  and  Ballads 141 

IV.     WORKING  LIBRARIES. 

§  37.     Necessity  of  Working  Libraries 143 

§  38.     Cheap  Libraries 144 

§38  a.     Smallest  Possible  Collection       ....  144 

§38b.     A  Five-Dollar  Collection         .         .         .         .  144 

§38c.     A  Ten-Dollar  Collection 145 

§38d.     A  Twenty-Dollar  Collection    ....  145 

§386.     A  Fifty-Dollar  Collection 146 

§  38  f.     A  Hundred-Dollar  Collection  .         .         .  146 

§  39.     A  Good  Working  Library  .         .         .         .         .         .  147 

§  40.     Collateral  Use  of  Public  Libraries 148 

§  41.     Use  of  Great  Libraries        .......  149 

§42.     The  Reserved  and  "  Over-Night "  System        .         .         .  150 

V.     CLASS  EXERCISES. 

§  43.     Recitations -         .  152 

§44.     Proper  Use  of  Text-Books 153 

§  45.     Reviews 154 

§  46.     The  "Quiz" ...  155 

§  47.     Memorizing .         •  156 

§  47  a.     Discovery  and  Exploration      .         .         .         .  1 57 
§  47  b.     Colonial  History,  1604-1760       .         .         .         -158 

§  47  c.     The  American  Revolution        .         .         .         .  1 59 
§  47  d.     Development  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 

States      .                 *. 159 

§476.     Presidents  of  the  United  States      .         .         .  160 

§  47  f.     Admission  of  States    ......  161 

§  47  g.     Population  of  the  United  States     ,         ,         .  162 


Table  of  Contents. 


§  47  h.     Significant    Extracts  from    the    Declaration   of 

Independence          ......  162 

§  47  i.     Significant  Extracts  from  the  Articles  of  Con 
federation    .         .         .         .         .         .         .  163 

§  47  j.     Significant    Extracts  from   the   Constitution   of 

the  United  States 165 

§  48.     Historical  Geography        .         .         .         .         .         .         .  169 

§  49.     Illustrative  Methods 171 

§  50.     Debates 173 

§  51.     Reports  of  Pupils 174 

§  52.     Student  Lectures 174 

§  53.     Seminaries   . 176 

VI.     READING. 

§  54.     Necessity  of  Reading       . 179 

§  55.     Consecutive  Reading  ........  180 

§  56.     General  Reading      ........  180 

§  563.     Brief  List  of  General  Readings          .         .         .181 

§  56  b.     General  Readings 185 

§  57.     Topical  Reading           ........  195 

§  58.     The  Conference  System 195 

§  59.     How  to  Use  Books       . 197 

§  60.     Talks  by  Teachers 198 

§  61.     Formal  Lectures 199 

§  62.     Note-Taking     . 200 

§  63.     Use  of  Notes 203 

§  64.     Giving  out  References      .......  203 

VII.     WRITTEN  WORK. 

§  65.     Written  Reviews 205 

§  66.     Brief  Written  Recitations 205 

§  67.     The  Topical  System 207 

§  68.     Subjects  for  Topics 208 

§  69.     Composition  in  Historical  Subjects 210 

§70.     The  "  Special  Report"  System        .         .         .         .         .  211 

§  71.     The  Essay  or  Thesis  System 215 

§  72.     Monographs 220 

§  73.     Subjects  for  Monographs     .......  222 


Discovery  and  Explorations.  xi 


VIII.     TESTS. 

PAGE 

§  74.     Class-Room  Tests    ...         .....         223 

§75.     Formal  Written  Tests          .......     223 

§  76.     Oral  Examinations  ...  ....         225 


PART    II. 

TOPICS   AND   REFERENCES   IN   COLONIAL 
HISTORY. 


IX.     DISCOVERY  AND  LATIN  COLONIZATION. 

§  77.  Physiography  of  North  America  .....  227 

§  78.  Geography  of  North  America,  1492-1775        .         .         .  227 

§  79.  Archaeology          .........  231 

§  80.  The  Aborigines 232 

§  81.  Pre-Columbian  Discoveries  ......  234 

§  82.  The  Columbian  Discoveries     .          .....  235 

§  83.  The  Companions  and  Successors  of  Columbus    .         .         .  236 

§  84.  The  Naming  of  America          ......  237 

§  85.  The  Spanish  Conquerors     .......  238 

§  86.  The  Spaniards  in  the  United  States         ....  239 

§  87.  Early  French  Explorers        .......  240 

§  88.  The  Huguenot  Settlements 241 

§  89.  Champlain  and  French  Colonization  in  the  North       .         .  242 

§  90.  French  Explorers  in  the  Interior      .....  243 

§  91.  The  Settlement  of  Louisiana       ......  244 

X.     ENGLISH  EXPLORERS  AND  THE  SOUTHERN 
ENGLISH  COLONIES. 

§  92.  The  Cabots 246 

§  93.  The  English  Seamen 247 

§  94.  Other  Early  English  Explorers          .....  248 

§  95.  The  Ralegh  Colonies  ........  248 


xii  Table  of  Contents. 


PAGE 

§  96. 

>   Gosnold,  Pring,  and  Weymouth     ..... 

249 

§    97- 

Virginia  to  1624           ....... 

2  CO 

§    98- 

Virginia,  1624-1688         ....... 

^.yj 

252 

§    99- 

Provincial  Virginia,  1688-1760  ..... 

•       253 

§  ioo. 

Settlement  of  Maryland          ...... 

253 

§  101. 

The  Puritans  in  Maryland          ..... 

•       254 

§   !O2. 

The  Carolinas         ....... 

2  C  C 

§   I03. 

Georgia       ......... 

*•  JJ 
•       257 

XL     MIDDLE  COLONIES. 

§   104- 

New  Netherland      ........ 

258 

§    105. 

The  English  in  New  York          ..... 

•       259 

§    1  06. 

New  Jersey     

260 

§    107- 

Settlement  of  Pennsylvania        ..... 

.       26l 

§  108. 

Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  1685-1760 

263 

XII.     NEW  ENGLAND. 

§  I09- 

New  England  before  1620          

26d 

§  no. 

The  English  Puritans      

.            *-  VJ-{. 

264 

§  in. 

The  Pilgrims      ......... 

,  265 

§   112. 

Plymouth,  1620—1629      .... 

266 

§  "3- 

New  Plymouth  Colony,  1629-1691      . 

267 

§  114- 

The  Council  for  New  England       ..... 

268 

§115- 

Early  Settlements  in  Massachusetts,  1620-1628 

268 

§  n6. 

Origin  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Company   . 

269 

§  ZI7- 

The  Massachusetts  Bay  Company      .... 

260 

§  "8. 

Early  Massachusetts,  1630-1650     ..... 

•^^y 
2/0 

§  119- 

Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations,  1630-1640 

272 

§  120. 

Rhode  Island  to  1665     ....... 

273 

§121. 

Connecticut,  1638-1662      ....... 

274 

§    122. 

New  Haven  Colony,  1638-1662      ..... 

275 

§    I23. 

Northern  Settlements,  1620-1660       . 

27  C- 

§    124- 

The  New  England  Confederation            .... 

/  J 
276 

§I2S. 

The  Quakers      

277 

§    126. 

King  Philip's  War           ....... 

277 

§    I27. 

The  Overthrow  of  the  Massachusetts  Charter  . 

278 

§    128. 

The  Tyranny  of  Andros          

278 

§    I29. 

The  Witchcraft  Delusion   

279 

§    ISO- 

Provincial  New  England          

280 

Colonies  and  Constitution.  xiii 


XIII.     EXPULSION  OF  THE  FRENCH. 

PAGE 

§  131.     Conflict  with  France  on  the  Seaboard        .         .         .         .281 

§  132.     Struggle  for  the  Possession  of  the  Great  Valleys  .         .  282 

XIV.     THE  REVOLUTION. 

§  133.     The  Colonies  in  1760 284 

§  134.     Passive  Resistance,  1761-1766 288 

§  135.     Active  Resistance,  1767-1774     ......  291 

§  136.     Revolution  Precipitated,  1772-1776        ....  294 

§  137.     The  Declaration  of  Independence,  1774-1776   .         .         .  296 

§138.     The  War  in  the  Middle  States 298 

§  139.     The  French  Alliance  * 300 

§  140.     The  War  in  the  Southern  Department  .         .         .         .  301 

§  141.     The  Treaty  of  Peace           .                  303 

§  142.     Formation  of  the  Confederation,  1775-1783           .         .  304 

§  143.     The  State  Constitution,  1775-1781     .....  306 


PART   III. 

TOPICS  AND   REFERENCES   IN  UNITED   STATES 
HISTORY. 


XV.     GENESIS  OF  THE  UNION. 

§  144.  Political  Geography  of  the  United  States,  1775-1895    .         309 

§  145.  People  of  the  United  States,  1606-1895    ....     310 

§  146.  English  Political  Institutions  to  1775     .         .         .         .         311 

§  147.  Colonial  Political  Institutions    .         .         .         .         .         -312 

§  148.  Colonial  Social  Institutions  and  Slavery        .         .         .         314 

XVI.     CONFEDERATION  AND  CONSTITUTION. 

§  149.  Government  of  the  Confederation,  1781-1788  .  .  -316 
§  150.  Territorial  Questions  under  the  Confederation,  1781-1787  317 
§  151.  Finances  of  the  Confederation,  1781-1788  .  .  .  319 


xiv  Table  of  Contents. 


§  152.     Slavery  Questions  under  the  Confederation,  1774-1787  320 
§  153.     Foreign  and  Commercial  Relations  of  the  Confederation, 

1783-1789 321 

§  154.     The  Federal  Convention  of  1787  .....  322 

§  155.     Ratification  of  the  Constitution,  1787-1790       .         .         .  325 

§  1 56.     Theories  of  the  Constitution 326 


XVII.     ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT. 

§  157.     Organization  of  the  three  Departments  of  Government, 

1789-1793 329 

§  158.     Organization  of  a  Financial  System,  1789-1793     .         .  331 

§  159.     Doctrine  of  Implied  Powers      ......  333 

§  1 60.     Political  Parties,  1789-1793 334 

§  161.     Territorial  and  Slavery  Questions,  1789-1802    .         .         .  336 

§  162.     Foreign  Relations,  1793-1797         .....  337 

§  163.     Internal  Disturbances,  1790-1794      .....  339 

§  164.     Breach  with  France,  1797-1800 340 

§  165.     Alien   and    Sedition    Acts,  and    Virginia  and    Kentucky 

Resolutions,  1798-1800  ......  342 

§  1 66.     Fall  of  the  Federalists,  1799-1801          ....  343 


XVIII.     FOREIGN  COMPLICATIONS. 

§  167.     Thomas  Jefferson  and  His  Party       .....  345 

§  1 68.     Annexation   of    Louisiana,    West    Florida,    and   Oregon, 

1800-1812  .........  347 

§  J69-     The  Burr  Conspiracy,  1803-1807        .....  348 

§  170.     Neutral  Trade,  1789-1807 350 

§  171.     The  Embargo  and  Non-Intercourse,  1807-1811          .         .  351 

§172.     The  War  of  1812 352, 

§173.     Opposition  to  the  War,  1811-1815 354 


XIX.     REORGANIZATION. 

§  174.     Financial  and  Commercial  Organization,  1816-1820       .  356 

§175.     The  Great  Constitutional  Decisions  ....  358 

§  176.     Era  of  Good  Feeling,  1817-1825 359 


The   United  States.  xv 


§  177.     The  Missouri  Compromise 361 

§  178.     The  Monroe  Doctrine 362 

§  179.     Administration  of  John  Quincy  Adams      ....    364 


XX.     JACKSON'S  ADMINISTRATION. 

§  180.     The  United  States  in  1830 366 

§  181.  Andrew  Jackson  and  His  Policy        .....     367 

§  182.  Jackson's  War  on  the  Bank,  1829-1833          .         .         .  369 

§  183.  Tariff  and  Nullification,  1828-1832  .                  .         .  .370 

§  184.  Removal  of  the  Deposits,  1833-1834     ....  372 

§  185.  Territorial  Questions  and  Surplus  Revenue,  1829-1841  .     373 


XXI.     SLAVERY  AND  TEXAS. 

§  186.  Negro  Slavery  from  1830  to  1860  .....  375 

§  187.  The  Abolition  Movement,  1830-1840         ....  376 

§  1 88.  Public  Controversy  as  to  Slavery,  1835-1844          .         .  378 

§  189.  International  and  Interstate  Status  of  Slavery,  1830-1860  379 

§  190.  Van  Buren's  Administration  .         .         .         .         .         .  381 

§  191.  The  Whigs  and  Tyler,  1840-1844 382 

^    §  192.  Northeastern  and  Northwestern  Boundaries,  1783-1846  383 

/  §  193.  Annexation  of  Texas,  1836-1846        .....  385 

\    §  194.  The  Mexican  War,  1846-1848 387 

§  195.  Financial  and  Commercial  Questions,  1845-1849       .         .  388 


XXII.     THE    SLAVERY  CRISIS. 

§  196.  The  Territorial  Crisis,  1846-1849 390 

§  197.  Compromise  of  1850          .......  391 

§  198.  Fugitive  Slaves,  1850-1860     ......  393 

§  199.  Cuba  and  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Act,  1854         .         .         .  394 

§  200.  The  Kansas  Struggle,  1854-1861 396 

§  201.  Rise  of  the  Republican  Party     ......  397 

§  202.  Dred  Scott  Decision,  and  John  Brown's  Raid       .         .  399 

§  203.  Election  of  1860 400 


xvi  Table  of  Contents. 


XXIII.     THE  CIVIL  WAR  PERIOD. 

PAGE 

§  204.     The  Sections  Compared          ......  402 

§  205.     Theory  of  Secession 404 

§  206.     Process  of  Secession,  1860-1861    .....  405 

§  207.     Coercion  and  Compromise,  1860-1861        ....  407 

§  208.     Abraham  Lincoln  and  His  Policy  .         .         .         .         .  410 
§  209.     The  Southern  Confederacy,  1861-1865      .         .         .         .412 

§  210.     Military  Events  of  the  Civil  War,  1861-1865         .         .  415 

§  2ii.     Financial  Measures  of  the  Civil  War,  1861-1865      .         .  419 

§  212.     International  Complications  of  the  War,  1861-1865  420 

§  213.     Administration  and  People  during  the  War       .         .         .  423 

§  214.     Abolition  of  Slavery,  1861-1865     ....  425 

INDEX .  429 


GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN    HISTORY. 

PART    I. 
METHODS     AND     MATERIALS. 


I.     THE    SUBJECT    MATTER. 

§  1.     The  Standing  of  American  History. 

IT  is  only  within  the  last  few  years  that  American  history  has 
been  regarded  by  educators  either  as  a  liberal  study  or  as  a 
serious  subject  deserving  scientific  treatment.  This  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  earlier  books  on  this  theme  were  designed  to  com 
memorate  the  supposed  deeds  of  some  ancestor,  or  to  arouse 
the  patriotism  of  American  youth  by  the  relation  of  stories  of 
doubtful  historical  foundation,  and  of  very  questionable  value 
from  an  ethical  point  of  view.  Probably  the  works  of  the  notori 
ous  Mason  L.  Weems  did  much  to  degrade  the  taste  for  real 
historical  information,  and  to  place  an  undue  value  on  the  anec 
dotal  side  of  history.  At  all  events,  it  was  not  until  Jared  Sparks 
began  his  important  labors  in  1818  that  scholars  undertook  the 
study  of  the  history  of  the  English  race  in  America  with  a  serious 
spirit ;  the  earlier  work  of  Abiel  Holmes  seems  to  have  had  slight 
influence  on  the  study  of  history,  although  in  itself  it  is  a  most 
important  and  accurate  book. 

Following  Sparks  there  came  into  existence  a  race  of  historical 
writers  whose  names  must  always  be  held  in  grateful  remembrance, 
even  though  their  works  have  been  largely  superseded.  Of  them 
may  be  mentioned  Pitkin,  George  Bancroft,  Irving,  Prescott,  and 

(0 


The  Subject. 


Tucker,  .All .  these  authors,  with  the  exception  of  Irving  and 
.  H'^pti;.  essayed  t  to  \\yrite  a  more  or  less  complete  history  of  the 
country  in  narrative  form.  Later  another  cycle  of  historical 
writers  began  their  labors,  of  whom  the  best  known,  perhaps,  are 
John  Fiske,  Schouler,  McMaster,  Henry  Adams,  and  Von  Hoist, 
all  of  whom  have  rewritten  portions  of  the  history  of  the  United 
States  with  the  aid  of  new  material. 

Side  by  side  with  these  writers  on  the  general  subject,  the 
investigators  in  more  limited  fields  have  been  pursuing  their 
researches.  Among  the  foremost  of  these  men  may  be  mentioned 
Parkman,  Winsor,  Deane,  and  Charles  Francis  Adams.  The 
monographic  form  has  proved  attractive,  also,  to  the  minor  writers; 
and  the  publications  of  the  historical  societies,  and  of  many  univer 
sities,  contain  a  vast  mass  of  historical  papers,  some  of  them  of 
great  importance  to  the  student.  During  the  same  time  historical 
material  has  been  accumulated  in  public  repositories  and  in  private 
collections,  while  states,  municipalities,  universities,  and  societies 
have  vied  with  one  another  in  their  efforts  to  place  this  material 
in  the  safer  and  more  accessible  form  of  printed  books.  The 
materials  for  the  student  of  American  history  may  be  said,  there 
fore,  to  have  been  thus  established  on  a  permanent  and  scientific 
basis. 

The  teaching  of  American  history  has  advanced  more  slowly. 
Long  confined  even  in  the  higher  institutions  to  juiceless  text 
books,  it  has  slowly  come  to  include  the  reading  of  standard 
authors,  at  least  as  far  down  as  the  secondary  schools ;  and  in  the 
college  this  reading  has  sometimes  been  supplemented  by  practical 
exercises  of  various  kinds.  The  universities  now  have  a  body  of 
advanced  students  in  history  who  are  receiving  systematic  training 
in  the  study,  teaching,  and  investigation  of  their  subject,  and.  are 
making  contributions  to  historical  literature.  Thus  the  seed  ol 
scientific  treatment  of  history  has  begun  to  germinate  throughout 
the  system  of  American  education  ;  and  the  universities  are  sup 
plying  trained  teachers  for  schools  and  colleges  as  well  as  for  their 
own  needs. 

At  the  same  time  efforts  are  making  to  enlarge  the  means  of 
information,  both  by  preparing  better  secondary  books,  and  by 


§  2.]  Standing  of  American  History.  3 

opening  up  the  sources  to  make  them  available  not  only  to  college 
students,  but  to  the  reader  and  solitary  student.  In  new  libraries, 
small  and  great,  American  history  is  always  well  represented. 
The  habit  of  historical  reading  is  everywhere  encouraged  ;  and 
the  liberality  of  those  in  control  of  the  larger  public  and  private 
collections  places  the  sources  of  our  history  at  the  disposal  of  the 
earnest  student. 

The  subject  of  American  history  is,  therefore,  widely  accepted 
by  school  committees  and  college  trustees,  by  teachers  and  by 
thinking  people  outside  of  schools  and  colleges,  as  a  proper  disci 
pline  and  source  of  pleasure.  The  material  is,  however,  still  much 
disorganized,  and  methods  of  dealing  with  it  are  in  many  places 
crude  and  unformed.  To  open  up  highways  and  footpaths  into 
this  literature,  and  thus  to  contribute  to  sound  learning  and 
accurate  judgment  of  cause  and  effect,  is  the  purpose  of  this 
work. 

§  2.     The  Extent  of  American  History. 

The  term  "American  history"  demands  a  word  of  explanation. 
Using  the  phrase  in  its  broadest  sense  it  would  mean  an  account 
of  everything  that  has  ever  happened  within  the  Western  Hemi 
sphere.  But  such  a  definition  is  impossible,  both  on  account  of 
the  bulk  of  materials,  and  because  of  different  degrees  of  intrinsic 
importance  of  the  various  elements  which  necessarily  go  to  make 
up  such  a  history.  In  American  history,  as  in  other  fields,  the 
historical  writer  attempts  to  set  forth  the  vital  elements  of  the  life 
of  the  people,  so  far  as  he  has  material  for  judging.  Applying 
this  criterion,  we  can  hardly  speak  of  American  history  earlier 
than  the  discovery  by  Columbus,  because  the  material  is  too 
scanty  for  anything  more  than  an  imperfect  notion  of  feeble 
native  communities  and  a  few  far-away  suggestions  of  earlier  dis 
coverers.  Of  human  characters,  of  political  devices,  of  economic 
development,  of  literature,  and  of  religion,  in  America  before 
Columbus,  we  can  know  almost  nothing ;  and  what  we  do  know 
has  scanty  instruction  for  us. 

We  must  also  throw  out  of  the  effective  field  of  American 
history  almost  the  whole  continent  of  South  America,  because  the 


4  The  S2ibject.  •    [§  2. 

life  of  the  natives  there,  except  in  Peru,  possesses  little  interest ; 
and  because  the  Latin-Americans  have  made  no  significant 
contribution  to  the  world's  stock  of  social  and  political  ex 
perience. 

In  the  northern  continent,  where  five  European  nations  strove 
against  each  other  to  establish  colonies,  only  three  of  them  kept 
their  hold  for  any  considerable  length  of  time  ;  of  these  Spain  and 
France  were  the  feebler  colonizers  and  were  gradually  driven 
out  by  men  of  English  race.  The  English  acquired  the  dominant 
power  in  that  part  of  the  Americas  where  the  physiographical 
conditions  were  best  suited  to  a  nation's  growth.  To  that  domi 
nance  succeeded  the  United  States.  In  the  English  colonies  and 
in  the  United  States,  which  included  most  of  them,  have  been 
developed  and  tested,  and  sent  out  to  the  rest  of  the  world,  princi 
ples  of  popular  government  which  have  altered  the  government  of 
all  nations  having  a  western  civilization.  The  Spanish-American 
States  have  during  the  last  century  made  few  advances.  It  is  not 
boastful,  therefore,  to  say  that  American  history  is  principally  the 
story  of  the  development  of  the  United  States  of  America,  from 
the  earliest  English  settlements  ;  for  the  chief  service  America  has 
rendered  to  the  human  race  is  the  development  of  the  great  federal 
republic. 

§  3.     Connection  with  the  History  of  Other  Countries. 

American  history,  however,  cannot  be  treated  as  a  separate 
incident  or  as  an  independent  movement ;  in  its  roots  and  in  its 
growth,  the  New  World  is  a  part  of  the  Old  World.  It  is  a  funda 
mental  mistake  to  look  upon  modern  Europeans  as  more  directly 
than  Americans  the  descendants  of  mediaeval  Europeans:  the  most 
superficial  sketch  of  American  history  must  take  into  account  the 
nations  out  of  which  our  civilization  has  sprung,  and  especially 
England  and  the  English  political  system.  The  institutions  of  the 
ancestors  of  the  colonists  had  their  roots  in  the  feudal  system,  the 
mediaeval  church,  and  even  in  traditions  of  the  Roman  law  and 
administration.  But  the  English  nation  had  flourished  in  an  air 
of  freedom  and  had  developed  those  ideas  of  free  government 


§  3-]  History  of  otJicr  Countries.  5 

which  the  English  colonists  brought  with  them,  and  which  are  the 
common  inheritance  of  all  the  members  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race. 

Still,  there  must  be  drawn  the  line  between  the  origin  and  pre 
disposing  causes  of  colonization  and  its  results.  In  reading  the 
history  of  the  United  States,  we  cannot  go  back  in  detail  to 
Tacitus  and  the  ancient  Germans.  Perhaps  the  most  reasonable 
starting  point  of  American  history  is  a  brief  account  of  the  social, 
political,  and  religious  conditions  of  the  colonizing  countries,  and 
particularly  of  England  at  the  beginning  of  the  colonization 
period.  From  that  point  American  history  proceeds,  but  never 
detached  from  the  experiences  of  the  rest  of  the  world.  The 
development  of  England  during  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth 
centuries  reacted  powerfully  on  the  colonies  ;  all  the  European 
wars  in  which  England  had  a  part  spread  to  the  New  World ;  the 
explorations  of  the  American  coast  and  interior,  and  the  division 
of  territory  between  nations  were  subjects  for  elaborate  negotia 
tions  and  international  treaties  between  European  powers.  The 
history  of  the  English  colonies  can,  therefore,  be  understood  only 
in  the -light  of  material  drawn  from  foreign  archives,  especially 
those  of  England,  France,  Spain,  and  the  Netherlands. 

The  two  wars  immediately  preceding  the  foundation  of  the  pres 
ent  republic  —  the  French  and  Indian  war,  and  the  Revolutionary 
war  —  were  especially  European  both  in  military  and  diplomatic 
events  ;  and  the  study  of  the  histories  of  the  foreign  countries 
interested  in  the  New  World,  written  from  the  foreign  standpoint, 
is  essential  for  a  complete  understanding  of  the  colonial  period  by 
advanced  students  and  teachers. 

During  the  first  forty  years  of  the  existence  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  the  intimate  connection  with  European  history 
continued.  Internal  politics  had  a  close  connection  with  foreign 
treaties,  wars,  and  territorial  changes.  Since  the  Florida  cession, 
in  1819,  the  history  of  this  country  has  had  a  closer  relation  with 
that  of  other  American  nations  than  with  Europe  ;  but  there  have 
always  been  outstanding  international  questions,  such  as  the 
spoliation  claims  with  France,  the  boundary  disputes  with  Eng 
land,  and  the  relations  with  Hawaii.  For  many  years  thereafter 
the  current  of  political  influence  was  rather  eastward  than  west- 


6  The  Subject.  [§  3. 

ward ;  American  constitutions  and  political  experiments  were 
adopted  and  imitated  abroad.  More  recently  immigration  and  the 
development  of  ocean  transportation  have  again  brought  us  into 
closer  contact  with  the  economic,  political,  and  social  problems  of 
Europe. 

Every  student,  teacher,  and  writer  of  American  history  must 
from  the  beginning  keep  in  mind  the  fact  that  the  development  of 
this  country  is  only  a  part  of  a  general  movement,  and  that  in  the 
relations  of  foreign  powers  with  the  nations  of  the  New  World  is 
often  to  be  found  the  key  to  the  actual  direction  of  American 
history. 

§  4.     Proper  Position  in  a  Curriculum. 

In  the  opinion  of  the  Conference  on  History  which  reported  to 
the  Committee  of  Ten  in  1893,  children  may  at  eleven  years  of  age 
profitably  begin  the  formal  study  of  history,  and  should  carry  it 
to  the  end  of  the  high  school.  The  programme  suggested  by  the 
Conference  introduces  American  history  in  two  places  :  in  the  last 
year  but  one  before  reaching  the  high  school,  and  in  the  third  year 
of  the  high  school.  The  advantage  of  such  a  division  is  that  all 
pupils  who  reach  well  toward  the  end  of  the  grammar  school  will 
have  had  some  study  of  the  subject ;  and  that  it  can  be  repeated 
in  a  more  systematic  form  when  they  are  more  mature.  To  set 
American  history  first  in  order  is  to  exaggerate  what  is  already 
strongest  in  a  child's  mind,  his  own  surroundings.  The  history 
of  any  country  taken  by  itself  suggests  too  limited  a  set  of  human 
motives  and  habits  of  thought  :  we  need  cross  lights,  and  Ameri 
cans  especially  need  contact  with  the  story  of  other  races  and 
experiences.  At  the  same  time  it  is  undoubtedly  true  that  the 
best  way  to  give  a  child  a  true  conception  of  history,  as  of 
geography,  is  to  begin  with  his  surroundings  and  to  let  him 
observe  for  himself,  as  much  as  possible,  how  his  own  town,  state, 
and  government  came  into  being.  Such  a  process  demands  a 
thorough  teacher,  and  can  probably  be  applied  only  where  the 
whole  system  of  teaching  is  based  on  this  centripetal  and  cor 
related  plan. 


§  5-1  Place  and  Educative  Value.  7 

In  colleges  American  and  English  history  are  often  the  only 
branches  of  the  subject  taught.  They  should  properly  be  pre 
ceded  by  a  good  college  course  in  general  history,  with  an 
adequate  amount  of  collateral  reading,  and  with  some  written 
work ;  a  thorough  course  in  English  history,  especially  in  the 
Tudor  and  Stuart  periods,  is  perhaps  the  best  preparation  for 
American  history  ;  but  mediaeval  and  modern  European  history 
better  precede  than  follow  American  history.  Hence  the  careful 
study  of  American  history  is  not  likely  to  begin  earlier  than  the 
Sophomore  or  Junior  year  ;  and  should  always  be  preceded  by 
some  subject  more  remote. 

For  graduate  work  American  history  is  very  convenient  because 
the  materials  are  everywhere  about  us  and  the  field  is  little 
explored.  It  has  also  a  close  connection  with  the  study  of 
American  government  and  economics,  and  therefore  with  current 
events.  But  no  one  can  be  fitted  to  be  a  specialist  in  American 
history  who  has  not  also  a  good  all-round  training  in  the  general 
subject,  and  thus  is  able  to  compare  intelligently  the  history  of 
other  countries  with  that  of  his  own. 


§  5.     Educative  Value. 

The  same  warning  might  be  given  to  the  student  of  other  fields 
than  American  :  no  country  furnishes  in  itself  a  sufficient  lesson, 
—  and  the  systematic  study  of  the  history  of  any  nation  which  has 
really  contributed  to  the  world's  political  thought  is  educative  in 
itself,  and  prepares  the  student  to  appreciate  the  history  of  other 
lands.  In  its  effect  on  the  mind  American  history  is  distinctly  to 
be  commended.  The  principal  reasons  for  the  study  of  history  are 
that  it  trains  the  memory,  is  a  steady  practice  in  the  use  of 
materials,  exercises  the  judgment,  and  sets  before  the  student's 
mind  a  high  standard  of  character.  In  all  these  respects  Ameri 
can  history'  is  inferior  to  that  of  no  other  country.  The  events 
which  are  studied  and  should  be  kept  in  the  memory  are  interest 
ing  in  themselves  and  important  for  the  world's  development. 
The  native  races  of  America  have  for  four  centuries  been  a 
favorite  subject  for  the  imagination  of  Western  Europe,  and  their 


8  The  Subject.  .  [§  5. 

customs  are  a  commentary  on  the  customs  of  Europe  at  the  dawn 
of  history  and  during  the  Germanic  invasions.  The  three  centu 
ries  of  strife  between  these  native  races  and  the  white  invaders  — 
what  Parkman  calls  "  the  history  of  the  forest "  —  is  one  of  the 
world's  treasure-houses  of  romantic  episodes,  comparable  with  the 
history  of  chivalry.  To  the  men  and  the  principles  of  the  Revo 
lution  the  world  has  agreed  to  give  its  admiration.  The  later 
settlement  of  the  West  has  been  as  yet  too  little  studied,  but  we 
can  see  already  that  it  is  a  movement  not  less  important  than  the 
migrations  of  the  nations  at  the  close  of  the  period  of  the  great 
ness  of  the  Roman  Empire.  The  slavery  struggle,  culminating 
in  the  Civil  War,  is  one  of  the  two  most  important  and  interesting 
episodes  since  the  French  Revolution.  Though  it  be  said  that 
"  facts  of  themselves  are  hard  to  learn,  even  when  supported  by 
artificial  systems  of  memorizing  .  .  .  they  are  like  digits  in  arith 
metic  ;  they  are  learned  only  as  a  means  to  an  end  ";  nevertheless 
the  facts  of  American  history  are  absorbingly  interesting. 

As  a  training  in  the  use  of  materials  American  history  has  the 
great  advantage  of  possessing  a  large  body  of  sources  in  English, 
the  only  language  known  to  most  school  children,  and  scattered 
abroad  in  many  available  volumes.  The  stimulating  study  of 
local  history  by  American  young  people  is  of  course  confined  to 
American  history.  There  is  an  historical  school  which  holds  no 
history  to  have  much  training  value  unless  it  require  the  use  of 
several  languages,  and  unless  the  material  be  so  scanty  and  incom 
plete  that  the  scholar  is  obliged  to  leap  from  one  stepping  stone 
of  fact  to  another,  or  to  build  a  bridge  of  presumptions.  Is  not 
that  history  most  valuable  in  which  the  bases  for  a  judgment  are 
broadest  and  surest?  Where  the  country  described,  and  often 
the  very  scenes  of  historic  interest,  lie  all  about  the  student,  it  is 
like  studying  geology  in  a  broken  and  irregular  region.  Logical 
reasoning  is  as  well  applied  to  the  growth  of  the  United  States  as 
to  the  growth  of  Rome  :  and  accurate  knowledge,  the  foundation 
of  good  judgment,  is  much  easier  to  attain. 

As  a  means  also  of  training  the  judgment,  American  history 
has  great  advantages.  The  mind  is  chiefly  developed  in  three 
ways  :  by  cultivating  the  power  of  discriminating  observation  ;  by 


§  6.]  Place  and  Educative  Value.  9 

strengthening  the  logical  faculty  of  following  an  argument  from 
point  to  point ;  and  by  improving  the  process  of  comparison,  that 
is,  the  judgment.  It  seems  reasonable  to  claim  that  judgment 
about  a  country  into  the  spirit  of  which  a  child  is  born,  ought  to 
have  as  sound  a  basis,  and  to  be  as  quickly  applicable  to  new 
problems,  as  judgment  about  a  foreign  nation  with  which  its  asso 
ciations  are  purely  artificial.  The  principal  purpose  of  the  study 
of  history  is  to  put  the  student  into  such  a  frame  of  mind  that 
he  may  apply  known  principles  to  things  with  which  he  is  for  the 
first  time  confronted.  It  is  the  best  training  for  administrative 
duties,  for  citizenship,  for  public  life,  and  especially  for  the 
decision  of  any  question  which  needs  a  knowledge  of  the  past  for 
its  settlement. 

So  far  as  the  study  of  character  goes,  American  history  fur 
nishes  a  host  of  strong,  individual,  idea-producing  men.  Colum 
bus,  Franklin,  Washington,  Jefferson,  Lincoln,  Robert  E.  Lee, 
are  some  of  the  world's  greatest  forces.  William  Bradford,  John 
Winthrop,  Roger  Williams,  William  Penn,  the  galaxy  of  Revolu 
tionary  statesmen,  the  great  triumvirate,  —  Webster,  Clay,  and 
Calhoun,  —  are  also  men  whose  lives  are  a  lesson  in  the  art  of 
statesmanship. 

§  6.     Historical  Basis. 

Few  countries  have  a  history  more  complex  and  more  difficult 
to  reduce  to  a  system.  Many  native  races  of  various  degrees  of 
barbarism,  and  most  races  of  Western  Europe,  have  helped  to 
people  the  United  States.  Settlements  began  at  a  number  of 
widely  separated  points  along  the  coast,  which  expanded  into 
little  commonwealths,  each  with  its  own  institutions,  interests  and 
public  men.  Many  of  the  early  commonwealths  became  merged 
into  others,  as  New  Plymouth  and  New  Haven  ;  most  of  these 
commonwealths  continued,  and  the  nation  has  thrown  off  addi 
tional  states  till  there  are  now  forty-five,  each  having  a  history  of 
its  own.  The  central  government  is  complicated,  and  each  part 
of  it  has  had  its  peculiar  growth.  It  is  difficult  to  find  a  clue 
through  the  maze  ;  but  it  is  not  impossible,  if  regard  be  had  for 
certain  well-defined  principles. 


io  The  Subject.  .[§  6. 

In  the  first  place,  the  settlers  whose  children  were  to  control 
North  America  were  all  of  one  stock,  and  had  one  general  set  of 
institutions  which  they  brought  with  them  from  Britain.  Some 
expanded  one  side  of  these  institutions,  and  some  another  :  but 
they  were  substantially  the  same  people,  having  always  much 
more  in  common  than  any  of  them  had  with  any  other  people. 
As  the  English  race  grew  and  developed,  Britain  and  the  Colonies 
both  diverged  from  one  another  and  from  the  original  type,  the 
colonies  perhaps  less  than  the  mother  country  :  but  to  this  day 
the  two  nations  have  substantially  the  same  system  of  law  and  the 
same  political  traditions. 

In  the  second  place  the  significant  part  of  America  has  never 
ceased  growing  since  the  beginning.  The  colonies  stretched 
inland  ;  the  United  States  spread  its  boundaries  wider  and  wider  ; 
new  communities  have  continually  been  forming,  widening  and 
throwing  off  swarms  to  found  other  communities.  The  formation 
of  the  states  west  of  the  Alleghanies  was  in  reality  colonization  of 
a  new  type,  settlement  of  adjacent  regions ;  and  the  result  has 
been  the  most  successful  relation  between  mother  country  and 
dependent  communities  :  for  the  outlyers  were  from  the  first 
promised  statehood.  The  basis  of  the  nation  has  continually 
been  widening,  and  hence  unexpected  changes  have  succeeded 
each  other  in  the  make-up  of  the  general  government.  In  this 
respect  this  nation  has  had  a  different  set  of  social  and  economic 
problems  from  those  of  the  older  world. 

In  the  third  place  a  sectional  divergence  between  North  and 
South  began  to  appear,  and  was  much  accentuated  by  the  early 
throwing  off  of  slavery  by  the  Northern  states.  Slavery,  therefore, 
harmful  in  itself  to  the  section  in  which  it  persisted,  became  a 
rock  of  division  within  the  Union,  and  no  permanent  peace  was 
possible  while  it  existed. 

In  the  fourth  place  the  people  of  the  United  States  have  shown 
a  decided  desire  to  come  closer  together,  a  tendency  which 
triumphed  over  the  disjointed  condition  of  the  country  in  the 
years  immediately  following  the  Revolution,  and  over  the  separa 
tist  tendencies  of  the  slavery  conflict.  In  one  sentence,  —  the 
history  of  America  is  substantially  a  history  of  the  development 


§  7  a.]  Historical  Basis.  1 1 

of  English  traditions  in  a  new  and  rich  country,  and  among  a 
people  who  in  the  last  few  decades  have  gradually  developed  a 
strong  sense  of  their  own  common  interests. 

§  7.     Convenient  Subdivisions. 

Keeping  in  mind  that  the  growth  of  America  has  been  steady 
and  advancing  from  beginning  to  end  on  natural  lines,  no  great 
crises  appear  dividing  American  history  into  separate  periods  : 
colonization  grew  out  of  the  conditions  of  Europe  ;  colonial  insti 
tutions  expanded  out  of  English  institutions  ;  the  Revolution  was 
probably  an  inevitable  result  of  divergence  in  the  institutions  of 
the  two  branches  of  the  English  stock  ;  the  Constitution  was  an 
adaptation  of  what  the  people  had  learned  in  the  experience  of 
their  own  colonial  and  state  governments,  in  the  Revolution  and 
the  trying  time  which  followed  it  ;  the  peaceful  revolutions  of 
Jefferson's  and  Jackson's  elections  were  what  might  have  been 
expected  from  the  growth  of  the  democratic  spirit,  the  opening 
up  of  the  West,  and  the  extension  of  the  suffrage  ;  the  Civil  War 
was  the  final  array  of  forces  long  opposed  to  each  other. 

The  memory  is,  however,  aided  and  the  succession  of  the 
history  made  more  clear  by  suggesting  the  principal  groups  into 
which  the  events  of  American  history  arrange  themselves.  Sug 
gestions  as  to  the  subdivisions  of  topics  in  American  history  may 
be  found  in  W.  F.  Allen's  History  Topics;  in  the  tables  of  contents 
of  standard  histories,  especially  those  of  Hildreth  and  McMaster  ; 
in  the  analyses  of  such  school  histories  as  Scudder's  United  States, 
and  Fiske's  School  History  j  and  in  the  various  topical  outlines 
noted  futher  on.  The  following  series  of  such  suggestions  are 
meant  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  courses  of  lectures  or  lessons,  and 
can  be  used  in  connection  with  the  general  readings  (§  56)  or 
topical  readings  (Parts  II  and  III). 

§  7  a.     Ten  Topics. 

1.  Discovery  of  America. 

2.  English  Colonization. 
q.      Colonial  Institutions. 


1 2  The  Subject.  [§  7  a. 

4.  The  Revolution. 

5.  The  Constitution. 

6.  Organization  of  the  Government. 

7.  Political  Organizations  and  Parties. 

8.  The  Slavery  Struggle. 

9.  The  Civil  War. 

10.  Reconstruction  of  the  Union. 

§  7  b.     Twenty  Topics. 

1.  The  Physiography  of  the  United  States. 

2.  Discovery  and  Exploration. 

3.  Southern  Colonization. 

4.  Northern  Colonization. 

5.  Southern  Institutions. 

6.  Northern  Institutions. 

7.  The  Expulsion  of  the  French. 

8.  The  Causes  of  the  Revolution. 

9.  The  Revolution. 

10.  Formation  of  the  Constitution. 

11.  Organization  under  the  New  Constitution. 

12.  The  Federalist  System  of  Government. 

13.  The  Democratic-Republican  System  of  Government. 

14.  The  Development  of  National  Consciousness. 

15.  Political  Development 

16.  Slavery  Questions. 

17.  Territorial  Slavery. 

18.  The  Irrepressible  Conflict. 

19.  The  Civil  War. 

20.  Reconstruction. 

§  7  c.     Fifty  Topics. 

1492-1760.     Exploration  and  Settlement. 

1.  Physiography  of  North  America. 

2.  1492-1540.     The  Epoch  of  Discovery. 

3.  1492-1700.     Spanish,  French,  and  English  Claims  to  the 

soil  of  North  America. 


§7c.]  Lists  of  Topics.  13 

4.  1513-1700.  Spanish  and  French  Colonization. 

5.  1606-1760.  Settlement  of  the  Southern  English  Colonies. 

6.  1614-1760.  Settlement  of  the  Middle  Colonies. 

7.  1606-1760.  Settlement  of  New  England. 

1760.     Government  and  Social  Conditions. 

8.  1 760.  Forms  of  Government. 

9.  1760.  Virginia  and  Maryland. 

10.  1 760.  The  Carolinas  and  Georgia. 

n.  1760.  The  Middle  Colonies. 

12.  1620-1760.  Local  Government  in  New  England. 

13.  1760.  New  England. 

1606-1776.     The  Causes  of  the  Revolution. 

14^     1689-1763.     Decline  of  the  French  and  Spanish  Colonies.     ^/ 

15.  1760-1767.     The  English  Colonies  and  the  British  Gov 

ernment. 

16.  1765-1775.     Growth  toward  Union  and  Independence. 

1775-1783.     The  American  Revolution. 

17.  1776.  The  Great  Declaration  and  American  Politi 

cal  Theories. 

18.  1774-1781.     The  Continental  Congress  and  its  Relations 

with  the  States. 
IQ-     i 775-1 777-     The  War  in  the  North. 

20.  1776-1781.     The  War  in  the  South. 

21.  1776-1783.     The  Diplomacy  of  the  Revolution. 

22.  1775-1783.     The  Finances  of  the  Revolution. 

1776-1789.     Formation  of  the  Constitution. 

23.  1776-1781.  The  States  and  the  Public  Lands. 

24.  1776-1781.  The  Articles  of  Confederation. 

25.  1781-1787.  The  Critical  Period. 

26.  1787-1789.  Formation  of  the  Constitution. 


14  The  Subject.  [$7c. 


1789-1829.     Development  of  Nationality. 

27.  1789-1793.     Organization  of  the  Government. 

28.  1793-1801.     Supremacy  of  the  Federalist  Party. 

29.  1801-1807.     Supremacy    of    the    Democratic-Republican 

Party. 

30.  1807-1815.     Elements  of  the  War  of  1812. 

31.  1818—1821.     The  Missouri  Compromise. 

32.  1809-1826.     The  Monroe  Doctrine  and  the  Panama  Con 

gress. 

33.  1824-1829.     The  Triumph  of  Jacksonian  Democracy. 

1829-1850.     The  Slavery  Contest. 


34- 

1829-1837. 

Personal  Elements  of  Jackson's  Administra 

tion. 

35- 

1789-1893. 

Principles  of  Appointment  and  Removal. 

36. 

1829-1839. 

Jackson's  War  on  the  Bank. 

37- 

1816-1840. 

Tariff  Legislation  and  Nullification. 

38- 

1829-1842. 

The  Indians  and  the  Public  Lands. 

39- 

1831-1841. 

The  Abolition  Movement. 

40. 

1836-1848. 

Annexation  of  Texas  and  the  Mexican 

War. 

41. 

1846-1850. 

The  Compromise  of  1850. 

1850-1862.     Preliminaries  of  the  Civil  War. 

42. 

1850-1860. 

The  Question  of  Fugitive  Slaves. 

43- 

1854-1858. 

The  Kansas  Struggle. 

44- 

1854-1860. 

Development  of  an  Anti-Slavery  Party. 

45- 

1854-1861. 

Secession  Accomplished. 

1862-1895.     Reconstruction  and  Reunion. 

46. 

1862-1865. 

The  Abolition  of  Slavery. 

47- 

1862-1876. 

Process  of  Reconstruction. 

48. 

1865-1879. 

Financial  Questions. 

49- 

1867-1883. 

Civil  Service. 

50- 

1879-1895. 

The  Tariff. 

7  d.]  Lists  of  Topics.  1 5 

§  7  d.     One  Hundred  Topics. 

1492-1540.     Discovery  and  Exploration. 


I. 

Physiography  of  North  America. 

2. 

The  Aborigines  and  their  Institutions. 

3- 

1492-1506. 

Columbus,  Vespucius,  and  the  Cabots. 

4- 

1506-1540. 

Spanish  Explorations  North  of  Darien. 

5- 

1524-1608. 

French    Explorations   on  the   Atlantic   Sea 

board. 

6. 

1608-1750. 

The  French  in  the  Interior  and  on  the  Gulf 

of  Mexico. 

7- 

I497-l6o6. 

English  Explorations. 

1606-1760 

.     English  Colonization  in  the  South. 

8. 

1606-1624. 

The  Founding  of  Virginia. 

9- 

1624-1660. 

Virginia  under  the  King  and  Commonwealth. 

10. 

l66o-I700. 

Bacon's  Rebellion,  its  Causes  and  Results. 

ii. 

1700-1760. 

The  Expansion  of  Virginia. 

12. 

1760. 

Form  of  Government  of  a  Royal  Province. 

I3- 

1632-1760. 

The  Founding  of  Maryland. 

14. 

1645-1760. 

Religion  and  Toleration  in  Maryland. 

15- 

1760. 

Virginia  and  Maryland  in  1760. 

16. 

1663-1760. 

Settlement  of  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia. 

17- 

1760. 

Government   and   Society  in   the   Carolinas 

and  Georgia  in  1760. 

1609-1760. 

Settlement  of  the  Middle  Colonies. 

18. 

1609-1664. 

The  Dutch  Colony  of  New  Netherland. 

19. 

1664-1760. 

The  English  Colony  of  New  York. 

20. 

1664-1760. 

The  English  Colony  of  New  Jersey. 

21. 

1660-1690. 

The  Founding  of  Pennsylvania. 

22. 

1690-1760. 

The  Expansion  of  Pennsylvania. 

23- 

1760. 

The  Middle  Colonies  in  1760. 

1 6  The  Subject. 


1606-1760.     Colonization  of  New  England. 

24.  1600-1630.  The  English  Puritans  and  their  Principles. 

25.  1620-1680.  New  Plymouth  Colony. 

26.  1629-1643.  The  Founding  of  Massachusetts. 

27.  1635-1643.  The    Founding    of    Connecticut    and    New 

Haven. 

28.  1636-1663.     The   Founding  of  Rhode  Island  and  Prov 

idence  Plantations. 

29.  1643-1684.     The  United  Colonies  of  New  England. 

30.  1620-1760.     Local  Government  in  New  England. 

31.  1760.  Government  in  New  England. 

32.  1760.  Social  and  Economic  Conditions. 

1606-1776.     The  Causes  of  the  Revolution. 

33.  1608-1750.     French    and    Spanish    Colonies    in    North 

America. 

34.  1750-1763.     Expulsion  of  the  French  and  Spaniards  from 

Eastern  North  America. 

35.  1760-1766.     Great  Britain  asserts  its  Supremacy. 

36.  1606-1766.     Relations  of  the  Colonies  to  Great  Britain. 

37.  1767-1775.     The  Townshend  Acts  and  Colonial  Union. 

38.  1765-1775.     Organization    of    the    Opposition    to    Great 

Britain. 

1775-1783.     The  American  Revolution. 

39.  1774-1781.     The  Continental  Congress,  its  Authority  and 

Rules. 

40.  1776-1780.  The  State  Governments. 

41.  1776-1781.  Congress  and  the  States. 

42.  1775-1776.  The  First  Campaigns. 

43.  1776.  The  Declaration  of  Independence. 

44.  1777-1780.  The  Later  Campaigns  in  the  North. 

45.  1778.  The  French  Alliance. 

46.  1776-1781.  The  War  in  the  Southern  Department. 


7d.]  One  Hundred  Topics.  17 

47.  1776-1783.     The  Finances  of  the  Revolution. 

48.  1782-1783.     The  Negotiations  at  Paris  and  the  Treaty  of 

Peace. 

1776-1790.     Formation  of  the  Constitution. 

49.  1776-1781.     Land  Claims  and  Cessions. 

50.  1776-1781.     The  Formation  of  the  Articles  of  Confedera 

tion. 

51.  1781-1788.     The  Articles  of  Confederation  from  a  con 

stitutional  point  of  view. 

52.  1781-1802.  Territorial  Questions. 

53.  1781-1788.  Financial  Questions. 

54.  1777-1788.  Slavery  Questions. 

55.  1781-1788.  Decline  of  the  Confederation. 

56.  1787.  The  Federal  Convention. 

57.  1787.  Purport  and  Nature  of  the  Constitution. 

58.  1787-1790.  Ratification  of  the  Constitution. 

1789-1829.     Growth  of  Nationality. 

59.  1789-1793.  Political  Organization  of  the  Government. 

60.  1789-1793.  Financial  and  Commercial  Organization. 

61.  1789-1807.  Beginning  of  the  Slavery  Contest. 

62.  1793-1801.  Foreign  Policy  of  the  Federalists. 

63.  1801-1805.  Political  Policy  of  the  Republicans. 

64.  1805-181 1.  Causes  of  the  War  of  1812. 

65.  1812-1815.  War  of  1812  and  its  effects. 

66.  1818-1821.  The  Missouri  Compromise. 

67.  1809-1823.  The  Monroe  Doctrine. 

68.  1815-1829.  Political  Development. 

1829-1861.     Economic  Questions  and  the  Slavery  Contest. 

69.  1829-1841.     Personal  Elements  of  Jackson's  Administra 

tion. 

70.  1789-1895.     Appointments  and  Removals. 

71.  1789-1895.     Indian  Policy  of  the  United  States. 


i8 

The  Siibject.                               [§  7  d. 

72. 

1829-1837. 

Jackson's  War  with  the  Bank,  and  the  Sur 

plus. 

73- 

1789-1895. 

Tariff  Legislation  and  Nullification. 

74- 

1789-1895. 

Public  Lands  and  Internal  Improvements. 

75- 

1829-1861. 

Negro  Slavery. 

76. 

1831-1841. 

The  Abolition  Movement. 

77- 

1829-1861. 

The  Controversy  over  Slavery. 

78. 

1829-1854. 

International  and  Interstate  Slavery. 

79- 

1841-1848. 

Annexation  of  Texas  and  the  Mexican  War. 

80. 

1846-1853. 

Territorial  Slavery  and  the  Compromise 

of 

1850. 

81. 

1850-1859. 

Fugitive  Slaves  and  the  John  Brown  Insur 

rection. 

82. 

1853-1858. 

The  Kansas  Struggle. 

83. 

1830-1860. 

Causes  of  Secession. 

84. 

1860-1861. 

Progress  of  Secession. 

85- 

1860-1861. 

The  Outbreak  of  the  Civil  War. 

1861-1894 

.     The  Civil  War  and  Readjustment. 

86. 

1861-1865. 

Internal  Government. 

87. 

1861-1865. 

The  Southern  Confederacy. 

88. 

1861-1865. 

Financial  Measures. 

89. 

1861-1865. 

Military  and  Foreign  Affairs. 

90. 

1861-1865. 

Abolition  of  Slavery. 

91. 

1864-1869. 

Process  of  Reconstruction. 

92. 

1865-1869. 

Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Amendments. 

93- 

1869-1876. 

Recovery  of  Southern  White  Supremacy. 

94. 

1865-1879. 

The  Currency. 

95- 

1867-1895. 

Civil  Service. 

96. 

1865-1895. 

Pensions. 

97- 

1879-1895. 

Monetary  Standard. 

98. 

1861-1895. 

The  Tariff. 

99. 

1861-1895. 

Creation  of  New  States. 

100. 

1865-1895. 

Foreign  Complications. 

[for  a 

more  extended  list  of  topics  with  references  to  Parts  II  and  III 

of  this  GUIDE,  see  Table  of  Contents.} 

II.     METHODS    IN    GENERAL. 

§  8.     The  Place  of  "  Method." 

IT  is  easy  to  plunge  into  the  study  of  American  history ;  books 
are  abundant,  and  the  subject  is  vast  and  attractive.  To  reach  a 
satisfactory  result  is  more  difficult ;  the  material  requires  sifting, 
the  secondary  books  need  critical  use,  and  the  text-books  are  often 
bald  and  inadequate.  Above  all,  no  historical  subject  has  more 
need  of  intelligent  selection  of  topics  and  references,  or  of  system 
atic  and  thorough  investigation. 

"  Method  "  is  simply  the  use  of  devices  which  experience  has 
suggested,  for  gaining  and  holding  the  student's  interest,  and  for 
applying  his  time  and  thought  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  mental 
effort  go  farthest  toward  securing  a  permanent  impression.  There 
is  no  general  method  suited  to  all  ages,  or  circumstances,  or 
minds,  or  even  to  all  parts  of  the  subject.  Method  is  simply 
a  means  to  an  end  ;  and  uniformity  in  methods  denotes  that  the 
means  has  become  perverted.  The  objects  to  be  attained  are 
simple,  and  a  few  principles  may  be  laid  down  as  to  the  best  way 
of  attaining  them. 

The  primary  necessity  in  history  is  to  know  the  truth,  and  that  im 
plies  that  every  student  should  see  for  himself  how  history  is  written. 
This  is  best  done  by  a  study  of  the  sources  upon  which  every  his 
torical  writer  must  base  his  knowledge.  Hence  all  good  methods 
include  training  in  the  use  of  the  original  records  on  which  a  state 
ment  is  based.  In  schools  this  part  of  the  work  can  usually  be  done 
by  using  extracts  from  the  sources ;  in  colleges  there  may  be  the 
use  of  a  considerable  body  of  sources  on  limited  subjects  ;  in 
graduate  work  the  student  must  learn  to  exhaust  all  the  sources  of 
information  on  the  subject  which  he  has  chosen  to  investigate. 

The  next  essential  is  to  train  the  student  to  handle  secondary 
works  with  discrimination.  In  schools  this  may  be  taught  by 
using  several  parallel  text-books,  and  comparing  them  with 
standard  authors ;  in  colleges  by  wide  collateral  reading ;  in 

19 


20  Methods.  t  [§  8. 

advanced  work  by  a  study  of  authors,  and  by  tracking  them  back  to 
their  sources.  One  of  the  first  things  to  break  up  in  a  child's  mind 
is  the  confidence  that  "it  must  be  so  because  the  book  says  so"; 
he  must  learn  to  discriminate  between  accurate  and  inaccurate 
books,  as  well  as  between  accounts  written  at  second  or  third  hand 
and  records  of  contemporaries  of  the  events  which  they  describe. 

The  task  of  finding  material  which  bears  on  a  particular  subject 
grows  harder  as  books  multiply;  hence  every  pupil,  reader, 
teacher,  and  investigator  must  know  how  to  use  bibliographical 
aids ;  how  to  get  at  that  which  bears  directly  on  his  subject,  with 
the  least  possible  expenditure  of  energy  upon  the  mechanical  part 
of  study.  In  schools  such  work  must  be  very  simple,  and  may  be 
confined  to  the  lists  of  books  in  text-books  and  standard  authors ; 
in  colleges  every  student  should  learn  how  to  use  library  and 
periodical  indexes ;  in  investigation  a  knowledge  of  bibliography 
opens  the  gate  to  many  important  fields  of  materials. 

The  study  of  history  also  includes  experience  in  recording  what 
one  hears  or  reads.  This  training  is  necessary  to  enable  one  to 
recall  what  has  once  gone  through  the  mind,  to  use  the  facts  thus 
recorded  in  other  combinations,  and  to  make  plain  the  results  of 
such  investigation  to  other  people.  Hence,  a  good  method 
includes  training  in  note-taking  and  in  the  statement  of  results  in 
a  clear  and  comprehensible  fashion.  The  youngest  child,  who 
can  write  and  set  down  what  he  sees  in  the  world  about  him,  can 
also  note  historical  facts  in  their  simplest  and  broadest  form.  In 
the  college,  where  lectures  are  common,  the  note-books  are  indis 
pensable,  and  should  be  a  plain,  well-arranged  record.  To  the 
investigator  training  in  workmanlike  note-taking  is  especially 
desirable  ;  for  on  the  accuracy  and  clearness  of  his  notes  the 
value  of  his  conclusions  often  depends.  It  should  always  be 
borne  distinctly  in  mind,  however,  that  the  taking  and  keeping  of 
notes  is  not  scholarship  ;  but  only  a  convenient  means  by  which 
scholarship  may  be  attained. 

To  reach  conclusions  for  one's  self,  to  arrange  material  cogently 
and  make  it  speak  to  other  people  is  the  highest  and  most  difficult 
historical  task.  Yet  in  principle  it  is  not  unlike  the  process  by 
which  a  child  tells  whether  or  no  a  flower  is  growing,  or  whether 


§  9-]  Place  of  Method.  2 1 

a  weight  falls  more  slowly  on  a  slope  than  directly  downward. 
Historical  compositions  should  be  very  simple  pieces  of  historical 
deduction.  In  college,  theses  and  "special  reports"  test  and  train 
the  power  of  statement.  The  graduate  student  and  historical 
writer  must  show  this  power  or  fail. 

History  includes  a  knowledge  of  the  people  whose  annals  are 
being  studied  —  their  antecedents,  habits,  traditions,  and  char 
acter ;  and  also  a  knowledge  of  the  natural  conditions  which 
surround  them  —  the  physical  conformation  of  their  country,  the 
climate,  productions,  and  means  of  communication.  Geography, 
sociology,  and  economics  —  in  their  truest  senses  —  are  necessary 
aids  to  history,  in  all  grades  of  study  up  to  the  work  of  the  most 
accomplished  historian. 

§  9.     Preparation  of  Teachers. 

In  1893  the  Conference  on  History,  Civil  Government,  and 
Political  Economy,  in  its  Report  to  the  Committee  of  Ten,  thought 
it  necessary  to  give  this  warning :  "  Finally,  we  urge  that  only 
teachers  who  have  had  adequate  special  training  shall  be  employed 
to  teach  these  important  subjects."  Such  preparation  is  no  longer 
difficult  to  get  by  those  who  are  fitting  themselves  for  the  profes 
sion  of  teaching,  and  it  is  not  out  of  the  reach  of  those  already  in 
service.  Self-training  is  hard  to  apply  to  history  because  so  much 
depends  on  the  suggestion  of  the  teacher,  the  comparison  of  views, 
and  the  practice  in  working  on  historical  material.  For  those  who 
have  no  other  opportunity,  and  yet  are  determined  to  study  Ameri 
can  history,  the  methods  suggested  in  §  13  are  recommended, 
although  it  is  hard  to  learn  how  to  do  things  well  without  some 
criticism  and  assistance.  Those  who  cannot  go  beyond  a  high- 
school  education  have  no  opportunity  properly  to  prepare  for 
teaching ;  they  can  only  make  the  most  possible  out  of  the  practi 
cal  exercises  which  have  been  required  of  them.  In  normal 
schools  history  is  apt  to  be  taught  in  a  very  superficial  way, 
without  the  life-giving  contact  with  a  variety  of  material,  including 
sources.  College  courses  in  history  may  furnish  good  training  if 
they  call  for  plenty  of  written  work  and  reflection,  and  they  might 


22  Methods.  .  [§  9. 

be  coupled  with  suitable  courses  in  pedagogics.  The  graduate 
schools  are  intended  to  provide  instruction  for  those  who  are  to 
be  teachers  of  specialities,  and  they  should  be  the  best  schools  of 
historical  training.  In  all  places,  intending  teachers  should  take 
pains  to  get  as  broad  a  foundation  as  possible,  to  study  in  as 
many  branches  of  the  subject,  and  under  as  many  different  instruc 
tors  as  circumstances  permit. 

For  teachers  already  at  work,  and  who  cannot  take  the  time  for 
a  year  or  more  of  regular  study,  there  are  several  systems  at 
command  —  teachers'  institutes,  Chautauqua  gatherings,  and  sum 
mer  schools.  The  summer  schools,  now  offered  by  many  univer 
sities,  give  contact  with  trained  minds,  the  use  of  large  libraries, 
and  practice  in  approved  methods.  University  extension,  whenever 
it  is  really  a  system  of  work  and  not  of  mere  listening  to  lectures, 
opens  up  new  fields  and  modes  of  thought.  A  few  universities  are 
now  establishing  courses  open  to  teachers  during  the  school  year, 
and  carried  on  in  exact  and  educative  methods.  !n  a  few  places 
university  instruction  in  pedagogy  is  also  open  to  actual  teachers. 
Whatever  the  opportunity,  no  teacher  of  history  ought  to  be 
satisfied  without  making  every  effort  to  improve  himself  in  knowl 
edge  and  in  practical  historical  methods.  Wherever  there  are 
suitable  opportunities  to  prepare  for  the  teaching  of  history  in 
general,  American  history  is  likely  to  receive  due  attention.  The 
essentials  of  proper  preparation  are  a  knowledge  of  the  details, 
which  may  be  gained  from  judicious  reading ;  a  knowledge  of 
American  literature,  as  a  collateral  and  source  of  illustration ;  and 
experience  in  using  material.  Travel,  the  visiting  of  historical 
sites  and  monuments,  is  also  a  great  aid. 

Assuming  good  general  training,  how  is  the  teacher  to  prepare 
for  the  day's  exercises  ?  He  should  in  his  own  reading  have 
accumulated  extracts  and  illustrations  with  which  to  enrich  the 
lesson ;  he  should  know  the  text-book  so  well  that  he  need  not 
open  it.  The  teacher's  function  is  not  to  enforce  study,  but  to 
arrange  and  organize  the  material  outside  the  text-book,  to  apply 
it  where  it  will  enlarge  the  text-book,  and  to  stimulate  the  pupils. 
That  is,  the  teacher's  preparation  is  of  the  same  sort  as  the  pupil's 
preparation,  only  broader  and  fuller,  and  coordinated  beforehand. 


io.]  Teachers  and  School  Work.  23 


§  10.     School  Work. 

What  part  of  the  work  in  American  history  may  be  undertaken 
in  primary  and  secondary  schools?  The  most  advanced  sugges 
tion  is  for  teaching  during  eight  —  or  even  six  —  years,  of  which 
about  a  third  would  be  given  to  American  history  and  allied 
subjects,  such  as  civil  government.  The  amount  of  time  devoted 
to  history  is  enough  to  teach  children  something  about  great  men 
and  the  legends  which  gather  around  them,  the  elements  of  Ancient 
history,  and  of  French  and  English  history,  American  history 
during  two  years,  and  one  year  of  "intensive  study,"  which  in 
many  cases  would  be  given  to  an  American  subject.  Children  up 
to  sixteen  or  seventeen  years  old  are  perfectly  capable  of  doing  all 
that  is  included  in  this  programme.  They  should  usually  first 
cover  the  whole  field  in  a  simple  text-book,  with  collateral  reading 
of  extracts  from  standard  authors ;  later  they  should  go  over  the 
same  ground  again  with  a  more  advanced  text-book,  wider  reading, 
topical  work,  and  compositions  on  subjects  chosen  from  American 
history,  taking  up  as  a  parallel  study  civil  government  and  the 
principles  of  economics.  In  the  year  of  intensive  study  they 
should  use  secondary  authorities  widely,  and  make  some  use  of 
the  sources.  Throughout  the  course  historical  geography  ought 
to  be  taught,  reiterated,  and  enforced,  till  it  comes  home  to  the 
child's  mind  as  an  inseparable  part  of  historical  study.  Illustra 
tive  methods  should  also  be  used,  such  as  the  display  of  maps, 
charts,  and  lantern-slides  ;  and  interest  may  be  stimulated  by  visits 
to  historic  places,  by  debates,  and  by  mock  legislatures.  Children 
may  also  be  aroused  by  the  study  of  their  own  local  history  and 
institutions. 

The  first  thing  that  is  needed  for  American  history  in  schools  is 
the  conviction  that  it  is  a  serious  subject,  not  studied  for  mere 
information,  or  simply  ffto  make  good  citizens,"  but  as  a  valuable 
means  of  training  the  mind  to  collect  material,  to  distinguish 
between  truth,  probability,  and  falsehood,  and  to  assemble  and 
analyze  the  materials  for  forming  an  opinion.  History  is  almost 
the  only  philosophical  subject  in  the  grammar-school  curriculum, 
almost  the  only  one  dealing  with  human  character  and  motives  as 


24  Methods.  [§  10. 

a  basis  for  study.  To  a  child  who  does  not  go  beyond  the 
grammar  school,  history  ought  to  give  an  interest  in  knowing 
what  really  happens,  as  distinguished  from  what  is  merely  rumored. 
To  the  pupils  going  on  to  colleges  and  professional  schools  it 
should  be  a  foundation  for  later  work.  Toward  the  end  of  the 
grammar-school  course,  then,  there  should  be  a  year  devoted  to 
American  history.  It  should  be  taught  as  a  practical,  and  not 
simply  as  a  text-book,  subject,  dealing  with  the  "  elements  "  of  the 
subject  in  the  large  sense  of  the  word,  —  that  is,  it  should  include 
some  notion  of  the  historical  geography  of  North  America,  of  the 
people  who  came  into  the  New  World,  and  of  the  principal  events 
in  their  development  into  a  great  nation.  In  the  high  schools  the 
instruction  should  include  more  use  of  materials  and  more  written 
work. 

§  11.     College  Work. 

Such  a  thing  as  an  "  information  course  "  should  not  exist  in  a 
college  ;  it  is  less  excusable  in  American  history  than  in  most  other 
subjects,  because  there  is  so  much  material  at  hand  which  can  be 
used  for  training.  With  older  minds,  already  accustomed  to  read, 
to  study,  and  to  digest  history,  the  text-book  should  be  some  brief 
and  comprehensive  sketch,  intended  only  to  show  the  relation  of 
the  parts  of  the  subject,  and  the  development  of  one  period  out  of 
another.  Details  should  be  gained  by  extensive  reading,  so 
arranged  as  to  take  in  a  variety  of  authors.  The  advice  of  the 
German  professor  as  to  the  three  requisites  of  historical  study  is 
pertinent:  fc(i)  Read;  (2)  read  widely;  (3)  read  very  widely." 
Historical  reading  is  like  the  making  of  Japanese  lacquer  work  : 
one  imperceptible  coating  is  added  to  another  ;  by  and  by  it  is 
found  that  where  the  layers  are  most  numerous  a  pattern  stands 
out  in  relief.  The  effect  left  in  the  mind  from  reading  many 
books  on  the  same  subject  is  a  picture  in  which  the  shades  are 
the  spots  on  which  all  or  most  of  the  authors  have  touched.  The 
works  in  American  history  are  now  numerous,  well  written,  and 
valuable.  The  literature  is  extraordinarily  rich  in  biographies  and 
books  of  reminiscence,  as  well  as  in  the  works  of  public  men,  so 
that  there  is  not  merely  an  opportunity  to  fill  the  mind  with  well- 


§  i2.]  College  Work.  25 

chosen  thoughts,  but  an  equal  opportunity  to  weigh  opinions  and 
set  them  over  against  each  other.  (See  §  58  for  a  description  of 
a  method  of  collateral  reading  known  as  the  "  conference  system.") 

The  college  is  also  a  place  where  written  work  of  all  kinds  is 
most  easily  carried  out.  In  later  pages  (§§  65-73)  the  effort  will 
be  made  to  describe  several  appropriate  systems  in  detail.  With 
out  some  such  work,  —  topics,  papers,  special  reports,  written  recita 
tions,  essays  or  theses,  —  the  training  element  of  the  subject  is  lost. 
In  American  history  such  work  is  especially  advisable  ;  in  few 
subjects  is  there  such  a  variety  of  topics  of  every  degree  of  diffi 
culty,  many  of  them  as  yet  quite  unwrought.  The  college  has  also 
an  atmosphere  of  interest  in  political  and  historical  matters,  which 
makes  possible  many  side  devices  for  lighting  up  the  subject,  such 
as  lectures,  public  debates,  discussions,  and  the  like. 

It  is  possible  also  in  college  to  specialize  in  American  history, 
to  take  courses  in  the  theory  of  government,  in  constitutional  law, 
in  American  diplomacy,  in  financial  and  economic  history,  in 
American  government,  and  in  federal  government,  as  well  as  in 
American  literature ;  and  to  make  a  special  study  of  some  one 
period  or  topic.  The  college  is  the  place  for  laying  a  deep  founda 
tion  on  a  broad  sub-structure.  Here  also  is  the  great  opportunity 
to  connect  American  history  with  that  of  other  countries. 


§  12.     Investigation. 

The  present  accumulated  knowledge  of  history  is  due  to  the 
investigators  who  have  examined  and  correlated  the  sources  of 
history,  and  then  have  generalized  upon  them.  Investigation  is 
the  most  difficult  kind  of  historical  study,  but  it  is  perhaps  the 
most  valuable  sort  of  training,  because  it  requires  patience  and 
thoroughness  in  searching  for  material,  judgment  in  selecting  out 
of  it  the  cogent  facts,  a  peculiar  training  of  the  analytical  powers 
in  arranging  and  classifying  material,  a  high  degree  of  mental 
force  in  making  generalizations,  and  quick  imagination  in  so 
stating  the  results  as  to  appeal  to  other  minds. 

These  advantages  may  be  gained  throughout  all  the  parts  of 
the  educational  field.  The  youngest  pupil  who  begins  to  study 


26  Methods.  [§12. 

history  for  himself,  may  be  taught  to  find  and  to  bring  forward  a 
contribution  of  facts  got  somewhere  outside  of  the  text-book.  As 
he  progresses,  more  emphasis  may  be  laid  on  the  necessity  of 
getting  back  of  secondary  books  in  order  to  settle  particular 
points.  A  pupil  very  early  may  be  taught  to  distinguish  between 
contemporary  accounts  and  records,  and  later  works  based  on 
such  material.  The  topical  method  (§  67)  may  be  so  used  as  to 
instil  this  principle. 

In  college,  where  the  object  is  to  get  a  general  view  of  history, 
and  where  students  are  expected  to  read  and  digest  much  from 
standard  works,  the  benefits  of  investigation  can  best  be  gained 
by  practice  in  going  to  the  bottom  of  very  limited  subjects,  so  as 
to  be  prepared  in  later  life  to  look  up  historical  points,  or  intelli 
gently  to  review  the  work  of  others. 

In  the  graduate  school,  and  often  in  the  upper  classes  of  the 
college,  where  there  is  an  opportunity  for  specialization,  historical 
investigation  becomes  the  most  important  element  in  the  student's 
training.  He  must  learn  to  exhaust  the  literature  of  the  subject, 
to  use  all  the  available  material,  and  to  make  himself  master  of 
that  which  he  undertakes  to  investigate.  A  good  standard  for 
such  a  student  to  set  before  himself  is  to  consider,  from  the 
beginning,  how  he  can  state  the  results  in  a  manner  most  likely  to 
be  useful  to  others.  Whether  he  aims  at  publication  or  not,  his 
work  should  be  written  with  reference  to  the  reader. 

American  history  lends  itself  readily  to  investigation  in  all 
grades,  because  the  material  is  almost  all  in  English,  and  because 
it  is  so  available  for  pupils  of  every  age.  There  are  various  sets 
of  leaflets  adapted  for  school  use,  and  extracts  from  the  works  of 
the  early  narrators  and  travelers  are  in  many  places  available  for 
school  reading.  Most  colleges  have  a  set  of  the  invaluable  docu 
ments  published  by  the  United  States  Government,  and  many 
have  full  sets  of  colonial  records.  Some  of  the  larger  universities 
have  access  to  such  unsurpassed  collections  as  those  of  the 
Boston  Public  Library,  the  Carter-Brown  Library  in  Provi 
dence,  the  Lenox  Library  in  New  York,  the  Peabody  Library 
of  Baltimore,  and  the  collections  of  the  various  state  historical 
societies. 


§  1 3.]  Investigation.  27 


§  13.     Study  without  a  Teacher. 

Since  the  material  of  history  is  to  be  found  in  considerable  part 
in  print,  the  subject  is  one  which  can  be  carried  on  without  a 
teacher  and  even  without  access  to  a  large  library.  The  admirable 
work  of  several  societies  for  directing  people  by  correspondence 
has  proved  that  the  study  of  history  may  be  made  both  profitable 
and  pleasant  to  persons  far  away  from  schools  and  universities  ; 
and  the  Chautauqua  systems  of  directed  home  study  have  widely 
extended  the  love  for  the  study  of  history.  A  distinction  must  be 
made  between  reading  history  and  studying  it.  Such  writers  as 
Macaulay  and  Parkman  may  be  read  as  one  would  read  other 
masterpieces  of  English  literature,  and  will  leave  a  distinct  impres 
sion  upon  the  mind  ;  but  the  study  of  history  implies  a  concentra 
tion  upon  a  field  small  enough  to  permit  the  use  of  various  parallel 
authorities. 

It  is  of  little  use  to  try  to  study  general  history  by  one's  self. 
The  best  books  are  brief  and  cannot  present  the  warm  picture  of 
men  and  stirring  events  which  may  be  obtained  from  lectures  and 
extended  study.  American  history,  however,  is  well  adapted  for 
home  study.  The  first  necessity  is  to  choose  some  brief  books 
which  cover  the  ground  in  a  summary  fashion,  so  that  the  student 
may  have  in  his  mind  the  dimensions  of  the  subject ;  then  comes 
the  process  of  widening,  the  working  out  of  the  ground  plan  of 
the  historical  edifice.  For  this  purpose  the  students  should 
choose  some  of  the  standard  histories  such  as  are  suggested  in 
paragraph  20  below  or  through  the  topical  analyses  (§  i6b).  In  the 
better  brief  books  will  be  found  lists  of  classified  authorities.  It 
is  desirable  that  a  student  should  own  his  books,  so  that  he  may 
annotate  them  in  the  margins  as  he  goes  on.  Another  excellent 
exercise  is  to  put  into  the  margins  a  running  analysis  of  the  book  : 
it  sharpens  the  faculties  to  consider  what  is  the  author's  precise 
intention  in  each  successive  paragraph  ;  and  whenever  the  reader 
has  occasion  to  use  the  same  book  again  he  will  be  surprised  to 
find  how  the  argument  comes  back  to  him  through  his  abstract. 
Many  students  have  derived  benefit  from  the  practice  of  writing 
out  in  a  brief  form  the  ideas  which  have  been  gathered  from 


28  Methods.  [§  13. 

reading  on  some  previous  day.  Such  a  practice  continued  for  a 
few  weeks  will  almost  invariably  strengthen  the  memory  and 
improve  one's  powers  of  application. 

Having  thus  gone  over  several  books  on  a  period,  the  student 
begins  to  find  that  one  effaces  another  ;  the  methods,  the  order, 
the  proportions,  of  one  writer  do  not  agree  with  those  of  the  next ; 
and  the  knowledge  of  men  and  events  so  laboriously  acquired 
begins  to  dissolve  in  the  very  multiplicity  of  facts.  Hence,  it  is 
necessary  for  the  student  at  home  to  make  up  some  written  outline 
of  his  subject, —  a  sort  of  table  of  contents  of  his  questions, 
arranged  in  what  seems  to  him  a  logical  order.  This  outline  will 
be  in  a  sense  the  student's  own  history.  If  several  persons  are 
working  together  in  classes  there  may  be  some  sub-division  of 
labor.  Thus,  in  studying  the  administration  of  Jackson  one  per 
son  may  well  take  up  Jackson's  personal  character  ;  another  his 
relations  with  the  civil  service  ;  another  his  bank  controversy  ; 
another  the  nullification  episode  ;  another  the  surplus-revenue 
question  ;  and  each  may  then  communicate  his  results  to  the 
others. 

The  student  at  home  should  not  neglect  the  use  of  sources. 
Presumably  he  will  not  have  material  so  abundant  that  he  may 
base  his  study  upon  it ;  but  he  ought  to  read  enough  to  give  him 
that  flavor  of  original  accounts  which  is  indispensable  for  the  right 
understanding,  of  history.  For  instance,  after  going  over  a  brief 
account  of  the  Confederation  and  then  reading  Curtis  or  McMas- 
ter,  a  student  should  read  Washington's  letter  of  1783  to  the 
governors,  the  Northwest  Ordinance,  and  Patrick  Henry's  speech 
in  the  Virginia  Convention  on  the  results  of  the  Confederation. 
While  it  is  not  likely  that  the  student  will  reach  different  conclu 
sions  from  those  of  the  standard  writers,  he  will  certainly  come 
into  contact  with  the  men  of  the  time  which  he  is  studying. 

It  is  difficult  to  get  a  sharp  and  permanent  impression  from 
general  books,  or  even  from  sources,  without  some  system  of  note-' 
taking.  On  the  other  hand,  students  are  apt  to  do  too  much  of 
this  sort  of  writing  ;  they  copy  out  long,  exact  quotations  from 
books  which  are  perfectly  accessible  ;  they  do  not  know  how  to 
digest  the  author's  statements  and  to  reduce  them  to  a  brief  form. 


§  i4-]  Home  Study.  29 

Notes  should  be  a  summary  rather  than  a  digest ;  they  should  state 
the  main  points  with  sufficient  illustration  to  make  the  argument 
clear.  The  principal  danger  of  the  lonely  student  is  always  that 
he  will  read  too  much  and  absorb  too  little.  Without  some 
system  of  brief  note-taking  and  outlining,  the  subject  will  quickly 
disappear.  One  means  of  holding  it  is  for  the  student  from  time 
to  time  to  write  some  historical  narrative,  using  in  part  such 
original  material  as  may  be  accessible  to  him.  Another  is  to  take 
every  opportunity  to  listen  to  historical  lectures,  and  so  to  add  the 
element  of  personal  association  to  that  of  knowledge  of  facts. 

§  14.     Collateral  Subjects. 

As  has  several  times  been  suggested  above  (§  3)  the  study  of 
American  history  does  not  stand  alone ;  it  should  be  associated 
throughout  with  the  study  of  kindred  subjects  and  of  other  fields 
of  history.  Geography  cannot  be  too  much  emphasized  ;  a  knowl 
edge  of  the  elementary  physical  geography  of  North  America  is 
essential  for  an  understanding  of  the  course  of  settlement  and  the 
distribution  of  races  and  communities  inland.  Political  geography 
is  founded  upon  physical,  and  is  an  index  of  the  interplay  of  nations. 
Since  the  most  absorbing  questions  of  American  history  have 
been  social  and  economic,  a  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  econom 
ics  is  necessary  for  teachers  and  desirable  in  an  elementary  form 
for  pupils.  American  literature,  as  illustrating  the  spirit  of  the 
people,  is  also  a  part  of  American  history. 

Of  the  histories  of  other  countries,  that  of  England  comes 
nearest  to  ours,  and  up  to  1776  the  two  are  practically  parts  of 
each  other.  France  was  also  for  a  century  and  a  half  an  active 
political  factor  in  North  America,  and  the  French  Revolution  is 
closely  connected  with  the  American.  Spain  was  long  a  rival 
and  enemy  of  the  English  colonies,  and  by  the  possession  of  Cuba 
is  still  important  in  the  history  of  the  United  States.  The  Nether 
lands,  Switzerland,  and  Germany  furnish  valuable  points  of  com 
parison  with  our  federal  system  ;  and  in  the  Napoleonic  Wars  the 
United  States  was  a  sufferer  and  at  length  a  participant. 


III.     BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY. 

§  15.     Bibliography  of  Methods  in  History. 

To  the  subject  of  methods  in  history  great  attention  has  been 
paid  of  late  years,  and  a  considerable  literature  both  of  books 
and  periodical  articles  has  grown  up.  Those  here  mentioned  are 
almost  all  in  English.  There  are  two  bibliographies  of  the  subject : 

Granville  Stanley  Hall  and  John  Mansfield,  Hints  toward  a  Select  and 
Descriptive  Bibliography  of  Education.  Boston,  Heath,  1886.  —  Includes 
the  titles  of  many  books,  pamphlets,  and  articles  on  history,  especially 
at  pp.  140-149. 

Burke  Aaron  Hinsdale,  How  to  Study  and  Teach  History  with  Partic 
ular  Reference  to  the  History  of  the  United  States.  N.Y.,  Appleton,  1894 
(International  Education  series,  Vol.  XXV).  —  Bibliographical  note  at 
the  beginning  of  each  chapter.  An  admirable  book  in  arrangement  and 
execution. 


§  15  a.     Books  and  Essays  on  Methods. 

pS 

Charles  Kendall  Adams,  A  Mamtal  of  Historical  Literature.     N.Y., 

Harper,  1882.     Also  later  editions. 

Herbert  B.  Adams,  The  Study  of  History  in  the  United  States  in 
American  Colleges  and  Universities.  Bureau  of  Education,  Circular  of 
Information  No.  2.  Washington,  Government  Printing  Office,  1887. 

William  Parsons  Atkinson,  On  History  and  the  Study  of  History. 
Boston,  Roberts,  1884. 

William  Parsons  Atkinson,  The  Study  of  Politics,  an  Introductory 
Lecture.  Boston,  1888. 

John  Sherren  Brewer,  English  Studies  or  Essays  in  English  History 
and  Literature.  Edited  with  a  prefatory  memoir  by  Henry  Wace. 
London,  1881. 

G.  Diesterweg,  Instruction  in  History.  Translated  from  Diestervveg's 
Wegweiser  zur  Bildung  fur  Deutsche  Lehrer  by  Mina  Wesselhoeft. 
(Forms  Part  I  of  G.  S.  Hall's  Pedagogical  Library,  Vol.  I,  Methods  of 


§  1 5  a.]  Books  and  Essays  on  Methods.  31 

Teaching  History?)  Boston,  Ginn,  1883.  Also  published  separately  by 
Heath,  Boston,  1885. 

Johann  Gustav  Droysen,  Outline  of  the  Principles  of  History.  (Grund- 
riss  der  Historik.}  Translated  by  Elisha  Benjamin  Andrews.  Boston, 
Ginn,  1893. 

Frank  Hugh  Foster,  The  Seminary  Method  of  Original  Study  in  the 
Historical  Sciences  illustrated  from  Church  History.  N.Y.,  Scribners,  1888. 

Edward  A.  Freeman,  Methods  of  Historical  Study.  Eight  lectures 
read  in  the  University  of  Oxford.  London,  Macmillan,  1886. 

James  Anthony  Froude,  Short  Studies  on  Great  Subjects.  N.Y.,  1873. 
—  The  Science  of  History,  Series  I,  pp.  7-36  ;  The  Scientific  Method 
applied  to  History,  Series  II,  445. 

Wilbur  Fisk  Gordy  and  Willis  Ira  Twitchell,  A  Pathfinder  in  American 
History.  Boston,  Lee,  1893.  —  For  tne  use  of  teachers,  normal  schools, 
and  more  mature  pupils. 

G.  S.  Hall,  editor,  Methods  of  Teaching  History.  Boston,  Ginn,  1883. 
Second  edition,  1885,  entirely  recast  and  rewritten  {Pedagogical  Library, 
Vol.  I).  Third  edition  in  preparation  in  1895.  —  Essays  by  various 
hands.  Bibliography  of  French  and  German  works,  pp.  v-viii. 

Frederick  Harrison,  The  Meaning  of  History.  London,  Macmillan,  1894. 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Studies  in  American  Education.  N.Y.,  Long 
mans,  1895.  —  Essays  iv  and  v  are  on  the  study  and  teaching  of  History. 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions  on  the  Study  of  the  History 
and  Government  of  the  United  States.  Cambridge,  Harvard  University, 
1895.  —  Prepared  principally  for  the  use  of  students  in  Harvard  Uni 
versity. 

National  Educational  Association.  Committee  on  Secondary  School 
Studies  (Committee  of  Ten),  Report,  with  the  Reports  of  the  Conferences. 
United  States  Bureau  of  Education,  whole  No.  205.  Washington, 
Government  Printing  Office,  1893.  Also  another  edition.  N.Y., 
American  Book  Co.,  1894.  —  The  Report  of  the  Conference  on  History, 
Civil  Government,  and  Political  Economy  is  at  pp.  162—203  in  both 
editions. 

John  T.  Prince,  Methods  of  Instruction  and  Organization  of  the  Schools 
of  Germany.  Boston,  Lee,  1892.  —  No.  x  is  on  Geography  and  History. 

H.  Reed,  Lectures  in  English  History.     Phila.,  1885. 

George  E.  Seymour,  The  Study  of  History  ;  its  functions.  St.  Louis, 
1889.  Privately  printed. 

Francis  Newton  Thorpe,  American  History  in  American  Schools, 
Colleges,  and  Universities.  —  Reprint  from  Education,  VII,  149,  234. 

J.  Wells,  The  Teaching  of  History  in  Schools.     London,  1892. 


32  Bibliography.  [§isb. 

§  15  b.     Selected  Periodical  Articles  on  Methods. 
Academy,  Syracuse. 

Mary  Sheldon  Barnes,  General  History  in  the  High  School  (IV,  285); 
Lucy  M.  Salmon,  History  in  Academies  and  Colleges  (V,  283)  ;  A.  B. 
Hart,  History  in  High  and  Preparatory  Schools  (II,  256,  306) ;  Rose  B. 
Winterburn,  History  in  High  Schools  (VI,  510) ;  L.  H.  Porter,  Study  of 
History  (III,  136)  ;  I.  B.  Burgess,  Methods  of  Teaching  College  Prepara 
tory  History  (III,  293). 

Atlantic  Monthly,  Boston. 

.Andrew  Dickson  White,  The  Study  of  History,  Jan.  1870,  pp.  44-56. 

American  Historical  Association  Papers. 

John  Jay,  The  Demand  for  Education  in  American  History  (V,  Nos.  I 
and  2). 

Arena,  Boston. 

James  Schindler,  History  in  Public  Schools  (I,  40). 

Chantauquan,  Meadville. 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  How  to  Study  History  (XVIII,  17).  Reprinted 
in  the  writer's  Studies  in  American  Education,  No.  iv. 

Education,  Boston. 

S.  Mackibbin,  Outline  Course  of  Study  in  History  (X,  159);  H.  B. 
Adams,  History  in  American  Colleges  (Harvard,  VI,  535,  618  ;  Columbia, 
VII,  7,  92  ;  Amherst,  VII,  177;  Yale,  VII,  334) ;  H.  P.  Judson,  History 
in  Secondary  Schools  (VI,  19);  J.  L.  Hughes,  Topical  Teaching  of  History 
(II,4io);  J.  M.  Greenwood,  Teaching  of  History  (IV,  623);  W.  Boughton, 
Study  of  Local  History  (XIII.  400). 

Educational  Review,  New  York. 

L.  M.  Salmon,  History  in  Elementary  Schools  (I,  438) ;  R.  G.  Huling, 
History  in  Secondary  Education  (VII,  448)  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Entrance 
Requirements  in  History  (X,  417). 

Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in  Historical  and  Political  Science, 
Baltimore. 

-    H.  B.  Adams,  Methods  of  Historical  Study  (II,  Nos.  r,  2) ;    Andrew 
D.   White,    Ettropean    Schools   of   History   and    Politics    (V,   No.   12); 


§  1 6.]  Periodical  Articles,  33 

P.  Fredericq,  Study  of  History  in  England  and  Scotland  (V,  No.  10); 
Study  of  History  in  Belgium  and  Holland  (VII,  No.  10)  ;  Study  of 
History  in  Germany  and  France  (VIII,  Nos.  5,  6). 

Magazine  of  American  History,  New  York. 

J.  Schouler,  Historical  Grouping  (XVIII,  326) ;  Ibid.,  The  Spirit  of 
Historical  Research  (XXIII,  132);  W.  Barrows,  Methods  of  Teaching 
History  (XIX,  245);  C.  K.  Adams,  Recent  Historical  Work  (XXIII,  1 1  r). 

National  Educational  Association,  Transactions. 

John  Henry  Wright,  The  Place  of  Original  Research  in  College 
Education.  1892. 

School  Review,  Hamilton,  N.Y. 

New  England  Association  of  Colleges  and  Preparatory  Schools, 
Report  of  the  Conference  on  College  Entrance  Requirements  (III,  469); 
Complete  Report  of  the  Tenth  Annual  Meeting  (III,  592). 


§  15  c.     Collateral  Authorities  on  Methods. 

Parts  of  some  of  the  general  books  contain  special  material  on 
American  History,  especially  W.  F.  Allen  and  others  in  Hall's 
Methods  of  Teaching  History.  Special  suggestions  to  teachers 
may  be  found  in  the  introduction  to  many  of  the  brief  school 
histories,  especially  :  J.  G.  Allen,  Topical  References;  G.  L.  Fox, 
Study  of  History  in  Unity  Clubs  and  Classes;  Alexander  John 
ston,  School  History;  Horace  E.  Scudder,  School  History;  A. 
C.  Thomas,  History  of  the  United  States ;  Sheldon-Barnes,  Studies 
in  American  History;  Epochs  of  American  History,  etc. 

§  16.     Special  Bibliographical  Aids. 

No  systematic  bibliography  of  American  History  exists.  Sabin's 
Dictionary  of  Books  relating  to  America  is  intended  to  include 
the  title  of  every  book  published  in  America  or  about  America  : 
but  it  includes  only  titles  up  to  the  dates  of  the  several  volumes 
(1867-92)  and  it  does  not  refer  to  periodicals.  It  now  (1895) 
reaches  the  name  of  Henry  H.  Smith  ;  a  set  costs,  including  all 
numbers  so  far  published,  about  five  hundred  dollars.  Of  the 


34  Bibliography.  [§  16. 

publishers'  catalogues  Clarke's  Bibliotheca  Americana  is  the  most 
useful.  Leypoldt's  American  Catalogue  contains  the  titles  of  all 
books  in  print  in  America  in  1876,  and  since  issued  up  to  1890. 
Justin  Winsor's  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America  is  a 
work  of  vast  learning,  and  includes  admirable  bibliographies  of 
all  subjects  treated.  These  bibliographies  are  complete  to  the 
date  of  publication  (1884-1889);  but  the  plan  of  the  work  did  not 
provide  for  titles  on  the  history  of  the  United  States  since  about 
1840.  W.  E.  Foster's  invaluable  References  to  the  History  of 
Presidential  Administrations,  and  References  to  the  Constitution, 
do  not  go  back  of  about  1787.  He  has  recently  begun  a  new 
series  of  useful  bibliographies  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Library  over 
which  he  so  ably  presides.  Several  topical  outlines  have  been 
prepared  by  college  and  other  teachers,  of  which  Sparks's  Topical 
References  is  the  fullest  :  but  they  deal  very  little  with  sources. 
Poole's  Index,  the  lists  in  the  American  edition  of  the  Review 
of  Reviews,  Fletcher's  A.  L.  A.  Index  (which  hardly  justifies  its 
title)  and  Jones's  Index  to  Legal  Periodicals  are  indispensable 
guides  to  periodical  literature.  Of  the  library  catalogues  those  of 
the  Boston  Athenaeum  and  Peabody  Institute  (Baltimore)  are  the 
fullest  in  detailed  classification  and  are  comparatively  recent ;  and 
the  full  titles  of  most  books  can  be  easily  found  in  the  catalogue 
of  the  British  Museum.  To  the  government  documents  the  two 
pamphlets  by  John  G.  Ames,  and  Church  and  Smith's  Tables,  and 
the  monthly  catalogues  issued  by  the  government  since  the  begin 
ning  of  the  year  1895,  are  the  most  useful  guides.  Poore's 
Catalogue  of  Government  Publications  has  a  very  unsatisfactory 
index.  (See  §  i6e.) 

For  many  subjects  the  easiest  path  of  entrance  is  by  the  foot 
notes  of  the  standard  histories  and  biographies.  The  most  service 
able  are  those  of  George  Bancroft  in  the  earlier  volumes  of  liis 
first  edition  and  his  History  of  the  Constitution ;  Henry  Cabot 
Lodge,  Short  History  of  the  English  Colonies  j  Henry  Adams, 
Administration  of  Jefferson  and  Madison j  H.  Von  Hoist,  Con 
stitutional  History  of  the  United  States;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History 
of  the  United  States  since  1850;  and  more  than  all  others,  Winsor's 
Narrative  and  Critical  History. 


§  1 6 a.]  Bibliographical  Aids.  35 


§  16  a.     Brief  Bibliographies. 

Charles  Kendall  Adams,  Manual  of  Historical  Literature,  comprising 
brief  Descriptions  of  the  most  important  Histories  in  English,  French,  and 
German.  N.Y.,  Harpers,  1,882.  8vo.  pp.  xxxviii,  665. 

James  G.  Barnwell,  Reading  Notes  on  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States.  Phila.,  1887.  —  From  the  Bulletin  of  the  Library  Company. 

Richard  R.  Bowker  and  George  lies,  editors,  The  Reader's  Guide  in 
Economic,  Social,  and  Political  Science.  N.Y.,  Putnams,  1891.  Economic 
Tracts,  No.  27.  —  A  classified  bibliography,  American,  English,  French, 
and  German,  with  descriptive  notes,  author,  title,  and  subject  index, 
courses  of  reading,  college  courses,  etc. 

Paul  Leicester  Ford,  Pamphlets  on  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States.  Brooklyn,  1888.  —  Bibliography  and  Reference  List  of  the 
History  and  Literature  of  the  United  States  Constitution,  at  pp.  381-441. 

William  E.  Foster,  References  to  Political  and  Economic  Topics,  to 
accompany  a  series  of  lectures.  Providence,  Providence  Press  Co.,  1885. 

—  Valuable,  but  out  of  print. 

William  E.  Foster,  Providence   Monthly  Reference   Lists.     1881-84. 

—  Portions  reprinted  in  the   References  to  the  History  of  Presidential 
A  dm  inistrations. 

William  E.  Foster,  References  to  the  History  of  Presidential  Adminis 
trations.  1789-1885.  N.Y.,  Society  for  Political  Education,  1885. — 
The  best  brief  bibliography  of  the  subject. 

William  E.  Foster,  References  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
N.Y.,  Putnams,  1890.  —  The  best  brief  bibliography  of  the  subject. 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Federal  Government. 
(Harvard  Historical  Monographs,  No.  2.)  Boston,  Ginn,  1891.  —  Bibli 
ography,  at  §§  33-40,  469. 

Alexander  Johnston,  in  Lalor's  Cyclopedia  of  Political  Science. 
Chicago,  Andrews,  1881-84.  —  Valuable  bibliographies  are  appended 
to  his  signed  articles. 

William  Coolidge  Lane,  Index  to  Recent  Reference  Lists.  Harvard 
University  Library  (Bibliographical  Contributions,  No.  40).  Cambridge, 
1891. 

Silas  Marcus  Macvane,  University  and  School  Extension,  American 
History,  Courses  A  and  B.  [Copyright,  1889.] 

Henry  Matson,  References  for  Literary  Workers :  with  introductions 
to  topics  and  questions  for  debate.  Chicago,  1892.  —  Includes  many 
subjects  related  to  American  History. 


36  Bibliography.  [§  i6a. 

John  M.  Vincent,  Contributions  toward  a  Bibliography  of  American 
History,  1888-92.  (American  Historical  Association,  Annual  Report 
for  s8<pj,  pp.  501-572.)  —  Covers  only  a  brief  period  of  publication. 

Justin  Winsor,  The  Reader's  Handbook  of  the  American  Revolution. 
1761-83.  Boston,  Houghton,  1880. 

§  16  b.     Topical  Outlines. 

John  G.  Allen,  Topical  Studies  in  American  History.    Rochester,  1885. 

William  F.  Allen,  History  Topics  for  the  Use  of  High  Schools  and 
Colleges.  Boston,  Heath,  1886. 

E.  Benjamin  Andrews,  Brief  Institutes  of  oicr  Constitutional  History. 
English  and  American.  Providence,  1886. 

Charles  F.  D unbar,  Topics  and  References,  History  of  Financial 
Legislation  in  the  United  States.  Cambridge,  1892. 

Charles  F.  Uunbar,  Topics  and  References  in  Political  Economy  IV. 
\_Economic  History  of  Europe  and  America  since  the  Seven  Years'1  lVar.~\ 
Cambridge,  Wheeler,  1885. 

Hannah  H.  Davidson,  Reference  History  of  the  United  States  for  High 
Schools  and  Academies.  Boston,  Ginn,  1892.  —  Refers  chiefly  to  brief 
books. 

George  Levi  Fox,  The  Study  of  Politics  in  Unity  Clubs  and  Classes. 
(Unity  Leaflets,  No.  10.)  Chicago,  1885. 

Wilbur  F.  Gordy  and  WTillis  Ira  Twitchell,  A  Pathfinder  in  American 
History.  Boston,  Lee,  1893. 

William  C.  Jones,  Papers  and  References  to  accompany  Lectures  on  the 
Formation  of  the  Federal  Constitution.  Berkeley,  1889. 

William  H.  Mace,  A  Working  Manual  of  American  History  for 
Teachers  and  Students.  Syracuse,  N.Y.,  Bardeen,  1895. 

Martin  Leo  Smith,  A  Brief  Compend  of  the  History  of  the  United 
States ;  Arranged  for  the  Use  of  Teachers  and  Pupils.  Boston,  1886. 

Ralph  C.  Ringwalt  and  Walter  DuB.  Brookings,  Briefs  for  Debates. 
N.Y.,  Longmans,  1896. 

John  T.  Short,  Historical  Reference  Lists-  Columbus,  1882.  — tDut 
of  print :  replaced  by 

Edwin  Erie  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists  in  American  History. 
Columbus,  Smythe,  1893. 

Frank  William  Taussig,  Topics  and  References  in  Economics  6. 
{Tariff  History  of  the  United  States.}  Cambridge,  1886. 

Francis  N.  Thorpe,  Outline  of  a  General  Course  of  Lectures  on  the 
Principles  of  Government  in  the  United  States.  [Copyright,  1892.] 


§  i6c.]  Outlines  and  Indexes.  37 


§  16  c.     Useful  Indexes. 

[Robert  Clarke  and  Company.]  Bibliotheca  Americana,  Catalogue  of 
a  valuable  collection  of  Books  and  Pamphlets  relating  to  America. 
Cincinnati,  1876.  —  With  Supplements  to  1887. 

William  Gushing,  Index  to  the  North  American  Review.  Cambridge, 
1878. 

William  I.  Fletcher,  The  "A.  L.  A."  Index  ;  an  index  to  general  litera 
ture,  biographical,  historical,  and  literary  essays  and  sketches,  reports  and 
publications  of  boards  and  societies  dealing  with  education,  health,  labor, 
charities,  corrections,  etc.  Issued  by  the  publishing  section  of  the 
American  Library  Association.  Boston,  Houghton,  1892. 

Leonard  Augustus  Jones,  An  Index  to  Legal  Periodical  Literature. 
Boston,  Soule,  1888. 

F.  Leypoldt  and  Lynds  Eugene  Jones,  The  American  Catalogue, 
aiithors  and  title  entries  of  books  in  print  and  for  sale  (including  reprints 
and  importations].  1876.  —  Continued  to  1890  by  R.  R.  Bowker, 
Augusta  I.  Appleton,  and  others.  4  vols.  N.Y.,  1880-90. 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Index  to  the  first  twenty  volumes  of 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Society.  Boston,  1887. 

William  Frederick  Poole,  An  Index  to  Periodical  Literature.  Boston, 
Osgood,  1853.  Third  edition,  continued  to  1882,  with  the  assistance 
of  W.  I.  Fletcher.  Boston,  1882.  —  There  are  two  supplements:  the 
First  Supplement,  by  Poole  and  Fletcher,  with  the  assistance  of  the 
American  Library  Association,  covers  the  years  1882-87  >  tne  Second 
Supplement  (without  Poole)  brings  the  work  to  1892.  Since  then 
Fletcher  and  R.  R.  Bowker,  with  the  cooperation  of  the  American 
Library  Association  and  of  the  Library  Journal  Staff,  have  resumed  the 
work  on  the  same  lines  in  The  Annual  Literary  Index. 

Charles  Carroll  Soule,  The  Lawyer's  Reference  Manual  of  Law  Books 
and  Citations.  Boston,  Soule  and  Bugbee,  1883. 

Joseph  Sabin,  A  Dictionary  of  Books  relating  to  America,  from  its 
discovery  to  the  present  time.  20  vols.  N.Y.,  Sabin,  1868—92. 

William  Swan  Sonnenschein,  The  Best  Books.  Second  edition. 
London,  1891. 

Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  The  Charlemagne  Tower  Collection 
of  Colonial  Laws.  Philadelphia,  1890. 


38  Bibliography.  [§  i6d. 


§  16  d.     Useful  Catalogues. 

Boston  Athenaeum,   Catalogue  of  the  Boston  Athenczum, 
5  vols.     Boston,  1874-82. 

Public  Library  of  the  City  of  Boston,  Index  to  the  Catalogue  of  Books 
in  the  Upper  Hall.  Boston,  1861. 

Public  Library  of  the  City  of  Boston,  Index  to  the  Catalogue  of  Books 
in  Bates  Hall,  First  Supplement.  Boston,  1 86 1-66. 

British  Museum,  Catalogue  of  Printed  Books.     London,  1882-93. 

Brooklyn  Mercantile  Library,  Catalogue  of  the  Mercantile  Library  of 
Brooklyn.  Brooklyn,  1877-80. 

Cleveland  Public  Library,  Alphabetic  Catalogue  of  the  English  Books. 
Cleveland,  1889. 

Library  of  Congress,  Catalogue,  Index  of  Subjects.  Washington, 
Government  Printing  Office,  1869. 

Harvard  College  Library,  Card  Catalogue  Subjects.  —  To  be  used  in 
connection  with  the  Card  Catalogue. 

Massachusetts,  Catalogue  of  the  State  Library.     Boston,  1880. 

New  York  Historical  Society,  Catalogue  of  the  Printed  Books  in  the 
Library.  N.Y.,  1859. 

Peabody  Institute  of  the  City  of  Baltimore,  Catalogue  of  the  Library. 
Baltimore,  1883. 

§  16  e.     Indexes  to  Public  Documents,  1776-1895. 

To  the  valuable  set  of  government  documents  there  is  no 
adequate  guide  :  Poore's  Catalogue  of  Government  Publications 
affords  some  aid,  but  not  so  much  as  its  title  would  indicate, 
owing  to  an  imperfect  and  misleading  index.  The  following  is  a 
nearly  complete  list  of  aids  : 

1820-1891.  John  Griffith  Ames,  Finding  List,  showing  where  in  the  set 
of  Congressional  Documents  the  individual  volumes  of  certain 
series  of  Government  publications  are  found.  Washington, 
1893. 

1817-1891.  John  Griffith  Ames,  List  of  Congressional  Documents  from 
the  Fifteenth  to  the  Fifty-first  Congress.  Washington,  1892. 

1889-1893.  John  Griffith  Ames,  Comprehensive  Index  of  the  Publications 
of  the  United  States  Government.  Washington,  1894. 

1895-  Catalogue  of  United  States  Public  Documents,  issued  monthly 

by  the  Superintendent  of  Documents.  Washington. 


Catalogues  and  Indexes. 


39 


1789-1877.    Boston  Athenaeum,  Catalogue,  V,  3054-3109. 

1789-1859.    Boston  Public  Library,  Index  (ed.  1861),  pp.  795-842. 

1859-1863.  Boston  Public  Library,  Index,  First  Supplement  (ed.  1866), 
pp.  644-654. 

1789-1892.  Alonzo  W.  Church  and  Henry  II.  Smith,  Tables  showing 
the  Contents  of  the  several  vohimes  comprising  the  Annals 
of  Congress,  Congressional  Debates,  Congressional  Globe, 
Supreme  Court  Reports,  etc.,  arranged  by  Years  and  Con 
gresses.  [Washington,  1892.] 

1786-1851.    Digested  Summary  of  Private  Claims.    3  vols.   Washington, 

I853- 
1871-1880.    J.  B.  Holloway  and  W.  H.  French,   Consolidated  Index  of 

Claims  reported  by  the  Commissioner  of  Claims  to  the  House 

of  Representatives.     Washington,  1892. 
1789—1817.    Index  to  the  Exectitive  Communications  made  to  the  House 

until  the  end  of  the  Fourteenth  Congress.     18  Cong.,  i  sess., 

XII,  No.  163. 
1831-1839.    Index  to  the  Executive  Documents  and  Reports  of  Committees 

of  the  House  from   the   Twenty-second  to  the    Twenty-fifth 

Congress.     House  Docs.,  35  Cong.,  2  sess.     Washington. 
181 5-1887.    T.  H.  McKee,  Reports  of  the  Select  and  Special  Committees, 

United  States  Senate.     Washington,  1887. 
1815-1887.    T.  H.  McKee,  Reports  of  the  Select  and  Special  Committees, 

United  States  House  of  Representatives.     Washington,  1887. 
1839-1869.    Edward  McPherson,  Consolidated  Index  of  the  Executive 

Documents    of  the   House,  from    the    Twenty-sixth    to   the 

Fortieth  Congress.     Washington,  1869. 
1839-1869.    Edward  McPherson,   Consolidated  Index  to  Reports  of  the 

Committees  of  the  House.     Washington,  1869. 
1789-1809.    Albert  Ordway,  General  Index  of  the  Joiirnals  of  Congress, 

from  the  First  to  Tenth  Congress  inclusive.    House  Reports, 

46  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  1776.     Washington,  1880. 
1809-1821.    Albert  Ordway,  General  Index  of  the  Journals  of  Congress, 

from  the  Eleventh  to  Sixteenth  Congress  inclusive.     House 

Reports,  47  Cong.,  i  sess.,  V  [VII],  No.  1556.   Washington, 

1883. 
1776-1881.    Ben    Perley   Poore,    Descriptive   Catalogue  of  Government 

Piiblications.     Washington,  1885. 


40  Bibliography.  [§17- 

§  17.     General  Reference  Books  on  American  History. 

The  following  works  contain  a  variety  of  historical  data,  usually 
arranged  alphabetically  by  persons  or  subjects  ;  such  books  much 
facilitate  easy  topical  work,  and  the  better  ones  are  a  guide  to 
more  detailed  information.  The  titles  are  arranged  alphabetically 
by  editors  (or  publishers,  where  the  editor  is  not  indicated). 

William  Allen,  American  Biographical  Dictionary.     Boston,  1857. 

S.  Austin  Allibone,  A  Critical  Dictionary  of  English  Literature  and 
British  and  American  Authors.  Phila.,  i858--7i.  3  vols.  —  Also  a 
Supplement  to  Allibone's  Critical  Dictionary  (edited  by  John  Foster 
Kirk).  2  vols.  Phila.,  1891. 

The  American  Annual  Cyclopedia  and  Register  of  Important  Events. 
36  vols.  N.Y.,  Appleton,  1861-95.  —  The  volumes  from  1861  to  1875 
inclusive  form  one  series  with  an  Index  in  a  separate  volume.  The 
later  volumes  are  denominated  "  New  Series,"  and  there  is  an  Index,  in 
a  separate  volume,  to  the  twelve  volumes  from  1876  to  1887  inclusive. 

Frederick  A.  P.  Barnard,  editor,  Johnson's  ^Revised}  Universal 
Cyclopedia.  N.  Y.,  1888.  8  vols.  —  A  new  edition  (edited  by  Charles 
Kendall  Adams).  8  vols.  N.  Y.,  1893. 

Francis  S.  Drake,  Dictionary  of  American  Biography,  including  Men 
of  the  Time.  Boston,  1872. 

Evert  A.  Duyckinck  and  George  L.  Duyckinck,  Cyclopedia  of  Ameri 
can  Literatttre.  2  vols.  N.  Y.,  Scribners,  1856. 

The  Encyclopedia  Britannica.    Ninth  edition.    25  vols.    London,  1875. 

John  J.  Lalor,  editor,  Cyclopedia  of  Political  Science,  Political  Economy, 
and  of  the  Political  History  of  the  United  States.  3  vols.  Chicago, 
1881-84. 

Charles  Lanman,  Biographical  Annals  of  the  Civil  Government  of  the 
United  States.  N.  Y.  [Copyright,  1886]. 

Josephus  Nelson  Larned,  History  for  Ready  Reference  from  the  Best 
Historians,  Biographers,  and  Specialists :  Their  own  words  in  a  com 
plete  system  of  history.  5  vols.  Springfield,  Mass.,  1894-95. 

Benson  John  Lossing,  Harpers  Popular  Cyclopedia  of  United  States 
History.  2  vols.  N.  Y.,  1881. 

The  National  Cyclopedia  of  American  Biography.  5  vols.  N.  Y., 
1892-94. 

Carl  Ploetz,  Epitome  of  Ancient,  Medieval,  and  Modern  History. 
(Translated  with  extensive  additions  by  William  H.  Tillinghast.) 
Boston,  1884. 


§  i8.]  General  Reference  Works.  41 

George  Ripley  and  Charles  A.  Dana,  editors,  The  American  Cyclo 
pedia:  A  Popular  Dictionary  of  General  Knowledge.  16  vols.  N.  Y., 
etc.,  1859-63.  —  Revised  edition,  1873,  w^tn  binder's  title  Appleton's 
Cyclopedia.  16  vols.  N.  Y.,  1873-76.  —  Also  a  General  and  Analytical 
Index  to  the  American  Cyclopedia.  N.  Y.,  1878. 

Edmund  Clarence  Stedman  and  Ellen  Mackay  Hutchinson,  A  Library 
of  American  Literature  from  the  Earliest  Settlement  to  the  Present  Time. 
10  vols.  N.Y.,  1888-90. 

Stoddard's  Encyclopedia  Americana,  a  Companion  to  the  Encyclopedia 
Britannica  (Ninth  Edition}  and  to  all  other  Encyclopedias.  4  vols. 
N.Y.,  etc.,  1883-89. 

James  Grant  Wilson  and  John  Fiske,  editors,  Appletori's  Cyclopedia 
of  American  Biography.  6  vols.  N.  Y.,  1887-89. 


§  18.     School  Text-Books. 

Until  very  recently  the  text-books  intended  for  schools  were 
either  dull  or  ridiculously  out  of  proportion.  The  colonial  and 
Revolutionary  wars  were  usually  the  principal  subjects.  Later 
came  a  succession  of  poor  popular  histories,  inaccurate  and  trivial ; 
to  some  of  them  the  authors  did  not  so  much  as  give  their  names. 
Recently  there  has  been  a  great  improvement,  and  there  are  now 
half  a  dozen  text-books  of  decided  merit. 

The  main  characteristics  of  a  good  text-book  are  the  following  : 
it  should  be  accurate  and  therefore  it  should  be  prepared  by  an 
expert  on  the  subject  ;  proper  proportions  should  be  observed,  so 
that  no  part  of  the  field  be  neglected  or  unduly  expanded.  A  point 
of  view  should  be  adopted  which  avoids  details  of  military  history, 
and  dwells  on  economic  and  social  development  as  well  as  on 
political  history.  The  book  must  be  interesting,  and  hence  great 
attention  should  be  paid  by  the  writer  to  style.  An  indispensable 
adjunct  is  a  set  of  numerous,  clear,  and  accurate  maps  illustrating 
historical  geography,  and  not  merely  campaigns.  Of  course  there 
must  be  bibliographical  material  enough  to  lead  pupils  to  read 
and  study  in  other  books,  and  to  aid  them  in  topical  work.  A  good 
book  will  have  a  convenient  apparatus  of  contents,  indexes,  run 
ning  headings,  marginal  dates,  and  the  like,  to  make  the  subject 
clear.  The  writer  must  take  a  manly  and  patriotic  tone,  without 


42  Bibliography.  [§  18. 

over-glorification  of  our  own  country  ;  and  he  must  be  sufficiently 
familiar  with  the  history  and  institutions  of  other  countries  to 
know  what  is  distinctively  American.  Illustrations  are  in  part  an 
aid  to  interest,  and  in  part  a  necessary  interpretation  ;  in  selecting 
them  care  should  be  taken  to  represent  real  things  and  not  imagi 
nary  sketches  of  what  was  or  might  have  been  ;  portraits  should 
be  numerous  and  characteristic,  and  the  artist  and  present  place 
of  the  original  of  each  picture  should  be  mentioned ;  but  the 
pictures  should  not  encroach  upon  the  space  needed  for  the  text. 

No  book  fills  all  these  requirements.  Higginson's  Young  Folks" 
History  is  still  unsurpassed  in  its  field,  but  it  is  devoted  almost 
entirely  to  the  colonial  period.  Alexander  Johnston's  School 
History  (the  larger  work)  is  remarkable  for  the  broad  treatment 
of  the  later  period  and  for  its  superior  historical  maps  ;  in  its  form 
it  is  rather  solid  ;  the  style  is  dull  and  the  proportions  are  imper 
fect.  Horace  E.  Scudder's  History  of  the  United  States  has 
excellent  summaries  and  beautiful  maps,  but  is  written  a  little 
below  the  high-school  age,  and  often  is  indistinct.  John  Fiske's 
History  of  the  United  States  for  Schools  has  a  delightfully  easy 
style,  and  the  book  is  beautifully  illustrated  and  is  supplemented 
by  the  questions  of  Mr.  Hill  ;  but  the  treatment  of  the  period 
since  1789  is  tender,  the  reading-matter  is  slender  for  a  school 
history,  and  text  and  maps  need  revision.  Sheldon-Barnes's  Stitdies 
in  American  History  is  made  up  on  a  novel  plan,  —  the  weaving 
together  of  a  narrative  out  of  extracts  from  contemporary  writers ; 
but  only  a  superior  teacher  is  likely  to  supply  sufficient  connective 
matter.  A.  C.  Thomas  in  his  History  of  the  United  States  has 
made  a  good  book,  though  dull,  well  furnished  with  aids  ;  but  his 
maps  are  still  imperfect,  though  better  than  the  average. 

Several  new  histories  are  now  in  course  of  preparation,  and 
nearly  all  the  books  mentioned  above  are  frequently  revised  and 
errors  or  omissions  are  corrected.  For  convenience  of  reference 
the  exact  titles  of  a  few  school  text-books  are  here  appended  ; 
they  are  not  of  equal  merit. 


§  1 9.]  School  Text-Books.  43 

§  18  a.     Brief  List  of  School  Text-Books. 

Edward  Eggleston,  A  History  of  the  United  States  and  its  People  for 
the  Use  of  Schools.  N.Y.,  American  Book  Co.  [Copyright,  1888], 

Mary  Sheldon  Barnes  and  Earl  Barnes,  Studies  in  American  History. 
Boston,  Heath,  1893. 

John  Fiske,  A  History  of  the  United  States  for  Schools.  Boston, 
Houghton,  1894. 

Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson,  Young  Folks'  History  of  the  United 
States.  N.Y.,  Longmans. 

Alexander  Johnston,  A  History  of  the  United  States  for  Schools  ;  with 
an  Introductory  History  of  the  Discovery  and  English  Colonization  of 
North  America.  N.Y.,  Holt,  1885. 

David  H.  Montgomery,  The  Leading  Facts  of  American  History 
(Leading  Facts  of  History  series).  Boston,  Ginn,  1891. 

Horace  E.  Scudder,  A  History  of  the  United  States  . . .  for  the  Use  of 
Schools  and  Academies.  Phila.,  Butler  [Copyright,  1894]. 

Joel  D.  Steele  and  Esther  Baker  Steele,  A  Brief  History  of  the  United 
States.  N.Y.  [Copyright,  1885].  —  Usually  known  as  "  Barnes'  History." 

Allen  C.  Thomas,  A  History  of  the  United  States.   Boston,  Heath,  1894. 

§  19.     College  Text-Books. 

In  college  teaching  two  general  methods  appear  to  be  employed  ; 
either  some  small  book  is  used  as  a  text-book  with  or  without  col 
lateral  reading,  and  often  supplemented  by  informal  lectures  by 
the  teacher  ;  or  some  large  philosophical  work  like  Von  Hoist's 
Constitutional  History  is  made  a  basis  for  class  discussion  or 
criticism  by  the  instructor.  The  first  method  is  the  natural  one, 
provided  it  is  understood  that  the  text-book  is  merely  the  nucleus 
about  which  shall  be  grouped  the  student's  notes  of  lectures  and 
reading.  Hence  the  matter  contained  in  the  text-book  should  not 
be  repeated  in  the  lectures,  although  many  subjects  not  otherwise 
properly  treated  may  be  given  adequate  attention  before  the  class, 
and  subjects  difficult  of  explanation  may  be  elucidated  from  a 
different  point  of  view. 

The  basal  book  should  contain,  therefore,  a  good  body  of  fact. 
It  should  be  lucidly  arranged  and  marked  by  a  distinct  literary 
style.  Good,  maps  are  essential,  and  some  help  to  collateral  read 
ing  in  the  way  of  bibliographies  will  be  useful.  There  is  at  present 


44  Bibliography.  [§  19. 

no  one  volume  on  American  history  which  can  be  said  to  answer 
these  requirements.  Goldwin  Smith's  The  United  States  is  an 
interesting  essay  on  the  political  history  of  the  nation  ;  Arthur 
Oilman's  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States  is  deficient 
in  several  respects  and  is  now  rather  out  of  date  ;  T.  W.  Higgin- 
son's  Larger  History  is  a  bundle  of  essays,  many  of  them  of  great 
value  and  all  interesting,  but  it  is  not  a  connected  history,  and 
stops  almost  with  the  close  of  Jackson's  second  term  ;  Alexander 
Johnston's  The  United  States  contains  perhaps  the  best  presenta 
tion  of  the  later  period  to  be  found  between  two  covers,  but  his 
treatment  of  the  earlier  period  is  peculiarly  inaccurate  and  inade 
quate.  The  same  author's  American  Politics  is  almost  a  model 
treatment  of  the  political  history  of  the  country  since  1789.  E.  B. 
Andrews's  History  of  the  United  States  in  two  volumes  has  not 
established  its  claim  to  the  confidence  of  scholars.  The  Constitu 
tional  History  of  Judson  S.  Landon,  and  Simon  Sterne's  Consti 
tutional  History  are  hardly  broad  enough  for  text-book  use. 

Both  the  authors  of  this  Guide  have  tried  their  hands  at  concise 
histories  intended  for  college  or  for  university-extension  use. 
Edward  Channing  has  published  a  brief  History  of  the  United 
States,  1765-1865,  in  the  Cambridge  Historical  Series,  and  Albert 
Bushnell  Hart  has  edited  the  Epochs  of  American  History  in 
three  volumes,  writing  one  of  the  volumes  himself.  On  the  same 
general  plan  as  the  latter  publication  is  the  American  History 
Series,  in  five  volumes. 

§  19  a.     List  of  College  Text-Books. 

American  History  Series.  5  vols.  N.Y.,  Scribners,  1892.  —  Vol.  I. 
George  Park  Fisher,  The  Colonial  Era.  1892.  —  Vol.  II.  William  M. 
Sloane.  The  French  War  and  the  Revolution.  1893.  —  Vol.  III. 
Francis  A.  Walker,  The  Making  of  the  Nation.  1895.  —  Vols-  IV>  v- 
John  W.  Burgess,  From  the  Conclusion  of  Peace  in  1815  to  the  End  of 
Reconstruction;  in  preparation  in  1895. 

Elisha  Benjamin  Andrews,  History  of  the  United  States.  2  vols. 
N.Y.,  Scribners,  1894. 

Edward  Channing,  The  United  States  of  America,  1765-1865.  (Cam 
bridge  Historical  series.)  N.Y.,  Macmillan  &  Co.,  1896. 


§  2o.]  College   Text-Books.  45 

Epochs  of  American  History.  3  vols.  N.Y.,  Longmans.  —  Vol.  I. 
Reuben  Gold  Thwaites,  The  Colonies.  1891.  —  Vol.  II.  Albert  Bushnell 
Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union.  1892. — Vol.  III.  Woodrow  Wilson, 
Division  and  Reunion.  1893. 

Richard  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic  of  the  United  States. 
Boston,  Little,  1872. 

Arthur  Oilman,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States.    N.Y.,  1889. 

George  B.  Getchell,  Our  Nation's  Executives  and  their  Administra 
tions.  —  The  Continental  and  National  Congresses.  Conspectus  of  the 
National  Government,  ifj^—iSS^.  The  Settlement  and  Formation  of  the 
State  Governments  and  State  Executives.  N.Y.,  1885. 

T.  W.  Higginson,  A  Larger  History  of  the  United  States.  N.Y., 
Harpers,  1886. 

Alexander  Johnston,  History  of  American  Politics.    N.Y.,  Holt,  1880. 

Alexander  Johnston,  The  United  States  ;  its  History  and  Constitution. 
N.Y.,  Scribners,  1889. 

Judson  S.  Landon,  The  Constitutional  History  and  Government  of  the 
United  States  ;  a  Series  of  Lectures.  Boston,  Houghton,  1889. 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  A  Short  History  of  the  English  Colonies  in 
America.  N.Y.,  Harpers  [Copyright,  1881], 

Goldwin  Smith,  The  United  States,  an  Outline  of  Political  History, 
z4Q2-i8fi.  N.Y.,  Macmillan,  1893. 

Simon  Sterne,  Constitutional  History  and  Political  Development  of  the 
United  States.  N.Y.,  Putnam's,  4th  ed.,  1888. 


§  20.     General  Histories. 

There  is  no  comprehensive  history  of  America  from  the  dis 
covery  to  the  present  time.  The  so-called  "  Bryant's  Popular 
History"  which  was  written  by  Sydney  Howard  Gay,  covers  the 
whole  field,  but  an  undue  proportion  of  the  space  is  devoted  to 
colonial  history.  Bancroft  stops  at  1789,  Hildreth  at  1821,  Tucker 
at  1840,  Winsor  at  about  1840;  Von  Hoist  begins  practically  at 
1829,  Schouler  at  1781  ;  and  Parkman,  Adams,  McMaster,  Fiske, 
and  Rhodes  cover  only  limited  fields  or  periods.  It  is  hence  the 
more  necessary  to  bring  students  in  contact  with  a  variety  of 
histories.  Hildreth,  for  the  period  he  covers,  is  a  painstaking  and 
accurate  historian,  and  he  discusses  most  of  the  political  events 
which  are  worth  remembering  ;  but  his  book  is  tedious  and  in  parts 


46  Bibliography.  [§  20. 

prejudiced.  Many  of  the  essays  in  Winsor's  America  have  high 
historical  value.  For  combined  literary  and  historical  merit  no 
American  historian  equals  Parkman,  who  has  seized  upon  the 
imperishable  interest  of  the  French  colonization,  and  the  final 
victory  over  it  of  the  English.  Henry  Adams's  account  of  the 
administrations  of  Jefferson  and  Madison  is  a  model  of  clear, 
enlightened,  and  fearless  historical  composition ;  Von  Hoist  is  too 
long  for  the  ordinary  reader,  but  the  final  chapters  in  most  of  his 
volumes  are  unique  summaries  of  political  and  economic  relations. 
Schouler's  broad  and  reasonably  complete  treatment  of  the  whole 
field  since  1783  is  marred  by  an  eccentric  and  undignified  style. 
For  the  Civil  War  and  later  history  Ropes's  Story  of  the  Civil 
War  and  Rhodes's  history  are  the  only  extended  works  written 
in  a  scientific  spirit.  There  is  still  an  opportunity  for  some  able 
historian  to  write  a  complete  history  of  America  from  the  dis 
covery  to  near  the  present  day,  in  three  or  four  volumes,  a  book 
comparable  with  J.  R.  Green's  History  of  the  English  People / 
or  even  a  book  on  the  general  lines  of  G.  F.  Bright's  English 
History  would  be  a  boon  to  teachers  and  students. 

In  addition  to  the  list  of  brief  general  histories  (§  19  a)  the 
following  books  will  be  found  more  or  less  serviceable  for  reading, 
for  topical  work,  and  as  parallels  to  college  lecture  courses.  The 
list  should  also  be  supplemented  by  the  special  histories  and  biog 
raphies  enumerated  in  §§  22,  25. 


§  20  a.    Larger  Comprehensive  "Works. 

1800-1817.      Henry  Adams,  History  of  the  United  States.    9  vols.    N.Y., 

Scribners,  1889-91. 
1760-1804.      John  Adolphus,  The  History  of  England.  7  vols.  London, 

1840-45. 
1492-1789.      George  Bancroft,  A  History  of  the  United  States.     Boston, 

1834-74.  —  A  six-volume  edition,  known  as  The  Author's 

Last  Revision,  was  published  at  N.Y.  in  1883-85. 
1492-1870.      William  Cullen  Bryant  and  Sydney  Howard  Gay,  A  Popular 

History  of  the  United  States.      4  vols.       N.Y.,  Scribners, 

1876-81. 


Comprehensive  Works. 


47 


1783-1789.  George  Ticknor  Curtis,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United 
States.  —  One  volume  published  at  N.Y.  (Harpers)  in  1889, 
a  posthumous  second  volume  is  announced,  1895. 

1784-1875.  Jefferson  Davis,  The  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate 
Government.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  Appleton,  1881. 

1492-1700.  John  Andrew  Doyle,  The  English  in  America.  3  vols. 
Published  at  London,  Longmans,  1882-87.  —  Reprinted 
with  a  different  pagination  by  Holt,  N.Y. 

1850-1865.  John  Williams  Draper,  History  of  the  American  Civil  War. 
3  vols.  N.Y.,  Harpers,  1867-70. 

1000-1600.  John  Fiske,  The  Discovery  of  America.  2  vols.  Boston, 
Houghton,  1892.  Fiske's  other  historical  works  form  with 
this  part  of  a  comprehensive  history  as  follows  :  The 
Beginnings  of  New  England,  The  American  Revohition,  in 
2  vols.,  The  Critical  Period  of  American  History  (1783-89). 

1789-1867.  Horace  Greeley,  The  American  Conflict.  2  vols.  Hartford, 
Case,  1864-67. 

1492-1821.  Richard  Hildreth,  The  History  of  the  United  States.  6  vols. 
N.Y.,  Harpers,  1851-56. 

1700-1800.  William  Edward  Hartpole  Lecky,  A  History  of  England 
in  the  Eighteenth  Century.  8  vols.  London,  Longmans, 
1878-90. 

1 783-182 1 .  John  Bach  McMaster,  A  History  of  the  People  of  the  United 
States.  4  vols.  N.Y.,  Appleton,  1883-95. 

1713-1783.  Lord  Mahon,  History  of  England.  7  vols.  Boston,  Little, 
1853-54.  —  A  convenient  edition  is  the  "  Tauchnitz  edi 
tion"  in  paper  covers. 

1745-1802.  William  Nathaniel  Massey,  A  History  of  England  during 
the  Reign  of  George  the  Third.  4  vols.  London,  1855-63. 

1492-1763.  Francis  Parkman,  France  and  England  in  North  America, 
a  Series  of  Historical  Narratives.  9  vols.  Boston,  Little, 
1865-92. 

1492-1775.  John  Gorham  Palfrey,  History  of  New  England.  5  vols. 
Boston,  Little,  1858-90. 

M97-I797-  Timothy  Pitkin,  A  Political  and  Civil  History  of  the  United 
States.  2  vols.  New  Haven,  1828. 

1783-1865.      Edward  Alfred  Pollard,  The  Lost  Cause.     N.Y.,  1867. 

1492-1887.  John  Clark  Ridpath,  A  Popular  History  of  the  United 
States.  N.Y.,  Hunt  and  Eaton,  1889. 

1849-1862.  James  Ford  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States  from  the 
Compromise  of  1850.  3  vols.  N.Y.,  Harpers,  1893-95. 


48  Bibliography.  [§  20. 

1783-1861.      James  Schouler,  History  of  the   United  States  tinder  the 

Constitution.     5  vols.     N.Y.,  Dodd,  1891. 
1492-1857.      Jesse  Ames  Spencer,  History  of  the  United  States.    3  vols. 

N.Y.,  1858  [Copyright]. 
1861-1865.      Alexander  Hamilton  Stephens,  A  Constitutional  View  of 

the  Late  War  between  the  States.     2  vols.     Phila.,  1868-70. 
1492-1840.      George  Tucker,  The  History  of  the  United  States.     4  vols. 

Phila.,  Lippincott,  1856-57. 
1783-1861.      Hermann  Von  Hoist,    The   Constitutional  History  of  the 

United  States  (translated  from  the  German  by  Lalor  and 

Mason).     8  vols.     Chicago,  Callaghan,  1876-92. 
1789-1877.      Henry  Wilson,  History  of  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave 

Power  in  America.     3  vols.     Boston,  Osgood,  1872-77. 
1000-1840.      Justin  Winsor,  editor,  The  Narrative  and  Critical  History 

of  America.     8  vols.     Boston,  Houghton,  1886-89. 


§  21.     Historical  Geography. 

No  important  subject  connected  with  American  history  has  been 
so  neglected  as  the  historical  geography  of  the  United  States. 
Territorial  history  is  nevertheless  essential  to  an  understanding  of 
the  general  subject.  The  sources  are  :  (i)  the  reports  of  the  tirst 
explorers,  the  contemporaneous  accounts  of  the  early  explorations, 
and  the  maps  of  the  old  cartographers ;  (2)  the  grants  made  by 
various  European  powers  for  their  colonies,  —  especially  the  Eng 
lish  charters ;  (3)  treaties  defining  international  boundaries  ; 
(4)  decisions  of  the  English  Privy  Council  on  contested  boundaries, 
and  of  international  courts  of  arbitration  ;  and  (5)  the  statutes  of 
the  United  States  establishing  territories  and  admitting  states. 

Several  books  contain  descriptions  of  the  physical  characteristics 
of  the  country  and  their  influence  on  men  of  European  origin. 
Among  them  may  be  mentioned  the  works  of  Professors  Whitney 
and  Shaler,  both  having  the  title  The  United  States.  The  more 
important  works  dealing  with  the  territorial  development  are 
Winsor's  various  contributions  in  his  Columbus,  Cartier,  and 
Mississippi,  and  in  the  Narrative  and  Critical  History.  Pro 
fessor  Hinsdale  has  done  good  work  in  this  field,  especially  in  his 
Old  Northwest;  and  the  government  publications  connected  with 


§  2i.]  Historical  Geography.  49 

the  names  of  Gannett  and  Donaldson  contain  many  valuable  sug 
gestions  and  documents,  which  should,  however,  in  every  case  be 
verified.  In  the  general  histories,  such  as  Bancroft,  Hildreth, 
McMaster,  and  Henry  Adams,  may  be  found  elaborate  discussions 
of  boundary  and  other  territorial  questions.  The  larger  state 
histories  and  historical  society  reports  contain  many  important 
discussions  of  these  and  kindred  subjects. 

Besides  the  treatment  of  the  subject  in  the  general  histories 
(especially  Hildreth),  the  following  special  authorities  may  be 
mentioned  : 

Bioren  and  Duane,  Laws  of  the  United  States  . . .  inchiding  many  other 
valuable  ...  Documents.  5  vols.  Phila.,  Bioren,  1815.  —  Usually  cited 
as  "  Duane's  Laws." 

Thomas  Donaldson,  The  Public  Domain.  Third  edition.  Washington, 
Government  Printing  Office,  1884.  —  Reprint  of  House  Miscellaneous 
Documents,  47. Cong.,  2  sess.,  Pt.  4,  No.  45. 

The  Existing  Laws  of  the  United  States  of  a  general  and  permanent 
character  and  relating  to  the  Survey  and  Disposition  of  the  Public  Domain. 
Washington,  Government  Printing  Office,  1884.  —  House  Misc.  Docs., 
47  Cong.,  2  sess.,  Pt.  I,  No.  45. 

Laws  of  the  United  States  exhibiting  the  Entire  Legislation  of  Congress 
upon  which  the  Public  Land  Titles  in  each  State  have  depended.  2  vojs. 
Washington,  Government  Printing  Office,  1884. —  House  of  Representa 
tives,  House  Misc.  Docs.,  47  Cong.,  2  sess.,  Pt.  II,  No,  45. 

Henry  Gannett,  Boundaries  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several 
States  and  Territories.  Washington,  1885.  —  Reprint  from  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  Bulletin,  No.  13. 

Burke  Aaron  Hinsdale,  Bounding  the  Original  United  States.  — 
Reprint  from  Magazine  of  Western  History,  II,  401-423,  Sept.,  1885. 

Burke  Aaron  Hinsdale,  The  Old  ATorthwest :  with  a  View  of  the 
Thirteen  Colonies  as  Constituted  by  the  Royal  Charters.  N.Y.,  MacCoun, 
1891. 

Walter  Bell  Scaife,  America :  Its  Geographical  History.  Baltimore, 
1892. 

Justin  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America.  8  vols. 
Boston,  Houghton,  1886-89.  —  Especially  VII,  527-562. 


50  BibliograpJiy.  [§21  a. 


§  21  a.     Physical  Geography  of  America. 

Physical  geography  and  geology  are  intimately  connected  and 
much  geographical  matter  is  to  be  found  in  the  publications  of 
national  and  state  geological  surveys.  The  reports  of  state 
surveys  are  easily  found  in  libraries  under  the  name  of  the  state  ; 
the  more  recent  publications  generally  giving  the  best  material. 
National  surveys  were  for  a  number  of  years  conducted  under 
various  governmental  bureaus  ;  their  work  was  confined  to  the 
western  part  of  the  continent.  The  most  important  of  these  were 
Hayden's  Survey  (United  States  Geological  and  Geographical 
Survey  of  the  Territories)  whose  geographical  results  are  con 
tained  in  Annual  Reports  (1869-79);  Wheeler's  Survey  (United 
States  Geographical  Surveys  West  of  the  One  Hundreth  Merid 
ian),  Powell's  Survey  (United  States  Geographical  and  Geological 
Survey  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region),  King's  Survey  (United 
States  Geological  Exploration  of  the  Fortieth  Parallel).  The 
reports  of  each  of  these  three  organizations  were  published  in  a 
series  of  volumes  (Vol.  I  of  Wheeler's  Survey  contains  an  ana 
lytical  account  of  all  explorations  west  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
from  1500  to  1800).  In  1879  these  separate  surveys  were  dis 
continued,  and  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  was  organized. 
It  publishes  Annual  Reports,  Bulletins,  and  Monographs,  of 
which  an  analytical  bibliography  (1879-92)  is  contained  in 
Bulletins,  No.  100.  The  following  bibliographical  bulletins  of 
the  Survey  also  deserve  mention  :  A  Dictionary  of  Altitudes 
of  the  United  States  {Bulletins,  No.  76)  ;  Record  of  North 
American  Geology  (Bulletins,  Nos.  44,  75,  91,  99);  A  Catalogue 
of  Geological  Maps  of  America  {Bulletins,  No.  7).  Much 
geographical  material  is  also  to  be  found  in  the  American 
Geologist,  published  monthly  at  Minneapolis  ;  the  Journal  of 
Geology,  published  semi-quarterly  at  Chicago  ;  and  the  National 
Geographic  Society's  National  Geographic  Magazine,  published 
at  Washington. 

Upon  the  basis  of  the  geography  of  the  country,  its  physiography, 
references  will  be  found  in  §§21  b-2i  e  below.  The  following 
books  will  also  be  found  serviceable  : 


§2ib.]  Physical  Geography.  51 

W.  M.  Davis,  C.  F.  King,  and  G.  L.  Collie,  Report  on  Governmental 
Maps  for  Use  in  Schools.  N.Y.,  Holt,  1894. 

William  Morris  Davis,  Geographical  Illustrations.  Cambridge,  1893. 
—  Suggestions  for  teaching  physical  geography,  based  on  the  physical 
features  of  New  England. 

John  William  Draper,  History  of  tJie  American  Civil  War.  3  vols. 
N.Y.,  Harpers,  1867-70.  —  At  Vol.  I,  39-62. 

Jedediah  Morse,  American  Universal  Geography.  2  parts.  Boston. 
First  edition,  1793;  sixth  edition,  1812. 

National  Geographic  Monographs.     N.Y.,  American  Book  Co. 

Jacob  Horace  Patton,  National  Resources  of  the  United  States.  N.Y., 
Appleton,  1888. 

Friedrich  Ratzel,  Die  Vereinigten  Staaten  von  Nord-Amerika.  2  vols. 
Miinchen,  1878. 

N.  S.  Shaler,  Nature  and  Man  in  America.     N.Y.,  1891. 

N.  S.  Shaler,  editor,  The  United  States.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1894. 

William  D.  Whitney,  The  United  States.  Boston,  Little.  Vol.  I, 
1889  ;  Supplement,  1894. 

§  21  b.     Physical  Maps  of  North  America. 

The  data  for  a  complete  physical  map  of  the  United  States  do 
not  yet  exist.  Henry  Gannett,  in  his  essay  on  the  Maps  of  the 
United  States  (Washington,  National  Geographical  Society, 
1892),  points  out  the  sources.  The  United  States  Geological 
Survey  has  in  progress  a  topographical  map  to  serve  as  a  basis 
for  a  geological  map  on  the  scales  of  one,  two,  and  four  miles  to 
the  inch.  Several  hundred  sheets  have  been  issued,  and  several 
hundred  more  will  be  needed  to  complete  the  map.  The  states 
of  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  New  Jersey  alone  have 
published  serviceable  contour  maps  of  their  own  confines,  and 
there  is  a  somewhat  inaccurate  map  of  New  Hampshire.  Of  most 
of  these,  separate  sheets  can  be  had.  Davis,  King,  and  Collie,  in 
their  Report  on  Governmental  Maps  for  Use  in  Schools,  suggest 
the  sheets  most  useful  for  the  purpose  of  teaching  geography. 

The  United  States  Geological  Survey  has  issued  four  very  use 
ful  maps,  (i)  The  most  beautiful  is  the  United  States  Relief 
Map,  printed  in  several  shades  of  brown  ;  (2)  the  United  States 
Contour  Map,  giving  the  contour  lines  in  brown,  is  a  more  useful 


52  Bibliography.  [§2ib. 

map;  and  (3)  a  map  of  the  same  size  as  these  (28  x  17 'inches) 
but  without  title,  and  showing  only  land  and  water,  is  most  service 
able  for  the  filling  in  of  historical  data;  (4)  a  small  map 
(15^  x  10),  similar  in  other  respects  to  the  map  just  mentioned,  is 
well  adapted  to  desk  use.  These  maps  were  compiled  by  Henry 
Gannett  and  issued  under  the  direction  of  Major  Powell. 

The  Survey  has  also  issued  a  map  of  the  United  States  in  nine 
sheets  on  the  scale  of  forty  miles  to  an  inch.  The  names  and 
political  boundaries  are  in  black,  the  contours  in  brown,  the  water 
in  blue.  This  is  an  admirable  map  for  wall  reference  in  the 
class-room.  In  the  census  publications  there  are  some  similar 
maps,  especially  in  Statistics  of  the  Population  of  the  United 
States  at  the  Tenth  Census,  Frontispiece,  and  Map  No.  19. 

The  authors  of  this  work  have  published  for  desk  use  a  Smaller 
Outline  Map  of  the  United  States  (i6|x  roi  inches),  Boston, 
Heath,  1886.  Also  through  the  same  publishers  an  Outline  Map 
of  the  United  States  (4  ft.  x  6  ft.  9  in.)  in  four  sheets.  This  large 
map  was  designed  as  a  basis  for  a  series  of  special  manuscript 
maps  to  illustrate  exercises  in  history. 

In  the  recent  school  histories  (§  18  a)  are  usually  to  be  found 
colored  maps  in  relief,  based  on  the  government  maps.  A  similar 
one  is  in  the  Epoch  Maps,  No.  i.  The  two  most  valuable 
physical  wall  maps  are  the  following : 

[Steinwehr],  Case's  Map  of  the  United  States,  the  British 
Provinces,  Mexico,  and  Part  of  the  West  Indies.  Hartford, 
Case,  1893.  6o|  x  6o|  inches. 

United  States  Land  Office,  Map  of  the  United  States  and 
Territories  with  Adjacent  Parts  of  Canada  and  Mexico.  Wash 
ington,  Land  Office,  1886.  —  This  excellent  wall  map  may  be 
had  from  the  Land  Office  for  $1.25,  unmounted.  Size,  62|  x  28f 
inches. 

Of  the  two,  "  Case's  "  is  the  better  for  school  use.  There  is 
also  a  series  of  school  relief  maps  published  by  the  School  Supply 
Co.  on  a  distorted  scale,  one  being  on  the  United  States,  and 
one  on  North  America ;  but  there  is  no  evidence  of  their  accuracy. 


§2id.]  Maps.  53 

§  21  c.     Historical  Maps. 

Historical  maps  abound,  but  they  are  for  the  most  part  in 
accurate.  Of  the  school  histories  Johnston's  (larger)  contains 
the  best  and  most  carefully  prepared ;  next  to  this  perhaps 
Thomas's  ;  Scudder's  History  has  very  clear  and  beautiful  maps. 
Winsor's  works  all  contain  abundant  reproductions  of  contem 
porary  maps,  and  are  a  storehouse  for  cartographers. 

There  is  a  great  need  of  an  elaborate  historical  atlas  of  North 
America,  worked  out  from  the  documentary  sources,  as  illustrated 
by  contemporary  maps.  At  present  there  are  only  four  series  of 
historical  maps  of  the  United  States  outside  of  the  ordinary 
histories  : 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Epoch  Maps  Illustrating  American  History. 
N.Y.,  Longmans,  1892.  —  Fourteen  colored  maps  ;  the  same  maps 
appear  in  the  three  volumes  of  Epochs  of  American  History. 

Fletcher  Willis  Hewes  and  Henry  Gannett,  Scribner's  Statistical 
Atlas  of  the  United  States.  N.Y.,  Scribners,  1885.  —  Pages  31-40  ;  Plates 
12-17. 

Townsend  MacCoun,  Historical  Geography  of  the  United  States. 
Boston,  Silver,  1889.  —  Reprint  substantially  of  the  maps  in  Labberton. 

There  is  also  a  work  which  neither  of  the  authors  has  seen : 

Lucien  H.  Smith,  Historical  and  Chronological  Atlas  of  the  United 
States.  Washington,  1881. 

§  21  d.     Sources  of  Historical  Geography. 

The  advanced  student  of  the  subject  must  search  for  his  material 
first  of  all  in  the  various  patents  and  charters,  English,  Spanish, 
Portuguese,  French,  Dutch,  Swedish,  and  Russian.  The  principal 
English  patents  have  been  collected  in  Ben  Perley  Poore's 
Charters  and  Constitutions  (see  §  30).  Many  of  the  Dutch  and 
Swedish  documents  are  to  be  found  in  O'Callaghan's  Documentary 
History  of  the  State  of  New  York;  the  French  grants  of 
Louisiana  are  in  Gayarre's  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane.  The 
Canadian  documents  may  be  found  through  the  compiler  of  the 
Canadian  Archives.  Care  should  be  taken  in  all  these  cases  to 
keep  as  near  as  possible  to  the  originals,  as  imperfect  texts  and 
translations  are  not  uncommon. 


54  Bibliography.  [§2  id. 

For  the  treaties  of  partition  and  delimitation  among  the  various 
European  nations  from  1492  up  to  1895,  the  best  collections  are 
the  following : 

Recueil  des  Traitez  de  Paix,  de  Treve,  .  .  .  ct  d'autres  Actes  Publics. 
4  vols.  folio.  Amsterdam,  1700. 

George  Chalmers,  A  Collection  of  Treaties  between  Great  Britain  and 
Other  Pouters.  2  vols.  London,  1790. 

M.  J.  Dumont,  Corps  Universel  Diplomatique  du  Droit  des  Gens. 
Amsterdam,  1726. 

Barbeyrac  and  Rousset,  Sitpplement  au  Corps  Universel  Diplomatique. 
Amsterdam,  1739. 

Guillaume  de  Garden,  Histoire  Generate  des  Traites  de  Paix.  15 
vols.  Paris',  1848-87. 

A  General  Collection  of  Treatys.     4  vols.     London,  1732. 

James  Watson  Gerard,  The  Peace  of  Utrecht.     N.Y.,  Putnams,  1885. 

F.  Schoell,  Histoire  Abregee  des  Traites  de  Paix.  15  vols.  Paris, 
1817-18. 

Christophe  Guillaume  de  Koch,  Abrege  de  V Histoire  des  Traites  de 
Paix.  4  vols.  Basle,  1796-97. 

Charles  de  Martens  et  Ferdinand  de  Cussy,  Traites  et  Conventions 
Diplomatique s.  7  vols.  Leipzig,  1846-57. 

Georges  Frederic  de  Martens  and  others,  Rectieil  de  Traites  des  Puis 
sances  et  etats  de  T  Europe,  1761-1893.  74  vols.  Gottingen,  1817-93. 

All  the  treaties  to  which  the  United  States  was  a  party  are  in 
the  official  volume,  Treaties  and  Conventions.  Internal  colonial 
boundaries  must  be  ascertained  from  the  original  grants,  the 
Colonial  records  (§  29),  and  the  decisions  of  the  Privy  Council. 
Internal  boundaries  within  the  United  States  are  defined  usually 
by  an  act  of  Congress  (Statutes  at  Large).  Frequently  they  are 
described  in  presidential  proclamations,  of  which  there  is  no  com 
plete  collection.  Controversies  between  states  have  almost  always 
been  subjects  for  investigation  by  Congress,  and  in  such  cases 
they  are  described  in  the  Congressional  Documents,  —  or  they 
have  given  rise  to  suits  before  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  decisions  will  be  found  in  the  Reports.  There 
are  also  many  monographs  and  separate  reports  on  these  topics 
which  will  be  found  under  the  topical  readings  in  Parts  II  and 
III  of  this  Guide. 


§  22  a.]  Treaties  and  Special  Works.  5  5 


§  22.     Works  on  Special  Topics. 

In  addition  to  the  works  which  attempt  to  give  a  general  sum 
mary  of  a  longer  or  shorter  period,  there  is  a  body  of  literature 
devoted  to  special  topics  which  run  all  the  way  through  American 
history.  Many  such  works  are  an  elaborate  study  of  a  very 
limited  field.  Others  sweep  over  several  centuries  and  have  the 
dignity  of  standard  histories. 

-The  monographs  have  commonly  been  produced  under  the 
auspices  of  some  historical  society  (§  31)  or  of  a  university.  The 
Johns  Hopkins  Studies  in  Historical  and  Political  Science,  the 
Columbia  Studies  in  History,  Economics,  and  Public  Law,  the 
Harvard  Historical  Studies,  and  the  publications  of  the  Univer 
sities  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Nebraska  have  been  the  means 
of  bringing  out  carefully  prepared  books  on  American  history.  In 
the  Papers  of  the  American  Historical  Association  are  also  to 
be  found  some  valuable  monographs.  This  kind  of  literature  is 
on  the  increase,  and  as  yet  there  is  no  convenient  guide  to  it. 

Akin  to  this  form  of  historical  writing  is  the  cooperative  history, 
of  which  the  great  examples  are  the  Memorial  History  of  Boston 
and  the  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America,  both  edited 
by  Justin  Winsor  ;  the  Memorial  History  of  New  York,  edited  by 
James  Grant  Wilson  ;  and  The  United  States,  edited  by  N.  S. 
Shaler.  The  recent  editions  of  the  encyclopaedias  (§  17)  with 
their  signed  articles  have  adopted  the  same  system.  Below  is  a 
list  of  some  of  the  more  useful  works  of  this  class ;  others  will 
be  found  in  Parts  II  and  III  of  this  Guide. 


§  22  a.     Brief  List  of  Works  on  Special  Topics. 

James  R.  Albach,  Annals  of  the  West.     Pittsburg,  1858. 

[Anon.],  The  History  of  the  British  Dominions  in  North  America, 
76^.  London,  1773. 

Albert  S.  Bolles,  The  Financial  History  of  the  United  States.  3  vols. 
N.Y.,  1879-86. 

J.  Leander  Bishop,  A  History  of  American  Manufactures  from  1608 
to  1860.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1861-64. 


56  Bibliography.  [§2  2  a. 

[Edmund  Burke],  Account  of  the  European  Settlements  in  America. 
2  vols.  Second  edition,  London,  1758. 

James  Bryce,  The  American  Commonwealth.  2  vols.  Revised  edition, 
N.Y.,  Macmillan,  1895. 

George  Chalmers,  Political  Annals  of  the  Present  United  Colonies, 
from  their  Settlement  to  'the  Peace  of  1763.  Book  I  (all  ever  published). 
London,  1780. 

James  Fenimore  Cooper,  The  History  of  the  Navy  of  the  United 
States.  2  vois.  London,  Bentley,  1839. 

William  Douglass,  A  Summary,  Historical  and  Political,  of  the  First 
Planting,  Progressive  Improvements,  and  Present  State  of  the  British 
Settlements  in  North  America.  2  vols.  London,  1760. 

Samuel  Adams  Drake,  The  Making  of  the  Great  West.  1812-83. 
N.Y.,  1887. 

Charles  W.  Elliott,  The  New  England  History,  from  the  Discovery 
of  the  Continent  by  the  Northmen,  A.D.  986,  to  I'j'jb.  2  vols.  -N.Y., 


Joseph  Barton  Felt,  The  Ecclesiastical  History  of  New  England. 
2  vols.  Boston,  1855-62. 

G.  W.  Greene,  Historical  View  of  the  American  Revolution.  Boston, 
1865. 

Edgar  Stanton  Maclay,  A  History  of  the  United  States  Navy,  from 
7775.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1894. 

John  Gorham  Palfrey,  A  Compendious  History  of  New  England 
(1497-1765).  4  vols.  Boston,  1884. 

John  Gorham  Palfrey,  History  of  New  England  (1492-1774).  5  vols. 
Boston,  1858-90.  —  The  last  volume  was  published  after  the  author's 
death  under  the  editorship  of  his  son,  F.  W.  Palfrey. 

Theodore  Roosevelt,    Winning  of  the    West.     3  vols.     N.Y.,    1889- 

94- 

Frank  W.  Taussig,    Tariff  History  of  the    United  States,   1789-1888. 
N.Y.,  Putnams,  1888. 
^    Richmond  Mayo  Smith,  Emigration  and  Immigration.     N.Y.,  1890. 

Edward  Stan  wood,  A  History  of  Presidential  Elections.  Boston,  1892. 

Martin  Van  Buren,  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  and  Growth  of  Political 
Parties  in  the  United  States.  N.Y.,  1867. 

William  B.  WTeeden,  Economic  and  Social  History  of  Arew  England. 
2  vols.  Boston,  1890. 


§  23.]  Special  and  State  Histories.  57 


§  23.     State  and  Local  Histories. 

Successful  attempts  have  been  made  of  late  years  to  arouse 
interest  among  school  children  and  college  students  in  the  history 
of  their  own  state  and  town.  It  is  hence  desirable  that  every  good 
school  library  should  have  a  set  of  all  available  books  on  the  local 
history  ;  the  state  histories  are  also  often  sources  for  the  study  of 
national  history  or  of  special  topics.  Two  series  of  brief  state 
histories  are  in  progress  :  the  American  Commonwealth  series, 
edited  by  H.  E.  Scudder,  and  the  Story  of  the  States;  and  there 
are  older  and  more  complete  works  on  nearly  all  of  the  states. 
County  and  town  histories  abound ;  but  there  is  little  good  litera 
ture  on  the  history  of  cities.  The  following  list  is  arranged  alpha 
betically  by  states ;  books  on  important  cities  and  important 
books  on  local  history  being  grouped  under  the  state  in  which  the 
city  or  town  is  situated.  Unless  otherwise  noted,  additional 
material  will  be  found  on  most  of  the  states  in  the  publications 
of  the  historical  societies  (§  31). 

[Frederick  B.  Perkins],  Check  List  for  American  Local  History. 
(Boston  Public  Library,  Bulletin,  October,  1875,  and  foil.) 

Alabama. 

Albert  James  Pickett,  History  of  Alabama,  and  incidentally  of  Georgia 
and  Mississippi.  2  vols.  Charleston,  1851. 

W.  Brewer,  Alabama,  her  History,  Resources,  War  Record,  and  Public 
Men.  Montgomery,  1872. 

Alaska. 

Hubert  Howe  Bancroft,  History  of  Alaska.  {History  of  the  Pacific 
States,  Vol.  XXVIII.)  San  Francisco,  1886. 

William  Healy  Ball  and  Marcus  Baker,  Partial  List  of  Charts,  Maps, 
and  Publications  relating  to  Alaska  and  the  adjacent  region.  [Washington, 
1880.] 

William  Healy  Ball,  Alaska  and  its  Resources.     Boston,  1870. 

Henry  W.  Elliott,  Report  on  the  Condition  of  Affairs  in  Alaska. 
Washington,  1875. 

Henry  W.  Elliott,  Our  Arctic  Province.     N.Y.,  1886. 

[For  Arizona,  see  New  Mexico.] 


58  Bibliography — State  Histories.  [§23. 

California. 

Hubert  Howe  Bancroft,  History  of  California.  7  vols,  Vols.  II  and 
III  not  yet  published.  (History  of  the  Pacific  States,  Vols.  XIII-XIX.) 
San  Francisco,  1884. 

John  Shertzer  Hittell,  A  History  of  the  City  of  San  Francisco.  San 
Francisco,  1878. 

Theodore  Henry  Hittell,  History  of  California.  2  vols.  San  Fran 
cisco,  1885. 

Josiah  Royce,  California  from  the  Conquest  in  184.6  to  the  Second 
Vigilance  Committee  in  San  Francisco.  (American  Commonwealth 
series.)  Boston,  1886. 

Franklin  Tuthill,  The  History  of  California.     San  Francisco,  1866. 

Colorado. 

Hubert  Howe  Bancroft,  Nevada,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming.  154.0—1888. 
(History  of  the  Pacific  States,  Vol.  XX.)  San  Francisco,  1890. 

[O.  L.  Baskin,  publishers],  History  of  Denver  and  Colorado.  Chicago, 
1880.  — The  publishers  state  that  the  historical  portion  of  this  work  was 
prepared  by  W.  B.  Vickers. 

D.  Boyd,  History  of  Greeley,  and  the  Union  Colony  of  Colorado. 
Greeley,  1891. 

Connecticut. 

Edward  Elias  Atwater,  History  of  the  Colony  of  New  Haven  to  its 
absorption  into  Connecticut.  New  Haven,  1881. 

Frances  Manwaring  Caulkins,  History  of  Norwich,  Connecticut,  from 
its  possession  by  the  Indians  till  1866.  —  "  Published  by  the  Author,"  1866. 
Another  edition  was  published  by  "Friends  of  the  Author"  in  1874. 

Theodore  D  wight,  The  History  of  Connecticut,  from  the  first  Settle 
ment.  N.Y.,  1841. 

Gideon  Hiram  Hollister,  The  History  of  Connecticut,  from  the  first 
Settlement  of  the  Colony.  2  vols.  Hartford,  1857. 

Alexander  Johnston,  Connecticut:  A  Study  of  a  Commonwealth-Democ 
racy.  (American  Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1887. 

Edward  R.  Lambert,  History  of  the  Colony  of  New  Haven,  before  and 
after  the  Union  with  Connecticut.  New  Haven,  1838. 

Ellen  D.  Larned,  History  of  Windham  County,  Connecticut.  2  vols. 
Worcester,  1874.  ^ 

Charles  Herbert  Levermore,  The  Republic  of  New  Haven.  (Johns 
Hopkins  University  Studies  in  Historical  and  Political  Science.  P^xtra 
volume,  I.)  Baltimore,  1886. 

Elias  Benjamin  Sanford,  A  History  of  Connecticut.     Hartford,  1888. 


§  23-]  California  —  Georgia.  59 

Henry  Reed  Stiles,  The  History  of  Ancient  Windsor.     N.Y.,  1859. 

Henry  Reed  Stiles,  The  History  and  Genealogies  of  Ancient  Windsor. 
1635-1891.  2  vols.  Vol.  I,  History ;  Vol.  II,  Genealogies  and 
Biographies.  Hartford,  1891-92. 

Benjamin  Trumbull,  A  Complete  History  of  Connecticut,  from  1630  to 
1764.  2  vols.  New  Haven,  1818. 

James  Hammond  Trumbull,  The  Memorial  History  of  Hartford 
County,  Connecticut.  1633-1884.  2  vols.  Boston,  1886. 

Delaware. 

Israel  Acrelius,  Beskrifning  om  de  Sivenska  Vb'rsamlingars  gedan 
Nya  Nederland.  Stockholm,  1759.  —  Translated  by  William  M.  Reynolds 
as  A  History  of  New  Sweden.  (Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Alemoirs, 
Vol.  IX.)  Phila.,  1876. 

Jehu  Curtis  Clay,  Annals  of  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware.     Phila., 

1835- 

Benjamin  Ferris,  History  of  the  Original  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 
Wilmington,  1840. 

Thomas  Campanius  Holm,  Kort  Beskrifning  om  Provincien  Nya 
Swerige.  Stockholm,  1702.  —  Translated  by  Peter  S.  du  Ponceau,  as 
Description  of  the  Province  of  New  Sweden.  Phila.,  1834. 

John  Thomas  Scharf,  History  of  Delaware.  1609-1888.  2  vols. 
Phila.,  1888. 

Francis  Vincent,  A  History  of  the  State  of  Delaware,  from  its  first 
Settlement.  One  volume  published.  Phila.,  1870. 

Florida. 

William  Whitwell  Dewhurst,  The  History  of  Saint  Augustine,  Florida. 
N.Y.,  1881. 

George  R.  Fairbanks,  History  of  Florida.    (1512-1842.)     Phila.,  1871. 

George  I¥.  Fairbanks,  The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  City  of  Saint 
Augustine,  Florida.  N.Y.,  1858. 

Paul  Gaffarel,  Histoire  de  la  Floride  Franfaise.     Paris,  1875. 

Sidney  Lanier,  Florida:  its  Scenery,  Climate,  and  History.  Phila. 
[Copyright,  1875]. 

John  Lee  Williams,  The  Territory  of  Florida.     N.Y.,  1837. 

Georgia. 

Charles  Colcock  Jones,  The  History  of  Georgia.  2  vols.  Boston, 
1883. 

Hugh  McCall,  The  History  of  Georgia.     2  vols.     Savannah,  1811. 
Adelaide  Wilson,  Historic  and  Picturesque  Savannah.     Boston,  1889. 


60  Bibliography  —  State  Histories.  [§  23. 

[For  Idaho,  see  Washington.] 

Illinois. 

A.  T.  Andreas,  History  of  Chicago.     3  vols.     Chicago,  1885. 

Sidney  Breese,  The  Early  History  of  Illinois.     Chicago,  1884. 

Henry  Brown,  The  History  of  Illinois.     N.Y.,  1844. 

Alexander  Davidson  and  Bernard  Stuve,  A  Complete  History  of 
Illinois,  from  1673  to  1873.  Springfield,  1874. 

George  Flower,  History  of  the  English  Settlement  in  Ed-wards  County, 
Illinois.  (Chicago  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Vol.  I.)  Chicago,  1882. 

Thomas  Ford,  History  of  Illinois.     Chicago,  1854. 

John  Moses,  Illinois,  Historical  and  Statistical.  2  vols.  Chicago, 
1889-92. 

John  Reynolds,  The  Pioneer  History  of  Illinois.  Belleville,  111.,  1852. 
—  Second  edition,  Chicago,  1887. 

Indiana. 

Wallace  A.  Brice,  History  of  Fort  Wayne.     Fort  Wayne,  1868. 

Ignatius  Brown,  Logan's  History  of  Indianapolis.     [No  date.] 

Charles  Rufus  Brown,  The  Government  of  Indiana,  including  the 
History.  Kalamazoo,  1875. 

John  Brown  Dillon,  A  History  of  Indiana  to  the  Close  of  the  Territorial 
Government  in  1816.  Indianapolis,  1859. 

Jacob  Pratt  Dunn,  Indiana,  a  Redemption  from  Slavery.  (American 
Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  Hough  ton,  1888. 

De  Witt  Goodrich  and  Charles  Richard  Tuttle,  An  Illustrated  History 
of  the  State  of  Indiana.  Indianapolis,  1874.  —  Revised  edition  by  W.  S. 
Haymond,  1879. 

Iowa. 

[Anon.],  The  History  of  Marshall  County,  Iowa.     Chicago,  1878. 

W.  J.  J.  Harsha,  The  Story  of  Iowa.     Omaha,  1890. 

Lurton  Dunham  Ingersoll,  Iowa  and  the  Rebellion.  Phila.,  1866. 
Third  edition,  1867. 

Franc  B.  Wilkie,  Davenport  \_Iowa~]  Past  and  Present.  Davenport, 
1858. 

Kansas. 

Frye  Williams  Giles,  Thirty  Years  in  Topeka :  A  Historical  Sketch. 
Topeka,  1886. 

John  N.  Halloway,  History  of  Kansas.     Lafayette,  Ind.,  1868. 

Leverett  Wilson  Spring,  Kansas:  The  Prelude  to  the  War  for  the 
Union.  (American  Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1885. 


§23.]  Georgia  —  Louisiana.  61 

Daniel  Webster  Wilder,  The  Annals  of  Kansas.  Topeka,  1875. 
—  Another  edition  in  1886. 

Kentucky. 

Benjamin  Casseday,  The  History  of  Louisville.     Louisville,  1852. 

Lewis  Collins,  Historical  Sketches  of  Kentucky.  —  Published  by  the 
author  at  Maysville,  Ky.,  and  by  J.  A.  James,  Cincinnati,  1848. 

Lewis  Collins,  History  of  Kentucky.  Revised  and  enlarged  by  his 
son,  Richard  H.  Collins.  2  vols.  Covington,  Ky.,  1878. 

Emma  M.  Connelly,  The  Story  of  Kentucky.  (Story  of  the  States 
series.)  Boston,  1891. 

Daniel  Drake,  Pioneer  Life  in  Kentucky.  Edited  by  his  son,  Charles 
D.  Drake.  Cincinnati,  1870. 

George  W.  Ranck,  History  of  Lexington,  Kentucky.  Cincinnati,  1872. 

Nathaniel  Southgate  Shaler,  Kentucky:  A  Pioneer  Commonwealth. 
(American  Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  etc.,  1885. 

Louisiana. 

Fran£ois   Barbe-Marbois,   Histoire  de  la  Louisiane  et  de  la  Cession. 
Paris,  1829.  —  Translated  as  The  History  of  Louisiana,  Particularly  of 
the  Cession  of  that  Colony  to  the  United  States.     Phila.,  1830. 
J        Benjamin    Franklin    French,    Historical    Collections    of  Louisiana. 
5  vols.     N.Y.,  1846-53. 

Benjamin  Franklin  French,  Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana  and 
Florida.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1869-75. 

Charles  Gayarre,  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane.  2  vols.  Nouvelle 
Orleans,  1846. 

Charles  Gayarre,  History  of  Louisiana.  4  vols.  Third  edition,  New 
Orleans,  1885. 

Charles  Gayarre,  Louisiana ;  its  Colonial  History  and  Romance. 
3  vols.  N.Y.,  1848-52. 

JJ"  Fran9ois  Xavier  Martin,  History  of  Louisiana.  2  vols.  New  Or 
leans,  1827.  —  Reprinted  in  i  vol.  with  continuation  to  1861.  New 
Orleans,  1882. 

John  W.  Monette,  History  of  the  Discovery  and  Settlement  of  the 
Valley  of  the  Mississippi.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1846. 

Benjamin  Moore  Norman,  New  Orleans  and  Environs.  New  Orleans, 
1845. 

Le  Page  du  Pratz,  The  History  of  Louisiana.  2  vols.  London, 
1793  and  1794. 


62  Bibliography — State  Histories.  [§23. 

Amos  Stoddard,  Sketches,  Historical  and  Descriptive,  of  Louisiana. 
Phila.,  1812. 

Maurice  Thompson,  The  Story  of  Louisiana.  (Story  of  the  States 
series.)  Boston,  1889. 

Maine. 

James  Sullivan,  History  of  the  District  of  Maine.     Boston,  1795. 
George  Jones  Varney,  Brief  History  of  Maine.     Portland,  1888. 
William  D.  Williamson,  The  History  of  the  State  of  Maine.     Hallo- 
well,  1832. 

Maryland. 

John  Leeds  Bozman,  The  History  of  Maryland.  (1632-1660.) 
2  vols.  Baltimore,  1837. 

William  Hand  Browne,  Maryland:  The  History  of  a  Palatinate. 
(American  Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1884. 

George  Johnston,  History  of  Cecil  County,  Maryland.     Elkton,  1881. 

John  V.  L.  McMahon,  An  Historical  View  of  the  Government  of 
Maryland.  Baltimore,  1831. 

David  Ridgely,  Annals  of  Annapolis.     Baltimore,  1841. 

John  Thomas  Scharf,  The  Chronicles  of  Baltimore.     Baltimore,  1874. 

John  Thomas  Scharf,  History  of  Maryland  from  the  Earliest  Period 
to  the  Present  Day.  3  vols.  Baltimore,  1879. 

Massachusetts. 

Brooks  Adams,  The  Emancipation  of  Massachusetts!  Boston, 
Houghton,  1887. 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  Massachusetts,  its  Historians  and  its  History. 
Boston,  1893. 

Charles   Francis  Adams,    Three  Episodes  of  Massachusetts  History. 

2  vols.     Boston,  etc.,  1892. 

John   Stetson    Barry,    The  History  of  Massachusetts.      (1492-1820.) 

3  vols.     Boston,  1855-57. 

Alden  Bradford,  History  of  Massachusetts.  Boston,  1822-29.  3  vols. 
—  Vol.  I  deals  with  the  years  1764-77;  II,  with  1775-89;  and  IIJ, 
with  1790-1820. 

Thomas  Hutchinson,  The  History  of  Massachusetts.  London,  1755, 
1768,  and  1828.  3  vols.  —  Vol.  I  deals  with  the  years  1628-91;  II, 
with  1691-1750;  III,  with  1750-74. 

1  Under  Massachusetts  the  state  and  local  histories  are  separated,  the  latter  being 
arranged  alphabetically  under  the  name  of  the  city  or  town. 


§  23.]  Louisiana  —  Massachusetts.  63 

George  Richards  Minot,  Continuation  of  the  History  of  the  Province 
of  Massachusetts  Bay,  from  the  Year  1748  to  1765.  2  vols.  Boston, 
1798-1803. 

Peter  Oliver,  The  Puritan  Commonwealth :  An  Historical  Review  of 
the  Puritan  Government  in  Massachusetts.  Boston,  1856. 

Jeremiah  Colburn,  Bibliography  of  the  Local  History  of  Massachusetts. 
Boston,  1871. 

Joseph  Merrill,  History  of  Amesbury  and  Merrimac.    Haverhill,  1880. 

John  Daggett,  Sketch  of  the  History  of  Attleborough.     Dedham,  1834. 

Samuel  Gardner  Drake,  The  History  and  Antiqiiities  of  Boston. 
Boston,  1856. 

Arthur  Gilman,  The  Story  of  Boston.     N.Y.,  1889. 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  Boston.  (Historic  Towns  series.)  N.Y.,  etc., 
1891. 

Josiah  Quincy,  A  Municipal  History  of  Boston.     Boston,  1852. 

Caleb  Hopkins  Snow,  A  History  of  Boston.  Second  edition.  Boston, 
1828: 

Justin  Winsor,  editor,  The  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  1630—1880. 
4  vols.  Boston,  1880-81. 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  History  of  Braintree,  Massachusetts,  the 
North  Precinct  of  Braintree,  and  the  Town  of  Quincy.  Cambridge, 
1891. 

William  S.  Pattee,  A  History  of  Old  Braintree  and  Quincy.  Quincy, 
1878. 

Harriet  F.  Woods,  Historical  Sketches  of  Brookline.     Boston,  1874. 

Abiel  Holmes,  The  History  of  Cambridge.     Boston,  1801. 

Lucius  Robinson  Paige,  History  of  Cambridge,  1630-1877.  Boston, 
1877. 

Frederick  Freeman,  The  History  of  Cape  Cod.  2  vols.  Boston, 
1860-62. 

Richard  Frothingham,  History  of  Charlestown.     Boston,  1845. 

Herman  Mann,  Historical  Annals  of  Dedham.     Dedham,  1847. 

History  of  the  Town  of  Dorchester  (1626-1858).  (By  a  Committee  of 
the  Dorchester  Antiquarian  and  Historical  Society.)  Boston,  1859. 

James  Blake,  Annals  of  the  Town  of  Dorchester.  Boston,  1846. 
(Dorchester  Antiquarian  and  Historical  Society,  Collections,  No.  II.) 

Frederick  Clifton  Pierce,  History  of  Graf  ton.     Worcester,  1879. 

Samuel  Abbott  Green,  Groton  Historical  Series.  Boston,  1882,  and 
onwards. 

Sylvester  Judd,  History  of  Hadley.     Northampton,  1863. 

Lucius  Robinson  Paige,  History  of  Hardwick.     Boston,  1883. 


64  Bibliography  —  State  Histories.  [§  23. 

George  Wingate  Chase,  The  History  of  Haverhill.     Haverhill,  1861. 

History  of  the  Town  of  Hingham,  Afass.  3  vols.  Hingham,  1893. 
Published  by  the  Town.  Vol.  I — in  two  parts  —  is  historical. 

Joseph  Barlow  Felt,  History  of  Ipswich,  Essex,  and  Hamilton. 
Cambridge,  1834. 

Samuel  Roads,  The  History  and  Traditions  of  Marblehead.  Boston, 
1880. 

John  George  Metcalf,  Annals  of  the  Town  of  Mendon.  Providence, 
1880. 

Obed  Macy,  History  of  Nantucket.     2  parts.     Boston,  1835. 

Joshua  Coffin,  Sketch  of  the  History  of  Newbury,  Newburyport,  and 
West  Newbury.  Boston,  1845. 

Joseph  Edward  Adams  Smith,  The  History  of  Pittsfield,  from 
1734  to  1800.  Boston,  1869. 

William  Thomas  Davis,  Ancient  Landmarks  of  Plymouth.  Boston,  1883. 

John  Abbott  Goodwin,  The  Pilgrim  RepiMic :  An  Historical  Review 
of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymoiith.  Boston,  1888. 

Francis  Samuel  Drake,  The  Town  of  Roxbury.     Roxbury,  1878. 

Joseph  Barlow  Felt,  The  Annals  of  Salem.     Salem,  1827. 

William  A.  Benedict  and  Hiram  A.  Tracy,  History  of  the  Town  of 
Sutton.  Worcester,  1878. 

Josiah  Gilbert  Holland,  History  of  Western  Massachusetts.  2  vols. 
Springfield,  1855. 

Michigan. 

Thomas  Mclntyre  Cooley,  Michigan :  A  History  of  Governments. 
(American  Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1885. 

Silas  Farmer,  The  History  of  Detroit  and  Michigan.     Detroit,  1884. 

James  H.  Lanman,  History  of  Michigan.     N.Y.,  1839. 

Mrs.  Electra  M.  Sheldon,  The  Early  History  of  Michigan.  N.Y., 
1856. 

Minnesota. 

Edward  Duffield  Neill,  Concise  History  of  Minnesota.  Minneapolis, 
1887. 

Edward  Duffield  Neill,  Explorers  and  Pioneers  of  Minnesota.  —  Pre 
fixed  to  a  series  of  Minnesota  county  histories  prepared  by  the 
Minnesota  Publishing  Company,  1882. 

Edward  Duffield  Neill,  The  History  of  Minnesota,  from  the  Earliest 
French  Explorations  to  the  Present  Time.  Phila.,  1858.  —  Fifth  edition, 
revised  and  enlarged,  Minneapolis,  1883. 


§23.]  Massachusetts  —  New  Hampsliire.  65 

E.  S.  Seymour,  Sketches  of  Minnesota.     N.Y.,  1850. 

John  Fletcher  Williams,  A  History  of  the  City  of  Saint  Paul,  Minne 
sota.  Saint  Paul,  1876.  —  This  volume  forms  the  4th  volume  of  the 
Minnesota  Historical  Society  Collections. 

John  Fletcher  Williams,  Outlines  of  the  History  of  Minnesota. —  See 
note  to  Neill's  Explorers. 

Mississippi. 

John  F.  H.  Claiborne,  Mississippi  as  a  Province,  Territory,  and  State. 
Jackson,  Miss.,  1880. 

Robert  Lowry  and  William  Henry  McCardle,  A  History  of  Missis 
sippi.  Jackson,  Miss.,  1891. 

Albert  James  Pickett,  History  of  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Mississippi. 
2  vols.  Charleston,  1851. 

Missouri. 

Chancy  R.  Barns,  editor,  The  Commonwealth  of  Missouri.  St. 
Louis,  1877.  The  chapter  on  Educational  Progress  is  by  W.  T.  Harris. 

Frederic  Louis  Billon,  Annals  of  St.  Louis  in  its  Territorial  Days. 
1804-1821.  St.  Louis,  1889. 

Lucien  Carr,  Missouri,  A  Bone  of  Contention.  (American  Common 
wealth  series.)  Boston,  1888. 

Walter  Bickford  Davis  and  Daniel  Steele  Durrie,  An  Illustrated 
History  of  Missouri.  St.  Louis,  1876. 

Richard  Edwards  and  M.  Hopewell,  Edwards'  Great  West  and  her 
Commercial  Metropolis  \St.  Louis\.  St.  Louis,  1860. 

John  Thomas  Scharf,  History  of  Saint  Louis,  City  and  County,  from 
the  Earliest  Periods  to  the  Present  Day.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1883. 

Elihu  H.  Shepard,  The  Early  History  of  St.  Lows  and  Missouj'i. 
St.  Louis,  "1870. 

[For  Montana,  see  Washington.] 
[For  Nevada,  see  Colorado.] 

New  Hampshire. 

Nathaniel  Adams,  Annals  of  Portsmouth.     Portsmouth,  1825. 
Jeremy  Belknap,  The  History  of  New  Hampshire.     3  vols.     Boston, 
1742. 

Charles  Henry  Bell,  History  of  the  Town  of  Exeter.     Exeter,  1888. 


66  Bibliography  —  State  Histories.  [§  23. 

Nathaniel  Bouton,  The  History  of  Concord.     Concord,  1856. 

Charles  Warren  Brewster,  Rambles  abottt  Portsmouth.  Portsmouth, 
1859.  (Second  series  published  after  the  author's  death,  Portsmouth, 
1869.) 

Benjamin  Chase,  History  of  Old  Chester,  from  1719  to  1869.  Auburn, 
N.H.,  1869. 

John  Farmer  and  Jacob  Bailey  Moore,  Collections,  Topographical, 
Historical,  and  Biographical,  relating  principally  to  New  Hampshire. 
3  vols.  Concord,  1822-24. 

Walter  Harriman,  The  History  of  Warner,  New  Hampshire.  1735- 
1879.  Concord,  1879. 

John  Norris  McClintock,  History  of  New  Hampshire.     Boston,  1888. 

Chandler  Eastman  Potter,  The  History  of  Manchester,  N.H.  Man 
chester,  1856. 

Moses  Thurston  Runnels,  History  of  Sanbornton,  N.H.  2  vols. 
Boston,  1882.  —  Vol.  I  contains  Annals. 

Edwin  David  Sanborn,  History  of  New  Hampshire.    Manchester,  1875. 

Henry  Hamilton  Saunderson,  History  of  Charlestown,  New  Hamp 
shire.  Claremont,  N.H.,  1876. 

Ezra  Scollay  Stearns,  History  of  the  Town  of  Rindge,  N.H.  1736- 
1874.  Boston,  1875. 

New  Jersey. 

Joseph  Atkinson,  The  History  of  Newark,  New  Jersey.    Newark,  1878. 

Theodore  Frelinghuysen  Chambers,  The  Early  Germans  of  New 
Jersey.  Dover,  N.J.,  1895. 

Thomas  F.  Gordon,  History  of  New  Jersey,  from  its  Discovery  by 
Etiropeans  to  the  Adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution.  Trenton,  1834. 

Edwin  Francis  Hatfield,  History  of  Elizabeth,  New  Jersey.   N.Y.,  1868. 

Andrew  D.  Mellick,  Jr.,  The  Story  of  an  Old  Farm.  Somerville,  N.J., 
1889. 

Isaac  S.  Mulford,  Civil  and  Political  History  of  New  Jersey.  Camden, 
1848. 

Nicholas  Murray,  ATotes,  Historical  and  Biographical,  concerning 
Elizabeth-Town.  Elizabeth-Town,  1844. 

John  Otto  Raum,  The  History  of  New  Jersey,  from  its  earliest  Settle 
ment  to  the  present  time.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1877. 

Samuel  Smith,  The  History  of  the  Colony  of  Nova-C<zsaria,  or  New 
Jersey.  Burlington,  N.J.,  1765. 

William  Adee  Whitehead,  Early  History  of  Perth  Amboy.  N.V., 
1856. 


§  23.]  New  Hampshire  —  New  York.  67 


New  Mexico  (and  Arizona). 

Hubert  Howe  Bancroft,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  1530-1888. 
(History  of  the  Pacific  States,  Vol.  XII.)  San  Francisco,  1888. 

Horatio  O.  Ladd,  The  Story  of  New  Mexico.  (Story  of  the  States 
series.)  Boston,  1892. 

New  York. 

John  Warner  Barber  and  Henry  Howe,  Historical  Collections  of  the 
State  of  New  York!  N.Y.,  1845. 

John  Romeyn  Brodhead,  History  of  the  State  of  New  York.  2  vols. 
—  Vol.  I,  1609-64,  N.Y.,  1853;  Vol.  II,  1664-91,  N.Y.,  1871. 

Elbridge  Streeter  Brooks,  The  Story  of  New  York.  (Story  of  the 
States  series.)  Boston,  1888. 

Thomas  F.  Gordon,  Gazetteer  of  the  State  of  New  York.     Phila.,  1836. 

Jabez  D.  Hammond,  The  History  of  Political  Parties  in  the  State  of 
New  York.  Fourth  edition.  2  vols.  Cooperstown,  1846.- 

John  Stilwell  Jenkins,  History  of  Political  Parties  in  the  State  of  New 
York.  Auburn,  1846. 

James  'hl&c.a.ulQy,  History  of  the  State  of  New  York.  3  vols.    N.Y.,  1829. 

Edmund  Bailey  O'Callaghan,  The  History  of  New  Netherland.  2  vols. 
N.Y.,  1848.  —  This  work  extends  only  to  1664. 

Ellis  Henry  Roberts,  New  York.  The  Planting  and  tJie  Growth  of  the 
Empire  State.  (American  Commonwealth  series.)  2  vols.  Boston,  1887. 

George  Washington  Schuyler,  Colonial  New  York.   2  vols.   N.Y.,  1885. 

William  Smith,  The  History  of  the  late  Province  of  New  York,  from 
its  Discovery  to  1762.  2  vols.  (New  York  Historical  Society  Collec 
tions,  Vols.  IV  and  V.)  N.Y.,  1829-30. 

John  V.  N.  Yates  and  Joseph  White  Moulton,  History  of  the  State  of 
New  York.  Vol.  I.  N.Y.,  1824. 

William  Ketchum,  History  of  Buffalo.     2  vols.     Buffalo,  1864-65. 

Gabriel  Furman,  Notes,  Geographical  and  Historical,  relating  to  the 
Town  of  Brooklyn.  Brooklyn,  1865. 

Henry  Reed  Stiles,  A  History  of  the  City  of  Brooklyn.  3  vols. 
Brooklyn,  1867-70. 

Peter  Sailly  Palmer,  History  of  Lake  Champlain,  from  its  first  Explo 
ration  by  the  French  in  1609,  to  1814.  Albany,  1866. 

1  Books  relating  to  New  York  are  arranged  in  two  lists  :  (i)  those  relating  to  the 
state  ;  and  (2)  those  dealing  with  the  history  of  some  city,  town,  or  county.  The  latter 
are  arranged  alphabetically  under  the  name  of  the  city  or  town. 


68  Bibliography  —  State  Histories.  [§  23. 

Jay  Gould,  History  of  Delaware  County,  and  Border  Wars  of  New 
York.  Roxbury,  1856. 

Gertrude  Lefferts  Vanderbilt,  The  Social  History  of  Flatbush.  N.Y., 
1882. 

James  Riker,  Harlem  (City  of  New  York} :  Its  Origin  and  Early 
Annals.  N.Y.,  1881. 

O.  Turner,  Pioneer  History  of  the  Holland  Purchase.     Buffalo,  1849. 

Benson  John  Lossing,  The  Hudson,  from  the  Wilderness  to  the  Sea. 
N.Y.,  1866. 

Franklin  Benjamin  Hough,  A  History  of  Jefferson  County,  New  York, 
from  the  Earliest  Period.  Albany  and  Watertown,  N.Y.,  1854. 

Marius  Schoonmaker,  The  History  of  Kingston,  New  York,  from  its 
Early  Settlement  to  the  Year  1820.  N.Y.,  1888. 

Frank  Moore,  editor,  Antiquities  of  Long  Island,  by  Gabriel  Furman  ; 
to  which  is  added  a  Bibliography  of  Long  Island,  by  Henry  Onderdonk, 
Jr.  N.Y.,  1875. 

Nathaniel  Scudder  Prime,  A  History  of  Long  Island,  from  its  First 
Settlement  by  Europeans  to  the  Year  1845.  (2  Parts  in  one  vol.)  N.Y., 
1845. 

Benjamin  Franklin  Thompson,  History  of  Long  Island.     N.Y.,  1839. 

Benjamin  Franklin  Thompson,  The  History  of  Long  Island.  2  vols. 
Second  edition,  N.Y.,  1843. 

Silas  Wood,  A  Sketch  of  the  First  Settlement  of  the  several  Towns  on 
Long  Island.  Brooklyn,  1828. 

Franklin  Benjamin  Hough,  A  History  of  Lewis  County,  New  York, 
from  the  Beginning  of  its  Settlement.  Albany,  1860. 

Edward  Manning  Ruttenber,  History  of  the  Town  of  Newburgh,  New 
York.  Newburgh,  1859. 

Edward  Manning  Ruttenber,  History  of  the  County  of  Orange,  New 
York ;  with  a  History  of  the  Town  and  City  of  Newburgh.  Newburgh, 
1875- 

Mary  Louise  Booth,  History  of  the  City  of  New  York.     N.Y.,  1880. 

Thomas  Allibone  Janvier,  In  Old  New  York.     N.Y.,  1894. 

Mrs.  Martha  J.  Lamb,  History  of  the  City  of  New  York.  2  vols.  New 
York  and  Chicago,  1877-80. 

Benson  John  Lossing,  History  of  New  York  City.  1609-1884.  2  vols. 
N.Y.,  1884. 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  New  York.    (Historic  Towns  series.)    N.Y.,  1891. 

William  Leete  Stone,  Jr.,  History  of  New  York  City.     N.Y.,  1872. 

Charles  Burr  Todd,  The  Story  of  the  City  of  New  York.  (Great  Cities 
of  the  Republic  series.)  N.Y.,  1890. 


§  23.]  New    York  —  North  Carolina.  69 

David  T.  Valentine,  History  of  the  City  of  New  York.     N.Y.,  1853. 
New  York  City,  Before  and  During  the  American  Revolution.     (From 
Valentine's   Manual  of   the    Common   Council    of   New  York.     1862. 

pp.  499-773-) 

John  Fanning  Watson,  Annals  and  Occurrences  of  New  York  City 
and  State.  Phila.,  1846. 

James  Grant  Wilson,  editor,  The  Memorial  History  of  the  City  of 
New  York.  4  vols.  N.Y.,  1892-93. 

O.  Turner,  History  of  the  Pioneer  Settlement  of  Phelps  and  Gor  ham's 
Purchase.  Rochester,  1870. 

Charles  Washington  Baird,  History  of  Rye,  New  York.  1660-1870. 
N.Y.,  1871. 

Franklin  Benjamin  Hough,  A  History  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Franklin 
Counties,  New  York,  from  the  Earliest  Period.  Albany,  1853. 

Jonathan  Pearson,  and  others,  A  History  of  the  Schenectady  Patent  in 
the  Dutch  and  English  times.  Albany,  1883. 

George  Rogers  Howell,  The  Early  History  of  Southampton,  L.I. 
Second  edition,  Albany,  1887. 

Epher  Whitaker,  History  of  Southold,  L.I.  Its  First  Century. 
Southold,  1881. 

John  Jacob  Clute,  Annals  of  Staten  Island,  from  its  Discovery  to  the 
Present  Time.  N.Y.,  1877. 

William  W.  Campbell,  Annals  of  Try  on  Cottnty.     N.Y.,  1831. 

James  II.  Hotchkin,  A  History  of  the  Purchase  and  Settlement  of 
Western  New  York.  N.Y.,  1848. 

North  Carolina. 

Daniel  Coxe,  A  Description  of  the  English  Province  of  Carolana,  by 
the  Spaniards  called  Florida,  and  by  the  French  La  Louisiane.  London, 
1722. 

Wrilliam  Henry  Foote,  Sketches  of  North  Carolina.     N.Y.,  1846. 

Francis  Lister  Hawks,  History  of  North  Carolina.  Second  edition. 
2  vols.  Fayetteville,  1857-58. 

C.  L.  Hunter,  Sketches  of  Western  North  Carolina.     Raleigh,  1877. 

Fran9ois  Xavier  Martin,  The  History  of  North  Carolina,  from  the 
Earliest  Period.  2  vols.  New  Orleans,  1829. 

John  W.  Moore,  History  of  North  Carolina ;  from  the  Earliest  Dis 
coveries  to  the  Present  Time.  2  vols.  Raleigh,  1880. 

Jethro  Rumple,  A  History  of  Rowan  County,  North  Carolina.  Salis 
bury,  N.C.,  1881. 


/o  Bibliography  —  State  Histories.  [§  23. 

David  Schenck,  North  Carolina.     1780-81.     Raleigh,  1889. 

Mrs.  Cornelia  Phillips  Spencer,  First  Steps  in  North  Carolina  History. 
(North  Carolina  History  series,  No.  i.)  Raleigh,  1889. 

John  Hill  Wheeler,  Historical  Sketches  of  North  Carolina,  from  1584- 
1851.  2  vols.  (in  one).  Phila.,  1851. 

John  Hill  Wheeler,  Reminiscences  and  Memoirs  of  North  Carolina 
and  Eminent  North  Carolinians.  Columbus,  Ohio,  1884. 

Hugh  Williamson,  The  History  of  North  Carolina.  2  vols.  Phila., 
1812. 

OMo. 

Peter  Gibson  Thomson,  A  Bibliography  of  the  State  of  Ohio.  Cincinnati, 
1880. 

Peter  Gibson  Thomson,  compiler,  Catalogue  of  Books  relating  to  the 
State  of  Ohio.  Published  by  the  Historical  and  Philosophical  Society 
of  Ohio.  Cincinnati,  1893. 

Caleb  Atwater,  A  History  of  the  State  of  Ohio.  Second  edition, 
Cincinnati,  1838. 

Jay  Amos  Barrett,  Evolution  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787.  With  an 
Account  of  the  Earlier  Plans  for  the  Government  of  the  Northwest 
Territory.  (University  of  Nebraska.  Departments  of  History  and 
Economics.)  N.Y.,  1891. 

Alexander  Black,  The  Story  of  Ohio.  (The  Story  of  the  States  series.) 
Boston  [1888]. 

Rufus  Blanchard,  The  Discovery  and  Conquests  of  the  Northwest. 
Chicago,  1880. 

Jacob  Burnet,  Notes  on  the  Early  Settlement  of  the  North -Western 
Territory.  N.Y.,  1847. 

Henry  Bushnell,  The  History  of  Granville,  Licking  County,  Ohio. 
Columbus,  1889. 

Salmon  Portland  Chase,  A  Sketch  of  the  History  of  Ohio.     Cincinnati, 

1833- 

Charles  Cist,  Cincinnati  in  1841:  its  Early  Annals  and  Ftiture 
Prospects.  Cincinnati,  1841. 

Harvey  W.  Crew,  editor,  History  of  Dayton,  Ohio  [by  Robert  Wilbur 
Steele  and  others].  Dayton,  O.,  1889. 

William  Parker  Cutler,  The  Ordinance  of  July  ijth,  1787,  for  the 
Government  of  the  Territory  Northwest  of  the  River  Ohio.  Marietta,  O., 
1887. 

Berthold  Fernow,  The  Ohio  Valley  in  Colonial  Days.  (Munsell's 
Historical  series,  No.  17.)  Albany,  1890. 


§23.]  NortJi   Carolina — Oregon.  71 

Henry  A.  Ford  and  Mrs.  Kate  B.  Ford,  compilers,  History  of 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Cleveland,  1881. 

Samuel  Prescott  Hildreth,  Pioneer  History :  being  an  Accoiint  of  the 
First  Examinations  of  the  Ohio  Valley,  and  the  Early  Settlement  of  the 
Northwest  Territory.  Cincinnati,  1848. 

Burke  Aaron  Hinsdale,  The  Old  Northwest.     N.Y.,  1888. 

Henry  Howe,  Historical  Collections  of  Ohio.  Cincinnati,  1847.  —  Also 
the  "Ohio  Centennial  Edition."  3  vols.  (in  two).  Columbus,  1889-91. 

Rufus  King,  Ohio:  First  Fruits.  (American  Commonwealth  series.) 
Boston,  1888. 

H.  S.  Knapp,  History  of  the  Maumee  Valley,  commencing  with  its 
Occupation  by  the  French  in  1680.  Toledo,  1872. 

Francis  W.  Miller,  Cincinnati's  Beginnings.     Cincinnati,  1880. 

A.  Banning  Norton,  A  History  of  Knox  County,  Ohio,  from  7779 
to  1862.  Columbus,  1862. 

Jacob  Henry  Studer,  Colnmbtis,  Ohio:  its  History,  Resources,  and 
Progress.  Columbus  [Copyright,  1873]. 

Charles  M.  Walker,  History  of  Athens  County,  Ohio.    Cincinnati,  1869. 

Charles  Whittlesey,  Early  History  of  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Cleveland, 
1867. 

Oregon. 

Hubert  Howe  Bancroft,  Oregon.  Vol.  I,  1834-48;  Vol.  II,  1848-88. 
(History  of  the  Pacific  States,  Vols.  XXIV,  XXV.)  San  Francisco, 
1886-88. 

William  Barrows,  Oregon  :  The  Struggle  for  Possession.  (American 
Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1883. 

Thomas  Bulfinch,  Oregon  and  Eldorado  ;  or,  Romance  of  the  Rivers. 
Boston,  1866. 

M.  Fedix,  L1  Oregon  et  les  Cdtes  de  I"1  Ocean  Pacifique  du  Nord.  Paris, 
1846. 

Gabriel  Franchere,  Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  the  Northwest  Coast  of 
America  in  1811-14.  Translated  and  edited  by  Jedediah  Vincent 
Huntington.  N.Y.,  1854. 

William  Henry  Gray,  A  History  of  Oregon,  1792-1849.  Portland, 
Oregon,  1870. 

Robert  Greenhow,  The  History  of  Oregon  and  California,  and  the 
other  Territories  on  the  North -West  Coast  of  North  America.  Boston, 
1844. 

Robert  Greenhow,  Memoir,  Historical  and  Political,  on  the  Northwest 
Coast  of  North  America.  Washington,  1840. 


72  Bibliography  —  State  Histories.  [§23 

Gustavus  Hines,  Oregon:  its  History,  Condition,  and  Prospects.  N.Y., 
1859. 

Washington  Irving,  Astoria.     2  vols.     Phila.,  1836. 

Hall  Jackson  Kelley,  A  History  of  the  Settlement  of  Oregon  and  the 
Interior  of  Upper  California.  Springfield,  Mass.,  1868. 

Oliver  W.  Nixon,  How  Marcus  Whitman  Saved  Oregon.  Chicago, 
1895. 

Alexander  Ross,  Adventures  of  the  First  Settlers  on  the  Oregon  or 
Columbia  River.  London,  1849. 

Jessy  Quinn  Thornton,  Oregon  and  California  in  1848.    2  vols.    N.Y., 


Benjamin  Waterhouse,  Oregon;  or  A  short  History  of  a  Long  Journey 
from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  Region  of  the  Pacific,  by  Land.  Drawn 
up  from  the  notes  of  John  B.  Wyeth.  Cambridge,  1833. 

George  Wilkes,  The  History  of  Oregon.     N.Y.,  1845. 

Pennsylvania. 

Pennsylvania  State  Library,  Check-List  of  Pennsylvania  County,  Town, 
and  Township  Histories.  1794-1892.  Harrisburg,  1892. 

Daniel  Agnew,  A  History  of  the  Region  of  Pennsylvania  North  of  the 
Ohio  and  West  of  the  Allegheny  River.  Phila.,  1887. 

Isaac  A.  Chapman,  A  Sketch  of  the  History  of  Wyoming.  Wilkes- 
barre,  Penn.,  1830. 

William  Mason  Cornell,  The  History  of  Pennsylvania,  from  the 
Earliest  Discovery  to  the  Present  Time.  Phila.  [1876]. 

Sherman  Day,  Historical  Collections  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 
Phila.  [Copyright,  1843]. 

Peter  Stephen  Duponceau,  An  Historical  Discourse  delivered  before 
the  Society  for  the  Commemoration  of  the  Landing  of  William  Penn, 
October  24th,  1832.  Phila.,  1832. 

William  Henry  Egle,  An  Illustrated  History  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Pennsylvania  (1609-1876).  Harrisburg,  1876.  —  Part  I  contains  General 
History  ;  Part  II,  County  Histories. 

Thomas  F.  Gordon,  The  History  of  Pennsylvania,  from  its  Discovery 
by  Europeans  to  1776.  Phila.,  1829. 

Samuel  Hazard,  Annals  of  Pennsylvania,  from  the  Discovery  of  the 
Delaware.  1609-1682.  Phila.,  1850. 

Charles  Miner,  History  of  Wyoming,  in  a  Series  of  Letters  to  his  Son. 
Phila.,  1845. 

Jacob  Isidore  Mombert,  An  Authentic  History  of  Lancaster  County 
(Penn.).  Lancaster,  Penn.,  1869. 


§23.]  Oregon — Rhode  Island.  73 

Stewart  Pearce,  Annals  of  Luzerne  County,  from  the  First  Settlement 
at  Wyoming  to  1860.  Phila.,  1860. 

George  Peck,  Wyoming;  its  History,  Stirring  Incidents,  and  Romantic 
Adventures.  N.Y.,  1858. 

Jacques  Philibert  Rousselot  de  Surgy,  Histoire  Natiirelle  et  Politique 
de  la  Pensylvanie.  Traduite  de  I'Allemand.  Paris,  1768. 

Robert  Proud,  The  History  of  Pennsylvania,  from  the  Original  Settle 
ment  in  1681,  till  after  the  Year  1742.  (There  is  added  a  description  of 
Pennsylvania  between  the  years  1760  and  1770,  with  an  Appendix.) 
2  vols.  Phila.,  1797-98. 

Isaac  Daniel  Rupp,  Early  History  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  and  of 
the  West,  and  of  Western  Expeditions  and  Campaigns,  from  1^54-1833. 
Pittsburg,  1846. 

Isaac  Daniel  Rupp,  History  of  Lancaster  County  (Penn.).  Lancaster, 
Penn.,  1844. 

Laura  G.  Sanford,  The  History  of  Erie  County,  Pennsylvania.  Phila., 
1862. 

Johann  Ludewig  Schulze,  Nachrichten  von  den  vereinigten  Deutschen 
Evangelisch-L^ltherischen  Gemeinen  in  Nor d- America,  absonderlich  in 
Pensylvanien.  Halle,  1787. 

John  Thomas  Scharf  and  Thompson  Westcott,  History  of  Philadelphia. 
1609-1884.  3  vols.  Phila.,  1884. 

George  Smith,  History  of  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania.  Phila., 
1862. 

William  Leete  Stone,  The  Poetry  and  History  of  Wyoming.  N.Y., 
1841. 

Gabriel  Thomas,  An  Historical  and  Geographical  Account  of  the 
Province  and  Country  of  Pensilvania ;  and  of  West-New-Jersey  in 
America.  London,  1698.  —  Lithographed  for  H.  A.  Brady,  of  the 
New  York  Historical  Society.  N.Y.,  1848. 

James  Veech,  The  Monongahela  of  Old.     Pittsburgh,  circa  1858. 

John  F.  Watson,  Annals  of  Philadelphia  and  Pennsylvania,  in  the 
Olden  Time.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1857. 

Sarah  Chauncey  Woolsey  [Susan  Coolidge],  A  Short  History  of  the 
City  of  Philadelphia,  from  its  Foundation  to  the  Present  Time.  Boston, 
1887. 

Rhode  Island. 

John  Russell  Bartlett,  Bibliography  of  Rhode  Island.  Providence, 
1864. 

Samuel  Greene  Arnold,  The  History  of  Rhode  Island.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1859. 


74  Bibliography  —  State  Histories. 


-3- 


John  Callender,  An  Historical  Discourse  on  the  Colony  of  Rhode-Island 
and  Providence  Plantations  (1638-1738).  Boston,  1739. 

George  Washington  Greene,  A  Short  History  of  Rhode  Island. 
Providence,  1877. 

Wilfred  Harold  Munro,  The  History  of  Bristol,  R.I.  Providence, 
1880. 

Edward  Peterson,  History  of  Rhode  Island.     N.Y.,  1853. 

Elisha  Reynolds  Potter,  Jr.,  The  Early  History  of  Narragansett. 
(Rhode  Island  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Vol.  III.)  Providence, 


[Sidney  S.  Rider,  editor],  Rhode  Island  Historical  Tracts,  First  Series, 
20  Numbers,  Providence,  1877-95  »  Second  Series,  Nos.  1-2,  Providence, 
1895. 

William  Read  Staples,  Annals  of  the  Town  of  Providence,  from  its 
First  Settlement,  to  the  Organization  of  the  City  Government,  in  June, 
1832.  Providence,  1843. 

Wilkins  Updike,  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Narragansett. 
N.Y.,  1847. 

South  Carolina. 

B.  R.  Carroll,  compiler,  Historical  Collections  of  South  Carolina  (1492- 
1776).  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1836. 

[James  Glen],  A  Description  of  Sotith  Carolina.     London,  1761. 

Alexander  Hewatt,  An  Historical  Account  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of 
the  Colonies  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  2  vols.  London,  1779. 

John  H.  Logan,  A  History  of  the  Upper  Country  of  So^^th  Carolina, 
from  the  Earliest  Periods  to  the  Close  of  the  War  of  Independence.  Vol. 
I.  Charleston,  1859. 

Robert  Mills,  Statistics  of  South  Carolina,  including  a  View  of  its 
Natural,  Civil,  and  Military  History.  Charleston,  1826. 

James  Sheppard  Pike,  The  Prostrate  State:  South  Carolina  under 
Negro  Government.  N.Y.,  1874. 

David  Ramsay,  The  History  of  South  Carolina,  from  its  First  Settle 
ment  in  i6jo,  to  the  Year  1808.  2  vols.  Charleston,  1809. 

William  Gilmore  Simms,  The  History  of  South  Carolina.  Charleston, 
1840. 

Tennessee. 

James  Roberts  Gilmore  [Edmund  Kirke],  The  Rear-Guard  of  the 
Revohftion,  N.Y.,  1886;  John  Sevier  as  a  Commonwealth  Builder,  N.Y., 
1887;  The  Advance-Guard  of  Western  Civilization,  N.Y.,  1888. 

John    Hay  wood,    The    Civil  and  Political   History   of  the  State  of 


23.]  Rhode  Island  —  Vermont.  75 


Tennessee,  from  its  Earliest  Settlement  up  to  the  Year  ijtyb-  Exact 
reprint  of  the  edition  of  1823.  Nashville,  1891. 

James  Phelan,  History  of  Tennessee  :  The  Making  of  a  State.  Boston, 
1888. 

J.  G.  M.  Ramsey,  The  Annals  of  Tennessee  to  the  End  of  the 
Eighteenth  Centttry.  Charleston,  1853. 

John  Wooldridge,  editor,  History  of  Nashville,  Tenn.  (Written  by 
J.  Wooldridge,  E.  E.  Hoss,  W.  B.  Reese,  and  others.)  Nashville,  1890. 

Texas. 

Hubert  Howe  Bancroft,  North  Mexican  States  and  Texas,  1531- 
1889.  2  vols.  (History  of  the  Pacific  States.  Vols.  X  and  XL)  San 
Francisco,  1883-89. 

Henry  Stuart  Foote,  Texas  and  the  Texans  ;  or,  Advance  of  the 
Anglo-Americans  to  the  Southwest.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1841. 

William  M.  Gouge,  The  Fiscal  History  of  Texas,  from  1834  to 
1851-52.  Phila.,  1852. 

George  Wilkins  Kendall,  Narrative  of  the  Texan  Santa  Fe  Expedi 
tion.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1844. 

William  Kennedy,  Texas:  The  Rise,  Progress,  and  Prospects  of  the 
Republic  of  Texas.  2  vols.  London,  1841. 

N.  Doran  Maillard,  The  History  of  the  Republic  of  Texas,  from  the 
Discovery  of  the  Country  to  the  Present  Time.  London,  1842. 

H.  Yoakum,  History  of  Texas,  from  its  First  Settlement  in  2685,  to  its 
Annexation  to  the  United  States  in  1846.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1856. 

Utah. 

Hubert  Howe  Bancroft,  Utah,  1540-1886.  (History  of  the  Pacific 
States,  Vol.  XXI.)  San  Francisco,  1889. 

[Dyer  Daniel  Lunn],  Utah  and  its  People.     [1882.] 

Vermont. 

Ira  Allen,  The  Natural  ana  Political  History  of  the  State  of  Vermont. 
London,  1798. 

Benjamin  Homer  Hall,  History  of  Eastern  Vermont,  from  its  Earliest 
Settlement  to  the  Close  of  the  Eighteenth  Century.  N.Y.,  1858. 

Hiland  Hall,  The  History  of  Vermont,  from  its  Discovery  to  its 
Admission  into  the  Union  in  1791.  Albany,  1868. 

Nathan  Hoskins,  A  History  of  the  State  of  Vermont,  from  its  Dis 
covery  and  Settlement  to  the  Close  of  the  Year  1830.  Vergennes,  1831. 


76  Bibliography  —  State  Histories.  [§  23. 

John  L.  Heaton,  The  Story  of  Vermont.  (Story  of  the  States  series.) 
Boston,  1889. 

Isaac  Jennings,  Memorials  of  a  Century.  (Relating  chiefly  to  the 
early  history  of  Bennington,  Vt,  and  its  first  church.)  Boston,  1869. 

Rowland  E.  Robinson,  Vermont:  A  Stiidy  of  Independence. 
(American  Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1892. 

Samuel  Williams,  The  Natural  and  Civil  History  of  Vermont. 
Walpole,  N.H.,  1794. 

Virginia. 

[Robert  Beverly],  The  History  of  Virginia,  in  Four  Parts  (1584- 
1720).  Second  edition.  London,  1722. 

Robert  Alonzo  Brock,  Virginia  and  Virginians,  1606-1888.  2  vols. 
Richmond  and  Toledo,  1888.  —  In  this  work,  the  "  History  of  Virginia, 
from  the  Settlement  of  Jamestown  to  the  Close  of  the  Civil  War,"  was 
written  by  Virgil  A.  Lewis,  and  revised  by  R.  A.  Brock. 

John  (Daly)  Burk,  The  History  of  Virginia,  from  its  First  Settlement 
to  the  Present  Day.  3  vols.  Petersburg,  Va.,  1804-5.  —  This  History 
is  continued  in  a  fourth  volume  (1775-81)  by  Skelton  Jones  and  Louis 
Hue  Girardin.  Petersburg,  1816. 

Charles  Campbell,  History  of  the  Colony  and  Ancient  Dominion  of 
Virginia.  Phila.,  1860. 

Charles  Campbell,  Introduction  to  the  History  of  the  Colony  and 
Ancient  Dominion  of  Virginia.  Richmond,  1847. 

John  Esten  Cooke,  Virginia :  A  History  of  the  People.  (American 
Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1883. 

William  Henry  Foote,  Sketches  of  Virginia,  Historical  and  Biographi 
cal.  First  series.  Phila.,  1850.  Second  series.  Phila.,  1855. 

William  S.  Forrest,  Historical  and  Descriptive  Sketches  of  Norfolk 
and  Vicinity,  including  Portsmouth  and  the  adjacent  Cotinties,  during  a 
Period  of  Two  Hundred  Years.  Phila.,  1853. 

Wills  de  Hass,  History  of  the  Early  Settlement  and  Indian  Wars  of 
Western  Virginia.  Wheeling,  1851. 

[Thomas  Jefferson],  Notes  on  the  State  of  Virginia.     [Paris],  1782: 

Samuel  Kercheval,  A  History  of  the  Valley  of  Virginia.     Winchester, 

1833- 

Joseph  Martin,  A  New  and  Comprehensive  Gazetteer  of  Virginia,  and 
the  District  of  Columbia.  (To  which  is  added  A  History  of  Virginia, 
from  its  First  Settlement  to  the  Year  1754,  with  a  sketch  of  events  up  to 
1775.)  Charlottesville,  1835. 


§23.]  Vermont — Wisconsin,  77 

Bishop  [William]  Meade,  Old  Chitrches,  Ministers,  and  Families  of 
Virginia.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1857. 

John  Lewis  Peyton,  History  of  Augusta  County,  Virginia.  Staunton, 
Va.,  1882. 

Philip  Slaughter,  A  History  of  Bristol  Parish,  Va.  Second  edition. 
Richmond,  1879. 

Philip  Slaughter,  History  of  St.  George's  Famish,  in  the  County  of 
Spottsylvania,  and  Diocese  of  Virginia.  Edited  by  R.  A.  Brock.  Rich 
mond,  1890. 

Philip  Slaughter,  A  History  of  St.  Mark's  Parish,  Culpeper  County, 
Va.  Richmond,  1877. 

William  Stith,  The  History  of  the  First  Discovery  and  Settlement  of 
Virginia.  Virginia,  printed  1747.  London,  reprinted  1753. 

William  Stith,  The  History  of  the  First  Discovery  and  Settlement  of 
Virginia.  N.Y.,  1865.  (Sabin's  reprint  of  the  Williamsburg  edition 
of  1747.) 

Joseph  Addison  Waddell,  Annals  of  Augusta  County,  Virginia. 
Richmond,  1886.  —  The  book  contains  also  a  Diary  of  the  War, 
1861-65,  and  a  chapter  on  Reconstruction,  1865-71.  The  edition  of 
1888  contains  all  of  the  foregoing,  with  a  supplement. 

Alexander  Scott  Withers,  Chronicles  of  Border  Warfare ;  or,  A 
History  of  the  Settlement  by  the  Whites,  of  North-western  Virginia. 
Edited  by  R.  G.  Thwaites.  Cincinnati,  1895. 

Washington. 

[Anon.],  The  State  of  Washington.  Published  by  the  World's  Fair 
Commission  of  tli£  State  of  Washington.  Tacoma,  1893. 

Hubert  Howe  Bancroft,  Washington,  Idaho,  and  Montana.  {History 
of  the  Pacific  States,  Vol.  XXVI.)  San  Francisco,  1890. 

James  G.  Swan,  The  Northwest  Coast ;  or,  Three  Years'  Residence 
in  Washington  Territory.  N.Y.,  1857. 

West  Virginia. 
Virgil  Anson  Lewis,  History  of  West  Virginia.     Phila.,  1889. 

Wisconsin. 

James  Smith  Buck,  Pioneer  History  of  Milwaukee,  from  the  First 
American  Settlement  in  1833,  to  1846.  4  vols.  Milwaukee,  1876-86. 

Donald  McLeod,  History  of  Wisconsin,  from  its  Discovery  to  the 
Present  Period.  Buffalo,  1846. 


78  Bibliography  —  Travels.  [§  23. 

William  Rudolph  Smith,  The  History  of  Wisconsin.  2  vols.  Vol.  I, 
historical.  Vol.  II,  documentary.  Madison,  1854. 

Moses  McLure  Strong,  compiler,  History  of  the  Territory  of 
Wisconsin,  from  1836  to  184.8.  Madison,  1885. 

Reuben  Gold  Thwaites,  The  Story  of  Wisconsin.  (Story  of  the  States 
series.)  Boston,  1890. 

Charles  Richard  Tiittle,  An  Illustrated  History  of  the  State  of 
Wisconsin.  Boston,  1875. 

[For  Wyoming:,  see  Colorado.] 

§  24.     Books  of  Travel. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  inner  life  of  the  past  is  based  to  a  con 
siderable  extent  on  accounts  by  travelers  of  what  they  saw  while 
on  their  journeyings.  Perhaps  it  would  be  better  to  regard  these 
books  not  so  much  as  descriptions  of  what  actually  passed  before 
the  tourist's  eyes,  as  descriptions  of  what  the  narrator  thought 
he  saw.  We  are  all  aware  of  the  deficiency  of  vision  of  later 
visitors  ;  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  earlier  writers  were 
better  fitted  to  observe  what  was  going  on  around  them  or  to 
understand  the  genius  of  the  people  whose  manners  they  depicted. 
A  traveler  also  naturally  notes  the  peculiar  things  he  sees  and 
thus  gives  a  distorted  picture  at  best.  These  books  must  be  used 
with  the  greatest  caution  and  checked  in  every  possible  way  by 
reference  to  recorded  fact.  They  are  sometimes  indispensable, 
however,  to  light  up  an  otherwise  dreary  story,  and  some  of  them 
are  good  reading. 

Edward  Strutt  Abdy,  Journal  of  a  Residence  and  Tour  in  the  United 
States  of  North  America,  from  April,  1833,  to  October,  1834.  3  vols. 
London,  1835. 

Jean  Jacques  Ampere,  Promenade  en  Amerique :  Etats-Unis,  Cuba, 
Mexique  (1851-52).  2  tomes.  Paris,  1855. 

Thomas  Anburey,  Travels  through  the  Interior  Parts  of  America. 
2  vols.  London,  1789? 

[Anon.],  A  Visit  to  Texas  :  Being  the  Journal  of  a  Traveler  throtigh 
those  Parts  most  Interesting  to  American  Settlers.  N.Y.,  1834. 

Carl  David  Arfwedson,  The  United  States  and  Canada,  in  1832,  1833, 
and  1834.  2  vols.  London,  1834. 


§24.]  Abdy  —  Buckingham.  79 

Sir  Edwin  Arnold,  Seas  and  Lands.     London,  1892. 
Thomas  Ashe,  Travels  in  America  in  1806.     London,  1808. 

Robert  Barclay,  Agricultural  Tour  in  the  United  States  and  Upper 
Canada.  Edinburgh,  1842. 

W.  H.  Barneby,  Life  and  Labour  in  the  far,  far  West.  London, 
1884. 

John  Russell  Bartlett,  Personal  Narrative  of  Explorations  and 
Incidents  in  Texas,  New  Mexico,  California,  Sonora,  and  Chihuafma 
(1850-53).  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1854. 

William  Bartram,  Travels  through  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
East  and  West  Florida,  etc.  (1773-78).  Phila.,  1791. 

[Heinrich  Luden],  Reise  Sr.  Hoheit  des  Herzogs  Bernard  zu  Sachsen- 
Weimar-Eisenach  durch  Nord-Amerika  1825-26.  Weimar,  1828. 

Bernhard,  Duke  of  Saxe- Weimar -Eisenach,  Travels  through  North 
America,  during  the  Years  1825  and  1826.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1828. 

J.  Richard  Beste,  The  Wabash  ;  or  Adventures  of  an  English  Gentle- 
man's  Family  in  the  Interior  of  America.  2  vols.  London,  1855. 

Isabella  Bird,  The  Englishwoman  in  America.     London,  1856. 

Morris  Birkbeck,  Notes  on  a  Journey  in  America.     London,  1818. 

[William  Newnham  Blane],  An  Excursion  through  the  United  States 
and  Canada  during  the  Years  1822-23.  By  an  English  Gentleman. 
London,  1824. 

Paul  Bourget,  Outre-Mer  ;  Impressions  of  America.     N.Y.,  1895. 

John  Bradbury,  Travels  in  the  Interior  of  America,  in  the  Years  i8og, 
1810,  and  1811.  Liverpool,  1817. 

Fredrika  Bremer,  The  Homes  of  the  New  World ;  Impressions  of 
America  (1849-51).  Translated  by  Mary  Howitt.  2  vols.  N.Y., 

1853- 

Jean  Pierre  Brissot  de  Warville,  Nouveau  Voyage  dans  les  Etats-Unis 
de  rAmerique  Septentrionale,  fait  en  1788.  3  tomes.  Paris,  1791. 

Jean  Pierre  Brissot  de  Warville,  New  Travels  in  the  United  States, 
performed  in  ij88.  2  vols.  Second  edition.  London,  1794. 

Thomas  Brothers,  The  United  States  as  they  are ;  not  as  they  are 
generally  described.  London,  1840. 

James  Silk  Buckingham,  America,  Historical,  Statistic,  and  Descriptive 
(1837-38).  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1841. 

James  Silk  Buckingham,  The  Eastern  and  Western  States  of  America 
(1839-40).  3  vols.  London  [1842]. 

James  Silk  Buckingham,  The  Slave  States  of  America  (1839).  2  vols. 
London  [1842]. 


8o  Bibliography  —  Travels.  [§  24. 

William  Bullock,  Sketch  of  a  Journey  from  New  Orleans  to  New  York, 
in  1827.  With  a  Description  of  the  New  and  Flourishing  City  of 
Cincinnati,  by  Benjamin  Drake  and  Edward  Deering  Mansfield, 
London,  1827. 

Andrew  Burnaby,  Travels  through  the  Middle  Settlements  in  North 
America,  in  the  Years  17-59  and  1760.  London,  1775. 

Frances  Anne  [Kemble]  Butler,  Journal  (1832-33).     2  vols.     Phila., 


William  Chambers,  Things  as  They  are  in  America  (1853).  London, 
1854. 

Marquis  de  Chastellux,  Voyages  dans  r  Amerique  Septentrionale  dans 
les  Annees  1780,  1781  et  1782.  2  tomes.  Paris,  1786. 

Marquis  [Fran£ois  Jean]  de  Chastellux,  Travels  in  North  America, 
in  the  Years  1780,  1781,  and  1782.  2  vols.  Translated  by  J.  Kent. 
London,  1787.  Also  N.Y.,  1827. 

Vicomte  [Fra^ois  Auguste]  de  Chateaubriand,  Voyages  en  Amerique, 
en  France,  et  en  Italie  (1791-93).  2  tomes.  Paris,  1828-29. 

Michel  Chevalier,  Lettres  sur  I"1  Amerique  du  Nord  (1834-35).  2  tomes. 
Paris,  1837. 

Michael  Chevalier,  Society,  Manners,  and  Politics  in  the  United  States  : 
being  a  Series  of  Letters  on  North  America  (Jan.,  1834,  to  Oct.,  1835). 
Translated  from  the  third  Paris  edition.  Boston,  1839. 

[A  Clergyman],  Three  Years  on  the  Kansas  Border.     N.Y.,  1856. 

William  Cobbett,  A  Year's  Residence  in  the  United  States  of  America 
(1817-18).  —  Second  edition.  3  parts.  London,  1819. 

George  Combe,  Notes  on  the  United  States  of  North  America  during 
a  Phrenological  Visit  in  1838-40.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1841. 

[James  Fenimore  Cooper],  Notions  of  the  Americans  ;  picked  up  by  a 
Travelling  Bachelor  (1824-28).  2  vols.  London,  1828.  Phila.,  1832. 

Thomas  Cooper,  Some  Information  respecting  America  (1793-94). 
London,  1794. 

St.  John  de  Crevecoeur,  Letters  from  an  American  Farmer  (1770-81). 
London,  1782. 

St.  John  de  Crevecoeur,  Lettres  d'un  Cultivateur  Americain,  ecrites  a 
W.  S.  Ecuyer,  depuis  Fannee  1770,  jusqu'a  1781.  2  tomes.  Traduites 
de  1'Anglois.  Paris,  1784. 

Jaspar  Bankers  and  Peter  Sluyter,  Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  New  York, 
in  i67g-8o,  translated  by  Henry  C.  Murphy.  (Memoirs  of  the  Long 
Island  Hist.  Society,  Vol.  I.)  Brooklyn,  1867. 


§24-]  Bullock — Grant.  81 

William  Darby,  A  Tour  from  the  City  of  New  York,  to  Detroit  (May  2d 
to  Sept.  22d,  1818).  N.Y.,  1819. 

John  Davis,  Travels  of  Four  Years  and  a  Half  in  the  United  States. 
±798-1802.  London,  1803. 

Charles  Dickens,  American  Notes  for  General  Circulation.  Leipzig, 
1842.  —  Tauchnitz  edition. 

John  Morison  Duncan,  Travels  through  Part  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada  in  1818  and  1819.  2  vols.  Glasgow,  1823. 

Timothy  D wight,  Travels  ;  in  New  England  and  New  York  (1796  to 
1815).  4  vols.  New  Haven,  1821-22. 

Emily  Faithfull,  Three  Visits  to  America  (1872,  1882, 1884).  Edinburgh, 
1884. 

W.  Faux,  Memorable  Days  in  America :  being  a  Journal  of  a  Tour  to 
the  United  States  (1818-20).  London,  1823. 

Henry  Bradshaw  Fearon,  Sketches  of  America.  A  Narrative  of  a 
Journey  of  Five  Thousand  Miles  through  the  Eastern  and  Western  States 
of  America  (1817-18).  London,  1818. 

Isaac  Fidler,  Observations  on  Professions,  Literature,  Manners,  and 
Emigration,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  made  during  a  residence 
there  in  1832.  N.Y.,  1833. 

John  Finch,  Travels  in  the  United  States  of  America  and  Canada. 
London,  1833. 

Edward  Augustus  Freeman,  Some  Impressions  of  the  United  States 
(Oct.,  1881,  to  April,  1882).  London,  1883. 

John  Charles  Fremont,  The  Exploring  Expedition  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  Oregon,  and  California  (1842—44).  Auburn,  1854.  —  With 
this  is  an  account  of  the  Gold  Regions  of  California. 

John  Charles  Fremont,  Report  of  the  Exploring  Expedition  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains  in  the  Year  184.2,  and  to  Oregon  and  North  California 
in  the  Years  1843-44.  Washington,  1845. 

John  Charles  Fremont,  Memoirs  of  My  Life.  Including  in  the 
Narrative  Five  Journeys  of  IVestern  Exploration,  during  the  Years  1842, 
1843-44,  1845-47,  1848-49,  1853-54.  Vol.  I.  Chicago,  1887. 

Julius  Froebel,  A  Travers  rAmerique  (1849-55).  Traduction  de 
1'Allemand  par  fimile  Tandel.  3  tomes.  Bruxelles  et  Paris,  1861. 

T.  H.  Gladstone,  The  Englishman  in  Kansas.     N.Y.,  1857. 

[Mrs.  Anne  (Mac  Vicar)  Grant],  Memoirs  of  an  American  Lady ;  with 
Sketches  of  Manners  and  Scenery  in  America,  as  they  existed  previous  to 
the  Revolution.  2  vols.  (in  one).  Third  edition.  London,  1817. 


82  Bibliography —  Travels.  [§  24. 

Francis  J.  Grund,  The  Americans  in  their  Moral,  Social,  and  Political 
Relations.  2  vols.  London,  1837. 

Basil  Hall,  Voyages  and  Travels  (1802-12).     London,  1895. 

Captain  Basil  Hall,  Travels  in  North  America,  in  the  Years  182^  and 
1828.  3  vols.  Edinburgh,  1829. 

Captain  Basil  Hall,  Forty  Etchings,  from  Sketches  made  with  the 
Camera  Lucida,  in  North  America,  in  1827  and  1828.  Edinburgh,  1829. 

Judge  [James]  Hall,  Letters  from  the  West;  containing  Sketches  of 
Scenery,  Manners  and  Customs*  London,  1828. 

James  Hall,  Sketches  of  History,  Life,  and  Manners  in  the  West. 
2  vols.  Phila.,  1835. 

[Thomas  Hamilton],  Men  and  Manners  in  America  (1832).  Second 
American  edition.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1833. 

Thaddeus  Mason  Harris,  The  Journal  of  a  Tour  into  the  Territory 
Northwest  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  (in  1803).  Boston,  1805. 

Adam  Hodgson,  Letters  from  North  America,  written  during  a  Tour 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada  (1819-21).  2  vols.  London,  1824. 

Isaac  Holmes,  An  Account  of  the  United  States  of  America,  derived 
from  acttial  Observation  during  a  Residence  of  four  Years  in  that 
Republic.  London,  1823. 

John  T.  Hughes,  Donipharfs  Expedition;  containing  an  Accoitnt  of 
the  Conquest  of  New  Mexico.  Cincinnati,  1848. 

Charles  William  Janson,  The  Stranger  in  America.     London,  1807. 
John  Josselyn,  An  Account  of  Two  Voyages  to  New  England,  made 
during  the  Years  s6j8,  J66j.     Boston,  1865. 

Peter  Kalm,  Beschreibung  der  Reise,  die  er  nach  dem  nbrdlichen 
Amerika  machte.  3  vols.  Gottingen,  1744. 

Peter  Kalm,  Travels  into  North  America  (1748-49).  Translated  by 
John  Reinhold  Forster.  3  vols.  Vol.  I,  Warrington,  1770;  Vols.  II, 
III,  London,  1771. 

Edward  Augustus  Kendall,  Travels  through  the  Northern  Parts  of 
the  United  States,  in  the  Years  1807  and  1808.  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1809. 

John  Knight,  Journal  of  the  Voyage  to  seek  the  North  -  West  Passage, 
1606.  Contained  in  Lancaster's  Voyages  to  the  East  Indies.  (Hakluyt 
Society  series.)  London,  1877. 

Le  Docteur  LMouard  Rene  Lefebvre  Laboulaye,  Paris  en  Amerique 
(1862).  Vingt-cinquieme  edition.  Paris,  1870. 

Dr.  Edouard  Rene  Lefebvre  Laboulaye,  Paris  in  America.  Trans 
lated  by  Mary  L.  Booth.  N.Y.,  1863. 


§24.]  Gnmd  —  Murat.  83 

Paul  Allen,  editor,  History  of  the  Expedition  under  the  Command  of 
Captains  Lewis  and  Clark,  to  the  Sources  of  the  Missouri,  thence  across 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  down  the  River  Columbia  to  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
performed  during  the  Years  1804-6.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1814. 

Edwin  James,  compiler,  Accottnt  of  an  Expedition  from  Pittsburgh  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  performed  in  the  Years  1819  and  '20,  under  the 
Command  of  Major  Stephen  H.  Long.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1823. 

Charles  Lyell,  Travels  in  North  America  (1841-42).  2  vols.  London, 
1845- 

George  A.  McCall,  Letters  from  the  Frontiers.  Written  during  a 
Period  of  Thirty  Years'  Service  in  the  United  States  Army.  Phila.,  1868. 

Alexander  Mackay,  The  Western  World ;  or,  Travels  in  the  United 
States  in  1846-47.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1849. 

Captain  [Frederick]  Marryat,  A  Diary  in  America,  -with  Remarks  on 
its  Institutions.  3  vols.  London,  1839. 

Captain  [Frederick]  Marryat,  A  Diary  in  America,  with  Remarks  on 
its  Institutions.  Part  Second.  3  vols.  London,  1839. 

Harriet  Martineau,  Retrospect  of  Western  Travel.  3  vols.  London, 
1838. 

Harriet  Martineau,  Society  in  America  (1834-36).  3  vols.  London, 
1837- 

Journal  and  Letters  of  Col.  John  May,  of  Boston,  relative  to  Tivo 
Journeys  to  the  Ohio  Country,  in  ij88  and  '89.  (Ohio  Hist,  and  Philo 
sophical  Society.)  Cincinnati,  1873. 

John  Melish,  Travels  in  the  United  States,  in  the  Years  1806,  i8oj, 
and  1809-11.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1812. 

.  Fran£ois  Andre  Michaux,  Voyage  a  VOuest  des  Monts  Alleghanys, 
dans  les  etats  de  VOhio,  du  Kentucky  et  du  Tennessee,  et  Re  tour  a 
Charleston  par  les  Hautes  Carolines  (1802).  Paris,  1804. 

Fran9ois  Andre  Michaux,  Travels  to  the  Westward  of  the  Allegany 
Mountains,  in  the  States  of  the  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee,  and 
Return  to  Charlcstown,  tJirough  the  Upper  Carolinas  (1802).  Translated 
by  B.  Lambert.  London,  1805. 

Francis  Moore,  A  Voyage  to  Georgia,  begun  in  the  Year  1735.  London, 
1744. 

Achille  Murat,  Lettres  sur  les  Etats-Unis,  a  un  de  ses  Amis  d' Europe 
(1826-27).  Paris,  1830. 

Achille  Murat,  America  and  the  Americans.  Translated  by  Henry 
J.  Bradfield.  N.Y.,  1849. 


84  Bibliography  —  Travels.  [§  24. 

Thomas  L.  Nichols,  Forty  Years  of  American  Life.  2  vols.  London, 
1864. 

John  Cosens  Ogden,  An  Excursion  into  Bethlehem  and  Nazareth,  in 
Pennsylvania,  in  the  Year  ijgq.  Phila.,  1800. 

Frederick  Law  Olmsted,  A  Journey  in  the  Seabord  Slave  States  (1853). 
(Our  Slave  States,  I.)  N.Y.,  1856. 

Frederick  Law  Olmsted,  A  Journey  through  Texas.  (Our  Slave 
States,  II.)  N.Y.,  1857. 

Frederick  Law  Olmsted,  A  Journey  in  the  Back  Country.  (Our  Slave 
States,  III.)  N.Y.,  1860. 

Max  O'Rell  [Paul  Blouet],  Jonathan  and  His  Continent  (Rambles 
through  American  Society}.  Translated  by  Madame  Paul  Blouet.  N.Y. 
[1889]. 

A.  A.  Parker,  Trip  to  the  West  and  Texas  (1834-35).  Second  edition. 
Concord  and  Boston,  1836. 

Samuel  Parker,  Journal  of  an  Exploring  Tour  Beyond  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Fifth  edition.  Auburn,  etc.,  1846. 

Richard  Parkinson,  A  Tour  in  America,  in  ijqS,  ^799,  and  1800. 
2  vols.  London,  1805. 

Francis  Parkman,  Jr.,  The  California  and  Oregon  Trail :  being  Sketches 
of  Prairie  and  Rocky  Mountain  Life  (1846).  N.Y.,  1849.  —  Originally 
published  in  the  Knickerbocker  Magazine,  commencing  in  February, 
1847. 

Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike,  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  through  the  Western  parts  of  Louisiana,  during  the 
Years  1805,  1806,  i8oj.  And  a  Tour  through  the  Interior  Parts  of  New 
Spain.  Phila.,  1810.  —  Another  edition,  N.Y.,  1895. 

John  Pope,  A  Tour  through  the  Southern  and  Western  Territories  of 
the  United  States  (1790-91).  Richmond,  1792.  Reprinted  with  Index 
for  Charles  L.  Woodward,  N.Y.,  1888. 

Francis  and  Theresa  Pulszky,  White,  Red,  Black :  Sketches  of 
American  Society  in  the  United  States.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1853. 

Frederick  von  Raumer,  America,  and  the  American  People  (1844). 
Translated  by  William  Wadden  Turner.  N.Y.,  1846. 

M.  1'Abbe  Robin,  Nouveau  Voyage  dans  rAmerique  Septentrionale,  en 
Vannee  1781.  Paris,  1782. 

Abbe  Claude  Robin,  New  Travels  through  North-America  (in  1781). 
Translated  by  Philip  Freneau.  Phila.,  1783. 


§  24.]  Nichols  —  Weld.  8  5 

[Fran9ois  Alexandre  Frederic  de]  La  Rochefoucauld-Liancourt,  Voyage 
dans  Us  Etats-Unis  d^Amerique,  fait  en  7795,  ^796  et  7-797.  8  tomes. 
Paris,  1799. 

Rochefoucauld,  Travels  through  the  United  States  of  North  America, 
in  the  Years  7795,  7796,  and  7797.  2  vols.  London,  1799. 

James  Robertson,  A   Few  Months  in  America  (1853-54).     London 

[1855]- 

William  Howard  Russell,  Hesperothen  ;  Notes  from  the  West:  A  Record 
of  a  Ramble  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  in  the  Spring  and  Summer 
of  1881.  2  vols.  London,  1882. 

E.  Schlaeger,  Die  sociale  und politische  Stellung  der  Deutschen  in  den 
Vereinigten  Staaten.  Berlin,  1874. 

John  F.  D.  Smyth,  A  Tour  in  the  United  States  of  America  (1784). 
2  vols.  London,  1784. 

James  Stuart,  Three  Years  in  North  America  (1828-31).  2  vols. 
Edinburgh,  1833. 

Robert  Sutcliff,  Travels  in  some  Parts  of  North  America,  in  the  Years 
1804,  1805,  and  1806.  Second  edition.  York,  1815. 

William  Tallack,  Friendly  Sketches  in  America.     London,  1861. 

Anthony  Trollope,  North  America  (1861-62).     N.Y.,  1862. 

[Mrs.]  Frances  M.  Trollope,  Domestic  Manners  of  the  Americans. 
London,  1832. 

Henry  Theodore  Tuckerman,  America  and  her  Commentators.  With 
a  Critical  Sketch  of  Travel  in  the  United  States.  N.Y.,  1864. 

Thomas  Twining,  Travels  in  America  One  Hundred  Years  ago 
(1795-96).  N.Y.,  1894. 

Godfrey  T.  Vigne,  Six  Months  in  America  (1831-32).     Phila.,  1833. 

Henry  Wansey,  The  Journal  of  an  Excursion  to  the  United  States,  in 
the  Summer  of  1794.  Salisbury,  England,  1796. 

Charles  Dudley  Warner,  Sttidies  in  the  South  and  West,  with  Comments 
on  Canada.  N.Y.,  1889. 

Elkanah  Watson,  Memoirs,  including  Journals  of  Travels  in  Europe 
and  America,  from  7777  to  1842.  N.Y.,  1856. 

Adlard  Welby,  A  Visit  to  North  America  and  the  English  Settlements 
in  Illinois  (1819-20).  London,  1821. 

Isaac  Weld,  Jr.,  Travels  through  the  States  of  North  America,  and  the 
Provinces  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  during  the  Years  7795,  ^79<$,  and 
7797.  London,  1799. 


86  Bibliography  —  Biographies.  [§  24. 

George  Whitefield,  Journal  of  a  Voyage  from  London  to  Savannah 
(Dec.  28th,  1737,  to  May  7th,  1738).  Fifth  edition.  London,  1739. 

John  Woods,  Two  Years'  Residence  in  the\  Settlement  on  the  English 
Prairie  in  the  Illinois  Country,  United  States  (1820—22).  London, 
1822. 

John  Woolman,  Journal.     Phila.,  1845,  an^  Boston,  1873. 

Lady  Emmeline  Stuart  Wortley,  Travels  in  the  United  States,  etc., 
during  1849  and  1850.  N.Y.,  1851. 

Frances  Wright,  Views  of  Society  and  Manners  in  America  (1818-20). 
London,  1821. 

Francis  Wyse,  America,  its  Realities  and  Resources.  3  vols.  London, 
1846. 

Lorenzo  de  Zavala,  Viage  a  los  Estados-Unidos  del  Norte  de  America. 
Paris,  1834. 

§  25.     Biographies. 

Biographies  stand  midway  between  sources  and  secondary 
histories  in  so  far  as  they  contain  letters  and  other  material.  The 
literature  of  American  history  is  rich  in  such  works,  of  an 
elaborate  and  painstaking  kind  ;  and  of  late  years  several  series 
of  brief  biographies  have  been  published  which  are  really  little 
political  histories  of  the  period  covered  by  the  public  life  of  the 
characters  described.  Marshall's  Washington  and  Curtis's  Daniel 
Webster  are  illustrations  of  the  first  class.  The  most  useful  brief 
biographies  are  the  following  volumes  of  the  American  Statesmen 
series  :  Lodge's  Washington  and  Webster  j  Morse's  Jefferson, 
John  Qitincy  Adams,  and  Lincoln,;  Sumner's  Jackson;  Von 
Hoist's  Calhoun;  Schurz's  Henry  Clay.  In  the  Makers  of 
America  series  may  be  mentioned  Sumner's  Robert  Morris  and 
Barrett  Wendell's  Cotton  Mather.  Few  of  the  collections  of 
biographies  are  of  much  value  :  Sparks's  American  Biography, 
Van  Santvoord's  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices,  and  J.  S.  Jenkins's 
Lives  of  the  Governors  of  New  York  are  exceptions.  Good 
dictionaries  of  biography  are  Allen's,  Drake's,  and  Lanman's  works 
(see  §  17);  and  Harper's  Cyclopaidia  of  American  Biography. 
To  this  list  should  be  added  Alexander  Johnston's  admirable 
biographical  articles  in  Lalor*s  Cyclopcedia. 


§  25.]  Adams  —  Birney.  87 

A  few  of  the  more  useful  biographies  are  enumerated  below  : 
the  arrangement  is  alphabetical  by  the  subjects  of  the  works  (not 
by  authors)  : 

John  Quincy  Adams  and  Charles  Francis  Adams,  The  Life  of  John 
Adams.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1871. 

John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Adams.  (American  Statesmen  series.) 
Boston,  1884. 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  Jr.,  Charles  Francis  Adams.  (American 
Statesmen  series.)  [In  preparation.] 

John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy  Adams.  (American  Statesmen 
series.)  Boston,  1882. 

Josiah  Quincy,  Memoir  of  the  Life  of  John  Quincy  Adams.  Boston, 
1858. 

William  H.  Seward,  Life  and  Public  Services  of  John  Quincy  Adams. 
Auburn,  1849. 

J.  K.  Hosmer,  Samuel  Adams.  (American  Statesmen  series.)  Boston, 
1884. 

William  V.  Wells,  The  Life  and  Public  Service  of  Samuel  Adams, 
3  vols.  Boston,  1865. 

Elizabeth  Cary  Agassiz,  editor,  Louis  Agassiz :  His  Life  and  Corre 
spondence.  2  vols.  Boston,  1885. 

Henry  Hall,  Ethan  Allen.     N.Y.,  1892. 

Seth  Ames,  editor,  Works  of  Fisher  Ames.  2  vols.  Boston,  1854. — 
With  a  biographical  sketch  by  John  Thornton  Kirkland. 

Winthrop  Sargent,  The  Life  and  Career  of  Major  John  Andre.  Boston, 
1861. 

A.  G.  Browne,  Jr.,  Sketch  of  the  Official  Life  of  J.  A.  Andrew.  N.Y. 
1868. 

Isaac  N.  Arnold,  Life  of  Benedict  Arnold.     Chicago,  1880. 

Jared  Sparks,  Life  and  Treason  of  Benedict  Arnold.  (Library  of 
American  Biography,  Vol.  III.)  Boston,  1838. 

Alvah  Hovey,  A  Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Times  of  the  Rev.  Isaac 
Backus.  Boston,  1858. 

Mary  Barney,  editor,  A  Biographical  Memoir  of  the  late  Commodore 
Joshua  Barney.  Boston,  1832. 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  Thomas  Hart  Benton.  (American  Statesmen 
series.)  Boston,  1887. 

William  Birney,  James  G.  Birney  and  his  Times.     N.Y.,  1890. 

William  Constantine  Beecher  and  Rev.  Samuel  Scoville,  assisted  by 


88  Bibliography  —  Biographies.  [§25. 

Mrs.  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  A  Biography  of  Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecher. 
N.Y.,  1888. 

Gail  Hamilton  [Mary  Abigail  Dodge],  Biography  of  James  G.  Elaine. 
Norwich,  1895. 

Grace  King,  Jean  Baptiste  le  Moyne,  Sieur  de  Bienville.  (Makers  of 
America  series.)  N.Y.,  Dodd,  1892. 

Geo.  W.  Brown,  Reminiscences  of  old  John  Brown.  Rockford,  111., 
1880. 

James  Redpath,  Piiblic  Life  of  Capt.  John  Brown.     Boston,  1860. 

F.  B.  Sanborn,  Life  .and  Letters  of  John  Brown.     Boston,  1885. 

George  Ticknor  Curtis,  Life  of  James  Buchanan.    2  vols.    N.Y.,  1883. 

Edward  Barrington  de  Fonblanque,  Political  and  Military  Episodes 
derived  from  the  Life  and  Correspondence  of  John  Burgoyne.  London, 
1876. 

Matthew  L.  Davis,  Memoirs  of  Aaron  Burr.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1836, 
1837- 

James  Parton,  Life  and  Times  of  Aaron  Burr.     N.Y.,  1858. 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  Life  and  Letters  of  George  Cabot.     Boston,  1877. 

[Anon.],  Life  of  John  C.  Calhoun.     N.Y.,  1843. 

Mary  Bates,  The  Private  Life  ofj.  C.  Calhoun.     Charleston,  1852. 

John  Stilwell  Jenkins,  The  Life  of  John  Caldwell  Calhoun.  Auburn, 
1850. 

H.  Von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun.  (American  Statesmen  series.) 
Boston,  1882. 

William  Hand  Browne,  George  Calvert  and  Cecilius  Cal-vert,  Barons 
Baltimore  of  Baltimore  [in  Ireland].  (Makers  of  America  series.)  N.Y., 
1890. 

Augustus  Granville  Stapleton,  The  Political  Life  of  the  Right  Honour 
able  George  Canning  (1822—27).  3  vols.  London,  1831. 

Andrew  Cunningham  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass.  (American  Statesmen 
series.)  Boston,  1891. 

Wm.  H.  Channing,  Memoirs  of  William  Ellery  Channing.  3  vols. 
Boston,  1848. 

Jacob  William  Schuckers,  The  Life  and  Ptiblic  Services  of  Salmon  P. 
Chase.  N.Y.,  1874. 

Robert  Bruce  Warden,  An  Account  of  the  Private  Life  and  Public 
Services  of  Salmon  Portland  Chase.  Cincinnati,  1874. 

Daniel  Chapman,  A  Memoir  of  Tho?nas  Chittenden,  the  First  Governor 
of  Vermont.  Middlebury,  Vt.,  1849. 

S.  G.  Brown,  Life  of  Rufus  Choate.     Boston,  1870. 


§25.]  Beecher — Dana.  89 

Calvin  Colton,  Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Clay.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1846. 

Calvin  Colton,  The  Last  Seven  Years  of  the  Life  of  Henry  Clay.  N.Y., 
1856. 

D.  Mallory,  Life  and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1843. 

Epes  Sargent,  The  Life  and  Public  Services  of  Henry  Clay.  N.Y., 
1859. 

Samuel  Mosheim  Schmucker,  Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Clay.  Phila., 
1860. 

Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay.  (American  Statesmen  series.)  2  vols. 
Boston,  1887. 

James  B.  Swain,  The  Life  and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1842. 

William  W.  Campbell,  The  Life  and  Writings  of  De  Witt  Clinton. 
N.Y.,  1849. 

David  Hosack,  Memoir  of  De  Witt  Clinton.     2  parts.     N.Y.,  1829. 

Samuel  Boykin,  Memorial  Volume  of  Hon.  Howell  Cobb.    Phila.,  1870. 

Edward  Smith,  William  Cobbett :  A  Biography.    2  vols.    London,  1878. 

Alfred  Ronald  Conkling,  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Roscoe  Conkling. 
N.Y.,  1889. 

Charles  Ross,  editor,  Correspondence  of  Charles,  first  Marquis  Corn- 
ivallis.  3  vols.  London,  1859. 

Addison  Peale  Russell,  Thomas  Corwin.     Cincinnati,  1882. 

Washington  Irving,  History  of  the  Life  and  Voyages  of  Christopher 
Cohimbus.  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1828. 

Clements  R.  Markham,  Life  of  Christopher  Columbus.    London,  1892. 

Justin  Winsor,  Christopher  Columbus  and  how  he  received  and 
imparted  the  Spirit  of  Discovery.  Boston,  1891. 

John  J.  Jacob,  A  Biographical  Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Captain  Michael 
Cresap.  Cincinnati,  1866. 

Mrs.  Ann  Mary  Coleman,  Life  of  John  J.  Crittenden,  with  selections 
from  his  Correspondence  and  Speeches.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1871. 

Edward  Cary,  George  William  Curtis.  (American  Men  of  Letters 
series.)  Boston,  1894. 

Charles  E.  Fitch,  George  William  Curtis.     [In  preparation.] 

William  Parker  Cutler  and  Julia  Perkins  Cutler,  Life,  Journals,  and 
Correspondence  of  Rev.  Manasseh  Cutler.  2  vols.  Cincinnati,  1888. 

George  Mifflin  Dallas,  Life  and  Writings  of  Alexander  J.  Dallas. 
Phila.,  1871. 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  Richard  Henry  Dana :  A  Biography.  2  vols. 
Boston,  1890. 


go  Bibliography  —  Biographies.  [§25. 

Oliver  Dyer,  Personal  Recollections  of  Jefferson  Davis.     N.Y.,  1889. 

E.  A.  Pollard,  Life  of  Jefferson  Davis.     Phila.,  1869. 

Frank  H.  Alfriend,  Life  of  Jefferson  Davis.     Cincinnati,  1868. 

Mrs.  Varina  Jefferson  Davis,  Jefferson  Davis,  Ex-President  of  the 
Confederate  States.  A  Memoir.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1890. 

Charles  Janeway  Stille,  The  Life  and  Times  of  John  Dickinson.  1732 
to  1808.  (Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Memoirs,  Vol.  XIII.)  Phila., 
1891.  —  Also  printed  separately. 

Frartcis  Tiffany,  Life  of  Dorothea  Lynde  Dix.     Boston,  1890. 

James  W.  Sheahan,  Life  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas.     N.Y.,  1860. 

Robert  Bruce  Warden,  Voter's  Version  of  the  Life  and  Character  of 
Stephen  A.  Douglas.  Columbus,  O.,  1860. 

Alexander  Viets  Griswold  Allen,  Life  of  Jonathan  Edwards. 
(American  Religious  Leaders  series.)  Boston,  1889. 

Sereno  Edwards  Dwight,  The  Life  of  President  Edwards.  N.Y.,  1830 

James  Elliot  Cabot,  A  Memoir  of  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson.  2  vols. 
Boston,  1887. 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson.  (American  Men  of 
Letters  series.)  Boston,  1885. 

Charles  M.  Endicott,  Memoir  of  John  Endicott.     Salem,  1847. 

Loyall  Farragut,  The  Life  of  David  Glasgow  Farragut.     N.Y.,  1879. 

Lord  John  Russell,  editor,  Memorials  and  Correspondence  of  Charles 
James  Fox.  4  vols.  London,  1853-57. 

Henry  Offley  Wakeman,  Life  of  Charles  James  Fox.  (Statesmen 
series.)  London,  1890. 

Paul  Leicester  Ford,  Franklin  Bibliography.     Brooklyn,  1889. 

John  Bach  McMaster,  Benjamin  Franklin  as  a  Alan  of  Letters. 
(American  Men  of  Letters  series.)  Boston,  1887. 

John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Benjamin  Franklin.  (American  Statesmen  series.) 
Boston,  1889. 

James  Parton,  Life  and  Times  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  2  vols.  Boston, 
1867. 

Jared  Sparks,  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin.     Boston,  1844. 

Henry  Adams,  Life  of  Albert  Gallatin.     Phila.,  1879. 

J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert  Gallatin.  (American  Statesmen  series.)  Boston, 
1884. 

H.  C.  Pedder,  Garfield's  Place  in  History.     N.Y.,  1882. 

William  Osborn  Stoddard,  The  Life  of  James  A.  Garfield.  (Lives  of 
the  Presidents  series,  Vol.  X.)  N.Y.,  1889. 


§25.]  Davis  —  Hamilton.  91 

Francis  Jackson  Garrison  and  W.  P.  Garrison,  William  Lloyd 
Garrison.  The  Story  of  his  Life  told  by  his  Children.  4  vols.  N.Y., 
1885-89. 

Archibald  Henry  Grimke,  William  Lloyd  Garrison  the  Abolitionist. 
N.Y.,  1891. 

Oliver  Johnson,  William  Lloyd  Garrison  and  his  Times.  Boston, 
1880. 

Goldwin  Smith,  The  Moral  Crusader:  A  biographical  Essay  on  William 
Lloyd  Garrison.  N.Y.,  1892. 

James  Trecothick  Austin,  The  Life  of  Elbridge  Gerry.  2  vols.  Boston, 
1829. 

George  Washington  Julian,  Life  of  Joshua  R.  Giddings.  Chicago, 
1892. 

George  A.  Bray  ton,  A  Defence  of  Samuel  Gorton  and  the  Settlers  of 
Sha-womet.  (Rhode  Island  Historical  Tracts,  No.  17.)  Providence,  1883. 

Adam  Badeau,  Grant  in  Peace.     Hartford,  1887. 

Adam  Badeau,  Military  History  of  U.  S.  Grant.    3  vols.    N.Y.,  1868. 

C.  C.  Chesney,  Military  Life  of  General  Grant.     1874. 

G.  W.  Childs,  Recollections  of  General  Grant.     Phila.,  1888. 

Henry  Coppee,  Grant  and  his  Campaigns.     N.Y.,  1866. 

Charles  A.  Dana  and  J.  H.  Wilson,  Life  of  U.  S.  Grant.  Springfield, 
1868. 

Whitelaw  Reid,  A  Memorial  of  Horace  Greely.     N.Y.,  1873. 

Francis  Vinton  Greene,  General  Greene.  (Great  Commanders  series.) 
N.Y.,  1893. 

George  Washington  Greene,  The  Life  of  Nathanael  Greene.  3  vols. 
N.Y.,  1867-71. 

William  Johnson,  Sketches  of  the  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Nathanael 
Greene.  2  vols.  Charleston,  1822. 

Isaac  William  Stuart,  Life  of  Captain  Nathan  Hale.     Hartford,  1856. 

John  C.  Hamilton,  The  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1834. 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  Alexander  Hamilton.  (American  Statesmen 
series.)  Boston,  1882. 

John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  The  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton.  2  vols.  Boston, 
1876. 

George  Shea,  The  Life  and  Epoch  of  Alexander  Hamilton.  Boston, 
1877. 

Samuel  Mosheim  Schmucker,  The  Life  and  Times  of  Alexander 
Hamilton.  Phila.,  1856. 


92  Bibliography  —  Biographies.  [§25. 

William  Graham  Sumner,  Alexander  Hamilton.  (Makers  of  America 
series.)  N.Y.,  1890. 

William  Clarence  Burrage,  John  Hancock  and  his  Times.  Boston, 
1891. 

Francis  Amasa  Walker,  General  \Winfield  Scott}  Hancock.  (Great 
Commanders  series.)  N.Y.,  1894. 

William  Wirt  Henry,  Patrick  Henry.  Life,  Correspondence  and 
Speeches.  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1891. 

Moses  Coit  Tyler,  Patrick  Henry.  (American  Statesmen  series.) 
Boston,  1887. 

William  Wirt,  Sketches  of  the  Life  and  Character  of  Patrick  Henry. 
Second  edition.  Phila.,  1818. 

Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson,  Francis  Higginson.  (Makers  of 
America  series.)  N.Y.,  1891. 

George  L.  Walker,  Thomas  Hooker.  (Makers  of  America  series.) 
N.Y.,  1891. 

William  Eaton  Foster,  Stephen  Hopkins,  a  Rhode  Island  Statesman. 
A  Study  in  the  Political  History  of  the  Eighteenth  Century.  2  parts. 
(Rhode  Island  Historical  Tracts,  No.  19.)  Providence,  1884. 

[Anon.],  The  Life  of  Sam  Houston.     N.  Y.,  J.  C.  Derby,  1855. 

Henry  Bruce,  Life  of  General  Houston.  (Makers  of  America  series.) 
N.Y.,  1891. 

W.  C.  Crane,  Life  and  Select  Literary  Remains  of  Sam  Houston. 
2  vols.  Phila.,  1885. 

A.  M.  Williams,  Sam  Hotiston  and  the  War  of  Independence  in  Texas. 
Boston,  1893. 

Henry  Athanasius  Brann,  Most  Reverend  John  Hughes.  (Makers  of 
America  series.)  N.Y.,  1892. 

Mrs.  Maria  Campbell,  Revolutionary  Services  and  Civil  Life  of  General 
William  Hull.  (With  this  is  a  History  of  the  Campaign  of  1812,  by 
James  Freeman  Clarke.)  N.Y.,  1848. 

G.  E.  Ellis,  Life  of  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson,  with  a  Sketch  of  the  Anti- 
nomian  Controversy.  Boston,  1845. 

Griffith  J.  McRee,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  James  Iredell.  2  yols. 
N.Y.,  1857-58. 

Charles  Dudley  Warner,  Washington  Irving.  (American  Men  of 
Letters  series.)  Boston,  1881. 

James  Parton,  Life  of  Andrew  Jackson.     3  vols.     N.Y.,  1860. 
James  Parton,  General  Jackson.    (Great  Commanders  series.)     N.Y.. 
1893. 


§25.]  Hamilton  —  Lawrence.  93 

William  Graham  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson  as  a  Public  Man. 
(American  Statesmen  series.)  Boston,  1882. 

William  Jay,  Life  of  John  Jay.     N.Y.,  1833. 

George  Pellew,  John  Jay.  (American  Statesmen  series.)  Boston, 
1890. 

William  Whitelock,  The  Life  and  Times  of  John  Jay.     N.Y.,  1887. 

Cornells  De  Witt,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Etude  historique.  Paris,  1861. 
—  Translated  by  R.  S.  H.  Church.  London,  1862. 

Theodore  Dwight,  The  Character  of  Thomas  Jefferson  as  exhibited  in 
his  own  Writings.  Boston,  1839. 

James  Parton,  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson.     Boston,  1874. 

John  Torrey  Morse,  Jr.,  Thomas  Jefferson.  (American  Statesmen 
series.)  Boston,  1883. 

Hamilton  Wilcox  Pierson,  The  Private  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson. 
N.Y.,  1862. 

Henry  S.  Randall,  The  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson.    3  vols.    N.Y.,  1888. 

Sarah  N.  Randolph,  The  Domestic  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson.  N.Y., 
1876. 

Hamilton  Bullock  Tompkins,  Biblio theca  Jeffersonia.     N.Y.,  1887. 

George  Tucker,  The  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson.     2  vols.     Phila.,  1837. 

James  Schouler,  Thomas  Jefferson.  (Makers  of  America  series.) 
N.Y.,  1893. 

Frank  Moore,  Speeches  of  Andrew  Johnson.  With  a  Biographical 
Introduction.  Boston,  1865. 

William  Elliot  Griffis,  Sir  William  Johnson  and  the  Six  Nations. 
(Makers  of  America  series.)  N.Y.,  1891. 

Alexander  Slidell  Mackenzie,  Life  of  Paul  Jones.  2  vols.  Boston, 
1841. 

Friedrich  Kapp,  Leben  des  Amerikanischen  Generals  Johann  ICalb. 
Stuttgart,  1862. 

Friedrich  Kapp,  Life  of  John  Kalb.     N.Y.,  1870. 

F.  S.  Drake,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Henry  Knox.    Boston,  1873. 

Charlemagne  Tower,  Jr.,  The  Marquis  de  La  Fayette  in  the  American 
Revolution.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1895. 

Bayard  Tuckerman,  Life  of  Lafayette.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1889. 

Isaac  Q.  Leake,  Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Times  of  General  John  Lamb. 
Albany,  1857. 

Hamilton  Andrews  Hill,  Memoir  of  Abbott  Lawrence.     Boston,  1883. 

William  Lawrence,  Life  of  Amos  A.  Lawrence.     Boston,  1888. 


94  Bibliography  —  Biographies.  [§  25. 

R.  H.  Lee,  Zz/J?  of  Arthur  Lee.     2  vols.     Boston,  1829. 

Edward  Langworthy,  Memoirs  of  Charles  Lee.     Dublin,  1792. 

Jared  Sparks,  Life  of  Charles  Lee.  (Library  of  American  Biography, 
Vol.  XVIII.)  Boston,  1846. 

Robert  Henry  Lee,  Memoir  of  the  Life  of  Richard  Henry  Lee.  2  vols. 
Phila.,  1825. 

J.  E.  Cooke,  Life  of  Robert  E.  Lee.     N.Y.,  1871. 

J.  W.  Jones,  Personal  Reminiscences  of  Gen.  R.  E.  Lee.     N.Y.,  1875. 

A.  L.  Long,  Memoirs  of  Robert  E.  Lee.     N.Y.,  1886. 

Thomas  Sergeant  Perry,  editor,  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Francis 
Lieber.  Boston,  1882. 

I.  N.  Arnold,  The  History  of  Abraham  Lincoln  and  the  Overthrow  of 
Slavery.  Chicago,  1866. 

William  Henry  Herndon  and  Jesse  William  Weik,  Herndon's  Lincoln 
The  True  Story  of  a  Great  Life  etiam  in  minimis  major.  The  History 
and  Personal  Recollections  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  3  vols.  Chicago  [1889]. 

Josiah  G.  Holland,  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln.     Springfield,  1866. 

Charles  G.  Leland,  Abraham  Lincoln.     London,  1879. 

John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Abraham  Lincoln.  (American  Statesmen  series.) 
2  vols.  Boston,  1893. 

John  George  Nicolay  and  John  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln.  A  History. 
10  vols.  N.Y.,  1890. 

H.  J.  Raymond,  Life  and  Public  Services  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  with 
his  State  Papers.  N.Y.,  1865. 

A.  J.  Rice,  Reminiscences  of  Abraham  Lincoln  by  distinguished  Men 
of  his  Time.  N.Y.,  1886. 

Carl  Schufz,  Abraham  Lincoln.     Boston,  1891. 

C.  H.  Hunt,  Life  of  Edward  Livingston.     N.Y.,  1864. 

Theodore  Sedgwick,  Jr.,  A  Memoir  of  the  Life  of  William  Livingston. 
N.Y.,  1833. 

G.  F.  Dawson,  Life  and  Services  of  Gen.  John  A.  Logan.  Chicago, 
1887. 

(Thomas  Earle  ?),  The  Life,  Travels,  and  Opinions  of  Benjamin  Lundy. 
Phila.,  1847. 

G.  S.  Hillard,  Life  and  Campaigns  of  G.  B.  McClcllan.  Phila., 
1865.' 

George  Brinton  McClellan,  McClelland  Own  Story.     N.Y.,  1887. 

Roberdeau  Buchanan,  Life  of  the  Hon.  Thomas  McKean.  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  1890. 

Edward  R.  Cotton,  Life  of  Nathaniel  Mac  on.     Baltimore,  1840. 


§25.]  Lee  —  Motley.  95 

John  Quincy  Adams,  Lives  of  J.  Madison  and  J.  Monroe.  Boston, 
1850. 

Sydney  Howard  Gay,  James  Madison.  (American  Statesmen  series.) 
Boston,  1884. 

William  C.  Rives,  Jr.,  History  of  the  Life  and  Times  of  James  Madison. 
3  vols.  Boston,  1859. 

Mrs.  Caroline  Crane  Marsh,  Life  and  Letters  of  George  Perkins  Marsh. 
N.Y.,  1888. 

Allan  Bowie  Magruder,  John  Marshall.  (American  Statesmen  series.) 
Boston,  1885. 

S.  E.  Marshall,  Life  of  John  Marshall.     [In  preparation.] 

H.  P.  Goddard,  Luther  Martin,  The  Federal  Bulldog.  Baltimore, 
1887. 

Kate  Mason  Rowland,  The  Life  of  George  Mason.  1725-1792.  2  vols. 
N.Y.,  1892. 

George  S.  Hillard,  Memoir  and  Correspondence  of  Jeremiah  Mason. 
Cambridge,  1873. 

Barrett  Wendell,  Life  of  Cotton  Mather  the  Puritan  Priest.  (Makers 
of  America  series.)  N.Y.,  1891. 

Enoch  Pond,  Life  of  Increase  Mather.     Boston,  1847. 

Alden  Bradford,  Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Rev.  Jonathan 
May  hew.  Boston,  1838. 

John  W.  Campbell,  Sketch  of  R.  J.  Meigs.     Cincinnati,  1838. 

John  Quincy  Adams,  Lives  of  J.  Madison  and  J.  Monroe.  Boston, 
1850. 

D.  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe  in  his  Relation  to  the  Public  Service. 
(American  Statesmen  series.)  Boston,  1883. 

William  Osborn  Stoddard,  Life  of  James  Monroe.  (Lives  of  the 
Presidents  series,  Vol.  III.)  N.Y.,  1887. 

James  Graham,  The  Life  of  General  Daniel  Morgan.     N.Y.,  1856. 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  Gouverneur  Morris.  (American  Statesmen 
series.)  Boston,  1888. 

Jared  Sparks,  Life  of  Gouverneur  Morris.     3  vols.     Boston,  1832. 

Charles  Henry  Hart,  Robert  Morris,  the  Financier  of  the  American 
Revolution.  Phila.,  1877. 

William  Graham  Sumner,  The  Financier  \_Robert  Morris]  and  the 
Finances  of  the  American  Revolution.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1891. 

William  Graham  Sumner.  Robert  Morris.  (Makers  of  America  series.) 
N.Y.,  1892. 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  John  Lothrop  Motley.  A  Memoir.  Boston, 
1879. 


96  Bibliography  —  Biographies.  [§25. 

Mrs.  Anna  D.  Hallowell,  James  and  Lucretia  Mott.  Life  and  Letters. 
Boston,  1884. 

Henry  Augustus  Muhlenberg,  The  Life  of  Major-General  Peter 
Muhlenberg  of  the  Revolutionary  Army.  Phila.,  1849. 

Henry  Bruce,  Life  of  General  Oglethorpe.  (Makers  of  America  series.) 
N.Y.,  1890. 

Robert  Wright,  Memoir  of  General  Oglethorpe.     London,  1867. 

Francis  Bowen,  Life  of  James  Otis.  (Sparks's  American  Biography 
series.)  Boston,  1844. 

William  Tudor,  Life  of  James  Otis.     Boston,  1823. 

James  Cheetham,  The  Life  of  Thomas  Paine.     N.Y.,  1809. 

Moncure  Daniel  Conway,  Life  of  Thomas  Paine.    2  vols.    N.Y.,  1892. 

Octavius  Brooks  Frothingham,  Theodore  Parker :  A  Biography. 
Boston,  1874. 

John  Weiss,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Theodore  Parker.  2  vols. 
N.Y.,  1864. 

Theophilus  Parsons,  Jr.,  Memoir  of  Chief  Justke  Parsons.  Boston, 
1859. 

William  Joseph  Buck,  William  Penn  in  America  (1681-1701).  Phila., 
1888. 

Thomas  Clarkson,  Memoirs  of  the  Private  and  Piiblic  Life  of  William 
Penn.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1814. 

Thomas  Pym  Cope,  editor,  Passages  from  the  Life  and  Writings  of 
William  Penn.  Phila.,  1882. 

Samuel  Macpherson  Janney,  The  Life  of  William  Penn.  Second 
edition.  Phila.,  1852. 

J.  Marsillac,  La  Vie  de  Guillaume  Penn.     Paris,  1791. 

John  Stoughton,  William  Penn,  the  Pounder  of  Pennsylvania. 
London,  1882. 

William  Elliot  Griffis,  Matthew  Calbraith  Perry.     Boston,  1887. 

George  Lowell  Austin,  Life  and  Times  of  Wendell  Phillips.  Boston, 
1888. 

T.  W.  Higginson,  Wendell  Phillips.     Boston,  1884. 

Octavius  Pickering,  The  Life  of  Timothy  Pickering.    4  vols.    Boston, 

1867-73- 

Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  Life  of  Franklin  Pierce.     Boston,  1852. 

Henry  Wheaton,  Some  Account  of  the  Life,  Writings,  and  Speeches  of 
William  Pinkney.  Boston,  1826. 

[John  Almon],  Anecdotes  of  the  Life  of  the  Right  Hon.  William  Pitt, 
Earl  of  Chatham.  Seventh  edition.  3  vols.  London,  1810. 


§25.]  Mott — ScJiuyler.  97 

Lord  Rosebery,  Pitt.  (Twelve  English  Statesmen  series.)  London, 
1891. 

Earl  Stanhope,  Life  of  the  Right  Honourable  William  Pitt.  4  vols. 
London,  1861-62. 

Wm.  Plumer,  Jr.,  Life  of  William  Plumer.     Boston,  1857. 

J.  S.  Jenkins,  Life  of  James  K,  Polk.     Auburn,  1850. 

Anson  [Nelson]  and  Fanny  Nelson,  Memorials  of  Sarah  Childress 
Polk.  N.Y.,  1892. 

George  Ticknor,  Life  of  William  Hickling  Prescott.     Boston,  1864. 

Oliver  W.  B.  Peabody,  Life  of  Israel  Putnam.  (Sparks's  Library  of 
American  Biography,  Vol.  VII.)  Boston,  1837. 

Mary  Cone,  Life  of  Rufus  Putnam.     Cleveland,  1886. 

Josiah  Quincy,  Memoir  of  the  Life  of  Josiah  Quincy  >  Jun.  Boston, 
1825. 

Edmund  Quincy,  Life  of  Josiah  Quincy.     Boston,  1867. 

Moncure  D.  Conway,  Omitted  Chapters  of  History,  disclosed  in  Life 
and  Papers  of  Edmund  Randolph.  N.Y.,  1888. 

Henry  Adams,  John  Randolph.  (American  Statesmen  series.)  Boston, 
1882. 

H.  A.  Garland,  The  Life  of  John  Randolph.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  ^850. 

Frederick  William  Thomas,  John  Randolph  of  Roanoke.    Phila.,  1853. 

Luther  Hamilton,  Memoirs,  Speeches  and  Writings  of  Robert  Rantoul, 
Jr.  Boston,  1854. 

William  Thompson  Read,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  George  Read. 
Phila.,  1870. 

Wm.  B.  Reed,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Joseph  Reed.  2  vols.  Phila., 
1847. 

Elbridge  Henry  Goss,  The  Life  of  Colonel  Paid  Revere.  2  vols. 
Boston,  1891. 

William  Barton,  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  David  Rittenhouse.  Phila., 
1813. 

George  Thomas  [Keppel],  Earl  of  Albemarle,  Memoirs  of  the  Marquis 
of  Rockingham  and  his  Contemporaries.  2  vols.  London,  1852. 

Henry  Cruger  Van  Schaack,  The  Life  of  Peter  Van  Schaack.  N.Y., 
1842. 

Benson  John  Lossing,  The  Life  and  Times  of  Philip  Schuyler.  [Vol.  I.] 
N.Y.  [1860]. 

George  Washington  Schuyler,  Colonial  New  York,  Philip  Schuyler 
and  his  Family.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1885. 


98  Bibliography  —  Biographies.  [§25. 

Marcus  Joseph  Wright,  General  Scott.  (Great  Commanders  series.) 
N.Y.,  1894. 

O.  J.  Victor,  The  Life  and  Military  and  Civic  Services  of  Lieut.  Gen. 
Winfield  Scott.  N.Y.,  1861. 

Eben  Edwards  Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  the  Right 
Reverend  Samuel  Seabury.  Boston,  1881. 

J.  R.  Gilmore,  John  Sevier  as  a  Commonwealth-Builder.    N.Y.,  1887. 

Frederic  Bancroft,  Life  of  William  H.  Seward.     [In  preparation.] 

Thornton  K.  Lothrop,  William  H.  Seward.  (American  Statesmen 
series.)  [In  preparation.] 

Frederick  William  Seward,  Seward  at  Washington  as  Senator  and 
Secretary  of  State.  N.Y.,  1891. 

Lord  Edmond  Fitzmaurice,  Life  of  William,  Earl  of  Shelburne  (1737 
to  1803).  3  vols.  London,  1875-76. 

Henry  Eugene  Davies,  General  Sheridan.  (Great  Commanders  series.) 
N.Y.,  1895. 

Octavius  Brooks  Frothingham,  Gerrit  Smith :  A  Biography.  N.Y., 
1878. 

Herbert  Baxter  Adams,  The  Life  and  Writings  of  Jared  Sparks.  2  vols. 
Boston,  1893. 

Caleb  Stark,  Memoir  and  Official  Correspondence  of  Gen.  John  Stark. 
Concord,  1860.  —  With  this  are  memoirs  of  Capt.  Phinehas  Stevens  and 
Col.  Robert  Rogers. 

Henry  Wilson  and  J.  S.  Black,  A  Contribution  to  History.  Edwin  M. 
Stanton.  Easton,  Pa.,  1871. 

R.  M.  Johnston  and  W.  H.  Browne,  Life  of  Alexander  H.  Stephens. 
Phila.,  1878. 

H.  Cleveland,  Alex.  H.  Stephens  in  Ptiblic  and  Private.  Phila., 
1866. 

William  Alexander  Duer,  77te  Life  of  William  Alexander,  Earl  of 
Sterling.  (New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Vol.  II.)  N.Y., 

1847- 

Friedrich  Kapp,  Leben  des  Amerikanischen  Generals  Friedrich 
Wilhelm  von  Steuben.  Berlin,  1858. 

Friedrich  Kapp,  The  Life  of  Major  General  Frederick  William  Von 
Steiiben.  2  parts.  N.Y.,  1859. 

E.  B.  Callender,  Thaddeus  Stevens,  Commoner.     Boston,  1882. 

William  Wetmore  Story,  Life  and  Letters  of  Joseph  Story.  2  vols. 
Boston,  1851. 

Bayard  Tuckerman,  Peter  Stuyvesant.  (Makers  of  America  series.) 
N.Y.,  1893. 


§25.]  Scott — Washington.  99 

Thomas  Coffin  Amory,  Life  and  Writings  of  James  Sullivan.  2  vols. 
Boston,  1859. 

Thomas  Coffin  Amory,  The  Military  Services  and  Public  Life  of 
Major-General  John  Sullivan.  Boston,  1868. 

Anna  Laurens  Dawes,  Charles  Sumner.  (Makers  of  America  series.) 
N.Y.,  1892. 

A.  H.  Grimke,  The  Life  of  Charles  Sumner,  the  Scholar  -in  Politics. 
N.Y.,  1892. 

Edward  Lillie  Pierce,  Memoir  and  Letters  of  Charles  Sumner.  4  vols. 
Boston,  1877-93. 

Moorfield  Storey,  Charles  Sumner.  (American  Statesmen  series.)  [In 
preparation.] 

Samuel  Tyler,  Memoir  of  Roger  B.  Taney.     Baltimore,  1872. 

Oliver  Otis  Howard,  General  Taylor.  (Great  Commanders  series.) 
N.Y.,  1892. 

Thomas  Budd  Van  Home,  The  Life  of  Major-General  George  H. 
Thomas.  N.Y.,  1882. 

John  Bigelow,  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  His  Writings  and  Speeches.  2  vols. 
N.Y.,  1885. 

Pleasant  A.  Stovall,  Robert  Toombs ;  Statesman,  Speaker,  Soldier,  Sage. 
N.Y.,  1892. 

John  Hannibal  Sheppard,  The  Life  of  Samuel  Tucker.    Boston,  1868. 

Lyon  Gardiner  Tyler,  Letters  and  Times  of  the  Tylers.  2  vols. 
Richmond,  1884. 

Peter  Smith  Michie,  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Emory  Upton.  N.Y., 
1885. 

James  L.  Vallandigham,  Life  of  Clement  L.  Vallandigham.  Baltimore, 
1872. 

Edward  M.  Shepard,  Martin  Van  Buren.  (American  Statesmen  series.) 
N.Y.,  1888. 

James  Kendall  Hosmer,  The  Life  of  Young  Sir  Henry  Vane.  Boston, 
1888. 

A.  G.  Riddle,  Life  of  Benjamin  F.  Wade.     Cleveland,  1886. 

Edward  Warren,  The  Life  of  John  Warren.     Boston,  1874. 

Richard  Frothingham,  Life  and  7"imes  of  Joseph  Warren.  Boston, 
1865. 

John  Fiske,  Washington  and  his  Country.  (Classics  for  Children 
series.)  Boston,  1889.  —  This  is  Washington  Irving's  Life  of  Washington. 
abridged  for  the  use  of  schools. 


ioo  Bibliography  —  Biographies.  [§  25. 

Edward  Everett  Hale,  The  Life  of  Washington  studied  anew.  N.Y., 
1888. 

Washington  Irving,  Life  of  George  Washington.  5  vols.  N.Y.,  1855-59, 

Bradley  Tyler  Johnson,  General  Washington.  (Great  Commanders 
series.)  N.Y.,  1894. 

Charles  Cooper  King,  George  Washington.     London,  1894. 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  George  Washington.  (American  Statesmen 
series.)  2  vols.  Boston,  1889. 

John  Marshall,  Life  of  George  Washington.  5  vols.  Phila.,  1804-07. 
—  Also  an  abridged  edition  in  2  vols.  1832. 

Horace  Elisha  Scudder,  George  Washington:  An  Historical  Biography. 
(Riverside  Library  for  Young  People  series.)  Boston,  1889. 

[Mrs.]  Elizabeth  Eggleston  Seelye,  The  Story  of  Washington.  N.Y., 
1893. 

Jared  Sparks,  The  Life  of  George  Washington.     Boston,  1839. 

Charles  Janeway  Stille,  Major-General  Anthony  Wayne  and  the  Penn 
sylvania  Line  in  the  Continental  Army.  Phila.,  1893. 

George  T.  Curtis,  Life  of  Daniel  Webster.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1870. 

Peter  Harvey,  Reminiscences  and  Anecdotes  of  Daniel  Webster.  Boston, 
1877. 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster.  (American  Statesmen  series.) 
Boston,  1883. 

Horace  Elisha  Scudder,  Noah  Webster.  (American  Men  of  Letters 
series.)  Boston,  1882. 

Thuflow  Weed  Barnes,  Memoir  of  Thurloiv  Weed.     Boston,  1884. 

William  Sloane  Kennedy,  John  Greenleaf  Whittier,  the  Poet  of 
Freedom.  (American  Reformers  series.)  N.Y.,  1892. 

Henry  Martyn  Dexter,  As  to  Roger  Williams.  Congregational  Pub 
lishing  Society,  Boston.  [Copyright,  1876.] 

James  Davis  Knowles,  Memoir  of  Roger  Williams.     Boston,  1834. 

Oscar  Solomon  Straus,  Roger  Williams :  The  Pioneer  of  Religiotis 
Liberty.  N.Y.,  1894. 

Robert  C.  Winthrop,  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Winthrop.   Boston,  1864. 

Joseph  Hopkins  Twichell,  John  Winthrop.  (Makers  of  America 
series.)  N.Y.,  1891. 

J.  P.  Kennedy,  Memoirs  of  William  Wirt.     2  vols.     Phila.,  1849. 

George  Gibbs,  Memoirs  of  the  Administrations  of  Washington  and 
John  Adams.  N.Y.,  1820. 

John  S.  Jenkins,  Life  of  Silas  Wright.     Auburn,  1847. 

John  Witherspoon  Du  Bose,  The  Life  and  Times  of  William  Loivndes 
Yancey.  Birmingham,  Ala.,  1892. 


§  26.]  Periodicals. 

Joseph  Hodgson,  The  Cradle  of  the  Confederacy ;  o:-.  T/IJ  Timts  cf 
Troup,  Quitman,  and  Yancey.  Mobile,  iS?6.  ' '  "  "  ' 

George  Quayle  Cannon,  Life  of  President  Brigham  Young.  [In 
preparation.] 


§  26.     Periodicals. 

Much  valuable  material,  both  secondary  and  original,  is  buried 
in  the  sets  of  American  periodicals.  Few  of  them  are  wholly 
devoted  to  historical  matters,  but  many  contain  occasional  articles. 
Out  of  the  following  list  of  periodicals  the  most  serviceable  in  an 
historical  library  would  be  the  American  Historical  Review, 
Atlantic  Monthly,  Century  (especially  for  the  Civil  War),  Demo 
cratic  Review,  Forum,  North  American  Review  (old  series  to 
1878),  Magazine  of  American  History,  Political  Science  Quar 
terly,  Scribner*s  Magazine,  and  the  Yale  Review. 

Until  the  publication  of  Poole's  Index  to  Periodicals  such  matter 
was  almost  inaccessible.  At  present,  by  means  of  this  aid  and 
Jones's  Index  to  Legal  Periodicals,  it  is  easy  to  assemble  material 
either  as  a  basis  of  historical  knowledge  or  for  topical  work. 
The  value  of  a  library  is  much  increased  by  these  publications, 
including  the  supplements  to  Poole.  There  are  also  special  indexes 
to  Harper's,  North  American  Review,  and  the  New  York  Nation. 

Of  the  earlier  periodicals  the  most  valuable  for  its  historical 
material  is  Niles^s  Register  (1811-46);  for  the  last  thirty  years 
the  New  York  Nation  (since  1865);  the  North  American  Review 
fills  the  gap  between.  The  only  periodical  wholly  devoted  to 
American  history  has  been  the  Magazine  of  American  History, 
now  discontinued:  but,  in  October,  1895,  appeared  the  first  number 
of  the  American  Historical  Review,  which  is  intended  to  be  a 
national  clearing-house  for  historical  writers  and  readers.  The 
Political  Science  Quarterly  and  the  Yale  Review  have  also  much 
historical  matter.  For  a  record  of  current  events  and  criticisms 
Public  Opinion  is  useful.  The  illustrated  magazines  have  some 
historical  articles  frequently  gathered  into  later  volumes.  The 
Forum  and  North  American  Review  deal  rather  with  current 
political  and  social  questions  than  with  historical  questions. 


IC2  ...  t     Bibliography.  [§  26  a. 


o*  Priodicals  Containing  Historical  Material. 

American  Law  Re-view.     Boston,  1867-. 

The  American.     Philadelphia,  1881-. 

The  American  Antiqiiarian.     Chicago,  1878—. 

The  American  Whig  Review.     16  vols.     N.Y.,  1845-52. 

The  Andover  Review.     Boston,  1884-93. 

Appleton's  Journal.  15  vols.  N.Y.,  1869-76.  —  New  series,  n  vols- 
1876-81. 

The  Atlantic  Monthly.     Boston,  1857-. 

Annals  of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science. 
Phila.,  1890-. 

The  Bangor  Historical  Magazine.     8  vols.     Bangor,  1885-93. 

The  Baptist  Quarterly  Review,     n  vols.     N.Y.,  1867-77. 

Bibliotheca  Sacra.     Andover,  1844-83;  Oberlin,  1884-. 

Carey's  American  Museum.     10  vols.     Phila.,  1787-92. 

The  Catholic  World.     N.Y.,  1865-. 

The  Century  Magazine.     N.Y.,  1881-. 

The  Chaittauquan.     Meadville,  1884-. 

The  Cosmopolitan.     N.Y.,  1887-. 

De  Sow's  Commercial  Review.     29  vols.     New  Orleans,  1846-60. 

De  Bow's  Review.  5  vols.  New  Orleans,  1860-64.  —  "  After  the 
War  series,"  8  vols.,  1866-70. 

The  Democratic  Review.     43  vols.     N.Y.,  1838-59. 

William  Henry  Egle,  editor,  Notes  and  Queries,  Historical  and 
Genealogical,  chiefly  relating  to  Interior  Pennsylvania.  Harrisburg, 
1881-95. 

The  Forum.     N.Y.,  1886-. 

The  Galaxy.     24  vols.     N.Y.,  1866-77. 

The  Granite  Monthly.     9  vols.     Concord,  N.H.,  1878-86. 

Harper's  New  Monthly  Magazine.     N.Y.,  1850-. 

Harvard  Law  Review.     Cambridge,  1887-. 

Samuel  Hazard,  editor,  Register  of  Pennsylvania  (1828-35).  16  vols. 
Phila.,  1828-36. 

The  Historical  Magazine  (Dawson's).    23  vols.    Boston,  etc.,  1857-75. 

The  International  Review.     14  vols.     N.Y.,  1874-83. 

Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in  Historical  and  Political  Science. 
Baltimore,  1883-. 

The  Knickerbocker  Magazine.     64  vols.     N.Y.,  1833-64. 

Lippincott's  Magazine.     Phila.,  1868-. 


§  26  a.]  Periodicals.  103 

Magazine  of  American  History.     N.Y.,  1877-94. 

Magazine  of  New  England  History.     2  vols.     Newport,  1891-93. 

Magazine  of  Western  History.    14  vols.    Cleveland,  N.Y.,  1884-91. — 
Continued  as  The  National  Magazine.    Vols.  XV-XIX.    N.Y.,  1891-94. 

Maine  Historical  and  Genealogical  Recorder.     Portland,  1 884-. 

William    Maxwell,    editor,    The    Virginia    Historical    Register,    and 
Literary  Advertiser.     6  vols.     Richmond,  1848-53. 

The  Methodist  Quarterly.     N.Y.,  1841-. 

The  Narragansett  Historical  Register.      8    vols.       Hamilton,    R.I., 
1882-91. 

The  Nation.     N.Y.,  1865-. 

The  National  Geographic  Magazine.     Washington,  1889-. 

The  New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register.      Boston, 
1847- 

New  Princeton  Review.     6  vols.     N.Y.,  1886-88. 

The  New  Englander.     56  vols.     New  Haven,  etc.,  1843-92. 

The  New  England  Magazine.     9  vols.     Boston,  1831—35. 

The  New  England  Magazine.     New  series.     Boston,  1889-. 
1     The  Newport  Historical  Magazine.     Vols.  I-IV.     Newport,  1880-83. 
—  Continued  as  The  Rhode  Island  Historical  Magazine.     Vols.  V-VII. 
Newport,  1884-87. 

The  North  American  Review.     Boston,  1815-77;  N.Y.,  1878-. 

Ohio   Archaeological  and    Historical   Quarterly    (1887-89).       2  vols. 
Columbus  [1887-89]. 

The  Penn.  Monthly.     12  vols.     Phila.,  1870-82. 

The  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography.  —  The  official 
publication  of  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society.     Phila.  1877-. 

Political  Science  Quarterly.     N.Y.,  1886-. 

The  Portfolio  (Dennie's).     34  vols.     Phila.,  1809-25. 

Potter's  American  Monthly.     14  vols.     Phila.,  1875-81. 

The  Presbyterian  Quarterly  Review.     6  vols.     N.Y.,  1872-77. 

The  Presbyterian  Review.     10  vols.     N.Y.,  1880-89. 

The  Princeton  Review.     43  vols.     Princeton,  1829-71.  —  New  series, 
N.Y.,  1878-84. 

The  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics.     Boston,  1886-. 

Scribner's  Monthly.    22  vols.    N.Y.,  1870-81.  —  New  series,  Scribner^s 
Magazine,  N.Y.,  1887-. 

Southern  Historical  Magazine.    Vol.  I,  Nos.'  1-6.    Charleston,  W.Va., 
1892. 

Southern  Literary  Messenger.     29  vols.     Richmond,  1835-59. 

The  Southern  Quarterly  Review.     27  vols.     Charleston,  1842-56. 


1 04  Bibliography.  [§  26  a. 

The  Southern  Review.     8  vols.     Charleston,  1828-32. 
The  Southern  Review.     8  vols.     Baltimore,  1867-70. 
The  Unitarian  Review.     36  vols.     Boston,  1874-91. 
77ie  Universalist  Quarterly.     48  vols.     Boston,  1844-91. 
Western  Law  Journal.     10  vols.     Cincinnati,  1843-53. 
The  Yale  Review.     New  Haven,  1892-. 


§  27.    Newspapers. 

Newspapers  are  difficult  to  use  for  historical  purposes,  and  their 
record  of  events  is  apt  to  be  imperfect  or  distorted  by  the  political 
views  of  the  editor.  Early  newspapers,  especially  in  colonial 
times,  had  very  little  important  news  in  them,  and  are  useful 
principally  for  the  unintentional  information  of  advertisements  and 
items.  Newspapers  of  the  present  day  are  hard  to  handle,  owing 
to  their  bulk  and  to  the  lack  of  systematic  arrangement.  In  general 
such  material  ought  to  be  used  rather  for  illustration  and  corrobo- 
ration  ;  it  is  not  safe  to  make  newspapers  the  sole,  or  even  the 
principal,  dependence  for  an  historical  narrative.  The  system  of 
newspaper  clippings  employed  in  some  schools  has  the  serious 
drawback  of  failing  to  instil  discrimination  in  the  selection  of 
material. 

The  following  books  about  American  newspapers  may  be  found 
suggestive  : 

Joseph  T.  Buckingham,  Specimens  of  Newspaper  Literature.  2  vols. 
Boston,  1850. 

Frederic  Hudson,  History  of  Journalism  in  the  United  States,  from 
1690  to  1872.  N.Y.,  1873. 

S.  N.  D.  North,  History  and  Present  Condition  of  the  Newspaper  and 
Periodical  Press  in  the  United  States.  (Publications  of  the  Tenth 
Census.)  Washington,  1884. 

Isaiah  Thomas,  History  of  Printing  in  America.  2  vols.  Worcester, 
1810.  Second  edition.  2  vols.  Albany,  1874. 

A  most  useful  newspaper  for  historical  purposes  is  Niles^s 
Register,  in  which  appear  significant  extracts  from  a  variety  of  the 
papers  of  the  day.  The  New  York  Tribune  and  New  York  Times 
represent  the  two  sides  from  about  1840  to  1865.  The  Nation  at 


§  2;.]  Newspapers.  105 

that  date  (1865)  began  its  valuable  weekly  review  of  politics. 
Recently,  Public  Opinion  has  revived  Niles's  system  of  extracts 
from  other  papers.  Out  of  the  thousands  of  newspapers  in  the 
United  States  the  following  brief  list  includes  some  of  the 
most  serviceable.  They  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  their  first 
appearance. 

Boston  News-Letter,  1704-76. 

Boston  Gazette,  1719-52. 

New  York  Gazette,  N.Y.,  1725-41. 

New  York  Gazette,  or  Post  Boy,  1744-73. 

New  England  Weekly  Journal,  1727-41. 

Maryland  Gazette,  Annapolis,  1727-29,  and  1745-1839. 

Pennsylvania  Gazette,  Phila.,  1728-1845. 

New  York  Weekly  Journal  [Zenger],  1733-46. 

Boston  Weekly  Post  Boy,  1734-55. 

Boston  Evening  Post,  1735-75- 

Virginia  Gazette,  Williamsburg,  1736-75. 

Pennsylvania  Journal,  1 742-97. 

Evening  Post,  N.Y.,  1746,  1794-95,  1801-. 

Boston  Weekly  Advertiser,  1751-75. 

Connecticut  Gazette,  New  Haven,  1755-68. 

New  Hampshire  Gazette,  Portsmouth,  1756—. 

Newport  Mercury,  1 7  58-. 

South  Carolina  and  American  General  Gazette,  1758-80. 

Providence  Gazette  and  Daily  Journal,  1762-. 

Georgia  Gazette,  1763-1802. 

New  London  Gazette,  1763-73;   Connecticut  Gazette,  1773-1844. 

Connecticut  Courant,  Hartford,  1764-. 

New  York  Journal,  or  General  Advertiser  [Holt],  1766-1800. 

Connecticut  Journal  and  New  Haven  Post  Boy,  1767-1835. 

Massachusetts  Spy,  Boston,  1770-75;  Worcester,  1775-. 

Maryland  Journal  and  Baltimore  Advertiser,  1773—97. 

Essex  Journal,  Newburyport,  1773-1800. 

Salem  Gazette,  1774-. 

Independent  Chronicle,  Boston,  1776-84,  1789-1831. 

Morning  Post,  Boston,  1780-92. 

Massachusetts  Centinel,  Boston,  1784-90.  —  Later,  published  as 

Columbian  Centinel,  Boston,  1790-1840. 

Gazette  of  the  United  States,  N.Y.  and  Phila.,  1789-1847. 

National  Gazette,  Phila.,  1791-93- 


io6  Bibliography.  [§  27. 

General  Advertiser  and  Aurora,  Phila.,  1798-1814. 
National  Intelligencer,  Washington,  1800-70. 
New  England  Palladium,  1801-35. 
New  York  Herald,  1802-. 
The  Enquirer,  Richmond,  1804-. 

Niles's  Register,  Baltimore,  181 1-49.  76  vols.  —  Republished  in  36  vols. 
Boston  Daily  Advertiser,  Boston,  1796,  1798,  1813-. 
Charleston  Mercury,  1822-68. 

Genius  of    Universal    Emancipation,    Baltimore    and    Washington, 
1831-36. 

Louisville  Courier- Journal,  1831-. 
The  Liberator,  Boston,  1831-65. 
New  York  Times,  1834-. 
New  Orleans  Picayiine,  about  1837-. 
National  Anti-Slavery  Standard,  N.Y.,  1840-70. 
New  York  Tribune,  1841-. 

The  National  Era,  Washington,  B.C.,  1847-60. 
Chicago  Tribune,  1847-. 
Missouri  Democrat,  about  1852-. 
The  Nation,  New  York,  1865-. 
Public  Opinion,  Washington,  1865-. 


§  28.     Printed  Sources. 

The  ultimate  source  of  our  knowledge  of  American  history  is 
the  record  made  at  the  time  of  the  events  described.  In  part  we 
have  official  records  —  conscious  history  ;  and  the  founders  of  the 
English  Colonies,  especially  in  New  England,  were  well  aware  of 
the  value  which  posterity  would  place  on  their  account  of  the 
planting  of  the  New  World.  Winsor  in  the  Narrative  and 
Critical  History  (VIII,  426)  enumerates  the  principal  publica 
tions,  including  the  colonial  records,  which  are  among  the  most 
precious  of  our  documents.  Those  of  Massachusetts  and  Con 
necticut,  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  Hampshire  have  been 
published  by  the  respective  states  ;  and  the  two  series  edited  by 
O'Callaghan  called  the  Documents  relating  to  the  History  of 
New  York  and  Documentary  History  of  New  York  are  substan 
tially  records  of  that  colony.  Side  by  side  with  these  must  be 
mentioned  the  historical  narratives  of  Bradford,  Winthrop,  Mather, 


§  2Q.]  Printed  Sotirces.  107 

and  Hutchinson  on  Massachusetts  history  —  a  kind  of  material 
peculiar  to  Massachusetts. 

The  records  of  the  New  England  Confederation  are  reprinted 
in  the  Plymouth  and  Connecticut  records.  Since  1774  we  have 
continuous  Journals  for  the  Congresses  of  the  United  States.  For 
the  Convention  of  1787  there  is  the  Jo2trnal  and  also  Madison's 
notes  on  the  debates.  From  1789  to  1837  we  have  reprints  of 
contemporary  newspaper  reports  of  debates  in  Congress  ;  and 
since  1833  an  official  stenographic  report,  the  Congressional  Globe 
and  Congressional  Record.  There  are  several  elaborate  series  of 
public  documents  published  by  authority  of  Congress  ;  of  these 
the  earlier  ones  were  gathered  up  and  republished  in  the  folio 
State  Papers.  To  all  these  documents  there  are  elaborate  indexes 
(§  1 6).  The  Supreme  Court  Reports  contain  the  decisions  of 
that  court.  The  ordinances  of  Congress  before  1788  are  not 
printed  except  in  the  Journals:  but  since  1788  there  is  a  series  of 
Statutes  at  Large  containing  the  laws  and  treaties  of  the  United 
States  (§  30). 

Few  states  have  printed  sets  of  documents,  and  none  have 
official  reports  of  legislative  proceedings.  Nor  are  the  town  and 
city  transactions  in  print,  except  in  a  few  cases.  On  the  other 
hand  few  countries  have  such  abundant  sets  of  works  of  statesmen. 
Those  of  Franklin,  Washington,  Hamilton  and  Jefferson  have 
been  twice  published  in  different  forms.  These  works  contain 
state  papers  and  correspondence,  and  are  well  adapted  for  use  in 
schools  and  colleges.  Many  public  men  have  also  put  together 
their  experiences  and  reminiscences  into  autobiographies  and  recol 
lections  —  of  these  the  most  valuable  are  John  Quincy  Adams's 
Memoirs,  Franklin's  Autobiography,  Benton's  Thirty  Year's 
View,  McCullough's  Men  and  Measures,  and  Josiah  Quincy's 
Figures  of  the  Past  (§  32). 

§  29.     Colonial  Records. 

The  old  saying,  "As  the  twig  is  bent  so  the  tree  inclines," 
applies  with  great  force  to  the  history  of  American  political  and 
legal  institutions.  He  that  would  have  a  true  and  accurate  insight 


1 08  Bibliography  —  Colonial  Records.  [§  29. 

into  the  institutions  and  political  development  of  the  United  States 
since  the  inauguration  of  President  Washington  must  first  gain  a 
thorough  comprehension  of  the  institutions  of  colonial  days.  This 
knowledge  can  be  best  acquired  by  an  actual  perusal  of  the  legis 
lation  and  records  of  the  colonial  epoch.  To  facilitate  this  study 
the  following  list  of  sources  is  given.  It  is  not  intended  to  be  a 
complete  bibliography ;  but  is  designed  to  include  the  most  valu 
able  works  which  may  be  found  in  our  large  libraries. 

General. 

The  Statutes  of  the  Realm.  Printed  by  Command  of  His  Majesty  King 
George  III.  12  vols.  [London],  1810-28.  —  Extends  to  the  end  of  the 
reign  of  Queen  Anne. 

Danby  Pickering,  The  Statutes  [of  England  and  Great  Britain"]  at 
Large  from  Magna  Charta  to  ...  ijdi.  Cambridge,  1762.  With  a 
Continuation,  edited  by  Pickering  and  others,  Cambridge  and,  later, 
London,  1762-1869.  109  vols.,  and  a  good  Index  in  three  vols.  —  This 
set  is  always  cited  as  Pickering's  Statutes. 

Nicholas  Trott,  The  Laws  of  the  British  Plantations  in  America, 
relating  to  the  Church  and  the  Clergy,  Religion  and  Learning.  London, 
1721.  —  Imperfect,  but  useful  as  pointing  the  way. 

An  Abridgement  of  the  Laws  in  Force  and  Use  in  Her  Majesty's 
Plantations.  London,  1704. 

John  Brown  Dillon,  Oddities  of  Colonial  Legislation  in  America. 
Indianapolis,  1879. 

Fran9ois  Xavier  Martin,  A  Collection  of  the  Statutes  of  the  Parliament 
of  England  in  Force  in  the  State  of  North  Carolina.  Newbern,  1792.  — 
Most  of  these  laws  were  in  force  in  the  other  colonies  as  well  as  in 
North  Carolina. 

W.  Noel  Sainsbury,  editor,  Calendar  of  [British]  State  Papers, 
Colonial  Series  (1574-1676).  9  vols.  London,  1860-93. 

J.  Redington  and  R.  A.  Roberts,  editors,  Calendar  of  Home  Office, 
Papers  of  the  Reign  of  George  III  (1760-72).  3  vols.  London, 
1878-81.  —  Among  the  other  volumes  of  the  "  Rolls  Series,"  which  the 
student  of  American  history  will  find  helpful,  are  the  Domestic  Papers, 
the  Carew  Manuscripts,  etc. 

[John  Almon],  A  Collection  of  Papers,  relative  to  the  Dispute  between 
Great  Britain  and  America,  from  1764  to  1775.  London,  1777.  —  Always 
cited  as  The  Prior  Doctiments. 


§29.]  General — New  Hampshire.  109 

The  Charters  of  the  British  Colonies  in  America.  London,  1775. — 
Printed  for  John  Almon. 

Ben.  Perley  Poore,  compiler,  The  Federal  and  State  Constitutions, 
Colonial  Charters,  and  other  Organic  Laws  of  the  United  States.  2  parts. 
Washington,  Government  Printing  Office,  1877. 

Extracts  from  the  Votes  and  Proceedings  of  the  American  Continental 
Congress,  held  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  ^th,  1774.  Phila.,  1774. 

Francis  Lister  Hawks  and  William  Stevens  Perry,  Documentary 
History  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States  of 
America,  containing  numerous  documents  concerning  the  Church  in 
Connecticut.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1863-64. 

William  Stevens  Perry,  editor,  Historical  Collections  relating  to  the 
American  Colonial  Church.  5  vols.  Hartford,  1870-78.  (Only  250 
copies  printed.)  Vol.  I  contains  documents  relating  to  Virginia ; 
Vol.  II,  Pennsylvania  ;  Vol.  3,  Massachusetts  ;  Vol.  IV,  Maryland  ; 
Vol.  V,  Delaware.  —  This  publication  contains  papers  drawn  from  the 
English  State  Papers  and  not  elsewhere  accessible  in  print. 

Thomas  B.  Akins,  Selections  from  the  Public  Documents  of  the  Province 
of  Nova  Scotia.  Halifax,  1869. 

Douglas  Brymner,  archivist,  Report  on  Canadian  Archives.  Ottawa, 
1881-95.  —  Eight  reports  have  been  issued.  They  contain  matter  of  the 
greatest  value  to  the  student  of  the  history  of  the  United  States. 

William  Houston,  Documents  Ilhistrative  of  the  Canadian  Constitution. 
Toronto,  1891. 

William  Kingsford,  The  History  of  Canada.  1608-1779.  6  vols. 
London  and  Toronto,  1888-93.  —  This  work  contains  many  important 
documents  relating  to  colonial  history  not  easily  accessible  elsewhere. 

New  Hampshire. 

Acts  and  Laws  of  His  Majesty's  Province  of  New  Hampshire  in  New 
England.  With  sundry  Acts  of  Parliament,  1696-1771.  Portsmouth,  1771. 

New  Hampshire,  Acts  and  Laws  of  the  Colony  of  New  Hampshire 
(1776-80). 

Records  of  New  Hampshire,  in  17  vols.  Vols.  I -VI I  contain  Pro 
vincial  Papers,  1623-1776;  Vol.  VIII,  State  Papers,  1776-83;  Vol.  IX, 
Town  Papers,  1638-1784;  Vol.  X,  Miscellaneous  Documents  (Constitu 
tional  Conventions,  1788-92,  censuses,  and  copies  of  original  papers); 
Vols.  XI-XIII,  Town  Documents;  Vols.  XIV-XVII,  Revolutionary 
Rolls.  Vols.  I-X,  compiled  by  Nathaniel  Bouton,  1867-77  '•>  Vols-  XI~ 
XVII,  by  Isaac  W.  Hammond,  Boston,  1882-89. 


no  Bibliography — Colonial  Records.  [§29. 

Concord  Town  Records,  1132-1820.  Printed  by  authority,  Concord, 
1894. 

Frank  Warren  Hackett,  compiler,  Portsmouth  Records,  1645-1656. 
Portsmouth,  1886. 

Massachusetts. 

Nathaniel  B.  Shurtleff,  editor,  Records  of  the  Governor  and  Company 
of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  in  Arew  England  (1628-86).  5  vols.  Boston, 
1853-54.  —  A  copy  now  costs  about  twenty-five  dollars. 

Thomas  Hutchinson,  A  Collection  of  Original  Papers  Relative  to  the 
History  of  the  Colony  of  Massachusetts-Bay.  Boston,  1769. 

Journals  of  the  Honourable  House  of  Representatives  of  His  Majesty 's 
Province  of  the  Massachusetts-Bay,  in  ATew-England(ij2il—'jcj).  Boston, 
1723-78. 

William  Lincoln,  editor,  The  Journals  of  each  Provincial  Congress  of 
Massachusetts,  777^-7775*,  and  other  Documents.  Boston,  1838. 

Alden  Bradford,  editor,  Speeches  of  the  Governors  of  Massachusetts 
from  1765  to  /77J;  and  the  Answers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  with 
their  Resolutions.  Boston,  1818. 

William  H.  Whitmore,  editor,  A  Bibliographical  Sketch  of  the  Laws 
of  the  Massachusetts  Colony  from  1630  to  1686.  Boston,  1890.  —  Contains, 
among  other  things,  the  "  Body  of  Liberties  "  in  photographic  facsimile. 

The  Body  of  Liberties.  1641.  Reprinted  in  facsimile  by  William  H. 
Whitmore  in  The  Colonial  Laws  of  Massachusetts.  Boston,  1889. 

The  Book  of  the  General  Lawes  and  Libertyes  concerning  the  Inhabi 
tants  of  the  Massachiisets.  Cambridge,  1660.  —  Reprinted  in  facsimile, 
with  supplements  to  1672,  by  William  H.  Whitmore,  in  The  Colonial 
Laws  of  Massachusetts.  Boston,  1889. 

The  General  Laws  and  Liberties  of  the  Massachusetts  Colony:  Revised 
and  Reprinted.  By  Order  of  the  General  Court  Holden  at  Boston, 
May  i$th,  1672.  Edward  Rawson,  Seer.  Cambridge,  1672.  —  This  is 
reprinted  in  facsimile  in  the  next  title. 

William  H.  Whitmore,  editor,  The  Colonial  Laws  of  Massachusetts. 
Reprinted  from  the  edition  of  16*72,  with  the  supplements  through  1686. 
Boston,  1887. 

Acts  and  Laws,  of  His  Majesty's  Province  of  the  Massachusetts-Bay  in 
New-England,  1692-1758.  Boston,  1759.  —  A  copy,  with  supplements 
to  1774,  is  in  Harvard  College  Library. 

Acts  and  Laws,  Passed  by  the  Great  and  General  Court  or  Assembly 
of  the  Colony  of  the  Massachusetts-Bay  in  New-England  (1775-80). 
Boston,  1780. 


§  29.]  New  Hampshire  —  Massachusetts.  1 1 1 

The  Perpetual  Laws  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts,  from  the 
commencement  of  the  Constitution,  in  1780,  to  1789.  Boston,  1789. 

Nathan  Dane,  William  Prescott,  and  Joseph  Story,  compilers,  The 
Charters  and  General  Laws  of  the  Colony  and  Province  of  Massachusetts 
Bay.  Boston,  1814. 

Ellis  Ames  and  Abner  Cheney  Goodell,  compilers,  The  Acts  and 
Resolves,  public  and  private,  of  the  Province  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay. 
7  vols.  Boston,  1869-92. 

Edward  Buck,  Massachusetts  Ecclesiastical  Law.     Boston,  1866. 

Catalogue  of  Records  and  Files  in  the  Office  of  the  Clerk  of  the  Supreme 
Judicial  Court  for  the  County  of  Suffolk  [Massachusetts].  Boston,  1890. 

Suffolk  Deeds  (1629-72).     Libri  I -VII.     Boston,  1880-94. 

York  Deeds  (1642-1722).     10  vols.     Portland,  1887. 

William  Henry  Whitmore  and  William  S.  Appleton  (Record  Com 
missioners),  Reports  of  the  Record  Commissioners  of  the  City  of  Boston. 
25  vols.  issued,  containing  records  of  Boston,  Dorchester,  Roxbury,  the 
Boston  Selectmen's  Minutes,  etc.  Boston,  1876-96. 

Samuel  A.  Bates,  editor,  Records  of  the  Town  of  Braintree.  1640  to 
1793.  Randolph,  Mass.,  1886. 

Muddy  River  and  Brookline  Records.  1634-1838.  By  the  Inhabitants 
of  Brookline.  1875. 

Don  Gleason  Hill,  editor,  Dedham  Records.  Town  and  Selectmen. 
1636-16^3.  Dedham,  1892-94.  —  Church  Records  (1638-1845).  Dedham, 
1888. 

Henry  Stedman  Nourse,  The  Early  Records  of  Lancaster.  Lancaster, 
1884. 

Watertown  Records.     Watertown,  1894. 

Mary  Francis  Peirce,  Town  of  Weston,  Records  (1746-1803).  Boston, 
1893. 

Franklin  Pierce  Rice,  editor,  The  Records  of  Worcester.  (Worcester 
Society  of  Antiquity,  Collections,  Vols.  I-XIII.) 

W.  P.  Upham,  Town  Records  of  Salem  (1634-59).  (Essex  Institute, 
Historical  Collections,  second  series,  I.)  Salem,  1869. 

Nathaniel  Bradstreet  Shurtleff  and  others,  compilers,  Records  of  the 
Colony  of  New  Plymouth  in  New  England  (1620-92).  12  vols.  Boston, 
1855-61.  —  Vol.  XI,  which  was  edited  by  David  Pulsifer,  contains  the 
Plymouth  Colony  Laws,  1623-82  ;  Vol.  VI,  those  from  1683  to  1686, 
1689  to  1692;  Vols.  IX  and  X  contain  the  Acts  of  the  Commissioners 
of  the  United  Colonies  (1643-79). 

William  Brigham,  compiler,  The  Compact  with  the  Charter  and  Laws 
of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth.  Boston,  1836. 


1 1 2  Bibliography  —  Colonial  Records.  [§  29. 

Franklin  Benjamin  Hough,  Papers  relating  to  the  Island  of  Nantucket. 
Albany,  1856. 

Rhode  Island. 

Acts  and  Laws  of  His  Majesty's  Colony  of  Rhode-Island  and  Prozndence- 
Plantations  in  New-England.  —  Editions  printed  at  Newport  by  the 
Widow  Franklin  in  1745  and  1764,  and  by  Samuel  Hall  in  1767.  All 
the  editions  of  the  Rhode  Island  laws  are  imperfect;  the  student  must 
therefore  consult  the  original  Schedules  to  gain  a  comprehension  of  the 
history  of  Rhode  Island. 

John  Russell  Bartlett,  compiler,  Records  of  the  Colony  of  Rhode  Island 
and  Providence  Plantations  in  New  England.  10  vols.  Providence, 
1856-65.  —  Imperfect ;  the  historian  is  obliged  to  go  to  the  original 
records. 

The  Early  Records  of  the  Town  of  Providence.  9  vols.  Published  by 
authority.  Providence,  1892-95. 

Connecticut. 

James  Hammond  Trumbull  and  Charles  J.  Hoadly,  compilers,  The 
Public  Records  of  the  Colony  of  Connecticut  ( 1 636- 1776).  15  vols.  Hart 
ford,  1850-90. 

Charles  J.  Hoadly,  compiler,  New  Haven  Colonial  Records :  Records 
of  the  Colony  and  Plantation  of  New  Haven  (1638-49).  Hartford,  1857. 
—  Records  of  the  Colony  or  Jurisdiction  of  New  Haven  (1653-65).  Hart 
ford,  1858. 

The  General  Laws  and  Liberties  of  Conecticut  Colonie :  Cambridge, 
1673.  Reprinted  at  Hartford,  1865. 

Acts  and  Laws  of  His  Majesty'1 's  Colony  of  Connecticut  in  New  England. 
—  Editions  of  1715  and  1769,  with  supplements  to  1779. 

Acts  and  Laws  of  the  State  of  Connecticut,  in  America.  New  London, 
1784,  with  supplements  to  1794. 

New  York. 

Edmund  Bailey  O'Callaghan,  compiler,  Laws  and  Ordinances  of  New 
Netherland,  1638-1674.  Albany,  1868. 

Acts  of  Assembly,  Passed  in  the  Province  of  New  York,  from  1691  to 
1718.  London,  1719. 

Laws  of  Assembly  from  i6qz  to  1773.     Vol.  I.     N.Y.,  1774. 

Laws  of  the  State  of  New  York  (1777-1801).  "  Republished  by  the 
Secretary  of  State,  pursuant  to  Chapter  341  of  the  laws  of  1885."  5  vols. 
Albany,  1886-87. 


§  29-]  MassacJiusetts  —  New  Jersey.  113 

Journal  of  the  Votes  and  Proceedings  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
Colony  of  New  York  (1691-1765).  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1764-66. 

Edmund  Bailey  O'Callaghan,  The  Documentary  History  of  the  State 
of  New  York.  4  vols.  Albany,  1849-51. 

Edmund  Bailey  O'Callaghan  and  Berthold  Fernow,  editors,  Documents 
relative  to  the  Colonial  History  of  the  State  of  New  York.  15  vols. 
Albany,  1856-87.  —  Vol.  XV  contains  State  Archives. 

Journals  of  the  Provincial  Congress,  Provincial  Convention,  etc.,  of  the 
State  of  New  York  (1775-77).  2  vols.  Albany,  1842.  —  The  journals 
are  also  contained  in  the  above  publication. 

Joel  Munsell,  The  Annals  of  Albany  (1609-1858).  10  vols.  Albany, 
1850-59. 

Records  of  the  Town  of  East-Hampton,  Long  Island.  4  vols.  Sag- 
Harbor,  1887-89.  (Published  by  authority.) 

J.  Wickham  Case,  Southold  (L.I.)  Town  Records.  2  vols.  Printed 
by  order  of  the  towns  of  Southold  and  Riverhead.  Copyright,  1882-84. 

New  Jersey. 

Aaron  Learning  and  Jacob  Spicer,  The  Grants,  Concessions,  and 
Original  Constitiittons  of  the  Province  of  New-Jersey  (1664-82).  Phila., 


William  A.  Whitehead  and  others,  compilers,  Archives  of  the  State 
of  New  Jersey  :  Documents  relating  to  the  Colonial  History  (1631-1775). 
18  vols.  Trenton,  1880-95.  —  Vols.  XI-XIl  contain  Newspaper  Extracts 
(1704-50);  Vols.  XIII-XVIII,  Journal  of  Governor  and  Council  (1682- 

1775)- 

Samuel  Allinson,  compiler,  Acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Province 
of  New-Jersey,  770.2-7776.  Burlington,  N.J.,  1776. 

Peter  Wilson,  compiler,  Acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of 
New-Jersey  (1776-83).  Trenton,  1784. 

Minutes  of  the  Provincial  Congress  and  the  Council  of  Safety  of  the 
State  of  New  Jersey,  777^-7776.  Trenton,  1879. 

Minutes  of  the  Council  of  Safety  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  7777-7775. 
Jersey  City,  1872. 

George  Scot,  The  Model  of  the  Government  of  the  Province  of  East 
New  Jersey.  Edinburgh,  1685.  —  Reprinted  in  Whitehead's  East  Jersey 
under  the  Proprietary  Government. 


ii4  Bibliography— -Colonial  Records.  [§29. 

Pennsylvania  and  Delaware. 

The  Charters  and  Acts  of  Assembly  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania 
(1744-59).  Vol.  II.  Phila.,  1762. 

Staughton  George  and  others,  compilers,  Duke  of  Yorkers  Book  of 
Laws  (1676-82)  and  Charter  to  William  Penn  and  Laws  of  the  Province 
of  Pennsylvania  passed  between  1682  and  1700.  Harrisburg,  1879. 

A  Collection  of  all  the  Laws  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania :  Now  in 
Force.  Phila.,  1742. 

The  Acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Penn 
sylvania  (1777-81),  with  an  Appendix  containing  the  ''Laws  now  in 
Force,  passed  between  the  3Oth  Day  of  September  1775,  and  the 
REVOLUTION."  Phila.,  1782. 

The  Record  of  the  Court  at  Upland,  in  Pennsylvania.  1676  to  1681. 
Phila.,  1860.  (In  Vol.  VII  of  Pennsylvania  Historical  Memoirs.} 

Alexander  James  Dallas,  compiler,  Laws  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Pennsylvania,  from  1700  to  I'jgo.  Republished  on  atithority.  2  vols. 
Phila.,  1793,  1797. 

Mathew  Carey  and  John  Bioren,  Laws  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Penn 
sylvania  (1700-1802).  6  vols.  Phila.,  1803. 

Votes  and  Proceedings  of  the  Hoiise  of  Representatives  of  the  Province 
of  Pennsylvania  (1682-1776).  6  vols.  Phila.,  1752-76. 

Colonial  Records  (1683-1790).  1 6  vols.  Phila.,  1852-53.  —  Vols.  I-X, 
Minutes  of  the  Provincial  Council  of  Pennsylvania  ;  Vols.  XI— XVI, 
Minutes  of  the  Supreme  Executive  Council  of  Pennsylvania. 

Pennsylvania  Archives  (1664-1790),  compiled  by  Samuel  Hazard. 
12  vols.  Phila.,  1852-56. 

The  same,  Second  Series,  edited  by  John  B.  Linn  and  William  H.  Egle. 
19  vols.  Harrisburg,  1874-90. 

[Michael  Hillegas],  editor,  Journals  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  (Nov.  28th,  1776,  to  Oct.  2d,  1781). 
Vol.  I.  Phila.,  1782.  —  Probably  no  more  published. 

John  Bach  McMaster  and  Frederick  Dawson  Stone,  editors,  Penn 
sylvania  and  the  Federal  Constitution.  1787-1788.  Phila.,  1888. 

Maryland. 

Acts  of  Assembly,  Passed  in  the  Province  of  Maryland,  from  1692  to 
1715.  London,  1723. 

A  Compleat  Collection  of  the  Laws  of  Maryland.     Annapolis,  1727. 

Thomas  Bacon,  Laws  of  Maryland  at  Large  (1637-1763).  Annapolis, 
1765.  — Contains  also  the  Charter  in  Latin,  with  an  English  translation. 


§  29.]  Pennsylvania  —  North  Carolina.  1 1  5 

Laws  of  Maryland  (1763-92).     2  vols.     Annapolis,  1787. 

James  Bisset,  Abridgment  and  Collection  of  the  Acts  of  Assembly  of  the 
Province  of  Maryland.  Phila.,  1759. 

Archives  of  Maryland,  edited  by  William  Hand  Browne.  13  vols. 
Baltimore,  1883-94. —Vols.  I,  II,  VII,  XIII,  Proceedings  of  the  General 
Assembly  (1637-92)  ;  Vols.  Ill,  V,  VIII,  Proceedings  of  the  Council 
(1636-93);  Vols.  IV,  X,  Business  of  the  Provincial  Court  (1637-57); 
Vols.  VI,  IX,  Correspondence  of  Governor  Horatio  Sharpe  (1753-61); 
Vols.  XI,  XII,  Journals  of  the  Convention  of  1775,  and  of  the  Council 
of  Safety  (i775~76). 

Virginia. 

William  Waller  Hening,  The  Statute s-at- Large,  being  a  Collection  of 
all  the  Laws  of  Virginia  (1619-1792).  13  vols.  Phila.  and  N.Y.,  1823. 

Acts  of  Assembly,  Passed  in  the  Colony  of  Virginia  from  the  Year  1662. 
London,  1728. 

The  Acts  of  Assembly,  Now  in  Force,  in  the  Colony  of  Virginia  (1661- 
1752).  Williamsburg,  1752. 

The  Acts  of  Assembly,  Now  in  Force,  in  the  Colony  of  Virginia  (1661- 
1768).  Williamsburg,  1769. 

A  Collection  of  all  such  Public  Acts  of  the  General  Assembly,  and 
Ordinances  of  the  Conventions  of  Virginia,  passed  since  the  Year  1768,  as 
are  now  in  force  (1769-83).  Richmond,  1785. 

A  Collection  of  all  such  Acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia,  of  a 
public  and  permanent  nature,  as  are  now  in  force  (1776-94).  Richmond, 
1794. 

Report  of  the  Committee  of  Revisors  appointed  by  the  General  Assembly 
of 'Virginia  in  1 7 -76.  Richmond,  1784. 

Thomas  Hicks  Wynne  and  W.  S.  Gilman,  editors,  Colonial  Records  of 
Virginia.  Richmond,  1874.  (Senate  Doc.,  Extra.) 

North  Carolina. 

Fran9ois-Xavier  Martin,  Revisal  of  the  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1715- 
1790.  New  Bern,  1804. 

James  Davis,  Revisal  of  the  Laws  of  North  Carolina.  New  Bern,  1752. 

James  Davis,  Revisal  of  the  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1715-1773-  New 
Bern,  1773. 

Fran9ois-Xavier  Martin,  A  Collection  of  the  Statutes  of  the  Parliament 
of  England  in  Force  in  the  State  of  North  Carolina.  Newbern,  1792. 

[William  Lawrence  Saunders,  compiler],  The  Colonial  Records  of 
North  Carolina  (1662-1776).  10  vols.  Raleigh,  1886-90. 


1 1 6  Bibliography  —  Colonial  Records.  [§  29. 


South  Carolina. 

Nicholas  Trott,  The  Laws  of  the  Province  of  South  Carolina  before 
1734.  2  vols.  Charleston,  1736. 

John  Faucheraud  Grimke,  compiler,  The  Public  Laws  of  the  State  of 
South-Carolina  (1694-1790).  Phila.,  1790. 

Thomas  Cooper  and  David  James  McCord,  Statutes  at  Large  of  South 
Carolina.  10  vols.  Columbia,  1836-41. 

Thomas  D.  Condy,  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  the  United  States  and  of 
South  Carolina  relating  to  the  Militia.  Also  Patrol  Laws,  Slave  Laws, 
and  Judicial  Decisions  thereon.  Charleston,  1830. 

Joseph  Brevard,  An  Alphabetical  Digest  of  the  Public  Statute  Law  of 
South-Carolina.  3  vols.  Charleston,  1814. 

The  Revised  Statutes  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina.  Columbia,  1873. 
—  An  Appendix  to  some  copies  gives  a  list  of  old  acts. 

Charles  Jennett  Weston,  editor,  Doctiments  connected  with  the  History 
of  South  Carolina.  London,  1856. 

Georgia. 

R.  and  G.  Watkins,  A  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  the  State  of  Georgia. 
Phila.,  1800.  —  Contains  material  of  value  as  regards  the  boundaries  of 
Georgia. 

Horatio  Marbury  and  William  H.  Crawford,  compilers,  Digest  of  the 
Laws  of  the  State  of  Georgia.  Savannah,  1802.  —  Contains  all  the  laws 
passed  before  1802,  and  then  in  force. 

Charles  Colcock  Jones,  editor,  Acts  passed  by  the  General  Assembly  of 
the  Colony  of  Georgia.  1753  to  1774.  Wormsloe,  1881. 

John  Perceval,  First  Earl  of  Egmont,  A  Journal  of  the  Transactions 
of  the  Trustees  for  Establishing  the  Colony  of  Georgia  in  America. 
Wormsloe,  1886. 

Louisiana. 

[Buckingham  Smith,  editor],  Coleccion  de  Varios  Documentos  para  la 
Historia  de  la  Florida  y  Tierras  Adyacentes.  Tome  I.  Londres  [1857]. 

[Don  John  O'Reilly],  Regttlations.  1770.  —  In  French,  in  Appendix 
to  Gayarre's  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane  ;  in  English,  in  American  State 
Papers,  folio  edition,  Public  Lands,  V,  and  Miscellaneous,  I,  369  et  seq. 

Recopilacion  de  Leyes  de  los  Reynos  de  las  Indias.     4  vols.     Madrid, 

1774- 

Novisima  Recopilacion  de  las  Leyes  de  Espana.  6  vols.  Madrid, 
1805. 


§  29.]       South  Carolina  —  Digests  and  Reports.         1 1 7 

Joseph  M.  White,  A  New  Collection  of  Laws,  Charters  . . .  of  Great 
Britain,  France  and  Spain,  relating  to  the  Concessions  of  Land  in  their 
several  Provinces.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1839.  —  Contains  a  mass  of  papers, 
difficult  of  access  elsewhere,  relating  to  the  early  history  and  institutions 
of  Louisiana. 

Digests  and  Reports. 

Benjamin  Vaughan  Abbott,  United  States  Digest . .  .from  the  Earliest 
Period  to  the  Year  1870.  15  vols.  Boston,  1874. 

Thomas  Bee,  Reports  of  cases  adjudged  in  the  District  Court  of  South 
Carolina,  to  which  is  added  an  Appendix  containing  decisions  in  the 
Admiralty  Court  of  Pennsylvania.  Phila.,  1810.  —  The  Appendix  con 
tains  many  cases  decided  between  1779  and  1785. 

Edmund  H.  Bennett,  Massachusetts  Digest  .  . .  of  reported  decisions 
[1804-79,  witn  references  to  earlier  cases],  2  vols.  Boston,  1881. 

Frederick  Charles  Brightly,  A  Digest  of  the  Decisions  of  the  Coiirts  of 
Pennsylvania  (1754-1877).  2  vols.  Phila.,  1877. 

Daniel  Call,  Reports  of  Cases  ...  in  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  Virginia. 
Second  edition.  6  vols.  Richmond,  1824.  —  A  few  early  cases  will  be 
found  scattered  through  these  volumes. 

Alexander  James  Dallas,  Reports  of  Cases  in  the  Courts  of  Penn 
sylvania  ;  and  in  the  Several  Courts  of  the  United  States  and  of  Penn 
sylvania  (1754-1806).  4  vols.  Phila.,  1790-1835.  —  Vol.  I  is  entitled: 
Reports  of  Cases  ruled  and  adjudged  in  the  Courts  of  Pennsylvania, 
before  and  since  the  Revolution.  Second  edition  of  Vol.  I,  Phila.,  1806. 

Thomas  Harris  and  John  McHenry,  Maryland  Reports  (1700-99). 
4  vols.  N.Y.,  1809-18. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  Reports  of  Cases  determined  in  the  General  Court 
of  Virginia,  from  f?jo  to  1748,  and  from  1768  to  1772.  Charlottesville, 
1829. 

Fran9ois  Xavier  Martin,  Notes  of  a  few  Decisions  in  the  Superior 
Courts  of  North  Carolina,  and  in  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States 
for  North  Carolina  District  \with  a  Translation  of  Latch's  Cases'}.  New- 
bern,  1797.  —  Included  with  other  matter  in  a  second  edition,  Raleigh, 
1843. 

William  Henry  Norris  and  others,  Digest  of  the  Maryland  Decisions. 
2  vols.  Baltimore,  1847. 

Richard  Peters,  Admiralty  Decisions  in  the  District  Court  of  the 
United  States  for  the  Pennsylvania  District.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1807.— 
Contains  Hopkinson's  decisions,  1780-1806,  and  other  interesting  matter, 
as,  for  example,  the  "  Marine  Ordinances  of  Louis  XIV." 


I  1 8  Bibliography  —  Records.  [§  29. 

Josiah  Quincy,  Jr.,  Reports  of  Cases  Argued  and  Adjudged  in  the 
Superior  Court  of  Judicature  of  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 
between  ij6i  and  1*772.  Boston,  1865. 

Jesse  Root,  Reports  of  Cases  adjudged  in  the  Superior  Court  [of 
Connecticut}.  Hartford,  1798.  —  Vol.  I  contains  several  cases  decided 
before  1789. 

George  Fred.  Williams,  Massachusetts  Citations.  Quincy  to  122  Mass. 
Boston,  1878. 

George  Chalmers,  Opinions  of  Eminent  Lawyers  on  various  points  of 
English  Jurisprudence,  chiefly  concerning  the  Colonies,  Fisheries,  and 
Commerce,  of  Great  Britain.  2  vols.  London,  1814. 

William  Forsyth,  Cases  and  Opinions  on  Constitutional  Law  and 
various  points  of  English  Jurisprudence.  London,  1869.  —  Contains  a 
few  opinions  dealing  with  the  thirteen  English  colonies  on  the  American 
continent. 

§  30.    United  States  Records. 

Under  the  Constitution  both  Houses  of  Congress  are  obliged  to 
keep  a  Journal;  and  a  statement  of  receipts  and  expenditures  must 
also  be  made.  In  the  course  of  years  many  other  documents  have 
come  to  be  regularly  published.  Most  of  these  publications  for 
the  current  year  may  be  had  by  applying  to  the  member  of 
Congress  from  one's  district ;  sometimes  back  sets  may  also  be 
had,  by  gift  or  purchase.  These  are  among  the  most  valuable 
sources  accessible  to  students  of  American  history. 

The  manuscripts  of  the  Journals  from  1774  to  1788  are  in  the 
State  Department  at  Washington.  No  full  and  accurate  printed 
edition  exists.  The  two  ti  ties  below  (§  30  a)  show  what  exists  in  print. 

Indexes  to  the  Journals  and  Debates  are  enumerated  in  §  i6e. 

The  laws  are  printed  in  annual  volumes,  and  they  are  also  to 
be  found  in  the  Appendices  to  the  records  of  debates  (§  30  b). 
The  standard  editions,  authoritative  in  the  courts,  are  enumerated 
below  (§  30  c).  Volume  VIII  of  the  Statutes  at  Large  contains 
an  index  to  the  laws  up  to  1845.  There  is  also  a  Synoptical  Index 
to  the  Laws  and  Treaties,  1789-1851.  Boston,  1882.  An  index 
in  another  form  is  :  F.  C.  Brightly,  'Analytical  Digest  of  the 
Laws  of  the  United  States,  1789-1857.  Phila.,  1858  ;  and  the 
indexes  to  the  Revised  Statutes  cover  all  laws  still  in  force. 


§  30  b.]  United  States  Records.  119 

Indexes  to  the  Documents  are  enumerated  in  §  i6e. 

To  the  decisions  of  the  Federal  Courts  the  most  convenient 
guide  is  :  Robert  Desty,  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  San 
Francisco,  1887  ;  it  is  arranged  in  the  order  of  the  clauses  of  the 
Federal  Constitution.  The  commentators  refer  freely  to  cases. 
There  are  also  three  "Digests"  to  Supreme  Court  Decisions: 
Jonathan  Kendrick  Kinney,  Digest  of  the  Decisions  of  the 
Supreme  Court.  2  vols.  Boston,  1886;  Henry  G.  Danforth, 
Digest  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  Reports.  2  vols. 
Albany  and  N.Y.,  1885;  H.  D.  Clarke,  Hand-Book  of  all  the 
Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Rochester,  1892. 

§  30  a.     Journals  of  Congress. 

1774-1788.  Journals  of  Congress.  Containing  their  proceedings.  (Con 
temporaneous  edition)  13  vols.  Phila.,  1777-88.  Reprint. 
13  vols.  N.Y.,  1800-01.  —  Another  reprint,  with  additions 
as  Public  Journals  of  Congress.  4  vols.  Boston,  1823. 

1775-1788.  Secret  Journals  of  the  Acts  and  Proceedings  of  Congress. 
4  vols.  Boston,  1821.  —  Extracts  from  the  Manuscript 
Journals,  omitted  in  preparing  the  Public  Journals, 
described  above. 

1789-1895.  Journal  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States. 
(Annual  volume.)  106  vols.  Phila.  and  Washington,  1789- 
1895.  —  Also  a  reprint  (1789-1815).  9  vols.  Washington, 
1826. 

1789-1895.  Journal  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  (Annual  volume.) 
106  vols.  Phila.  and  Washington,  1789-1895.  —  Also  a 
reprint  (1789-1815).  5  vols.  Washington,  1820. 

1789-1869.  Journal  of  the  Executive  Proceedings  of  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States.  1 8  vols.  Washington,  1828-87.  —  Contains 
matter  omitted  from  the  public  journals. 

§  30  b.     Records  of  Debates. 

1789-1824.  [Annals  of  Congress. ~\  Annals  of  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States.  42  vols.  Washington,  Gales  &  Seaton,  1834-56. 

1825-1837.  [Congressional  Debates, .]  Register  of  Debates  in  Congress. 
29  vols.  Washington,  Gales  &  Seaton,  1825-37. 

1833-1873.  The  Congressional  Globe,  containing  the  Debates  and  Pro 
ceedings.  108  vols.  Washington,  1834-73. 


1 20  Bibliography  —  Records.  [§  30  b. 

* 

1873-1895.    Congressional    Record,    containing     the     Proceedings    and 
Debates.     27  vols.  (in  152).     Washington,  1873-95. 


§  30  c.     Laws. 

1789-1895.  The  Statutes  at  Large  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
17  vols.  Boston,  1850-73.  —  (1789-1873).  ii  vols.  Wash 
ington,  Government  Printing  Office,  1873-95.  —  Includes 
treaties  and  the  later  proclamations. 

1873.  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States  ...  embracing  the 

Statutes  of  the  United  States,  general  and  permanent  in  their 
nature,  in  force  on  Dec.  ist,  1873.  Washington,  1875. — 
Also  a  second  edition,  with  slight  corrections,  Washington. 
1878. 

1873-1891.  Supplement  to  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States, 
embracing  the  Statutes,  general  and  permanent  in  their 
nature,  passed  after  the  Revised  Statutes.  (Edited  by 
William  A.  Richardson.)  Washington,  1881.  Vol.  I  only. 
Legislation  of  1874-1881.  —  Also  a  Second  Edition,  revised 
and  continued,  1874-1891.  Washington,  1891. 

1893.  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  embracing  the  statutes, 

in  force  on  the  first  day  of  December,  1893.  Washington, 
1893. 

§  30  d.     Documents. 

1778-1884.  Treaties  and  Conventions  concluded  between  the  United 
States  and  other  Powers  since  July  4th,  1776.  Washington, 
1889. 

1789-1818.  Thomas  B.  Waite,  State  Papers  and  Public  Documents  of 
the  United  States  . . .  exhibiting  a  Complete  View  of  our 
Foreign  Relations.  12  vols.  Boston. 

1 789-1 838.  American  State  Papers.  Documents,  legislative  andexccittive. 
Folio,  38  vols.  Washington,  Gales  &  Seaton,  1832-61. 

1789-1801.  [Congressional  Documents  were  published  in  a  variety  of 
forms,  as  :]  Messages,  Documents,  Reports,  Account  of  the 
Receipts  and  Expenditures,  etc. 

1801-1817.  [Congressional  Documents  were  printed,  with  few  excep 
tions,  in  uniform  size,  without  any  general  title;  the  binder's 
titles  are  :]  Documents^  Reports,  and,  usually,  State  Papers. 


United  States  Records, 


121 


1817-1849.  Senate  Documents,  —  Include  substantially  what  was  after 
wards  called  Senate  Executive  Documents  and  Reports  of 
Committees, 

1847-1895.  Senate  Executive  Documents.  —  Earlier  sets  in  this  period 
often  bear  the  title  Senate  Documents. 

1847-1895.    Senate  Miscellaneous  Documents. 

1847-1895.    Senate  Reports  of  Committees. 

1817-1830.  \_House  Documents  usually  appear  under  the  binder's  title:] 
State  Papers. 

1830—1847.  [The  Ho^lse  Documents  are  included  among  the]  Executive 
Documents  [and  make  up  nearly  or  quite  the  whole  of  the 
set  so  designated]. 

1847-1895.  House  Executive  Documents.  —  Earlier  sets  in  this  series 
have  simply  the  title  Executive  Documents. 

1847—1895.    House  Miscellaneous  Documents. 

1819-1895.    House  Reports  of  Committees. 


§  30  e.     Reports  of  Judicial  Decisions. 

1781-1800.    Alexander  Jones  Dallas,  Reports  of  Cases  in  the  Courts  of 

the   United  States,  and  Pennsylvania,  before  and  since  the 

Revolution.     4  vols.     Phila.,  1790-1807. 
1801-1815.    William  Cranch,  Reports  of  Cases  argued  and  adjudged  in 

the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.     9  vols.     Wash 
ington,  1804-17. 
1816-1827.    Henry  Wheaton,  Reports  of  Cases  argued  and  adjudged  in 

the  Supreme  Court,     12  vols.     N.Y.,  etc.,  1816-27. 
1828-1843.    Richard  Peters,  Jr.,  Reports  of  Cases  argued  and  adjudged 

in  the  Supreme  Court.      17  vols.     Phila.,  1828-43. 
1843-1860.    Benjamin  C.  Howard,  Reports  of  Cases  argued  and  adjiidged 

in  the  Supreme  Court.     24  vols.     Phila.,  1843-60. 
1861-1862.    Jeremiah    Sullivan    Black,    Reports   of   Cases  argued  and 

determined  in  the  Supreme  Court.      2  vols.     Washington, 

1862-63. 
1863-1874.    John  William  Wallace,  Cases  argued  and  adjudged.   13  vols. 

Washington,  1876-83.  —  Also  bears  the  title  United  States 

Reports,  Supreme  Court,  Vols.  qi-ioj. 
1882-1895.    J.  C.  Bancroft   Davis,   United  States  Reports.     Vols.  108- 

150.     47  vols.     Washington,  1884-95. 
1791-1827.    Richard    Peters,    Condensed  Reports  of  Cases  argued  and 


122  Bibliography.  [§  3oe. 

adjudged  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.     6  vols. 

Phila.,  1828-43. 
1790-1854.    B.  R.  Curtis,  Reports  of  Decisions  in  the  Supreme  Court  of 

the    United  States.      With   Notes  and  a  Digest.      23  vols. 

Boston.  —  Condensed  reports. 
1855-1863.    Samuel  F.  Miller,  Reports  of  Decisions  in  the  Supreme  Court 

of  the    United  States.      4  vols.      Washington,   1874-75. — 

Condensed  reports,  in  continuation  of  Curtis. 
1791-1895.    Official   Opinions   of  the   Attorneys-General  of  the    United 

States.     20  vols.     Washington,  1852-95. 

§  31.     Proceedings  of  Learned  Societies. 

Important  collections  of  historical  essays  of  great  value  are  to 
be  found  in  the  proceedings  of  the  historical  societies.  These 
have  recently  been  made  accessible  by  A.  P.  C.  Griffin's  Biblio 
graphy  of  the  Historical  Societies  of  the  United  States,  published 
in  the  Annual  Reports  of  the  American  Historical  Association 
for  1890  and  1892:  it  contains  tables  of  contents  of  all  the  publica 
tions  of  all  available  societies,  up  to  the  date  of  publication. 
There  are  also  indexes  to  some  of  the  sets  of  Proceedings  and 
Collections.  Among  the  more  important  are  the  following  : 

American  Historical  Association,  Papers.  5  vols.  N.Y.,  1885-90; 
Annual  Reports.  Washington,  Government  Printing  Office,  1887-. 

Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  Annual  Reports  and  Papers. 
Boston,  1881-.  Contains  many  valuable  papers  on  pre-historic 
America. 

Alabama  Historical  Society,  Transactions.  2  vols.  1851  and  1855  ; 
Alabama  Historical  Reporter.  3  vols.  Tuscaloosa,  1879-84. 

California  Historical  Society,  Papers  and  other  publications.  San 
Francisco,  1874-90. 

Connecticut  Historical  Society,  Collections.  4  vols.  Hartford, 
1860-92. 

New  Haven  Colony  Historical  Society,  Papers.  New  Haven,  1875-. 

Delaware  Historical  Society,  Papers.     Wilmington,  1879-. 

Georgia  Historical  Society,  Collections,  and  other  publications. 
Savannah,  1840-. 

Chicago  Historical  Society,  Collections.     4  vols.     Chicago,  1882-90. 

Kansas  State  Historical  Society,  Transactions  (1875-90).  4  vols. 
Topeka,  1881-90. 


§  3i.]  Proceedings  of  Learned  Societies.  123 

Maine  Historical  Society,  Collections.  Portland,  1831-.  —  Also 
other  publications. 

Maryland  Historical   Society,  Fund  Ptiblications.     Baltimore,  1867-. 

—  Also  many  other  publications. 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections.  67  vols.  Boston, 
1792-1894  ;  Proceedings.  30  vols.  Boston,  1859-94.  —  The  Collections 
were  first  printed  in  The  American  Apollo^  Boston,  1792  ;  they  then 
appeared  in  pamphlet  form.  The  early  numbers  were  reprinted  from 
time  to  time.  The  Collections  are  divided  into  series  of  ten  volumes 
each,  the  tenth  volume  containing  an  index  to  the  whole  series.  The 
first  twenty  volumes  of  the  Proceedings  form  the  first  series  of  that 
publication,  and  an  additional  volume  contains  an  index  to  these  twenty 
volumes.  Each  volume  of  the  Proceedings  and  of  the  later  Collections 
also  contains  an  index  of  the  matter  in  that  volume. 

American  Antiquarian  Society,  Archceologid  Americana.  Transactions 
and  Collections  of  the  Society.  7  vols.  Worcester,  etc.,  1820-85  ; 
Proceedings.  Worcester,  1843-80  ;  new  series,  Worcester,  1880—. 

New  England  Historic-Genealogical  Society,  The  New  England 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Register.  Boston,  1847—  >  Proceedings 
(1871-94).  Boston;  Memorial  Biographies  (1845-64).  5  vols.  Boston, 
1880-94. 

Essex  Institute,  Historical  Collections.  First  series.  Vols.  I-VIII. 
1859-68.  Second  series.  Vols.  1X-XXX.  1869-93.  Salem,  1859-93. 

Worcester  Society  of  Antiquity,  Collections.  13  vols.  Worcester, 
1881-94. 

Pioneer  Society  of  the  State  of  Michigan,  Reports.  18  vols.  1877-91. 
The  first  thirteen  volumes  have  as  binder's  title  :  "  Pioneer  Collections," 
to  which  the  words  "  Historical  Collections  "  were  added  in  the  four 
teenth  volume. 

Minnesota  Historical  Society,  Collections.    7  vols.    St.  Paul,  1872-93. 

—  Vol.  I  is  a  republication  of  the  original  parts  issued  from  1850-56. 
New  Hampshire   Historical  Society,   Collections.     9  vols.     Concord, 

1824-. 

New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  Proceedings.  2  series.  20  vols. 
Newark,  1847-90  ;  Collections.  7  vols.  Newark,  1846-72. 

New  York  Historical  Society,  Collections.  9  vols.  N.Y.,  1811-59  ; 
Collections,  Publication  Fund  Series.  18  vols.  N.Y.,  1868-81. 

Albany  Institute,  Transactions,     n  vols.     Albany,  1830-87. 

Long  Island  Historical  Society,  Memoirs,  and  other  publications. 
Brooklyn,  1867-. 


124  Bibliography.  [§31. 

Ohio  Historical  and  Archaeological  Society,  Ohio  Archceological  and 
Historical  Quarterly.  3  vols.  Columbus,  1888-91. 

Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Memoirs.  13  vols.  Phila.,  1826-91  ; 
Bulletin.  Vol.  I.  Phila.,  1848  ;  Collections.  Vol.  I.  Phila.,  1853  ; 
Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography.  Phila.,  1877-. 

Wyoming  Historical  and  Geological  Society,  Proceedings  and  Collec 
tions.  3  vols.  Wilkes-Barre,  Pa.,  1858-86. 

Rhode  Island  Historical  Society,  Collections.  8  vols.  Providence, 
1827-92  ;  Proceedings.  4  vols.  Providence,  1871-92  ;  Publications. 
New  series.  Providence,  1893-.  —  After  1892,  the  Proceedings  form  the 
first  number  of  each  volume  of  the  Publications. 

South  Carolina  Historical  Society,  Collections.  4  vols.  Charleston, 
1857-87. 

Vermont  Historical  Society,  Proceedings  and  Addresses.  1846, 
1860-94  (at  intervals).  Montpelier,  1860-94. 

Virginia  Historical  Society,  Virginia  Historical  Reporter.  2  vols. 
Richmond,  1854-60;  Collections.  New  series,  n  vols.  Richmond, 
1882-92  ;  The  Virginia  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography.  Richmond, 

189*3- 

State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin,  Reports  and  Collections.  12  vols. 
Madison,  1855-92. 

Literary  and  Historical  Society  of  Quebec,  Transactions.  Quebec, 
1829-91  ;  Manuscripts  relating  to  the  early  History  of  Canada.  5  series. 
Quebec,  1866-77. 

§  32.    Works  of  American  Statesmen. 

In  this  and  the  following  section  (§  33)  it  has  not  been  thought 
necessary  to  repeat  the  titles  of  the  books  on  statesmen  and 
worthies  of  the  colonial  period  which  have  already  been  given 
under  §  25.  The  letters  and  reports  of  the  men  of  the  earlier 
time  are  often  to  be  found  in  monographs  dealing  with  a  particular 
topic,  in  the  proceedings  and  collections  of  learned  societies,  or 
built  into  a  biography,  told,  as  the  phrase  is,  in  the  subject's  "  own 
words." 

John  Adams,  Works  with  a  Life  of  the  Author,  Notes  and  Illustrations. 
(Edited  by  Charles  Francis  Adams.)     10  vols.     Boston,  1850-56. 
.  Fisher  Ames,  Works,  with  a  Selection  of  his  Speeches  and  Correspon 
dence.     (Edited  by  Seth  Ames.)     2  vols.     Boston,  1854. 

Joel  Barlow,  Political  Writings.     N.Y.,  1796. 


•§32.]  Works  of  American  Statesmen.  125 

George  S.  Boutwell,  Speeches  and  Papers  relating  to  the  Rebellion. 
Boston,  1867. 

William  Bradford,  History  of  Plymouth  Plantation.  (Edited  by 
Charles  Deane.  Boston,  1856.  —  Reprinted  from  Mass.  Hist.  Soc., 
Collections!) 

John  C.  Calhoun,  Works.     6  vols.     N.Y.,  1853-85. 

Rufus  Choate,  Works.     2  vols.     Boston,  1862. 

Henry  Clay,  Private  Correspondence.    (Edited  by  Colton.)    N.Y.,  1855. 

Henry  Clay,  Works.     (Edited  by  Colton.)     6  vols.     N.Y.,  1863. 

Thomas  Corwin,  Speeches.    (Edited  by  Isaac  Strohm.)    Dayton,  1859. 

George  William  Curtis,  Orations  and  Addresses.  (Edited  by  C.  E. 
Norton.)  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1894. 

Silas  Deane,  The  Deane  Papers.  (N.Y.  Hist.  Soc.,  Collections; 
edited  by  Charles  Isham.)  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1887-89. 

Daniel  S.  Dickinson,  Speeches,  Correspondence,  etc.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1867. 

John  Dickinson,  Political  Writings.     2  vols.     Wilmington,  1801. 

John  A.  Dix,  Speeches  and  Occasional  Addresses.    2  vols.    N.Y.,  1864. 

Edward  Everett,  Orations  and  Speeches  on  various  Occasions.  4  vols. 
Boston,  1853-68. 

Henry  Stevens,  Benjamin  Franklin's  Life  and  Writings.  A  Biblio 
graphical  Essay  on  the  Stevens'1  Collection  of  Books  and  Manuscripts 
relating  to  Doctor  Franklin.  London,  1881. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  Works  . . .  with  Notes  and  a  Life  of  the  Author. 
(Edited  by  Jared  Sparks.)  10  vols.  Boston,  1836-50. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  Complete  Works.  (Edited  by  John  Bigelow.) 
10  vols.  N.Y.,  1887-88. 

James  Abram  Garfield,  Works.  (Edited  by  B.  A.  Hinsdale.)  2  vols. 
Boston,  1882-83. 

Albert  Gallatin,  Writings.  (Edited  by  Henry  Adams.)  3  vols. 
Phila.,  1879. 

Joshua  R.  Giddings,  Speeches  in  Congress.     Boston,  1853. 

Alexander  Hamilton,  The  Works,  comprising  his  Correspondence. 
(Edited  by  John  C.  Hamilton.)  7  vols.  N.Y.,  1850-51. 

Alexander  Hamilton,  The  Works.  (Edited  by  Henry  Cabot  Lodge.) 
4  vols.  N.Y.,  1885. 

The  Diary  and  Letters  of  His  Excellency  Thomas  Hutchinson,  Esq. 
(Edited  by  Peter  Orlando  Hutchinson.)  2  vols.  Boston,  1884-86. 

Correspondence  of  Mr.  Ralph  Izard,  of  South  Carolina.  1774-1804. 
Vol.  I.  N.Y.,  1844. 

John  Jay,  Correspondence  and  Pitblic  Papers.  (Edited  by  H.  P. 
Johnston.)  4  vols.  N.Y.,  1890-93. 


r  26  Bibliography.  [§  32. 

William  Jay,  Miscellaneous  Writings  on  Slavery.     Boston,  1853. 

Hamilton  Bullock  Tompkins,  Bibliotheca  Jeffersoniana.  A  List  of 
Books  written  by  or  relating  to  Thomas  Jefferson.  N.Y.  and  London, 
1887. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  .  . .  being  his  Autobiography,  Corre 
spondence  . . .  and  other  Writings.  . . .  (Edited  by  H.  A.  Washington.) 
9  vols.  Washington,  1853-54. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings.  (Edited  by  P.  L.  Ford.)  N.Y.,  1892-. 
[In  progress.] 

Extracts  from  the  Diary  and  Correspondence  of  the  late  Amos  Lawrence. 
(Edited  by  W.  R.  Lawrence.)  Boston,  etc.,  1855. 

Letters  of  William  Lee.  1766-1783.  (Edited  by  W.  C.  Ford.)  3  vols. 
Brooklyn,  1891. 

Hugh  S.  Legare,  Writings.     2  vols.     Charleston,  1846. 

Abraham  Lincoln,  Complete  Works.  (Edited  by  John  G.  Nicolay 
and  John  Hay.)  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1894. 

James  Madison,  The  Papers  .  . .  being  his  Correspondence  and  Reports 
of  Debates.  (Edited  by  Henry  D.  Gilpin.)  3  vols.  Washington, 
1840. 

James  Madison,  Letters  and  other  Writings.  4  vols.  Phila., 
1865. 

John  Marshall,  Writings  . . .  upon  the  Federal  Constitution.  Boston, 
1839.  —  Reprints  of  important  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Department  of  State,  Calendar  of  the  Correspondence  of  James  Monroe. 
[Washington,  1891.] 

The  Correspondence  of  John  Lothrop  Motley.  (Edited  by  G.  W.  Curtis.) 
2  vols.  N.Y.,  1889. 

Wendell  Phillips,  Speeches,  Lectures,  and  Letters.     Boston,  1863. 

The  St.  Clair  Papers.  —  The  Life  and  Public  Services  of  Arthur 
St.  Clair.  (Edited  by  W.  H.  Smith.)  2  vols.  Cincinnati,  1882. 

John  Sergeant,  Select  Speeches.     Phila.,  1832. 

William  H.  Seward,  Works.    (Edited  by  G.  E.  Baker.)    5  vols.    N.Y., 

I853-54- 

John  Sherman,  Selected  Speeches  and  Reports.     N.Y.,  1879. 

Joseph  Story,  Miscellaneous  Writings.  (Edited  by  W.  W.  Story.) 
Boston,  1835. 

Charles  Sumner,  Works.     15  vols.     Boston,  1874-83. 

Samuel  J.  Tilden,  Writings  and  Speeches.  (Edited  by  John  Bigelow.) 
2  vols.  N.Y.,  1885. 

C.  L.  Vallandigham,  Record  on  Abolition,  the  Union,  and  Civil  Power. 
Cincinnati,  1863. 


§33-1          Autobiographies  and  Reminiscences.  127 

George  Washington,  Writings  . . .  being  his  Correspondence,  Addresses, 
Messages,  and  other  Papers,  official  and  private.  (Edited  by  Jared 
Sparks.)  12  vols.  Boston,  1837. 

George  Washington,  Writings.  (Edited  by  W.  C.  Ford.)  14  vols. 
N.Y.,  i889-[93]. 

Washington-Irvine  Correspondence,  1781-83.  (Edited  by  C.  W.  Butter- 
field.)  Madison,  1882. 

Jared  Sparks,  editor,  Correspondence  of  the  American  Revohition ; 
being  Letters  of  Eminent  Men  to  George  Washington.  4  vols.  Boston, 

'S53- 

Daniel  Webster,  Works.     6  vols.     Boston,  1851. 

Daniel  Webster,  Private  Correspondence.  (Edited  by  Fletcher 
Webster.)  2  vols.  Boston,  1857. 

Noah  Webster,  Collection  of  Essays  and  Fugitive  Writings.  Boston, 
1790. 

James  Wilson,  Works.     3  vols.     Phila.,  1804. 

Life  and  Letters  of  John  Winthrop.  (Edited  by  R.  C.  Winthrop.) 
2  vols.  Boston,  1864  and  1867. 

John  Winthrop,  History  of  New  England.  (Edited  by  J.  Savage.) 
2  vols.  Boston,  1825-26.  —  New  edition,  1853. 

R.  C.  Winthrop,  Addresses  and  Speeches  on  various  Occasions.  4  vols. 
Boston,  1852-86. 

John  Witherspoon,  Works.     4  vols.     Phila.,  1802. 

Levi  Woodbury,  Writings  . . .  Political,  Judicial,  and  Literary.  3  vols. 
Boston,  1852. 

§  33.     Autobiographies  and  Reminiscences. 

Hannah  Adams,  Memoir,  written  by  Herself.     Boston,  1832. 

John  Quincy  Adams,  Memoirs.  Comprising  Parts  of  his  Diary  from 
IJ95  to  1848.  12  vols.  Phila.,  1874-77. 

John  Adams  and  Mrs.  Abigail  Adams,  Familiar  Letters  during  the 
Revolution.  N.Y.,  1876. 

G.  Allen,  Reminiscences.     (Edited  by  F.  P.  Rice.)     Worcester,  1883. 

Bacourt,  Souvenirs  d'un  Diplomate.  Lettres  intimes  sur  I  "*  Amerique. 
Paris,  1882. 

Lyman  Beecher,  D.D.,  Autobiography,  Correspondence,  etc.  (Edited 
by  Charles  Beecher.)  2  vols.  London,  1863-65. 

[Thomas  Hart  Benton],  Thirty  Years'  View,  A  History  of  the  Working 
of  the  American  Government  for  Thirty  Years ;  from  1820  to  1850. 
2  vols.  N.Y.,  1854-56. 


128  Bibliography.  [§33. 

John  Bernard,  Retrospections  of  America,  1792-1811.     N.Y.,  1887. 

Charles  Biddle,  Autobiography.  1745-1821.  (Edited  by  James  S. 
Biddle.)  Phila.,  1883. 

John  Binns,  Recollections  of  his  Life,  "written  by  himself .     Phila.,  1854. 

James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress  (1860-80).  2  vols. 
Norwich,  Conn.,  1884-86. 

Log-Book  of  Timothy  Boardman.  Kept  on  Board  the  Privateer  Oliver 
Cromwell,  during  a  Cruise  from  New  London,  Ct.,  to  Charleston,  S.C., 
and  Retiirn,  in  1778.  —  Issued  by  the  Rutland  County  Historical  Society. 
Albany,  1885. 

Josiah  Bonham,  Fifty  Years'  Recollections  [in  Illinois].     Peoria,  1883. 

Noah  Brooks,  Washington  in  War  Time.     N.Y.,  1895. 

[James  Buchanan],  Mr.  Buchanan's  Administration  on  the  Eve  of  the 
Rebellion.  N.Y.,  1866. 

J.  T.  Buckingham,  Specimens  of  Newspaper  Literature  with  personal 
Memoirs.  Boston,  1850. 

Aaron  Burr,  Private  Journal  during  his  Residence  of  Four  Years  in 
Europe.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1838. 

F.  B.  Carpenter,  Six  Months  at  the  White  House  with  Abraham 
Lincoln.  N.Y.,  1866. 

Lucius  Eugene  Chittenden,  Personal  Reminiscences,  184.0  to  iSgo, 
including  some  not  hitherto  published  of  Lincoln  and  the  War.  N.Y., 
1893. 

John  F.  H.  Claiborne,  Life  and  Times  of  Gen.  Sam.  Dale.    N.Y.,  1860. 

James  Freeman  Clarke,  Anti-Slavery  Days.     N.Y.,  1884. 

Cassius  Marcellus  Clay,  Life,  Memoirs,  Writings,  and  Speeches.  In 
2  vols.  Vol.  I.  Cincinnati,  1886. 

Mrs.  Mary  Clemmer  Ames,  Ten  Years  in  Washington.  Hartford,  1873. 

Levi  Coffin,  Reminiscences.  .  .  .  The  Reputed  President  of  the  Under 
ground  Railroad.  Cincinnati,  1880. 

C.  T.  Congdon,  Reminiscences  of  a  Journalist.     Boston,  1880. 

Samuel  Sullivan  Cox,  Union  —  Disunion  —  Reunion.  Three  Decades 
of  Federal  Legislation,  1855  to  1883.  Providence,  1885. 

David  Crockett,  Col.  Crockett's  Exploits  and  Adventures  in  Texas. 
Phila.,  1836. 

James  Madison  Cutts,  A  brief  Treatise  upon  Constitutional  and  Party 
Questions,  and  the  History  of  Political  Parties,  as  received  orally  from 
the  late  Stephen  A.  Douglas.  N.Y.,  1866. 

John  F.  Darby,  Personal  Recollections.     St.  Louis,  1880. 

Reuben  Davis,  Recollections  of  Mississippi  and  Mississippians.  Boston, 
Houghton,  1891. 


§33-]          Autobiographies  and  Reminiscences.  129 

Frederick  Douglass,  Life  and  Times.  ...  Written  by  himself.  Hart 
ford,  1 88 1. 

J.  W.  Forney,  Anecdotes  of  Public  Men.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1873-81. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  Autobiography,  edited  from  his  Mamiscripts. 
(Edited  by  John  Bigelow.)  Phila.,  1868.  —  Also  many  earlier  editions 
under  title  of  Life,  Memoirs,  etc. 

John  Charles  Fremont,  Memoirs  of  my  Life.     Chicago,  1887. 

Jessie  Benton  Fremont,  Memoirs  of  my  Life.     Chicago,  1887. 

D.  Lee  and  John  H.  Frost,  Ten  Years  in  Oregon.     N.Y.,  1844. 
Alexander  Garden,  Anecdotes  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  with  Sketches 

of  Character  of  Distinguished  Persons.     Charleston,  1822. 

C.  Oilman,  Recollections  of  a  New  England  Bride  and  of  a  Southern 
Matron.  N.Y.,  1852. 

L.  A.  Gobright,  Recollections  of  Men  and  Things  at  Washington 
during  a  Third  of  a  Century.  Phila.,  1869. 

S.  C.  Goodrich,  Recollections  of  a  Lifetime,  or  Men  and  Things  I  have 
seen.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1856. 

E.  W.  Gould,  Fifty  Years  on  the  Mississippi,  or  Gotild's  History  of 
River  Navigation.     St.  Louis,  1889. 

Mrs.  Anne  McVicker  Grant,  Memoirs  of  an  American  Lady  [Madame 
Margarita  Schuyler],     London,  1808. 
"Ulysses  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1886. 

Alexander  Graydon,  Memoirs  of  His  Own  Time,  with  Reminiscences 
of  the  Men  and  Events  of  the  Revolution.  (Edited  by  J.  S.  Littell.)  Phila., 
1846. 

Horace  Greeley,  Recollections  of  a  busy  Life.     N.Y.,  1868. 

S.  C.  Hall,  Retrospect  of  a  Long  Life.     N.Y.,  1883. 

James  A.  Hamilton,  Reminiscences  . . .  or  Men  and  Events  at  Home 
and  Abroad.  N.Y.,  1869. 

Winfield  Scott  Hancock,  Reminiscences  of.    By  His  Wife.    N.Y.,  1887. 

Col.  George  Hanger,  Life,  Adventures,  and  Opinions.  Written  by 
himself.  2  vols.  London,  1801. 

Peter  Harvey,  Reminiscences  and  Anecdotes  of  Daniel  Webster.  Boston, 
1877. 

Philip  Hone,  The  Diary  of,  1828  to  1851.  (Edited  by  Bayard  Tucker- 
man.)  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1889. 

Thomas  Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  with  an  Account  of  his 
Administration.  2  vols.  Boston,  1884-86. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  The  Anas.  In  his  Writings,  published  from  the 
original  Manuscripts  in  the  Department  of  State.  Vol.  IX.  Washington, 
1353-54. 


1 30  Bibliography.  [§  33. 

Joseph  E.  Johnston,  Narrative  of  Military  Operations  during  the  late 
War  between  the  States.  N.Y.,  1874. 

George  W.  Julian,  Political  Recollections.  184.0  to  1872.  Chicago, 
1884. 

Friedrich  Kapp,  Aus  und  iiber  Amerika.  Thatsachen  ttnd  Erlebnisse. 
Berlin,  1876. 

Frances  Ann  Kemble,  Records  of  a  Girlhood.     N.Y.,  1879. 

Frances  Ann  Kemble,  Records  of  later  Life.  3  vols.  London, 
1882. 

Amos  Kendall,  Autobiography.  (Edited  by  William  Stickney.)  Boston, 
1872. 

E.  D.  Keyes,  Fifty  Years'  Observation  of  Men  and  Events,  Civil  and 
Military.  N.Y.,  1885. 

Lucius  P.  Little,  Ben  Hardin :  his  Times  and  Contemporaries.  Louis 
ville,  1887. 

Final  Memorials  of  Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow.  (Edited  by 
Samuel  Longfellow.)  Boston,  1887. 

A.  K.  McClure,  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Men  of  War-Times.  Phila., 
1892. 

Hugh  McCullough,  Men  and  Measures  of  Half  a  Century  ;  Sketches 
and  Comments.  N.Y.,  1888. 

William  Maclay,  Journal.  (Edited  by  Edgar  S.  Maclay.)  N.Y., 
1890. 

Mrs.  Dorothy  Madison,  Memoirs  and  Letters  of  Dolly  Madison,  Wife 
of  James  Madison.  Boston,  1886. 

Edward  Deering  Mansfield,  Personal  Memories,  Social,  Political  and 
Literary.  7803-43.  Cincinnati,  1879. 

Charles  W.  March,  Reminiscences  of  Congress.     N.Y.,  1850. 

Christopher  Marshall,  Passages  from  his  Diary.  (Edited  by  Wm. 
Duane,  Jr.)  Phila.,  1839-49. 

Samuel  Joseph  May,  Memoirs:  Consisting  of  Autobiography  and  Selec 
tions  from  his  Diary  and  Correspondence.  Boston,  1873. 

Samuel  Joseph  May,  Some  Recollections  of  our  Anti-Slavery  Conflict. 
Boston,  1869. 

Robert  Mayo,  Political  Sketches  of  Eight  Years  in  Washington. 
Baltimore,  1839. 

Gouverneur  Morris,  Diary  and  Letters.  (Edited  by  Anne  C.  Morris.) 
2  vols.  N.Y.,  1888. 

Artemas  Bowers  Muzzey,  Reminiscences  and  Memorials  of  Men  of  the 
Revolution  and  their  Families.  Boston,  1883. 

Wallis  Nash,  Two  Years  in  Oregon.     N.Y.,  1882. 


§33-1          Autobiographies  and  Reminiscences.  131 

Thomas  Nelson  Page,  The  Old  South  :  Essays,  Social  and  Political. 
N.Y.,  1892. 

B.  F.  Perry,  Reminiscences  of  Public  Men.     Phila.,  1883. 

Benjamin  Perley  Poore,  Perley^s  Reminiscences  of  Sixty  Years  in  the 
National  Metropolis.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1886. 

[Mrs.  Lydia  Mint  urn  Post],  Personal  Recollections  of  the  American 
Revolution.  A  Private  Journal.  (Edited  by  Sidney  Barclay.)  N.Y.,  1859. 

Josiah  Quincy,  Figures  of  the  Past  from  the  Leaves  of  old  Journals. 
Boston,  1883. 

John  Randolph,  Letters  to  a  young  Relative.     Phila.,  1834. 

A.  T.  Rice  (editor),  Reminiscences  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  by  dis 
tinguished  Men  of  his  Time.  N.Y.,  1886. 

A.  G.  Riddle,  Recollections  of  War  Times.     N.Y.,  1895. 

Frederika  [Baroness  von]  Riedesel,  Die  Berufs-Reise  nach  Amerika. 
Berlin,  1800. 

Madame  de  Riedesel,  Letters  and  Memoirs  relating  to  the  War  of 
American  Independence,  and  the  Capture  of  the  German  Troops  at 
Saratoga.  —  Translated  by  Jules  Wallenstein.  N.Y.,  1827. 

Mrs.  General  Riedesel,  Letters  and  Journals  relating  to  the  War  of  the 
American  Revolution,  and  the  Capture  of  the  German  Troops  at  Saratoga. 
—  Translated  by  William  Leete  Stone.  Albany,  1867. 

Max  von  Eelking,  Memoirs,  and  Letters  and  Journals,  of  Major-General 
Riedesel,  during  his  Residence  in  America.  2  vols.  —  Translated  by 
William  Leete  Stone.  Albany,  1868. 

Richard  Rush,  Memoranda  of  a  Residence  at  the  Court  of  London. 
Phila.,  1833. 

Lord  John  Russell,  Recollections  and  Suggestions.     London,  1875. 

Nathan  Sargent,  Public  Men  and  Events.    [1817-53.]    2  vols.    Phila., 

1875- 

Winfield  Scott,  Memoirs.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1864. 

Samuel  Sewall,  Diary  (1674-1729).  3  vols.  (In  Mass.  Hist.  Soc., 
Collections,  fifth  series,  Vols.  V-VII.  Boston,  1878-82.) 

William  H.  Seward,  Autobiography,  from  1801  to  -fSj^,  with  a  Memoir 
of  his  Life.  N.Y.,  1877. 

Andrew  Sherburne,  Memoirs.     Utica,  1828. 

John  Sherman,  Recollections  of  Forty  Years  in  House,  Senate,  and 
Cabinet.  N.Y.,  1895. 

William  Tecumseh  Sherman,  Memoirs.  By  himself.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1888. 

John  Sherman  and  William  Tecumseh  Sherman,  Letters.    N.Y.,  1894. 

Philip  H.  Sheridan,  Personal  Memoirs.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1888. 


I32  Bibliography.  [§  33. 

W.  H.  Sparks,  Memories  of  30  Years.     Phila.,  1872. 

H.  B.  Stanton,  Random  Recollections.     N.Y.,  1886. 

William  Sullivan,  Familiar  Letters  on  Public  Characters.  Boston,  1834. 

James  Thacher,  A  Military  Journal  during  the  American  Revo 
lutionary  War,  from  1*775  to  X7^3-  (An  appendix  contains  "  Biographical 
Sketches"  of  several  officers.)  Boston,  1823. 

Ebenezer  Smith  Thomas,  Reminiscences  of  the  last  Sixty-five  Years, 
commencing  with  the  Battle  of  Lexington.  Also  Sketches  of  his  own  Life 
and  Times.  2  vols.  Hartford,  1840. 

Richard  W.  Thompson,  Recollections  of  Sixteen  Presidents.  Indian 
apolis,  1894. 

John  Trumbull,  Autobiography,  Reminiscences,  and  Letters,  from  1756 
to  1841.  N.Y.,  1841. 

Thurlow  Weed,  Autobiography.  (Edited  by  H.  A.  Weed.)  Boston, 
1884. 

The  Diary  of  Thomas  Vernon,  a  Loyalist  banished  from  Newport  by 
the  Rhode  Island  General  Assembly  in  1776.  (Rhode  Island  Historical 
Tracts,  No.  13.)  Providence,  1881. 

George  Washington,  Journal  of  my  Journey  over  the  Mountains,  in 
1747-48.  (Copied  from  the  Original  and  edited  by  Joseph  Meredith 
Toner.)  Albany,  1892. 

Correspondence  and  Journals  of  Samuel  Blackley  Webb.  1772-1806. 
(Edited  by  W.  C.  Ford.)  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1893-94. 

John  Wentworth,  Congressional  Reminiscences  —  Adams,  Benton, 
Clay,  Calhoun,  and  Webster.  (Fergus  Historical  series,  No.  24.)  Chicago, 
1882. 

Henry  G.  Wheeler,  History  of  Congress,  biographical  and  political. 
2  vols.  N.Y.,  1848. 

James  Wilkinson,  Memoirs  of  my  own  Times.     3  vols.     Phila.,  1816. 

C.  J.  Wood,  Reminiscences  of  the  War.     [No  place,  no  date.] 

Henry  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades  of  the  Union.     Phila.,  1876. 

David  Zeisberger,  Diary  of  David  Zeisberger,  a  Moravian  Missionary 
among  the  Indians  of  Ohio.  (Translated  and  edited  by  Eugene  F.  Bliss.) 
2  vols.  Cincinnati,  1885. 

§  34.     Collections  of  Documents  and  Speeches. 

Henry  Adams,  Documents  relating  to  New  England  Federalism.  1800 
to  1815.  Boston,  1877. 

American  Annual  Cyclopedia  [Annual  Volume].     N.Y.,  1861-75. 
Appletotfs  Annual  Cyclopedia  [Annual  Volume].     N.Y.,  1876-93. 


§34-]       Collections  of  Doctiments  and  Speeches.         133 

Francis  Bowen,  Documents  of  the  Constitution  of  England  and 
America,  from  Magna  Charta  to  the  Federal  Constitution  of  1789. 
Cambridge,  1854. 

Matthew  Carey,  The  Olive  Branch,  or  Faults  on  both  sides.  Phila., 
1815. 

Thomas  V.  Cooper  and  Hector  V.  Fenton,  American  Politics  (non- 
partisan}  from  the  beginning  to  date.  7  "  books"  (bound  in  one  volume). 
Phila.,  1882. 

Peter  Force,  compiler,  American  Archives,  A  Documentary  History 
of  the  North  American  Colonies.  Fourth  series,  6  vols.  (March  7,  1774, 
to  July  4,  1776).  Fifth  series,  3  vols.  (July  4,  1776,  to  Sept.  30,  1783). 
Washington,  1837-53.  —  No  more  published. 

Peter  Force,  Tracts  and  other  Papers  relating  to  the  Colonies  in  North 
America.  Washington,  1836-46. 

Collectanea  Adamantaea.  (Edited  by  Edmund  M.  Goldsmid.)  63  vols. 
Edinburgh,  1884-86. 

Works  issued  by  the  Hakluyt  Society.  London.  —  The  first  number  was 
issued  in  1847.  Since  that  time  nearly  one  hundred  volumes  have  been 
published  under  different  editors. 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart  and  Edward  Channing,  American  History 
Leaflets.  N.Y.,  1892-.  In  progress.  24  nos.  to  1896. 

Ebenezer  Hazard,  Historical  Collections ;  Consisting  of  State  Papers 
and  other  Documents.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1792-94. 

Franklin  B.  Hough,  American  Constitutions,  comprising  the  Constitu 
tion  of  each  State  in  the  Union,  and  of  the  United  States.  2  vols.  Albany, 
1872. 

Alexander  Johnston,  Representative  American  Orations  to  illustrate 
American  Political  History.  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1884. 

Abraham  Lincoln  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  Political  Debates  in  the 
Celebrated  Campaign  of  1858.  Columbus,  1860. 

Edward  McPherson,  Political  History  of  the  United  States  of  America 
during  the  great  Rebellion.  Washington,  1865. 

Edward  McPherson,  Political  History  of  the  United  States  of  America 
during  the  Period  of  Reconstruction.  Washington,  1875. 

Edward  McPherson,  A  Handbook  of  Politics.  [Biennial  volumes, 
except  1870.]  Washington,  1868-94. 

Hezekiah  Niles,  Principles  and  Acts  of  the  Revolution  in  America. 
Baltimore,  1822.  —  Also  reprint,  N.Y.,  1876. 

Edwin  Doak  Mead,  editor,  Old  South  Leaflets.  55  nos.  Boston, 
Heath,  1883-95;  Directors  of  the  Old  South  Studies  in  History, 
1895-. 


134  Bibliography.  [§34. 

Ben  Parley  Poore,  Federal  and  State  Constitutions,  Colonial  Charters, 
and  other  Organic  Laws  of  the  United  States.  Congressional  Documents. 
2  vols.  Washington,  1871. 

Howard  \V.  Preston,  Documents  illustrative  of  American  History. 
1606-1863.  N.Y.,  1886. 

Prince  Society,  Ptiblications.  Albany  and,  later,  Boston,  1865-95.  — 
Some  twenty  volumes  have  been  printed  under  the  editorship  of  different 
persons. 

Erastus  H.  Scott,  editor,  The  Federalist  and  other  Constitutional 
Papers.  (Federalist  Statesmen  series.)  Chicago,  1894. 

Jared  Sparks,  editor,  The  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  American 
Revolution.  12  vols.  Boston,  1829-30. 

Edmund  Clarence  Stedman  and  Ellen  Mackay  Hutchinson,  A  Library 
of  American  Liter  attire  from  the  Earliest  Settlement  to  the  Present  Tims. 
ii  vols.  N.Y.,  1888-90. 

Frank  W.  Taussig,  State  Papers  and  Speeches  on  the  Tariff.  Cam 
bridge,  1893. 

James  Bradley  Thayer,  Cases  on  Constitutional  Law  with  Notes. 
2  vols.  Cambridge,  1894-95. 

Edwin  Williams,  The  Statesman's  Manual.     4  vols.     N.Y.,  1849. 

Francis  Wharton,  A  Digest  of  the  International  Law  of  the  United 
States.  3  vols.  Washington,  1886. 

Francis  Wharton,  The  Revolutionary  Diplomatic  Correspondence. 
6  vols.  Washington,  1889. 

Alexander  Young,  Chronicles  of  the  First  Planters  of  the  Colony  of 
Massachusetts  Bay.  (1623-1636.)  Boston,  1846. 

Alexander  Young,  Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  the  Colony  of 
Plymouth.  (1602-25.)  Boston,  1841. 

§  35.    Manuscript  Sources. 

Mr.  Winsor  has  devoted  an  important  part  of  the  general 
bibliographical  appendix  to  the  Narrative  and  Critical  History 
(Vol.  VIII,  413)  to  a  list  of  the  available  collections  of  manu 
scripts.  The  State  Department  in  Washington  has  the  original 
documents  of  the  Continental  Congress,  the  Confederation,  and 
the  Federal  Convention  of  1787,  with  the  manuscripts  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  and 
the  Constitution.  It  has  also  the  manuscript  rolls  of  statutes  and 
treaties  made  since  1789.  In  those  archives  are  also  deposited 


§36.]  Illustrative  Material.  135 

valuable  parts  of  the  papers  of  Washington,  Madison,  Jefferson, 
Franklin,  Monroe,  Hamilton,  and  the  manuscripts  collected,  but 
not  printed,  by  Peter  Force.  In  the  War  Department  are  the 
little  known  archives  of  the  Confederate  States  of  America, 
including  the  Journals  of  the  two  Houses  of  the  Confederate 
Congress.  Of  the  State  Archives  that  of  Massachusetts  may 
be  mentioned  as  especially  rich.  The  various  state  historical 
societies  have  in  many  cases  valuable  collections  of  family  papers. 
Frequently,  however,  important  sets  of  manuscripts  have  been 
scattered  or  destroyed  for  want  of  an  appreciation  of  their  value. 
The  letters  and  especially  the  diaries  of  any  person  who  has  been 
in  public  life  have  a  permanent  value,  and  should  be  carefully 
preserved. 

In  using  manuscript  material  great  care  must  be  taken  to 
identify  each  piece,  to  ascertain  its  date,  and  to  be  sure  that  it  is 
really  by  the  person  to  whom  it  is  ascribed.  In  some  cases  there 
are  two  manuscript  copies  of  the  same  letter  by  the  same  hand, 
as  in  the  famous  letters  of  Washington  supposed  to  have  been 
re-written  by  his  editor  Sparks,  till  the  two  originals  were  com 
pared. 

§  36.     Illustrative  Material. 

Historical  events  and  movements  are  frequently  fixed  in  the 
memory  by  the  perusal  of  books  which  may  be  inaccurate  in 
themselves,  especially  as  to  details,  but  which,  nevertheless,  leave 
a  permanent  and  reasonably  correct  impression  on  the  mind  of 
the  reader.  Thus  Keats's  famous  sonnet,  in  which  he  made  the 
Conqueror  of  Mexico  discover  the  Pacific  Ocean,  could  not  well 
be  less  in  accordance  with  the  historical  fact  ;  but  it  enforces  the 
charm  of  discovery  more  intensely  than  the  reading  of  many 
original  letters  and  reports.  There  are  critics,  however,  who  think 
that  when,  as  in  this  case,  the  facts  are  well  known  and  easily  to 
be  discovered,  it  is  the  business  of  the  story-teller  or  verse-maker 
to  know  what  actually  happened  sufficiently  well  to  make  the 
historical  basis  of  his  story  reasonably  accurate.  A  famous 
American  writer  once  said  that  the  poet  was  indebted  to  history 
for  the  general  fact  only,  around  which  he  could  build  up  his  own 


136  Bibliography.  [§36. 

imaginative  work.  Perhaps  it  is  true  that  the  novel-writer  or 
poet  produces  the  best  and  truest  work  when  he  is  unhampered 
by  the  details  of  the  real  story  and  may  aim  to  create  only  a 
general  impression  which  shall  be  true  to  the  general  trend  of 
history.  Mrs.  Austin  carries  the  Mayflower's  shallop  into  a  cove 
in  Clark's  Island,  where  the  narrative  of  Bradford  forbids  the 
idea  that  the  shallop  was  ;  the  plan  of  the  story,  the  author  has 
said,  made  it  necessary  for  the  boat  to  be  at  that  particular  place 
at  the  precise  moment,  and  the  spirit  of  the  explorers  is  not 
affected  by  the  deviation.  Longfellow's  Miles  Standish  would 
be  painfully  inaccurate  and  anachronistic  as  history  ;  but  he  adds 
a  man  to  our  affectionate  acquaintance.  Just  how  far  it  is  safe  to 
accept  a  picture  of  which  the  details  are  not  true  to  the  time,  — 
whether  the  "general  reader"  of  Mrs.  Austin's  tale  or  Longfellow's 
poem  gains  a  truer  and  more  lasting  impression  of  the  spirit  of 
Pilgrim  colonization  than  he  or  she  would  obtain  from  Doyle,  or 
Bancroft,  or  still  better  from  Bradford's  epic  itself,  — is  a  question 
which  the  authors  of  the  Guide  do  not  answer.  Certain  it  is  that 
for  all  pupils  and  students  of  American  history  such  books  are 
useful  in  connection  with  accurate  text-books,  other  secondary 
accounts,  and  especially  as  an  adjunct  to  a  moderate  use  of  the 
sources  which  tell  the  same  tale  more  simply. 

In  the  following  lists  of  novels  and  poems  no  attempt  is  made 
to  separate  the  works  based  on  sound  study  from  those  which  may 
justly  be  classed  with  fiction.  They  .are  inserted  as  additional  and 
subordinate  illustrative  material.  Nor  can  the  lists  claim  to  be 
complete  ;  the  principle  of  choice  is  to  give  at  least  examples  of 
those  standard  authors  who  have  woven  out  of  American  history, 
and  to  add  some  books  from  obscure  writers  which  are  known  to 
have  given  pleasure  or  to  have  aroused  interest.  Other  titles  can 
be  found  in  the  first  five  works  noted  in  §  36  a,  especially  in  the 
Chronological  Index  issued  by  the  Boston  Public  Library  ;  the 
third  edition,  printed  under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  Whitney,  is 
the  more  complete  ;  the  earlier  editions,  prepared  by  Mr.  Winsor, 
are  likely  to  be  more  useful.  In  these  publications,  novels,  poems, 
and  ballads  are  grouped  together  under  the  head  of  "fiction." 


36 a.]  Historical  Novels.  137 


§  36  a.     Historical  Novels. 

William  Francis  Allen,  The  Readers  Guide  to  English  History. 
Revised  edition,  Supplement,  pp.  48  and  49.  Boston,  1883.  —  A  short 
list  of  American  historical  novels. 

W.  M.  Griswold,  compiler,  A  Descriptive  List  of  Novels  and  Tales 
dealing  with  the  History  of  North  America.  Cambridge,  1895. 

[Justin  Winsor],  Chronological  Index  to  Historical  Fiction.  Second 
edition.  Public  Library,  Boston,  1875. 

Selden  L.  Whitcomb,  Chronological  Outlines  of  American  Literature. 
N.Y.,  1894. 

[James  L.  Whitney],  A  Chronological  Index  to  Historical  Fiction. 
Third  edition.  (Boston  Public  Library,  Bulletin,  Jan.,  1892,  and  foil.) 

Louisa  May  Alcott  (1832-88),  Hospital  Sketches  (Civil  War).  Boston, 
1869. 

Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich  (b.  1836),  Prudence  Palfrey  (Life  in  Ports 
mouth,  N.H.). 

[Mrs.]  Jane  Goodwin  Austin  (1831-94),  Standish  of  Standish  ;  Betty 
Alden ;  A  Nameless  Nobleman ;  Dr.  Le  Baron  and  his  Daughters ; 
David  Alderfs  Daughters  (stories  of  life  in  the  "  Old  "  Colony  of  New 
Plymouth) ;  Dora  Darling  (Civil  War). 

Hugh  Henry  Brackenridge  (1748-1816),  Modern  Chivalry  (The 
Whiskey  Insurrection). 

Charles    Brockden    Brown    (1771-1810),    Arthur  Mervyn.      (Phila., 

1 793-98-) 

[Mrs.]  Frances  Hodgson  Burnett  (b.  1849),  Through  One  Adminis 
tration.  N.Y.,  Scribners,  1886. 

Edwin  Lassetter  Bynner  (1842-93),  Agnes  Surriage  (story  of  New 
England)  ;  Zachary  Phips  (adventures  of  a  Boston  lad,  especially  in 
connection  with  Burr's  conspiracy);  Penelope's  Suitors  (Massachusetts, 
Seventeenth  century) ;  The  Begum's  Daughter  (Leisler's  Revolt). 

George  Washington  Cable  (b.  1844),  Old  Creole  Days ;  The 
Grandissimes,  a  Tale  of  Creole  Life ;  Strange  True  Stories  of  Louisiana  ; 
Bonaventure,  a  Prose  Pastoral  of  Acadian  Louisiana. 

William  A.  Caruthers,  Cavaliers  of  Virginia  (middle  of  the  Seven 
teenth  Century)  ;  Knights  of  the  Golden  Horseshoe  (early  part  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century). 

[Mrs.]  Harriet  V.  (Foster)  Cheney  (about  1815),  A  Peep  at  the 
Pilgrims  in  Sixteen  Hundred  Thirty-six.  Boston,  1850. 


1 3  8  Bibliography.  [§  36  a. 

[Mrs.]  Lydia  Maria  Child  (1802-80),  Hobomok  (New  Plymouth 
Colony)  ;  The  Rebels,  or  Boston  before  the  Revolution. 

Charles  Carleton  Coffin  (b.  1823),  Winning  his  Way  (Civil  War). 
Boston,  1866. 

John  Esten  Cooke  (1830-86),  My  Lady  Pokahontas ;  Virginia 
Comedians;  The  Youth  of  Jefferson  ;  Fairfax  ;  Doctor  Vandyke  (tales  of 
life  in  Virginia  in  the  quarter  century  preceding  the  Revolution)  ; 
Bonnybel  Vane,  Embracing  the  History  of  Henry  St.  John,  Gentleman 
(Revolutionary  epoch);  Leather  Stocking  and  Silk  (a  story  of  the  Valley 
of  Virginia,  about  1800)  ;  Justin  Harley,  a  Romance  of  Old  Virginia  ; 
Stories  of  the  Old  Dominion;  Hilt  to  Hilt;  Mohun ;  Wearing  of  the 
Gray  (the  last  three  titles  are  stories  of  the  Civil  War  from  a  Southern 
standpoint). 

James  Fenimore  Cooper  (1789-1851),  Mercedes  of  Castile  (Columbus) ; 
Water  Witch  (New  York  after  the  English  conquest)  ;  Satanstoe  (New 
York  country  life  in  the  Eighteenth  Century);  The  Red  Rover  (Newport 
and  the  slave-trade) ;  Leather-Stocking  Tales  (the  Indians  in  New  York) ; 
Lionel  Lincoln  (Siege  of  Boston)  ;  The  Pilot ;  The  Spy  (Revolutionary 
epoch)  ;  The  Two  Admirals. 

Charles  Augustus  Davis  (1795-1867),  Letters  of  J.  Downing,  Major 
(Jackson's  administration). 

Samuel  Gardner  Drake  (1798-1875),  A  Book  of  New  England  Legends 
and  Folk-Lore  in  Prose  and  Poetry. 

George  Gary  Eggleston  (1839-),  A  Man  of  Honor  (Virginia,  since 
the  war). 

Charles  fitienne  Arthur  Gayarre  (b.  1805),  Aiibert  Dubayet  (France 
and  the  United  States,  1780-97). 

[Mrs.]  Caroline  Gilman  (1794),  Recollections  of  a  New  England  House 
keeper. 

Edward  Everett  Hale  (b.  1822),  The  Man  without  a  Country;  Philip 
Nolan's  Friends  (Burr's  Conspiracy)  ;  Mrs.  Merriam^s  Scholars  (the 
Freedmen). 

Thomas  Chandler  Haliburton  (1797—1865),  The  Clockmaker :  Sayings 
and  Doings  of  Samuel  Slick  of  Slickville. 

Joseph  C.  Hart,  Miriam  Coffin  (Nantucket  life). 

Francis  Bret  Harte  (b.  1839),  Thankful  Blossom  ;  a  Story  of  the 
Jerseys  (1779). 

Nathaniel  Hawthorne  (1804-64),  The  Maypole  of  Merrymount ; 
Grandfathers  Chair ;  Legends  of  ATew  England;  Legends  of  the 
Province  House;  Liberty  Tree;  The  Scarlet  Letter;  Twice  Told 
Tales  (Massachusetts  Bay  Colony)  ;  Septimius  Felton  (Massachu- 


§36  a.]  Historical  Novels.  139 

setts,  1775);  Blithedale  Romance  (Brook  Farm);  The  House  of  the 
Seven  Gables. 

Richard  Hildreth  (1807-65),  The  Slave ;  or,  the  Memoirs  of  Archy 
Moore.  Boston,  1836. 

Josiah  Gilbert  Holland  (1819-81),  Bay-Path,  a  Tale  of  New  England 
Colonial  Life  ;  Arthur  Bonnicastle. 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  (1809-94),  Grandmother's  Story  of  the  Battle 
of  Bunker  Hill ;  Elsie  Venner. 

Washington  Irving  (1783-1859),  Knickerbocker's  History  of  New  York. 

[Mrs.]  Helen  Hunt  [Helen  Maria  Fiske]  Jackson  (1831-85),  Ramona 
(the  Indians  in  later  days) ;  Mercy  Philbrictfs  Choice  (American  life). 

Richard  Malcolm  Johnston  (b.  1822),  Mr.  Absalom  Billingslea  and 
other  Georgia  Folks  ;  Georgia  Sketches  ;  The  Primes  and  their  Neighbors 
(stories  of  Georgia  life). 

Sylvester  Judd  (1813-53),  Margaret. 

John  Pendleton  Kennedey  (1795-1870),  Swallow  Barn  (Life  in 
Virginia,  about  1800)  ;  Rob  of  the  Bowl  (Maryland  in  colonial  times); 
Horseshoe  Robinson  (the  Tories  in  the  South). 

Grace  King,  Monsieur  Motte ;  Tales  of  a  Time  and  Place  (stories  of 
Louisiana  life). 

Charles  Kingsley  (1819-75),  Westward  Ho!  or,  The  Voyages  and 
Adventures  of  Sir  Amyas  LeigJi. 

Lucy  Larcom  (1826-93),  A  New  England  Girlhood. 

Emma  Leslie,  Saxby  (Puritans  in  England  and  America). 

Augustus  Baldwin  Longstreet  (1790-1870),  Georgia  Scenes  in  the  first 
half-century  of  the  Republic. 

James  De  Mille  (1837-80),  The  Lily  and  the  Cross  (Acadia). 

Silas  Weir  Mitchell  (b.  1829),  In  War  Time;  Roland  Blake  (stories 
of  the  Civil  War). 

John  Lothrop  Motley  (1814-77),  •Merry-Mount ;  a  Romance  of  the 
Massachusetts  Colony  (early  period). 

Thomas  Nelson  Page  (b.  1853),  Among  the  Camps  ;  Marse  Chan. 

Francis  Parkman  (1823-93),  Vassall  Morton. 

James  Kirke  Paulding  (1779-1860),  Koningsmarke  (the  Swedes  on 
the  Delaware)  ;  The  Dutchman^  Fireside ;  Book  of  St.  Nicholas  (New 
York  life);  The  Old  Continental ;  or,  the  Price  of  Liberty;  Westward  Ho! 
(settlement  of  Kentucky)  ;  The  Diverting  History  of  John  Bull  and 
Brother  Jonathan  (the  years  preceding  the  war  of  1812)  ;  The  Lay  of 
the  Scottish  Fiddle  (British  in  the  Chesapeake). 

Albert  Gallatin  Riddle  (b.  1816),  Bart  Ridgeley :  a  Story  of  Northern 
Ohio. 


140  Bibliography.  [§  36  a. 

Edward  Payson  Roe  (1838-88),  Near  to  Nature's  Heart  (Washington 
and  Arnold);  An  Original  Belle;  His  Sombre  Rivals;  Miss  Lou 
(stories  of  the  Civil  War). 

Horace  Elisha  Scudder  (b.  1838),  Stories  and  Romances  (some  of 
them  relate  to  American  history). 

Catherine  Maria  Sedgwick  (1789-1867),  Hope  Leslie;  or,  Early  Times 
in  the  Massachusetts;  The  Linwoods  (1770);  Clarence;  A  New  England 
Tale ;  Redwood. 

William  Gilmore  Simms  (1806-70),  The  Damsel  of  Darien  (Balboa 
and  the  discovery  of  the  Pacific);  Vasconselos  (De  Soto  in  Florida); 
Lily  and  Totem  (Huguenots  in  Florida)  ;  Cassique  of  Kioway  (South 
Carolina,  1684);  Yemassee  (Indian  conspiracy,  1715);  The  Partisan; 
Mellichampe ;  The  Scout;  Katharine  Walton;  The  Forayers ;  7'he 
Eutaws  (these  six  stories  form  a  connected  account  of  the  Revolution 
in  the  South  from  the  fall  of  Charleston  to  1782). 

Seba  Smith  (1792-1868),  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Major  Jack  Downing 
(time  of  Jackson).  Boston,  1833. 

[Mrs.]  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe  (b.  1812),  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin;  Dred, 
or,  later,  Nina  Gordon  (slavery  in  Kentucky) ;  Mayflower  (Connecticut 
life);  The  Minister's  Wooing  (Newport,  first  part  of  Nineteenth  Century). 

William  Makepeace  Thackeray  (1811-63),  The  Virginians. 

Daniel  Pierce  Thompson  (1795-1868),  The  Green  Mountain  Boys; 
A  Historical  Tale  of  the  early  Settlement  of  Vermont.  2  vols.  Mont- 
pelier,  1839. 

[Mrs.]  Mary  F.  Spear  Tiernan  (1836-91),  Homoselle  (Virginia  before 
the  war). 

[Mrs.]  Nina  Moore  Tiffany,  Pilgrims  and  Puritans  ;  Stories  of  the 
Revohitionary  Days  in  Boston. 

John  Townsend  Trowbridge  (b.  1827),  Cudjo's  Cave. 

St.  George  Tucker,  Hansford  (Bacon's  Rebellion). 

Lewis  Wallace  (b.  1827),  The  Fair  God  (Astec  civilization). 

Mary  Eleanor  Wilkins,  The  Adventures  of  Ann:  Stories  of  Colonial 
Times. 

Albion  Winegar  Tourgee  (b.  1838),  Hot  Plowshares;  Figs  and 
Thistles,  a  Romance  of  the  Western  Reserve ;  etc.  (stories  of  western  and 
southern  life). 


§  36  b.]  Novels,  Poems  and  Ballads.  141 


§  36  b.     Poems  and  Ballads. 

Frank  Cowan,  Southwestern  Pennsylvania  in  Song  and  Story.  Greens- 
burg,  1878. 

S.  G.  Drake,  A  Book  of  New  England  Legends  and  Folk-lore  in  Prose 
and  Poetry.  Boston,  1884. 

E.  A.  and  G.  L.  Duyckinck,  editors,  Ballads  of  the  Old  French  War 
and  Revolution  (Cyclopcedia  of  American  Literature}.  N.Y.,  1856. 

G.  C.  Eggleston,  editor,  American  War-Ballads  and  Lyrics.  2  vols. 
N.Y.  [1889]. 

Thomas  D.  English,  American  Ballads.     N.Y.,  1880. 

William  McCarty,  editor,  Songs,  Odes,  and  other  Poems  on  National 
Subjects.  3  vols.  Phila.,  1842. 

Frank  Moore,  editor,  Songs  and  Ballads  of  the  American  Revolution. 
N.Y.,  1856. 

Frank  Moore,  editor,  Anecdotes,  Poetry,  and  Incidents  of  the  War, 
1860-63.  N.Y.,  1865;  The  Civil  War  in  Song  and  Story.  N.Y. ,1889; 
Songs  and  Ballads  of  the  Southern  People.  N.Y.,  1887. 

Winthrop  Sargent,  editor,  The  Loyalist  Poetry  of  the  Revohition. 
Phila.,  1857. 

W.  G.  Simms,  editor,  War  Poetry  of  the  South.     N.Y.,  1867. 

E.  C.  Stedman  and  E.  M.  Hutchinson,  editors,  Library  of  American 
Literature.  N.Y.,  1888. 

Joel  Barlow  (1755-1812),  Vision  of  Columbus.  —  In  a  later  editon 
called  The  Cohimbiad. 

Thomas  Campbell  (1777-1844),  Gertrude  of  Wyoming. 
William  Dunlap  (1766-1839),  Andre,  a  Tragedy  in  Five  Acts. 
Timothy  Dwight  (1752-1817),   Greenfield  Hill  (burning  of  Fairfield, 

1779)- 

Philip  Freneau  (1752-1832),  Poems  ...  (illustrative  of  the  period 
1774-1815). 

Francis  Hopkinson  (1737-91),  Battle  of  the  Kegs. 

Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow  (1807-82),  Skeleton  in  Armor  (North 
men)  ;  The  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish  ;  John  Endicott ;  Giles  Corey 
(Salem  witchcraft) ;  Evangeline  (Acadia) ;  Hiawatha  ;  Paul  Revere 's 
Ride. 

James  Russell  Lowell  (1819-91),  Columbus ;  The  Biglow  Papers ; 
Commemoration  Ode. 

Margaret  Preston  (b.  1825),  Colonial  Ballads  and  Sonnets. 


142  Bibliography.  [§  36  b. 

L.  H.  Sigourney  (1791-1865),  Pocahontas. 

Edmund  Clarence  Stedman  (b.  1833),  Peter  Stuyvesanfs  New  Year's 
Call ;  Alice  of  Monmotith  (the  Civil  War). 

John  Greenleaf  Whittier  (1808-92),  Cobbler  Keezar's  Vision  ;  Passa- 
conaway  ;  Leaves  from  Margaret  Smith's  Journal ;  Skipper  Iresorfs 
Ride  (early  New  England) ;  The  Witch  of  Wenham  ;  The  King's  Missive 
(the  Quakers,  in  Winsor's  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  Vol.  I) ;  The 
Bridal  of  Pennacook ;  Mogg  Megone  (New  England  life) ;  The  Penn 
sylvania  Pilgrims. 


IV.     WORKING    LIBRARIES. 

§  37.      Necessity    of    Working    Libraries. 

No  proper  work  can  be  done  in  history  by  the  use  of  a  single 
book.  The  study  resembles  those  scientific  subjects,  such  as 
botany  and  physics,  in  which  laboratory  practice  is  an  essential 
part  of  the  instruction  from  the  very  beginning.  The  principle  to 
be  observed  is  that  the  teacher's  part  is  not  to  deal  out  knowledge, 
but  to  aid  the  pupils  in  getting  their  knowledge  for  themselves. 
Digests  are  not  nutriment,  and  a  text-book  is  to  be  considered  an 
aid  and  not  an  end.  Hence,  if  history  is  really  to  be  taught  at  all, 
in  every  school  there  must  be  some  collection  of  books.  It 
need  not  be  large  in  order  to  get  benefit  from  it ;  but  it  must 
be  used. 

In  order  to  secure  the  use  of  a  working  library,  it  must  be 
accessible  all  the  school  time,  and  if  possible  be  made  available 
at  other  hours.  A  shelf  in  the  schoolroom,  where  the  books 
stand  in  view  all  day,  is  the  most  convenient  arrangement.  Larger 
collections  may  need  to  be  kept  in  a  particular  room,  but  it  should 
be  open  as  long  as  the  building  is  open  ;  and  if  the  machinery  of 
drawing  books  out  and  registering  them  seems  necessary,  it  should 
be  made  as  simple  as  possible.  Pupils  should  be  encouraged  to 
carry  books  home  over  night.  At  the  same  time  should  be 
inculcated  that  reverence  for  the  clean  and  unsoiled  page  which 
is  a  part  of  every  proper  education.  To  injure  or  to  use  up 
another's  book  should  be  included  among  the  vices  ;  while  a  child 
may  be  taught  to  make  intelligent  marginal  notes  and  cross 
references  on  his  own  copy. 

If  the  books  are  more  than  a  hundred,  some  kind  of  catalogue 
is  almost  indispensable,  and  should  be  conspicuously  placed. 
Large  libraries  should  of  course  have  two  card  catalogues,  one  by 
authors  and  another  by  subjects  ;  and  the  making  of  a  school 
catalogue  may  be  an  excellent  experience  for  children. 


144  Working  Libraries.  [§  37. 

College  libraries  have  usually  a  system  of  cataloguing  and  a 
permanent  librarian.  Here  it  is  of  much  consequence  that  the 
books  on  history  be  classified  and  kept  together,  and,  if  all  the 
books  are  not  open  and  accessible,  a  select  historical  library 
should  be  placed  where  it  can  be  consulted  at  any  time  ;  and  the 
use  should  be  made  as  free  and  unrestricted  as  possible. 


§  38.     Cheap  Libraries. 

The  multiplication  of  brief  but  well-written  books  on  American 
history  makes  it  possible  to  select  a  few  books  which,  taken 
together,  cover  the  whole  field  of  American  history  in  some 
systematic  fashion.  In  making  up  the  lists  below,  care  has  been 
taken  to  include,  so  far  as  possible,  books  which  balance  each 
other,  either  by  treating  different  phases  of  American  history  or 
by  taking  different  sides  on  the  same  general  question. 


§  38  a.     Smallest  Possible  Collection. 

Two  good  text-books  selected  out  of  the  list  in  §  18.  For 
example  :  H.  E.  Scudder,  History  of  the  United  States  for 
Schools;  A.  C.  Thomas,  History  of  the  United  States. 


§  38  b.     A  Five-Dollar  Collection. 

Edward  Channing,  The  United  States  of  America,  1765-1865.  (Cam 
bridge  Historical  series.)  N.Y.,  Macmillan  &  Co.,  1896. 

John  Fiske,  School  History  of  the  United  States.  Boston,  Houghton, 
1894. 

T.  W.  Higginson,  Young  Folks'  History  of  the  United  States.  N.Y., 
Longmans. 

Alexander  Johnston,  History  of  the  United  States  for  Schools.  N.Y., 
Holt,  1889. 

Mary  S.  Sheldon  and  Earl  Barnes,  Studies  in  American  History. 
Boston,  Heath,  1893. 

Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Epoch  Maps  illustrating  American  History. 
N.Y.,  Longmans,  1893. 


§38d.]  Cheap  Libraries.  145 


§  38  c.     A  Ten-Dollar  Collection. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  Autobiography.  —  To  be  found  in  many  different 
issues. 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  George  Washington.  2  vols.  Boston,  Houghton, 
1892. 

John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Abraham  Lincoln.     2  vols.     Boston,  Houghton. 

Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay.     2  vols.     Boston,  Houghton. 

Goldwin  Smith,  The  United  States,  an  Outline  of  Political  History. 
(1492-1871.)  N.Y.,  Macmillan,  1893. 

Thwaites,  Hart,  and  Wilson,  Epochs  of  American  History.  3  vols. 
N.Y.,  Longmans,  1894. 

The  combination  of  the  two  collections  enumerated  in  §  38  b 
and  §  38  c  would  make  a  good  fifteen-dollar  collection. 


§  38  d.     A  Twenty-Dollar  Collection, 

American  History  Leaflets.     N.Y.,  A.  Lovell,  1892-95. 

American  History  series.  N.Y.,  Scribners.  Volumes  published : 
George  P.  Fisher,  The  Colonies ;  Wm.  M.  Sloane,  The  French  War 
and  the  Revolution;  Francis  A.  Walker,  The  Making  of  the  Nation. 

American  Statesmen.  Boston,  Houghton.  H.  C.  Lodge,  George 
Washington.  2  vols. ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Abraham  Lincoln.  2  vols. 

Edward  Channing,  The  United  States  of  America,  1765-1865.  N.Y., 
Macmillan  &  Co.,  1896. 

Epochs  of  American  History.  N.Y.,  Longmans.  Reuben  G.  Thwaites, 
The  Colonies;  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union;  Woodrow 
Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion, 

Benjamin  Franklin,  Autobiography. 

T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger  History  of  the  United  States.  N.Y.,  Harpers, 
1886. 

Alexander  Johnston,  History  of  American  Politics.    N.Y.,  Holt,  1885. 

Old  South  Leaflets.     Boston,  Heath. 

Josiah  Quincy,  Figures  of  the  Past.     Boston,  1883. 

Mary  Sheldon  Barnes  and  Earl  Barnes,  Studies  in  American  History. 
Boston,  Heath,  1893. 

Goldwin  Smith,  The  United  States,  an  Outline  of  Political  History. 
14.92-1871.  N.Y.,  Macmillan  &  Co.,  1893. 

Edward  Stan  wood,  A  History  of  Presidential  Elections.    Boston,  1892. 


146  Working  Libraries.  [§38d. 

Simon    Sterne,    Constitutional  and  Political  History  of  the    United 
States.     N.Y.,  1889. 

Barrett  Wendell,  Cotton  Mather.     N.Y.,  Dodd,  1891. 


§  38  e.     A  Fifty-Dollar  Collection. 

In  addition  to  the  books  enumerated  in  the  twenty-dollar 
collection  the  following  additional  volumes,  costing  about  thirty 
dollars  may  be  mentioned  : 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  Three  Episodes  of  Massachusetts  History. 
2  vols.  Boston,  Houghton,  1893. 

William  Bradford,  History  of  Plymouth  Plantation.  (Mass.  Hist.  Soc.) 
Boston. 

Judson  K.  Landon,  The  Constitutional  History  and  Government  of  the 
United  States.  Boston,  Houghton,  1889. 

American  Statesmen.  Boston,  Houghton.  John  T.  Morse,  Jr., 
Thomas  Jefferson  ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Alexander  Hamilton  ;  Lodge,  Daniel 
Webster ;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson  ;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay. 
2  vols.;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy  Adams ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  John 
C.  Calhoun. 

J.  A.  Doyle,  The  English  in  America.     3  vols.     N.Y.,  Holt. 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  The  English  Colonies  in  North  America.  N.Y., 
Harpers,  1881. 

James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States.  5  vols.  N.Y.,  Dodd, 
1893. 

John  Fiske,  The  Discovery  of  America.  2  vols.  Boston,  Houghton, 
1893. 

§  38  f.     A  Hundred-Dollar  Collection. 

In  addition  to  the  list  in  §§  38  d  and  38  e,  a  good  history  of 
one's  own  state  (§  23)  and  the  following  works  may  be  added  : 

John  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States.  4  vols. 
N.Y.,  Appleton,  1883-95. 

H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  and  Political  History  of  the  United  States. 
8  vols.  Chicago,  Callaghan,  1877-91. 

James  F.  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States  since  1850.  3  vols. 
N.Y.,  Harpers,  1890-95. 

James  Freeman  Clarke,  Anti-Slavery  Days.     N.Y.,  1884. 

Lucius  E.  Chittenden,  Personal  Reminiscences  (1860-90).    N.Y.,  1893. 


§39-]  Larger  Collections.  147 

W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  History  of  England.   Vols.  Ill  and  IV.    N.Y.,  Holt. 
Thomas  Jefferson,  Notes  on  Virginia.  —  Many  editions. 
Hugh  McCullough,  Men  and  Measures  of  Half  a  Century.  N.Y.,  1888. 
Josiah  Quincy,  Figures  of  the  Past  from  the  Leaves  of  Old  Journals. 
Boston,  1883. 

Nathan  Sargent,  Public  Men  and  Events.     2  vols.     Phila.,  1875. 
John  C.  Ropes,  Story  of  the  Civil  War.    3  vols.    N.Y.,  Putnams,  1895. 

§  39.    A  Good  Working  Library. 

The  small  collections  above  described  have  few  sources  in  them, 
and  ought  to  be  supplemented  by  printed  records,  by  biographies 
containing  letters  and  other  original  material,  and  by  the  works  of 
statesmen,  and  local  and  special  histories.  From  the  lists  of 
classified  books  given  above  (§§  23-36)  many  additional  titles 
may  be  drawn.  At  the  beginning  of  each  section  will  be  found 
some  hints  as  to  the  books  most  desirable.  Among  them  should 
be  included  : 

(1)  Atlases    of  American   historical  geography,  and  some  of 
the  descriptive  books  and  sources. 

(2)  A  good  supply  of  text-books,  both  school  and  college. 

(3)  Additional  general  histories  mentioned  in  §  20. 

(4)  Some  of  the  special  histories,  especially  Taussig's  Tariff 
History. 

(5)  The  local  histories  of  the  state  and  place  in  which  the 
teacher  or  reader  lives  (§  23). 

(6)  Biographies    of    all    the    Presidents,    and    also    of    John 
Winthrop,    Hutchinson,  Sam  Adams,    Patrick   Henry,  Franklin, 
Hamilton,    John    Randolph,    Gallatin,    Henry    Clay,     Webster, 
Calhoun,  Benton,  Seward,  Chase,  Sumner,  Elaine,   Davis. 

(7)  A  few  of  the  reviews  containing  historical  matter,  especially 
the  Nation,  and  the  American  Historical  Review. 

(8)  If  possible  some  sets  of  colonial  records,  which  may  be 
obtained  at  reasonable  prices  at  the  second-hand  book  stores. 

(9)  A  set  of  the  Annals  of  Congress,  Congressional  Debates, 
Congressional  Globe,  and  Congressional  Record;  the  two  last  may 
sometimes  be  had  through  a  senator  or  member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives. 


148  Working  Libraries.  [§  39. 

(10)  The  Statutes  at  Large  and  Treaties  and  Conventions 
(§§  30  c,  30  d). 

Lists  of  desirable  books  will  be  found  in  another  form  in  the 
"General  Readings"  (§  56). 

§  40.     Collateral  Use  of  Public  Libraries. 

The  large  number  of  public  libraries  in  the  United  States  makes 
possible  careful  work  in  history  even  in  schools  which  have  small 
or  ill-selected  libraries.  One  method  is  to  recommend  pupils  to 
draw  books  which  will  be  useful  in  connection  with  their  study. 
For  this  purpose  it  is  very  desirable  to  cooperate  with  the 
librarian  in  preparing  reading-lists,  including  only  material  in  the 
library,  and  illustrating  the  regular  lessons.  Good  descriptive 
books,  travels,  and  historical  novels  may  thus  be  indicated,  as  well 
as  histories  and  biographies.  The  admirable  Reference  Lists 
prepared  by  W.  E.  Foster,  librarian  of  the  Providence  Public 
Library,  are  illustrations  of  what  may  be  done  to  bring  readers 
and  books  into  relations  with  each  other  over  subjects  of  current 
interest.  For  school  use,  however,  this  system  has  the  disadvantage 
that  the  nimblest  pupil  withdraws  the  most  valuable  book,  and  the 
others  cannot  use  it  till  he  returns  it. 

Perhaps  a  better  method  is  for  the  school  to  secure  the  privilege 
of  drawing  out  a  certain  number  of  books,  and  keeping  them  for 
a  definite  time  in  the  school  building  as  a  special  reference  library. 
This  system  has  the  advantage  of  keeping  together  for  general 
use  the  set  of  most  useful  books.  One  of  the  reasons  for  placing 
the  Cambridge  English  High  School  near  the  Public  Library  was 
that  the  use  of  books  would  thus  be  facilitated.  Without  any  such 
formal  privilege  being  granted,  it  is  easy  to  arrange  that  children, 
holders  of  cards,  shall  unite  their  drawings,  so  as  to  make  up  a 
reference  set,  to  be  used  by  the  whole  class  so  long  as  the  library 
regulations  permit  the  books  to  remain  out.  In  many  cases  public 
libraries  will  purchase  sets  of  books  on  American  history,  with 
special  reference  to  their  usefulness  for  school  work.  Another 
advantage  of  a  good  public  library  should  be  that  it  can  give  the 
pupils  an  opportunity  to  learn  the  use  of  catalogues,  special 
bibliographies,  and  other  keys  to  literature.  (§  16.) 


§4i-]  Use  of  Public  Libraries.  149 

§  41.     Use  of  Great  Libraries. 

A  few  favored  cities  and  some  universities  have  the  advantage 
of  great  public  or  endowed  libraries,  containing  rich  historical 
literature  and  preserving  extensive  sets  of  printed  records,  works 
of  public  men,  and  files  of  periodicals.  The  first  duty  of  a  student 
or  reader  in  such  a  library  is  to  make  himself  familiar  with  the 
catalogue,  so  that  he  may,  without  loss  of  time,  go  straight  to  the 
authorities  on  any  subject  he  may  be  studying.  A  few  hours  spent 
in  mastering  the  intricacies  of  a  printed  or  card  subject  catalogue 
will  make  the  whole  of  the  historical  way  smooth.  Next  the 
student  should  learn  the  arrangement  and  use  of  special  aids  such 
as  Poole's  Index  and  Fletcher's  A.  L.  A.  Index  to  General 
Literature.  The  best  printed  catalogues  should  be  examined 
also,  such  as  Leypoldt's  American  Catalogue  and  the  catalogues 
of  the  Boston  Athenaeum,  Peabody  Institute  of  Baltimore,  and 
Brooklyn  Public  Library.  This  familiarity  may  most  easily  be 
gained  by  following  out  some  specific  subject  through  the  various 
bibliographical  aids.  The  Special  Report  on  Bibliography, 
described  below  (§  69),  is  an  illustration  of  this  method. 

The  next  duty  of  the  student  is  to  make  himself  familiar  with 
the  general  literature  of  American  history.  If  he  have  a  select  set 
of  works  on  the  subject  at  his  disposal,  he  should  go  through  a 
considerable  number  of  the  books,  examining  them  sufficiently  to 
acquaint  himself  with  their  aim  and  arrangement.  Then  he  should 
look  into  the  sources,  particularly  the  colonial  records  and  the 
records  of  the  United  States  government,  so  as  to  understand  the 
principle  upon  which  they  are  arranged,  and  the  indexes  and  other 
means  of  getting  at  their  contents. 

All  the  work  above  described  is  of  course  only  a  reconnaissance, 
intended  to  prepare  the  way  for  a  careful  study  of  some  part  of 
the  material  thus  examined,  in  connection  with  class  work  or 
private  reading.  A  great  library  means  not  so  much  that  the 
student  is  to  read  an  enormous  amount,  as  that  he  is  to  learn  how 
to  select  from  the  mass  the  books  or  parts  of  books  most  useful 
to  him  ;  and  especially  that  he  may  learn  how  to  draw  from  the 
sources  material  for  knowledge  or  the  confirmation  of  knowledge 


i  5  o  Wo  rk  ing  L  ib  ra  ries .  [§41- 

gained  elsewhere.     Thought,   selection,   discrimination  are  most 
essential  to  the- right  use  of  great  collections. 

§  42.     The  Reserved  and  "Over-Night"  System. 

For  large  classes,  in  schools,  colleges,  and  universities,  it  is 
difficult  to  provide  enough  material  to  serve  for  the  wants  of  all  at 
once.  Important  books  may  be  drawn  out  when  most  needed  by 
the  class  ;  one  copy  is  often  insufficient,  and  few  libraries  will  buy 
duplicates  to  be  used  freely,  and  perhaps  worn  out,  by  students. 
Much  may  be  done  by  private  gift  to  increase  the  copies  of  the 
most  valuable  books.  Sometimes  members  of  classes  will  give 
reference  books  at  the  end  of  their  course,  or  classes  raise  a  sub 
scription  or  assess  themselves  to  provide  additional  copies.  It  may 
be  set  down  as  an  axiom  that  more  than  twenty-five  students 
cannot  use  a  small  number  of  reference  books  to  advantage.  Of 
course  in  a  large  collection  there  are  many  alternative  books  ; 
for  instance,  on  the  period  of  the  Confederation,  one  may  get  an 
excellent  foundation  out  of  either  Bancroft,  McMaster,  Fiske, 
Curtis,  Hildreth,  or  Pitkin,  —  it  is  not  necessary  for  all  to  read  the 
same  account,  if  every  one  reads  a  good  narrative. 

To  provide  as  well  as  possible  for  the  largest  possible  number 
of  students,  Mr.  Justin  Winsor,  Librarian  of  Harvard  University, 
has  worked  out  a  system  of  which  the  success  has  been  proved 
by  the  experience  of  a  dozen  years.  Out  of  the  numerous  stores 
of  the  library  each  instructor  has  the  right  to  select  such  books  as 
seem  to  him  essential  for  his  courses,  and  to  have  them  assembled 
in  an  alcove  of  the  reading-room,  where  they  are  entirely  open  and 
accessible,  without  any  formality  of  drawing  out,  during  the  library 
hours.  With  this  existence  of  a  good  working  collection  behind 
him,  the  instructor  may  safely  call  for  a  large  amount  of  parallel 
reading  and  special  written  work.  The  only  practical  difficulty  is 
the  occasional  hiding  or  carrying  away  of  a  book.  The  pressure 
for  the  use  of  particular  books  at  a  particular  time  is  strong,  and 
a  discreditable  number  of  volumes  disappear  in  the  course  of  a 
year.  The  loss  is  small  in  comparison  with  the  advantage  to  the 
students,  and  concealment  of  a  "reserved  book"  is  considered 
one  of  the  meanest  of  college  crimes. 


§42.]      The  Reserved  and  "Over-Night"   System.      151 

A  further  provision  of  the  scheme  adds  greatly  to  the  effective 
ness  of  the  library  in  cases  where  the  reading-room  cannot  be  used 
after  sundown.  No  book  thus  reserved  can  be  drawn  out  by  any 
student  during  the  day  ;  but  he  has  the  privilege,  an  half-hour 
before  the  library  closes,  to  draw  a  certain  number  of  reserved 
books  for  "over-night  use";  such  books  are  returnable  at  nine 
o'clock  the  next  morning,  and  neglect  so  to  return  them,  if 
repeated,  places  the  negligent  student  for  a  month  on  the  "  black 
list"  of  persons  whose  privilege  is  suspended.  The  reserved 
books  system  thus  serves  a  double  use,  and  promotes  an  intelli 
gent  use  of  library  material.  It  makes  the  library  a  kind  of 
laboratory  for  the  "  humanities." 

Some  instructors  in  smaller  colleges,  where  the  general  library 
facilities  are  not  ample,  have  established  small  working  libraries 
in  rooms  set  apart  for  the  purpose  by  the  college  authorities.  To 
each  student  in  the  course  for  which  such  a  library  is  provided  a 
key  is  given  in  return  for  the  deposit  of  a  small  sum  of  money. 
A  portion  of  the  money  thus  obtained  is  used  to  replace  books 
lost  through  theft  or  carelessness  or  through  abuse.  The  interests 
of  the  students  and  of  the  library  are  thus  made  identical.  This 
system  is  said  to  work  well  in  some  institutions. 


V.     CLASS    EXERCISES. 

§  43.     Recitations. 

THE  class-room  is  the  place  where  the  pupils'  general  work  is  to 
be  tested.  But,  at  the  outset,  teachers  ought  never  to  lose  sight 
of  the  fact  that  repetition  of  the  words  or  ideas  of  a  text-book  is  a 
test  of  the  memory  and  not  of  the  mind.  The  only  proper  test  is 
that  which  ascertains  how  far  a  pupil  is  able  to  use  and  apply 
what  he  knows  ;  and  in  that  process  one  is  certain  to  find  out 
whether  he  really  knows  anything.  It  is  a  deadening  experience 
to  have  hour  after  hour  given  up  in  class  to  a  recital  by  pupils  of 
facts  which  the  others- either  know  already,  or  will  never  learn  in 
class.  The  recitation  is  the  teacher's  opportunity  to  enforce, 
explain,  illustrate,  and  amplify  the  lesson. 

The  first  duty  of  the  teacher  is  therefore  throughout  the  exercise 
to  point  out  what  is  most  important  in  the  lesson,  and  what  is  a 
minor  matter,  and  thus  to  break  up  the  notion  that  every  word  in 
the  text-book  deserves  equal  attention  with  every  other  word.  Any 
good  teacher  ought  to  be  able  even  to  suggest  omissions.  The 
interest  and  opinion  of  the  pupils  may  sometimes  be  drawn  out  as 
to  the  comparative  importance  of  two  events.  Thus  in  the  dis 
cussion  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  it  is  easy  to  bring  out 
the  fact  that  the  day  or  manner  of  signature  is  only  a  detail  ;  that 
the  essential  thing  at  the  moment  was  the  determination  then 
taken  to  separate  from  the  home-land  and  to  establish  a  new 
nation. 

The  recitation  is  also  the  place  to  bring  out  cro^s-relations  of 
events,  as  set  forth  elsewhere  in  the  text-book,  or  in  other  books. 
Thus,  in  studying  the  New  England  Confederation,  the  likeness 
between  the  Commissioners  of  the  Confederation  and  the  Con 
gress  of  the  later  Confederation  may  be  pointed  out ;  the  fugitive- 
slave  clause  may  be  compared  with  the  similar  provision  of  the 
Federal  Constitution  of  1787;  and  the  insubordinate  resolutions 

152 


§44-]  Recitations.  153 

of  Massachusetts  may  be  likened  to  the  votes  of  the  Hartford 
Convention  of  1814,  and  the  Secession  ordinances  of  1861.  This 
work  the  teacher  must  guide,  but  need  not  carry  on  alone ;  pupils 
may  make  pertinent  suggestions,  or  the  teacher  may  draw  them 
out  by  skillful  questioning.  Illustrations  may  be  drawn  also  from 
the  history  of  any  other  country  which  has  been  studied  by  the 
class,  but  this  should  be  done  with  the  greatest  care,  as  the  condi 
tions  of  problems  of  different  ages  and  races  are  often  very  unlike, 
although  on  the  surface  appearing  to  be  the  same.  With  such 
intelligent  teaching  there  will  be  no  need  of  calling  for  a  repetition 
of  the  words,  or  even  the  substance  of  the  text-books.  The  weak, 
lazy,  or  inattentive  scholar  will  surely  be  discovered. 

In  colleges  the  ordinary  set  recitation  is  an  anachronism ;  stu 
dents  old  enough  to  come  to  college  ought  not  to  need  the  stimulus 
of  their  own  discussion.  For  them  the  only  suitable  oral  exercise 
in  history  is  the  "quiz"  (§  46)  or  "conference,"  or  some  form  of 
written  exercise  (§§  65-73).  If  text-book  recitations  are  necessary, 
it  is  a  proof  that  the  work  done  is  not  college  work. 

§  44.    Proper  Use  of  Text-Books. 

What  is  the  advantage  of  a  text-book,  if  it  is  not  to  be  absorbed 
by  the  pupil?  In  the  first  place,  it  is  to  be  the  backbone  of  his 
knowledge,  —  the  ridge  connecting  and  holding  firm  all  that  comes 
to  him  from  other  sources.  Text-books  are  to  be  studied  care 
fully,  in  order  to  fix  in  the  mind  the  principal  events,  so  that  they 
may  be  carried  from  the  beginning  of  the  course  to  the  end.  A 
certain  body  of  facts  should  thus  be  acquired,  and  drilled  in  by 
constant  cross-reference. 

Most  text-books  on  American  history  are  well  illustrated,  and 
thus  serve  to  bring  home  to  the  mind  historical  places  and  public 
men.  The  maps  also  ought  to  be  —  and  in  a  few  cases  are  — 
suggestive  and  helpful ;  they  should  be  used  constantly  both  in 
and  out  of  the  class-room.  The  best  text-books  are  further  pro 
vided  with  a  set  of  select  bibliographies,  which  will  lead  pupils  to 
use  other  books  ;  or  contain  lists  of  questions  requiring  for  answer 
the  use  of  additional  books. 


1 54  Class  Exercises.  [§  44. 

One  other  use  of  text-books  is  that  of  the  "  open  text-book 
recitation,"  in  which,  with  their  books  before  them,  and  the  privi 
lege  to  turn  the  leaves  back  and  forth,  pupils  reply  to  off-hand 
questions,  including  past  and  even  future  lessons.  It  is  an  exer 
cise  likely  to  train  pupils  to  swift  and  discriminating  use  of  books ; 
and  to  keep  fresh  in  their  minds  the  conception  that  the  history  of 
the  United  States  is  one  thing,  and  not  a  succession  of  detached 
episodes. 

For  college  work  the  text-book  has  a  different  purpose.  It 
should  be  employed  not  as  a  basis  of  class  exercises,  but  as  a 
substitute  for  what  must  otherwise  be  acquired  from  lectures. 
The  instructor  may  omit  the  groundwork  included  in  the  text 
book  ;  and  assume  in  his  lectures  and  other  work  that  so  much 
knowledge  may  be  taken  for  granted.  The  text-book  may  also 
serve  as  a  guide  to  the  parallel  reading,  if  furnished  with  suitable 
bibliographies. 

§  45.     Reviews. 

Many  schools  waste  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  year,  the  last 
month  or  more,  in  an  elaborate  review  of  study  already  pursued 
within  too  narrow  limits.  A  proper  system  of  teaching  will  secure 
all  the  good  that  there  is  in  this  system,  without  its  loss  of  time 
and  energy.  Two  such  devices  are  thus  described  by  a  very 
efficient  teacher  in  secondary  schools :  "  The  pupil  is  given  the 
entire  subject,  for  instance,  the  Homeric  Age,  the  Conquest  of 
Italy  by  Rome,  the  Early  Norman  Kings,  the  New  England  Colo 
nies.  To  recite  these  f  fluents '  are  the  special  glory  of  the  class  ; 
the  brilliant  recitation  that  holds  the  interest  of  all  the  pupils, 
although  the  subject  is  familiar,  is  one  that  is  especially  prized. 
After  the  'fluent'  is  finished  it  is  criticised  as  to  matter  and 
manner;  the  English,  the  attitude,  and  intonation  of  the  reciter 
all  coming  under  fire,  as  well  as  the  historical  matter." 

The  second  device  is  thus  described :  "  But  a  very  important 
part  of  the  work  yet  remains,  —  the  fixing  of  the  whole  indelibly 
on  the  mind.  This  is  attempted  by  what  .  .  .  are  called  '  cards,' 
i.e.,  a  raking  fire  of  short,  sharp  questions  every  morning,  to  which 
a  prompt,  direct  answer  is  required,  or  the  dread  r  next,'  f  next,' 


§46.]  Reviews  and  the  "  Qtiiz"  155 

'next'  is  heard.  To  fail  in  cards  is  thought  a  great  disgrace,  for 
they  are  taken  up  only  when  the  subject  has  been  most  carefully 
explained,  and  failure  in  them  is  an  evidence  of  unfaithfulness  on 
the  part  of  the  pupil." 

The  essential  element  in  both  these  systems  is  that  every  reci 
tation,  properly  conducted,  is  a  review  of  all  the  lessons  which 
have  gone  before.  It  is  like  going  up  a  flight  of  steps,  from  each 
of  which  one  looks  back  over  all  that  he  has  climbed.  Besides 
the  oral  reviews  there  are  several  systems  of  written  questions 
which  will  be  described  below  (§§  65,  66). 


§  46.     The  "Quiz." 

For  sufficiently  advanced  pupils  the  recitation  may  be  replaced 
by  a  different  sort  of  oral  exercise,  the  "quiz."  Here  the  text 
book  has  place  only  as  one  of  several  authorities  that  may  be 
quoted  to  sustain  or  overthrow  a  proposition.  The  object  is  to 
draw  out  by  discussion  the  meaning  and  relations  of  the  day's 
topic.  For  instance,  instead  of  "  hearing  the  class  "  on  the  witch 
craft  delusion,  the  whole  body  of  pupils  may  become  a  sort  of 
committee  of  the  whole  on  the  subject,  and  may  discuss  how  far 
the  Puritans  were  abreast  or  behind  their  contemporaries  in  other 
lands  and  other  colonies  as  respects  belief  in  witches  ;  how  far  the 
evidence  was  worthy  of  credence ;  what  kindred  delusions  exist  in 
our  own  day,  etc.  Such  a  discussion  may  be  made  the  medium 
of  ethical  teaching,  of  the  greater  effect  because  introduced 
incidentally. 

One  method  of  carrying  on  such  a  "  quiz  "  is  to  assign  to  each 
member  of  the  class  some  phase  of  the  general  subject,  on  which 
he  is  to  make  special  preparation,  so  as  to  contribute  to  the  dis 
cussion  as  often  as  his  special  topic  bears  upon  it.  In  studying 
the  slavery  and  secession  questions,  for  instance,  to  each  member 
of  the  class  might  be  assigned  a  state,  the  attitude  of  which  was  to 
be  considered  on  each  successive  national  crisis.  An  assignment  of 
the  principal  American  statesmen  might  be  made  when  going  over 
the  period  of  the  Revolution ;  as  each  Congress  or  important 
measure  came  up  some  member  of  the  class  should  be  ready  to 


156  Class  Exercises.  [§46. 

describe  the  part  of  John  Dickinson,  or  James  Wilson,  or  Patrick 
Henry.  Another  method  is  to  make  each  member  of  the  class 
responsible  for  a  particular  book,  so  as  to  state  the  view  of  the 
author  on  each  controversy  that  comes  up,  or  to  add  details  not 
elsewhere  mentioned. 

In  college  the  "  quiz  "  may  approach  the  well-known  and  suc 
cessful  "  law-school  method  "  of  the  deduction  of  principles  from 
a  study  of  cases,  and  not  of  text-books.  For  the  college  students 
the  substitute  for  cases  must  usually  be  the  leading  historians ; 
but  a  skillful  instructor  and  interested  class  will  find  plenty  of 
material  for  ardent  discussion  over  such  questions  as  the  right  of 
the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  to  bring  over  its  charter,  or  the 
purport  of  the  Virginia  and  Kentucky  Resolutions.  Now  that 
sets  of  select  cases  in  Constitutional  Law  are  available,  the  princi 
pal  constitutional  questions  —  such  as  the  annexation  of  Louisiana, 
or  the  legal-tender  question  —  may  be  studied  from  actual  cases, 
even  in  considerable  classes. 

In  small  and  highly  advanced  courses  it  is  possible  to  conduct 
a  "  quiz  "  based  partly  on  texts  and  partly  on  personal  knowledge. 
Young  men  are  often  gathered  in  the  universities  from  many 
states,  and  have  had  widely  varying  experiences.  Political  and 
constitutional  questions  may  be  discussed  in  such  classes  by 
assigning  to  each  man  a  state  —  presumably  his  own  —  or  an 
institution,  upon  which  he  shall  make  himself  an  authority. 


§  47.     Memorizing. 

No  improved  method  of  teaching  can  do  away  with  the  neces 
sity  of  memorizing  certain  data;  but  here,  as  elsewhere,  there 
must  be  caution  to  select  essential  things.  Neither  the  child's 
knowledge  of  history,  nor  his  power  of  mind,  are  aroused  by 
learning  by  heart  the  phraseology  of  a  text-book  writer.  What 
he  most  needs  is  a  list  of  important  events,  in  their  logical 
connection ;  the  names  of  a  few  of  the  great  characters,  with 
determining  dates ;  and  parts  of  the  phraseology  of  some  of  the 
constitutional  documents.  A  ready  use  of  this  material,  out  of  its 
connection,  should  be  required  and  enforced  at  every  opportunity, 


§47  a.]  Memorizing.  157 

so  that  it  may  be  firmly  fixed  in  the  memory  as  a  permanent 
acquirement.  It  should  be  the  multiplication-table  of  history, 
always  at  the  tongue's  end.  The  date  of  the  settlements  of 
Virginia,  Massachusetts,  or  New  York,  and  dates  and  succession 
of  American  Congresses  and  Conventions  from  1754  to  1789,  the 
names  and  dates  of  the  presidents,  should  be  as  familiar  as  seven 
times  nine  ;  and  the  use  of  these  dates  to  group  current  events 
should  be  as  free  as  nine  times  seven.  Beyond  these  epoch- 
making  dates  pupils  should  remember  whatever  adheres  naturally 
to  the  events,  but  drill  should  be  given  to  fixing  a  few  dates  in  the 
mind  rather  than  to  suggesting  so  many  that  they  will  have  no 
life  or  meaning. 

The  following  list  is  a  suggestion  of  the   things  best  worth 
remembering  as  a  basis  for  the  study  of  the  history  of  America. 

§  47  a.     Discovery  and  Exploration. 

1000  (about).  The  Norse  Discoveries. 

1492.  Columbus. 

1493.  Bul1  °*  Partition. 
1497.         John  Cabot. 

1513.         Ponce  de  Leon  (Florida). 

1513.         Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa  (Pacific). 

1519-21.  Cortez  (Conquest  of  Mexico). 

1520.         Magellan. 

1524.         Verrazano  and  Gomez  (Atlantic  Coast). 

1527-36.  Cabeza  de  Vaca  (Southern  United  States). 

1531-32.  The  Brothers  Pizarro  (Conquest  of  Peru). 

1534-35.  Cartier  (Quebec  and  Montreal). 

1539-42.  De  Soto  (Southern  and  Eastern  United  States). 

1540-41.  Coronado  (Southwestern  United  States). 

1578.         Drake  (Pacific  Coast). 

1583.  Gilbert  (North  Atlantic  Coast). 

1584.  Amadas  and  Barlow  (North  Carolina). 

1609.  Hudson  (Hudson's  River  for  Dutch). 

1610.  Hudson  (Hudson's  Bay  for  England). 
1615.         Champlain  (Lake  Huron). 

1634.         Nicolet  (Lake  Michigan). 

1673.         Marquette  and  Joliet  (Mississippi). 

1 68 1.         La  Salle  (Mississippi). 


58  Class  Exercises.  [§4?b. 


§  47  b.     Colonial  History,  1604-1760. 

1604.  Acadia  (De  Monts  and  Champlain). 

1607.  Virginia  (Jamestown,  Captain  John  Smith). 

1608.  Quebec  (Champlain). 

1619.  Representative  Government  and  Slavery  in  Virginia. 

1620.  The  Council  for  New  England  (Gorges). 

1620.  Plymouth  (Mayflower  Compact,  William  Bradford). 

1630.  Great  Emigration  to  Massachusetts  (Winthrop). 

1632.  Maryland  (The  Cal verts,  Baron  Baltimore). 

1635.  Connecticut. 

1636.  Providence  (Roger  Williams  and  Religious  Liberty). 

1637.  Rhode  Island  (Anne  Hutchinson). 

1638.  New  Haven. 

1638-39.  The  "Orders  "  of  Connecticut. 

1641.  Massachusetts  "  Body  of  Liberties." 

1643.  New  England  Confederation. 

1649.  Maryland  Toleration  Act. 

1651.  The  Navigation  Ordinance. 

1662.  Connecticut  Charter. 

1663.  Rhode  Island  Charter. 

1663  and  1665.    Tne  Carolina  Charters. 

1664.  English  Conquest  of  New  Netherland. 

1665.  New  Jersey. 

1676.  Bacon's  Rebellion  in  Virginia. 

1681.  Pennsylvania  Charter  (Penn  and  the  Quakers). 

1689.  Rebellions  in  Massachusetts,  New  York,  and  Maryland. 

1691.  Province  Charter  of  Massachusetts. 

1699.  Louisiana. 

1701.  Pennsylvania  Charter  of  Privileges. 

1713.  Treaty  of  Utrecht. 

1721.  Rebellion  in  Carolina. 

1732.  Georgia  Charter. 

1734.  Trial  of  Zenger. 

1749.  Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

1763.  Peace  of  Paris. 


§  47 d']  Memorising.  159 


§  47  c.     The  American  Revolution. 

1761.  Writs  of  Assistance. 

1763.  The  Parson's  Cause. 

1765.  The  Stamp  Act  (Henry's  Resolves). 

1766.  The  Declaratory  Act. 

1767.  The  Townshend  Acts. 

1768.  The  Massachusetts  Circular  Letter. 

1769.  Virginia  Resolves. 

1772.  Burning  of  the  Gaspee. 

1773.  Destruction  of  the  Tea. 

1774.  The  Boston  Port  Act,  Massachusetts  Government  Act,  Quebec 
Act,  etc. 

1775.  Lexington  and  Concord. 

1776.  Declaration  of  Independence. 
1778.    The  French  Alliance. 

1781.    Ratification  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation. 

1782  and  1783.    Preliminary  Articles  and  Definitive  Treaty  of  Peace. 

§  47  d.    Development  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

1754.  Albany  Congress. 

1765.  Stamp  Act  Congress. 

1774.  First  Continental  Congress. 

1775.  Second  Continental  Congress. 

1776.  Declaration  of  Independence. 
1781.  Articles  of  Confederation  in  effect. 
1781.  Five-per-cent  Amendment  proposed. 

1783.  Revenue  Amendment  proposed. 

1784.  Commerce  Amendment  proposed. 

1786.  Annapolis  Convention. 

1787.  Federal  Convention. 
1787.         Northwest  Ordinance. 

1789.  Federal  Constitution  in  effect. 

1789-91.  First  Ten  Amendments  (Bill  of  Rights). 

1794.  Jay  Treaty. 

1798-99.  Virginia  and  Kentucky  Resolutions. 

1798.  Eleventh  Amendment  (Suits  against  States). 

1803.  Marbury  vs.  Madison  (Acts  of  Congress  void). 

1803.  Annexation  of  Louisiana. 


1 60  Class  Exercises.  [§  47  d 

1804.  Twelfth  Amendment  (Election  of  President), 

1807.  The  Embargo  (National  Power  over  Commerce). 
1812-15.  War  with  England. 

1814.  Hartford  Convention. 

1819.  McCullough  vs.  Maryland  (Implied  Powers). 

1820.  Missouri  Compromise  (National  Prohibition  of  Slavery). 

1823.  Monroe  Doctrine. 

1824.  Gibbons  vs.  Ogden  (State  Powers  over  Commerce). 
1832.  Nullification  Controversy. 

1845.  Annexation  of  Texas. 

1846-48.  Mexican  War. 

1850.  Compromise  on  Slavery  Questions. 

1854.  Kansas-Nebraska  Act  (Popular  Sovereignty). 

1857.  Dred  Scott  Case  (Slavery  Restrictions  annulled). 

1861.  Secession  Controversy. 

1861-65.  Civil  War- 

1863.  Emancipation  Proclamation  (War  Powers). 

1865.  Thirteenth  Amendment  (Slavery  forbidden). 

1867.  Reconstruction  Act  (Congress  asserts  its  Power). 

1868.  Fourteenth  Amendment  (Citizenship  defined). 
1868.  Impeachment  of  President  Johnson. 

1870.  Fifteenth  Amendment  (Negro  Suffrage). 

1870.  Legal  Tender  Cases  (Legal  Tender  Notes  approved) 

1873.  Slaughter-House  Cases  (Citizenship  restrained). 

1883.  Civil  Service  Act  (Examinations  for  Service). 

1884.  Juillard  vs.  Greenman  (Legal  Tender  Notes  confirmed). 
1886.  Interstate  Commerce  Act  (Legislation  on  Railroads). 
1889-95.  Tariff  Controversy. 

1896.  Discussion  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 


§  47  e.    Presidents  of  the  United  States. 

1793-97.  George  Washington  (Jay  Treaty). 

1797-1801.  John  Adams  (Alien  and  Sedition  Acts). 

1801-09.  Thomas  Jefferson  (Annexation  of  Louisiana). 

1809-17.  James  Madison  (War  of  1812). 

1817-25.  James  Monroe  (Monroe  Doctrine). 

1825-29.  John  Quincy  Adams  (Panama  Congress). 

1829-37.  Andrew  Jackson  (Bank  and  Nullification  Controversies). 

1837-41.  Martin  Van  Buren  (Panic  of  1837). 


§  47  f-] 


Memorizing. 


161 


1841.  William  Henry  Harrison  (First  Death  in  Office). 

1841-45.  John  Tyler  (Annexation  of  Texas). 

1845-49.  James  K.  Polk  (Mexican  War). 

1849-50.  Zachary  Taylor  (Died  in  Office). 

1850-53.  Millard  Fillmore  (Compromise  of  1850). 

1853-57.  Franklin  Pierce  (Kansas-Nebraska  Act). 

1857-61.  James  Buchanan  (Lecompton  Constitution). 

1861-65.  Abraham  Lincoln  (The  Civil  War). 

1865-69.  Andrew  Johnson  (Reconstruction  and  Impeachment). 

1869-77.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  (Treaty  with  England). 

1877-81.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  (Troops  withdrawn). 

1881.  James  A.  Garfield  (Died  in  Office). 

1881-85.  Chester  A.  Arthur  (Civil  Service  Reform). 

1885-89.  Grover  Cleveland  (Tariff  Controversy). 

1889-93.  Benjamin  Harrison  (McKinley  Tariff). 

1893.  Grover  Cleveland.  (Currency  and  Tariff  Bills). 


12,  13. 


§  47  f.     Admission  of  States. 

1787-88.  By  ratification  of  the  Constitution  before  it  went  into 
effect :  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Georgia,  Con 
necticut,  Massachusetts,  Maryland,  South  Carolina,  New 
Hampshire,  Virginia,  New  York. 

1789-90.  By  ratification  of  the  Constitution  after  it  was  in 
effect :  North  Carolina,  Rhode  Island. 

1791-1895.  By  act  of  Congress  (the  date  is  that  of  taking 
effect)  : 


14. 

1791. 

Vermont. 

27. 

1845. 

Florida. 

'S- 

1792. 

Kentucky. 

28. 

1845. 

Texas. 

1  6. 

1796. 

Tennessee. 

29. 

1846. 

Iowa. 

17- 

1803. 

Ohio. 

3°- 

1848. 

Wisconsin. 

18. 

1812. 

Louisiana. 

31- 

1850. 

California. 

19. 

1816. 

Indiana. 

32- 

1858. 

Minnesota. 

20. 

1817. 

Mississippi. 

33- 

1859. 

Oregon. 

21. 

1818. 

Illinois. 

34- 

1861. 

Kansas. 

22. 

1819. 

Alabama. 

35- 

1863. 

West  Virginia. 

23- 

1820. 

Maine. 

36. 

1864. 

Nevada. 

24. 

1821. 

Missouri. 

37- 

1867. 

Nebraska. 

25- 

1836. 

Arkansas. 

38. 

1876. 

Colorado. 

26. 

1837- 

Michigan. 

39- 

1889. 

North  Dakota. 

1 62  Class  Exercises.  [§  47  f. 

40.  1889.    South  Dakota.  43.    1890.    Idaho. 

41.  1889.    Montana.  44.    1890.    Wyoming. 

42.  1889.    Washington.  45.    1896.    Utah. 

§  47  g.     Population  of  the  United  States. 

In  round  numbers,  at  each  decennial  census  : 

1790.     3,900,000.  1830.     12,900,000.  1870.     38,600,000. 

1800.     5,300,000.  1840.     17,000,000.  1880.     50,200,000. 

1810.     7,200,000.  1850.     23,200,000.  1890.     62,600,000. 

1820.     9,600,000.  1860.     31,400,000. 

§  47  h.     Significant  Extracts  from  the  Declaration  of  Inde 
pendence. 

When  in  the  Course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  necessary 
for  one  people  to  dissolve  the  political  bands  which  have  con 
nected  them  with  another,  and  to  assume  among  the  powers  of 
the  earth,  the  separate  and  equal  station  to  which  the  Laws  of 
Nature  and  of  Nature's  God  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the 
opinions  of  mankind  requires  that  they  should  declare  the  causes 
which  impel  them  to  the  separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident,  that  all  men  are  created 
equal,  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  certain  unalien- 
able  Rights,  that  among  these  are  Life,  Liberty  and  the  pursuit  of 
Happiness.  That  to  secure  these  rights,  Governments  are  insti 
tuted  among  Men,  deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  consent  of 
the  governed, —  That  whenever  any  Form  of  Government  becomes 
destructive  of  these  ends,  it  is  the  Right  of  the  People  to  alter  or 
to  abolish  it,  and  to  institute  new  Government,  laying  its  founda 
tion  on  such  principles  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form,  as 
to  them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  Safety  and  Happiness. 
Prudence,  indeed,  will  dictate  that  Governments  long  established 
should  not  be  changed  for  light  and  transient  causes  ;  and  accord 
ingly  all  experience  hath  shewn,  that  mankind  are  more  disposed 
to  suffer,  while  evils  are  sufferable,  than  to  right  themselves  by 
abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  are  accustomed.  But  when  a 
long  train  of  abuses  and  usurpations,  pursuing  invariably  the  same 
Object  evinces  a  design  to  reduce  them  under  absolute  Despotism, 


§4?i-]  Memorising.  163 

it  is  their  right,  it  is  their  duty,  to  throw  off  such  Government, 
and  to  provide  new  Guards  for  their  future  security.  Such  has 
been  the  patient  sufferance  of  these  Colonies  ;  and  such  is  now 
the  necessity  which  constrains  them  to  alter  their  former  Systems 
of  Government.  The  history  of  the  present  King  of  Great  Britain 
is  a  history  of  repeated  injuries  and  usurpations,  all  having  in 
direct  object  the  establishment  of  an  absolute  Tyranny  over  these 
States.  To  prove  this,  let  Facts  be  submitted  to  a  candid  world. 


He  has  combined  with  others  to  subject  us  to  a  jurisdiction 
foreign  to  our  constitution,  and  unacknowledged  by  our  laws ; 
giving  his  Assent  to  their  Acts  of  pretended  Legislation- : 


We,  therefore,  the  Representatives  of  the  united  States  of 
America,  in  General  Congress,  Assembled,  appealing  to  the 
Supreme  Judge  of  the  world  for  the  rectitude  of  our  intentions, 
do,  in  the  Name,  and  by  Authority  of  the  good  People  of  these 
Colonies,  solemnly  publish  and  declare,  That  these  United  Colo 
nies  are,  and  of  Right  ought  to  be,  Free  and  Independent  States  ; 
that  they  are  Absolved  from  all  Allegiance  to  the  British  Crown, 
and  that  all  political  connection  between  them  and  the  State  of 
Great  Britain,  is  and  ought  to  be  totally  dissolved  ;  and  that  as 
free  and  independent  States,  they  have  full  Power  to  levy  War, 
conclude  Peace,  contract  Alliances,  establish  Commerce,  and  to 
do  all  other  Acts  and  Things  which  independent  States  may  of 
right  do.  And,  for  the  support  of  this  Declaration,  with  a  firm 
reliance  on  the  protection  of  divine  Providence,  we  mutually 
pledge  to  each  other,  our  Lives,  our  Fortunes,  and  our  sacred 
Honor. 

§  47  i.  Significant  Extracts  from  the  Articles  of  Confederation. 

ARTICLE  I.  The  stile  of  this  confederacy  shall  be  "THE 
UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA." 

ARTICLE  II.  Each  state  retains  its  sovereignty,  freedom  and 
independence,  and  every  Power,  Jurisdiction  and  right,  which  is 


1 64  Class  Exercises.  [§  47  i. 

not  by  this  confederation  expressly  delegated  to  the  United  States, 
in  Congress  assembled. 

ARTICLE  III.  The  said  states  hereby  severally  enter  into  a 
firm  league  of  friendship  with  each  other,  for  their  common 
defence,  the  security  of  their  Liberties,  and  their  mutual  and 
general  welfare 


ARTICLE  VI.  No  two  or  more  states  shall  enter  into  any 
treaty,  confederation  or  alliance  whatever  between  them,  without 
the  consent  of  the  united  states  in  congress  assembled,  specifying 
accurately  the  purpose  for  which  the  same  is  to  be  entered  into, 
and  how  long  it  shall  continue. 

No  state  shall  lay  any  imposts  or  duties,  which  may  interfere 
with  any  stipulations  in  treaties,  entered  into  by  the  united  states 
in  congress  assembled,  with  any  king,  prince  or  state,  in  pursuance 
of  any  treaties  already  proposed  by  congress,  to  the  courts  of 
France  and  Spain. 


ARTICLE  IX The  united  states  in  congress  assembled  shall 

never  engage  in  a  war,  nor  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal 
in  time  of  peace,  nor  enter  into  any  treaties  or  alliances,  nor 
coin  money,  nor  regulate  the  value  thereof,  nor  ascertain  the  sums 
and  expenses  necessary  for  the  defence  and  welfare  of  the  united 
states,  or  any  of  them,  nor  emit  bills,  nor  borrow  money  on  the 
credit  of  the  united  states,  nor  appropriate  money,  nor  agree  upon 
the  number  of  vessels  of  war,  to  be  built  or  purchased,  or  the 
number  of  land  or  sea  forces  to  be  raised,  nor  appoint  a  com 
mander  in  chief  of  the  army  or  navy,  unless  nine  states  assent  to 
the  same :  nor  shall  a  question  on  any  other  point,  except  for 
adjourning  from  day  to  day  be  determined,  unless  by  the  votes  of 
a  majority  of  the  united  states  in  congress  assembled. 


ARTICLE  XIII.  Every  state  shall  abide  by  the  determinations 
of  the  united  states  in  congress  assembled,  on  all  questions  which 
by  this  confederation  are  submitted  to  them.  AND  the  Articles  of 


§47J-]  Memorizing.  165 

this  confederation  shall  be  inviolably  observed  by  every  state,  and 
the  union  shall  be  perpetual  ;  nor  shall  any  alteration  at  any  time 
hereafter  be  made  in  any  of  them  ;  unless  such  alteration  be  agreed 
to  in  a  congress  of  the  united  states,  and  be  afterwards  confirmed 
by  the  legislatures  of  every  state. 

§  47  j.     Significant    Extracts    from    the    Constitution   of    the 
United  States. 

ARTICLE  I.     SECTION  8.     The  Congress  shall  have  Power 

[§  i.]  To  lay  and  collect  Taxes,  Duties,  Imposts  and  Excises, 
to  pay  the  Debts  and  provide  for  the  common  Defence  and  gen 
eral  Welfare  of  the  United  States  ;  but  all  Duties,  Imposts  and 
Excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United  States  ; 

[§  2.]     To  borrow  Money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States  ; 

[§  3.]  To  regulate  Commerce  with  foreign  Nations,  and  among 
the  several  States,  and  with  the  Indian  Tribes  ; 

[§  4.]  To  establish  an  uniform  Rule  of  Naturalization,  and 
uniform  Laws  on  the  subject  of  Bankruptcies  throughout  the 
United  States  ; 

[§  5.]  To  coin  Money,  regulate  the  Value  thereof,  and  of 
foreign  Coin,  and  fix  the  Standard  of  Weights  and  Measures  ; 

[§  6.]  To  provide  for  the  Punishment  of  counterfeiting  the 
Securities  and  current  Coin  of  the  United  States  ; 

[§  7.]     To  establish  Post  Offices  and  post  Roads  ; 

[§  8.]  To  promote  the  Progress  of  Science  and  useful  Arts,  by 
securing  for  limited  Times  to  Authors  and  Inventors  the  exclusive 
Right  to  their  respective  Writings  and  Discoveries  ; 

[§  9.]     To  constitute  Tribunals  inferior  to  the  supreme  Court  ; 

[§  ID.]  To  define  and  punish  Piracies  and  Felonies  committed 
on  the  high  Seas,  and  Offences  against  the  Law  of  Nations  ; 

[§  ii.]  To  declare  War,  grant  Letters  of  Marque  and  Reprisal, 
and  make  Rules  concerning  Captures  on  Land  and  Water  ; 

[§  12.]  To  raise  and  support  Armies,  but  no  Appropriation  of 
Money  to  that  Use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  Years  ; 

[§  r3-]     To  provide  and  maintain  a  Navy; 

[§  14.]  To  make  Rules  for  the  Government  and  Regulation  of 
the  land  and  naval  Forces  ; 


1 66  Class  Exercises.  [§47J- 

[§  15.]  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  Militia  to  execute  the 
Laws  of  the  Union,  suppress  Insurrections  and  repel  Invasions  ; 

[§  1 6.]  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming  and  disciplining,  the 
Militia,  and  for  governing  such  Part  of  them  as  may  be  employed 
in  the  Service  of  the  United  States,  reserving  to  the  States  re 
spectively,  the  Appointment  of  the  Officers,  and  the  Authority  of 
training  the  Militia  according  to  the  Discipline  prescribed  by 
Congress  ; 

[§  17.]  To  exercise  exclusive  Legislation  in  all  Cases  whatso 
ever,  over  such  District  (not  exceeding  ten  Miles  square)  as  may, 
by  Cession  of  particular  States,  and  the  Acceptance  of  Congress, 
become  the  Seat  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  and  to 
exercise  like  Authority  over  all  Places  purchased  by  the  Consent 
of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the 
Erection  of  Forts,  Magazines,  Arsenals,  dock -Yards,  and  other 
needful  Buildings  ;  —  And 

[§  1 8.]  To  make  all  Laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper 
for  carrying  into  Execution  the  foregoing  Powers,  and  all  other 
Powers  vested  by  this  Constitution  in  the  Government  of  the 
United  States,  or  in  any  Department  or  Officer  thereof. 

ARTICLE  I.  SECTION  9.  [§  2.]  The  Privilege  of  the  Writ 
of  Habeas  Corpus  shall  not  be  suspended,  unless  when  in  Cases  of 
Rebellion  or  Invasion  the  public  Safety  may  require  it. 

[§  3.]  No  Bill  of  Attainder  or  ex  post  facto  Law  shall  be 
passed. 

[§  4.]  No  Capitation,  or  other  direct,  Tax  shall  be  laid,  unless 
in  Proportion  to  the  Census  or  Enumeration  herein  before  directed 
to  be  taken. 

[§  5.]  No  Tax  or  Duty  shall  be  laid  on  Articles  exported  from 
any  State. 

[§  6.]  No  Preference  shall  be  given  by  any  Regulation  -of 
Commerce  or  Revenue  to  the  Ports  of  one  State  over  those  of 
another :  nor  shall  Vessels  bound  to,  or  from,  one  State,  be 
obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  Duties  in  another. 

ARTICLE  II.  SECTION  10.  [§  i.]  No  State  shall  enter  into 
any  Treaty,  Alliance,  or  Confederation  ;  grant  Letters  of  Marque 


§47J-]  Memorizing.  167 

and  Reprisal  ;  coin  Money  ;  emit  Bills  of  Credit  ;  make  any  Thing 
but  gold  and  silver  Coin  a  Tender  in  Payment  of  Debts  ;  pass  any 
Bill  of  Attainder,  ex  post  facto  Law,  or  Law  impairing  the  Obli 
gation  of  Contracts,  or  grant  any  Title  of  Nobility. 

[§  2.]  No  State  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  the  Congress,  lay 
any  Imposts  or  Duties  on  Imports  or  Exports,  except  what  may 
be  absolutely  necessary  for  executing  its  inspection  Laws  :  and  the 
net  Produce  of  all  Duties  and  Imposts,  laid  by  any  State  on  Im 
ports  or  Exports,  shall  be  for  the  Use  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United 
States  ;  and  all  such  Laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  Revision  and 
Controul  of  the  Congress. 

[§  3.]  No  State  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  Congress,  lay 
any  Duty  of  Tonnage,  keep  Troops,  or  Ships  of  War  in  time  of 
Peace,  enter  into  any  Agreement  or  Compact  with  another  State, 
or  with  a  foreign  Power,  or  engage  in  War,  unless  actually  invaded, 
or  in  such  imminent  Danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 


ARTICLE  III.  SECTION  2.  [§  i.]  The  judicial  Power  shall 
extend  to  all  Cases,  in  Law  and  Equity,  arising  under  this  Con 
stitution,  the  Laws  of  the  United  States,  and  Treaties  made,  or 
which  shall  be  made,  under  their  Authority  ;  —  to  all  Cases  affect 
ing  Ambassadors,  other  public  Ministers,  and  Consuls:  —  to  all 
Cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  Jurisdiction  ;  to  Controversies  to 
which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  Party;  —  to  Controversies 
between  two  or  more  States  ;  —  between  a  State  and  Citizens  of 
another  State  ;  —  between  Citizens  of  different  States, — between 
Citizens  of  the  same  State  claiming  Lands  under  Grants  of  different 
States,  and  between  a  State,  or  the  Citizens  thereof,  and  foreign 
States,  Citizens  or  Subjects. 

ARTICLE  III.  SECTION  3.  [§  i.]  Treason  against  the  United 
States,  shall  consist  only  in  levying  War  against  them,  or  in  adher 
ing  to  their  Enemies,  giving  them  Aid  and  Comfort.  No  Person 
shall  be  convicted  of  Treason  unless  on  the  Testimony  of  two 
Witnesses  to  the  same  overt  Act,  or  on  Confession  in  open  Court. 


1 68  Class  Exercises.  [§  47  j. 

ARTICLE  VI.  [§2.j  This  Constitution,  and  the  Laws  of  the 
United  States  which  shall  be  made  in  Pursuance  thereof  ;  and  all 
Treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  the  Authority  of  the 
United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme  Law  of  the  Land ;  and  the 
Judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby,  any  Thing  in  the 
Constitution  or  Laws  of  any  State  to  the  Contrary  notwithstanding. 


AMENDMENTS.  —  ARTICLE  IX.  The  enumeration  in  the  Consti 
tution,  of  certain  rights,  shall  not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage 
others  retained  by  the  people. 

AMENDMENTS.  —  ARTICLE  X.  The  powers  not  delegated  to  the 
United  States  by  the  Constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the 
States,  are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively,  or  to  the  people. 


AMENDMENTS.  ARTICLE  XIII.  SECTION  i.  Neither  slavery 
nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for  crime 
whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist 
within  the  United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 


AMENDMENTS.  —  ARTICLE  XIV.  SECTION  i .  All  persons  born 
or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and  subject  to  the  jurisdiction 
thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  State  wherein 
they  reside.  No  State  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law,  which  shall 
abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States ;  nor  shall  any  State  deprive  any  person  of  life,  liberty,  or 
property,  without  due  process  of  law  ;  nor  deny  to  any  person 
within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 


AMENDMENTS.  —  ARTICLE  XV.  SECTION  i.  The  right  of  citi 
zens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged 
by  the  United  States  or  by  any  State  on  account  of  race,  color,  or 
previous  condition  of  servitude. 


48.]  Historical  Geography.  169 


§  48.     Historical  Geography. 

In  a  previous  section  (§21)  have  been  described  the  sources 
and  authorities  in  American  historical  geography.  Without  an 
adequate  knowledge  of  the  physical  and  historical  geography  of 
the  United  States,  of  the  natural  "lay  of  the  land,"  and  the 
process  of  subdivision  by  artificial  lines,  the  historical  student  is 
all  at  sea.  For  historical  purposes  the  river  systems  and  drainage 
basins  are  the  proper  basis  of  geographical  study.  By  the  phe 
nomena  of  erosion,  which  are  not  too  difficult  for  grammar  and 
even  primary  schools,  are  to  be  explained  most  of  the  natural 
highways  which  lead  from  the  sea  up  into  the  Appalachian  range, 
and  thence  down  the  westward  slope  ;  and  especially  the  position 
and  interrelation  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Mississippi  basins.  By 
the  tides  and  wave  action  are  to  be  explained  the  harbors  which 
determined  the  site  of  colonies,  and  the  growth  of  great  cities. 
Most  of  the  colonial  wars  had  their  theatre  in  and  about  the 
passes  from  the  seaboard  to  Canada,  or  on  the  coast.  The 
Revolutionary  War  and  the  Civil  War  are  also  to  be  understood 
only  by  reference  to  the  topography  of  the  country  in  which  they 
were  fought.  The  falls  in  the  principal  rivers  have  become  the 
site  of  manufacturing  towns,  or  the  limit  of  navigation.  Chicago 
and  New  York,  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  Richmond  and  Norfolk, 
mark  the  head  and  foot  of  great  water  communications.  From 
the  earliest  study  of  geography  the  features  of  the  continent  should 
be  treated  as  having  a  connection  with  the  settlement  of  the  country, 
and  with  political  events. 

To  understand  a  map  requires  a  training  ;  to  the  child's  mind  it 
is  only  a  picture  at  first,  —  or  rather  a  confused  set  of  lines.  Map- 
drawing  and  map-making  help  to  teach  the  pupil  to  look  on  a 
map  as  representing  a  surface ;  but  it  takes  a  long  time  to  learn 
to  read  the  vertical  element,  even  on  the  best  maps.  Children 
should  early  be  accustomed  to  think  of  the  maps  as  representing 
an  uneven  surface,  like  that  of  the  surrounding  country,  or  —  if  it 
be  flat  region  —  like  the  little  plateaus  and  channels  made  by 
rain.  Clay  modeling  is  an  efficient  aid  to  this  part  of  a  child's 
education. 


1 70  Class  Exercises.  [§  48. 

Upon  the  knowledge  of  physical  geography  may  be  based  a 
study  of  the  development  of  political  geography.  Every  child  who 
studies  American  history  at  all  ought  to  have  some  notion  of  the 
successive  geographical  status  of  the  country.  Unfortunately, 
there  exists  no  satisfactory  set  of  historical  wall-maps.  MacCoun's 
Charts  are  too  small  for  a  large  schoolroom,  and  are  not  entirely 
accurate.  Much  may  be  done,  however,  in  the  way  of  making  a 
set  of  maps.  A  large  outline,  or  better,  a  relief  map,  may  be  painted 
on  a  movable  blackboard.  By  using  colored  crayons  it  is  easy  in 
a  few  minutes  to  present  upon  it  any  desired  general  map,  on  a 
scale  large  enough  to  be  seen  at  a  distance  of  forty  feet.  Where 
a  larger  scale  is  desired,  or  the  field  is  out  of  the  limits  of  the 
blackboard,  sketches  may  be  made  on  the  blackboard,  or  perma 
nent  maps  on  thick  paper.  The  large  wall  outline  maps,  issued  by 
several  firms,  will  here  be  useful ;  and  it  is  much  simpler  than  it 
seems  to  draw  rough  maps  on  a  large  scale  ;  even  those  who  are 
not  draughtsmen  will  find  no  difficulty.  A  roll  of  strong  manilla 
paper,  a  few  colored  crayons,  or,  better  still,  water-colors,  a  yard 
stick,  and  a  small  map  on  which  rectangles  may  be  lightly  ruled, 
are  all  the  materials  necessary. 

The  first  use  of  the  maps  is  to  illustrate  the  territorial  develop 
ment  of  the  country,  by  bringing  before  the  eye  the  successive 
cessions  and  purchases.  At  the  same  time,  the  perplexing  bound 
ary  controversies  may  be  made  clear.  The  close  connection 
between  annexations  and  the  inner  political  history  of  the  country 
is  often  brought  out  in  startling  relief  when  presented  to  the  eye. 
Next  comes  the  internal  development  of  the  country.  Successive 
maps,  dated,  say,  ten  years  apart,  may  show  the  extent  of  settle 
ment,  and  the  formation  of  territories  and  states.  Even  political 
affairs  may  sometimes  be  strikingly  mapped  out ;  thus,  a  series 
of  maps  showing  the  distribution  of  the  presidential  vote  in  each 
succeeding  election  will  forever  fix  in  the  mind  the  slow  growth  of 
sectional  parties.  Special  maps  may  be  used  for  a  variety  of 
purposes.  The  theatre  of  wars  and  campaigns,  detailed  boundary 
controversies,  proposed  sites  for  the  national  capital,  schemes  of 
internal  improvements,  —  these  and  many  like  subjects  may  be 
made  to  appeal  to  the  eye. 


§  49-]  Historical  Geography.  1 7 1 

Besides  the  wall-maps  every  child  should  have  at  constant 
command  a  set  of  small  maps  or  an  historical  atlas ;  and  should 
be  encouraged  to  follow  every  lesson,  map  in  hand.  Sites  should 
be  learned,  not  with  reference  to  a  particular  river  or  body  of  water 
only,  but  with  some  reason  for  that  spot  having  been  chosen. 
For  instance,  Cincinnati  owes  its  growth  to  the  existence  of  a  little 
area  of  flat  land  between  the  hills  and  the  river ;  and  Cleveland 
lies  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  making  the  only  natural  harbor  on  that 
part  of  Lake  Erie. 

In  developing  the  political  geography  of  the  United  States 
much  use  may  be  made  of  local  geography,  especially  in  the  older 
states.  Every  child  should  know  all  the  territorial  changes  which 
have  befallen  his  own  state,  and  especially  his  own  town.  A 
citizen  of  New  York,  for  instance,  ought  to  be  aware  that  he  lives 
in  that  part  of  the  continent  claimed  by  England  in  virtue  of 
John  Cabot's  voyage  ;  that  the  town  was  originally  settled  by  the 
Dutch  following  on  Hudson's  voyage  of  1609;  that  it  was  included 
in  the  territory  granted  by  the  English  king  to  the  Council  for 
New  England  in  1620;  was  conquered  from  the  Dutch  in  1664, 
and  was  granted  to  James  Duke  of  York  and  Albany. 

In  learning  these  data  the  student  cannot  help  noticing  that 
America  was  first  divided  among  Christian  nations ;  that  then  the 
northern  portion  was  subdivided  into  colonies,  with  overlapping 
and  conflicting  claims. 

One  of  the  easiest  ways  of  teaching  geography  is  to  use  desk 
outline  maps,  filling  them  in  as  the  subject  progresses.  A  series 
of  such  maps  will  be  a  little  historical  atlas,  and  the  making  of 
them  is  an  exercise  in  geometry  as  well  as  in  geography.  For 
college  courses  historical  geography  should  never  be  relaxed  ;  the 
more  detailed  and  special  a  course,  the  more  reason  for  treating 
the  geography  carefully,  and  making  it  underlie  the  whole  body  of 
instruction. 

§  49.    Illustrative  Methods. 

Much  criticism  has  been  passed  upon  recent  reformed  school 
programmes  because  they  include  no  distinct  instruction  in 
aesthetics. 


Class  Exercises.  [§49- 

Drawing,  however,  is  a  usual  subject  of  study,  and  should  be 
so  taught  as  to  cultivate  a  love  of  beautiful  forms  ;  and  history  is 
the  natural  medium  for  instruction  in  art  as  a  part  of  a  nation's 
life.  The  first  step  is  to  make  the  schoolroom  attractive  with 
busts  and  portraits  of  great  men,  and  other  suggestive  objects. 
One  may  follow  the  example  of  a  teacher  in  Brown  University,  and 
make  a  kind  of  wainscot  of  portraits  for  the  lecture  room.  Or, 
like  an  excellent  academy  in  Massachusetts,  the  room  may  be 
adorned  with  busts  of  Greek  gods  and  historical  pictures.  To 
such  a  cheerful  collection,  children,  students,  parents,  and  public- 
spirited  people  interested  in  the  school  will  often  contribute  ;  and 
something  may  perhaps  be  had  from  school  funds.  Where  means 
are  scanty  there  are  still  excellent  portraits  cut  from  illustrated 
weeklies  or  old  magazines,  and  arranged  in  scrap  books  or  on  the 
walls.  Any  real  picture  of  a  person  or  place  or  scene,  well  exe 
cuted,  has  a  value  ;  imaginary  scenes  are  much  less  satisfactory. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  series  of  lantern  slides  of  historical  value 
may  be  sometime  introduced,  so  as  to  allow  the  use  of  the  magic 
lantern.  Wherever  possible,  by  maps,  charts,  or  pictures,  the  eye 
ought  to  be  associated  with  the  ear  in  historical  teaching. 

Historical  excursions,  common  in  Germany,  are  little  practised 
in  this  country,  although  in  all  the  older  states  there  are  places  of 
great  national  interest.  If  there  be  no  famous  hall  or  tree  or 
house  within  reach,  there  are  at  least  the  local  political  deliberative 
bodies, —  town  meetings  or  councils,  aldermen  or  legislatures  or 
courts,  which  are  to  history  what  chemical  works  are  to  chemistry, 
or  steel  works  to  manual  training, —  a  practical  illustration  of  the 
study.  Wherever  there  is  a  museum  it  should  be  visited,  if  it 
have  in  it  something  more  than  mere  curiosities. 

Class  discussions  have  already  been  considered  (§  49)  ;  many 
schools  have  regular  debating  clubs,  in  which  historic  questions 
may  be  threshed  out  as  they  come  along  in  the  study.  Home 
reading  (§  13),  lectures  by  people  from  outside  the  school,  compo 
sitions  and  themes  on  subjects  from  American  history  (§  66), — 
these  and  all  like  methods  should  come  in  to  make  the  study  more 
interesting. 


§50.]  Illustrative  Methods.  173 


§  50.    Debates. 

One  of  the  most  suggestive  of  class  exercises  is  to  organize  the 
class  into  a  debating  society,  or  to  induce  the  regular  debating 
societies  to  take  up  questions  which  arise  in  historical  study. 
This  method  very  closely  connects  itself  with  the  practice  and 
needs  of  everyday  life  :  all  children  discuss  with  each  other, 
state  arguments,  and  try  to  convince,  and  must  do  it  all  their 
lives. 

The  usual  method  is  to  appoint  one,  two,  or  more  persons  as 
principal  disputants  on  each  side,  and  then  to  let  others  come  in 
with  less  formal  speeches.  It  is  well  to  have  a  member  of  the  class 
preside  ;  and  he  should  be  instructed  to  enforce  rigorously  the 
limits  of  time,  and  to  make  the  debate  move  briskly.  But  debates 
as  a  class  exercise  should  be  as  free  as  possible  from  the  machinery 
of  parliamentary  law,  —  points  of  order,  discussion  of  technical 
ities,  and  the  like. 

It  adds  much  to  the  directness  of  a  debate  if  the  principal  dis 
putants  in  advance  reduce  their  arguments  to  the  form  of  a  brief, 
in  which  the  main  points  are  stated  in  their  logical  order,  with 
subsidiary  points  arranged  under  each  ;  and  with  references  to 
authorities,  wherever  possible.  Such  briefs  may  be  placed  on  the 
blackboard,  or  reproduced  by  cyclostyle. 

Every  such  debate  ought  to  be  criticised  by  the  teacher,  at  the 
end  of  the  exercise,  in  the  presence  of  the  class.  Each  of  the 
speakers  should  have  brief  notice,  including  praise  as  well  as 
blame,  and  calling  attention  to  the  principal  faults  of  each,  both  in 
delivery  and  in  matter.  Errors,  inaccuracies,  and  misstatements 
should  be  scored,  and  children  should  be  taught  to  consider  how 
to  make  their  arguments  pointed  and  convincing. 

American  history  furnishes  many  debatable  questions,  —  on  the 
actions  and  motives  of  public  men,  such  as  Aaron  Burr ;  on  great 
measures,  such  as  the  Kansas- Nebraska  act  ;  and  on  questions  of 
public  policy,  such  as  woman  suffrage. 

In  some  of  the  universities  debate  has  been  organized  into  reg 
ular  courses,  counting  toward  the  degree,  and  carried  out  with 
briefs  printed  in  the  college  papers,  before  each  debate.  Instruc- 


Class  Exercises.  [§  50. 

tors   in    elocution   and   in   history  and    economics    criticise   the 
participants.1 

§  51.     Reports  of  Pupils. 

Some  famous  schools  find  it  possible  to  enliven  their  exercises 
by  giving  the  pupils  a  part.  This  may  be  simply  the  assignment 
to  each  of  a  general  subject  from  which  he  shall  be  prepared  to 
make  a  contribution  to  the  discussion  whenever  that  subject  has 
application  (§  46)  ;  or  the  best  of  the  written  reports  may  be 
called  for,  and  perhaps  a  sufficient  number  combined  to  fill  the 
hour.  In  either  case  caution  is  necessary  :  all  the  pupils  must 
understand  that  the  criticisms  of  a  fellow-pupil  are  those  of  an 
immature  person  who  has  only  a  small  amount  of  information : 
that  his  abstracts  are  subject  to  the  faults  of  one  little  accustomed 
to  precise  use  of  language  ;  and  that  quotations,  carefully  made, 
carry  only  the  authority  of  the  source  from  which  they  are  drawn. 
There  is  no  danger,  if  pains  be  taken  to  teach  pupils  to  discrimi 
nate  between  different  classes  of  writers  —  the  contemporary,  the 
careful  secondary  writer,  and  the  slipshod  compiler ;  or  between 
the  prejudiced  enemy,  the  blind  friend,  and  the  later  impartial 
biographer.  One  of  the  main  purposes  of  good  teaching  is  to  give 
to  every  pupil  such  a  part  in  the  work  that  neglect  is  at  once 
apparent ;  such  a  method  as  has  been  suggested  leads  to  a  feeling 
of  responsibility,  both  for  accurate  work  and  for  prompt  and 
skillful  performance. 

§  52.     Student  Lectures. 

In  colleges  and  universities  it  is  possible  to  make  a  broader  use 
of  the  same  principle.  In  cooperative  classes  students  do  most 
of  the  work,  and  they  often  are  able  to  bring  to  the  study  of  an 
assigned  topic  an  amount  of  time  .and  thought  which  no  instructor 
could  devote  to  each  subject  if  he  worked  it  out  by  himself.  Of 
course  much  of  this  time  is  wasted,  and  oftentimes  the  results  are 

1  The  methods  of  such  a  course  at  Harvard  are  set  forth  in  a  pamphlet, 
Harvard  Debating:  Subjects  and  suggestions  for  Courses  in  oral  Discussion. 
Cambridge,  published  by  the  University,  1896. 


§  52-]  Student  Lectures.  175 

disappointing.  Occasionally  a  good  seminary  student  can  conduct 
an  exercise  in  a  large  course  to  advantage.  The  difficulty  in 
carrying  on  a  systematic  course  of  successive  lectures  by  students, 
even  the  ablest,  is  that  none  of  them  has  in  mind  the  dimensions 
and  relations  of  the  whole  subject  ;  the  lectures  are  apt  to  take  the 
form  of  a  lyceum  course  —  each  interesting,  but  none  necessary  to 
the  understanding  of  any  other.  That  student  lectures  may  be 
effective  in  certain  limited  fields  of  historical  study  seems  estab 
lished  by  the  result  of  a  course  on  the  History  of  Political  Theories, 
with  especial  reference  to  the  origin  of  American  Institutions, 
which  has  for  some  years  been  conducted  on  these  lines  in  con 
nection  with  the  Graduate  School  of  Harvard  University.  It 
will  be  conceded  that  the  circumstances  under  which  this  course 
has  been  given  are  peculiarly  fortunate.  It  has  been  possible  to 
admit  to  it  mature  men  only,  who,  for  the  most  part,  were  well 
acquainted  with  the  course  of  American  history,  possessed  some 
knowledge  of  English  history,  and  had  studied  general  history. 
Furthermore,  it  has  frequently  happened  that  one  or  more  of  the 
members  of  the  course  had  already  studied  the  general  topic  with 
a  former  instructor  in  some  other  institution.  The  instructor  has 
usually  delivered  from  twenty  to  thirty  lectures  at  the  beginning 
of  the  year  on  the  origin  of  American  institutions,  —  setting  forth 
in  detail  the  various  theories  on  the  subject,  and  tracing  the  history 
of  several  most  important  institutions  or  ideas  ;  and  on  the  under 
lying  causes  of  the  American  Revolution,  —  elucidating  the  theories 
underlying  the  American  system  of  government  and  calling  atten 
tion  to  the  historical  origin  of  those  theories  first  put  to  a  practical 
test  by  the  founders  of  the  American  Republic.  Meantime  some 
great  political  writer  has  been  assigned  to  each  student  —  men  like 
Locke,  Hobbes,  Rousseau,  Jefferson.  The  student  is  thus  given 
ample  time  to  study  the  life  and  career  of  his  author,  to  discover 
the  method  of  his  training,  the  circumstances  under  which  the 
book  was  written,  and  the  previous  writers  who  influenced  him. 
He  also  makes  a  thorough  study  of  the  works  themselves  so  far  as 
they  bear  on  the  subject  in  hand  and  expounds  them  to  the  class. 
The  students  have  always  taken  a  great  interest  in  each  other's 
work  and  have  entered  actively  into  the  discussion.  Free  scope  is 


1 76  Class  Exercises.  [§  52. 

given  to  each  student.  It  is  understood  that  he  must  (i)  cover  his 
subject  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  instructor,  as  a  large  portion  of 
whatever  credit  is  given  for  the  course  is  based  on  the  impression 
made  on  the  instructor  by  the  student  in  his  lectures  on  his  selected 
theme  ;  (2)  he  must  be  prepared  to  defend  the  successive  steps 
in  his  argument,  the  points  in  his  narrative,  or  the  interpretation 
of  his  author,  against  the  criticisms  of  his  fellow  students  as  well 
as  of  the  instructor  ;  and  (3)  he  must  not  weary  his  audience. 
The  students  are  obliged  to  take  notes  of  all  the  lectures,  to  read 
the  books  and  topics  studied,  and  to  pass  an  examination  on  the- 
whole  work  of  the  course.  With  a  small  class  of  advanced  mature 
students  this  scheme  has  worked  well.  The  training  in  the  eluci 
dation  of  difficult  subjects  to  the  satisfaction  of  a  critical  audience, 
the  rubbing  against  earnest  men  from  many  universities  in  all 
parts  of  the  country,  is  of  great  benefit  to  the  student.  The  disad 
vantages  of  the  method  are  that  it  takes  about  as  much  of  the 
instructor's  time  in  preparation  as  it  would  if  he  himself  lectured  ; 
the  students  frequently  waste  the  time  of  the  class  in  discussing 
irrevelant  matter  and  do  not  lecture  so  effectively  as  a  more  expe 
rienced  person  could  ;  and  finally  it  is  a  method  to  be  adopted 
with  great  caution,  as  it  is  certain  to  fail  with  a  class  of  more  than 
twenty  students,  or  with  a  small  class  of  persons  of  very  different 
grades  of  intelligence  or  attainment. 


§   53.     Seminaries. 

The  term  "seminary  method,"  and  perhaps  the  thing  itself ,  has 
been  much  abused  in  the  United  States.  In  Germany  it  has  a 
perfectly  distinct  meaning  :  there  it  is  a  system  of  instruction  of 
the  most  advanced  students,  in  which  the  work  is  entirely  original 
research,  the  necessary  technical  preparation  for  such  work,  and 
the  examination  and  comparison  of  results.  In  that  sense  the 
word  is  employed  also  in  the  score  of  advanced  institutions  in  the 
United  States  which  have  the  three  essential  elements  of  the  sys 
tem  —  large  libraries,  trained  instructors,  and  a  body  of  advanced 
students.  "Original  work"  is  not  necessarily  seminary  work  :  nor 
is  a  cooperative  class  necessarily  a  seminary.  The  system  is  in- 


§  53-]  Seminaries.  177 

applicable  in  most  colleges.  What  is  sometimes  called  "  the  semi 
nary  method  "  in  secondary  schools  is  really  nothing  but  the  use 
of  sources, 'under  competent  direction  ;  and  combination  of  the 
results  on  some  system  likely  to  arouse  interest  and  aid  other  mem 
bers  of  the  class.  The  aim  of  the  seminary  student  is  to  exhaust 
his  subject,  to  examine  all  the  literature  bearing  on  it,  to  say  the 
last  word  :  and  the  aim  in  secondary  or  grammar  schools  must  be 
to  get  as  much  as  possible  out  of  a  very  limited  range  of  material. 
It  is  the  difference  between  the  comprehensive  work  of  Mr.  Gardi 
ner  on  the  English  Commonwealth,  and  a  magazine  article  on  the 
execution  of  Charles  I.  So  far  as  methods  of  research  are  appli 
cable  in  schools,  they  will  be  considered  below  (§§  67-72). 

In  the  true  seminary  there  are  two  systems  in  use.  The  first  is 
to  assign  to  students  topics  generally  unrelated  ;  and,  as  each  stu 
dent  brings  his  work  to  a  point,  to  let  him  occupy  the  hour  of  class 
exercises.  The  other  way  is  to  assign  a  series  of  related  topics 
which,  with  an  occasional  lecture  from  the  instructor,  will  make 
up  a  systematic  and  consecutive  course.  Each  of  these  methods 
has  its  advantages  :  the  former  consults  individual  preference,  and 
allows  greater  variety  of  treatment  ;  the  latter  accustoms  students 
to  fit  their  historical  timber  into  a  given  space.  The  two  systems 
may  be  illustrated  by  the  two  following  lists  of  topics  in  American 
history  pursued  in  the  same  institution,  under  two  different 
instructors,  in  the  same  year. 

Taxatign  in  the  Colonies  in  1 760.  —  Slavery  in  the  Colonies  in 
1 760.  —  Education  in  the  Colonies  in  1 760.  —  Religion  in  the  Colo 
nies,  1 760.  —  Poor  Law  System  in  the  Colonies,  1 760.  —  Punish 
ment  of  Crime  in  the  Colonies.  —  The  Colonial  System. 

Fox  and  Wisconsin  River  Improvements. — Reconstruction, 
1865-1877.  —  Boston  Politics.  —  The  Census.  —  The  Veto  Power. 
-Workings  of  the  Judiciary  Department,  1865-1885.  —  The 
Greenback  Labor  Party.  —  Civil  Government  of  the  Southern  Con 
federacy. —  Foreign  Relations  of  the  United  States,  1860-1885. 

A  teacher  in  a  small  college  who  desires  to  establish  such  a 
"practice  course,"  or  to  use  the  "  seminary  method  "  under  some 
other  name,  has  two  very  practicable  plans  to  work  upon.  He  can 
—  especially  in  the  newer  states  —  set  his  class  to  work  up  inter- 


178  Class  Exercises.  [§  53. 

esting  incidents  in  the  history  of  the  state  in  which  the  college 
is  situated  ;  or  he  can  set  them  to  studying  the  origin  (so  far  as 
America  is  concerned)  of  the  institutions  with  which  he  is  familiar. 
One  hundred  dollars  will  buy  Hening's  Statiites  at  Large  of  Vir 
ginia,  the  Records  of  New  Plymouth  Colony,  including  those  of  the 
New  England  Confederation  and  the  Laws  of  Plymouth ;  Bradford's 
History j  Winthrop's  Journal j  and  the  Massachusetts  Colony 
Records  (§  29).  With  this  material  at  his  command  an  instructor 
will  find  an  abundance  of  interesting  topics  for  his  students  to 
study  :  the  origin  of  representative  systems,  and  the  various  ques 
tions  connected  therewith,  land  systems  and  local  institutions 
—  town,  county,  parish,  etc.  Of  course  this  material  will  not 
prepare  one  to  say  a  new  word  on  any  topic  ;  but  it  will  enable  a 
teacher  to  train  a  class  in  methods  of  original  research. 


VI.     READING. 

§  54.     Necessity   of  Reading. 

CLASS-ROOM  work  of  every  kind  depends  upon  the  preparation 
and  energy  of  the  teacher.  The  reaction  by  the  pupils  is  only  to 
be  had  if  they  know  something  and  think  about  it  ;  and  for  history 
the  source  of  knowledge  is  chiefly  reading.  Study  of  a  text-book 
has  its  advantages  (§  18),  but  it  is  not  necessarily  a  study  of 
history.  From  the  youngest  classes  to  the  most  advanced  graduate 
courses  reading  is  essential. 

We  are  bidden  to  rc  beware  of  the  man  of  one  book  "  ;  reading 
must  be  not  only  abundant,  it  must  also  be  varied,  Of  course 
much  that  thus  goes  into  the  mind  will  not  be  retained  :  the  end 
less  detail  of  history  easily  slips  away.  Yet  every  book  leaves  a 
certain  impression,  though  the  source  of  that  impression  be  forgot 
ten  ;  and  from  much  reading  results  a  residuum  of  fact  and  conclu 
sion  which  lasts  a  long  time,  and  perhaps  a  lifetime.  Sufficiently 
mature  students  may  safely  be  turned  loose  in  a  well-chosen 
library,  and  told  to  browse  :  for  they  are  sure  to  get  something 
good.  For  young  pupils  there  must  be  some  selection  indicated, 
but  there  ought  always  to  be  alternatives,  so  that  no  one  need  feel 
shut  in  to  one  writer,  who  is  supposed  to  speak  the  final  word  ; 
and  where  large  classes  use  one  reference  library  some  suggestions 
must  be  made  so  as  to  relieve  the  pressure  on  the  books,  and  lists 
of  selected  readings  are  useful.  For  detailed  courses  of  lectures 
students  will  find  advantageous  sets  of  more  elaborate  references, 
arranged  by  topics  in  the  order  of  the  lectures.  These  three  sys 
tems  —  consecutive  reading  according  to  the  student's  judgment, 
general  readings  of  selected  passages  on  general  subjects,  and 
topical  readings  on  special  subjects  —  will  be  described  in  the 
following  sections. 

i79 


i8o  Reading.  [§55. 


§  55.     Consecutive  Reading. 

For  advanced  students,  who  wish  to  get  a  view  of  the  literature 
of  the  subject,  and  to  compare  diverging  views,  the  best  method 
is  to  take  the  books  that  seem  from  inspection  most  promising, 
and  to  read  one  after  the  other,  making  such  comparisons  as  sug 
gest  themselves,  and  widening  the  field  of  the  lectures.  It  is  well 
to  begin  with  one  or  two  brief  books  so  as  to  get  a  general  view 
of  the  subject  ;  and  care  should  be  taken  to  include  contempo 
rary  material,  biography,  reminiscences.  Sometimes  a  chapter 
of  original  material  freshens  the  mind  as  much  as  a  volume  of  a 
secondary  work,  and  leaves  a  more  distinct  impression.  If  such 
work  is  carried  on  in  connection  with  a  course  of  lectures,  topics 
which  are  treated  in  the  lectures  but  have  not  been  covered  by  the 
reading  had  better  be  prepared  from  the  topical  readings. 

Even  among  children  it  is  well  to  encourage  a  habit  of  looking 
into  books,  and  selecting  something  that  attracts  for  itself  ;  but  a 
few  books  well  read  are  to  them  more  important  than  a  large 
amount  of  material  skimmed.  The  advice  that  Sir  William  Petty 
gave  to  Robert  Boyle  to  read  at  one  time  only  as  much  as  one 
could  then  assimilate  is  still  pertinent. 


§  56.     General  Reading. 

The  subjoined  lists  are  intended  for  high-school  pupils  and 
college  students.  Under  each  division  is  arranged  a  series  of 
groups  of  associated  books  or  parts  of  books  ;  and  any  one  of  the 
later  groups,  together  with  the  group  numbered  "  i  "  in  each  case 
at  the  beginning,  is  considered  a  fair  amount  of  reading  for  that 
period.  A  choice  of  groups  is  offered  to  allow  for  individual 
preference,  and  to  place  a  larger  number  of  books  at  the  disposal 
of  large  classes.  Pains  have  been  taken  to  throw  into  the  same 
division  books  of  divergent  views ;  in  passing  from  period  to 
period  it  is  well  to  bring  into  use  a  set  of  writers  not  already 
familiar. 


§  56  a.]  Brief  List  of  General  Readings.  181 


§  56  a.     Brief  List  of  General  Readings. 
1000-1700.    Discovery  and  Exploration. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  81-87,  89-96,  104.) 

1.  R.  G.  Thwaites,   The  Colonies,  Ch.  ii;    T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger 
History,  27-137. 

2.  C.    R.   Markham,    Christopher   Columbus,    and    Charles    Deane's 
"  Voyages  of  the  Cabots,"  in  J.  Winsor,  America,  III,  1-7. 

3.  J.  A.  Doyle,  The  English  in  America,  Virginia,  I— 108  ;    S.  H.  Gay, 
Bryants  Popular  History,  I,  35-63,  92-200,  312-313. 

4.  F.  Parkman,  Pioneers  of  France,  28—309. 

5.  T.  W.  Higginson,  American  Explorers  ;    E.  J.  Payne,  Voyages  of 
the  Elizabethan  Seamen. 

6.  J.  A.  Froude,  English  Seamen  in  the  Sixteenth  Century ;    J.  K. 
Laughton,  Introduction  to  The  Armada,  in  Papers  of  the  Navy  Records 
Society  of  Great  Britain. 

7.  M.  Creighton,  Age  of  Elizabeth  ;  F.  Seebohm,  Era  of  the  Protestant 
Revolution. 

1606-1760.    Colonization. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  88,  89,  91,  95,  97-130.) 

1.  H.  C.  Lodge,  English   Colonies  in  America,  Chs.  i-xxi ;    T.  W. 
Higginson,  Larger  History,  Chs.  vi-viii. 

2.  R.  G.  Thwaites,  The  Colonies,  45-284. 

3.  G.  P.  Fisher,  Colonial  Era,  30-312. 

4.  J.  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  Arew  England. 

5.  W.   M.   Sloane,   French    War    and    Revolution,   22-115  ;    Albert 
Bushnell  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  22-41. 

6.  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision),  I-III. 

7.  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  II. 

8.  J.  A.  Doyle,  The  English  in  America,  3  vols. 

9.  S.  R.  Gardiner,  History  of  England  from  the  Accession  of  James  I, 
III,  Ch.  xxvi,  IV,  Ch.  xxxvi. 

10.  For  a  short  account  of  England  during  the  Seventeenth  Century, 
see  S.  R.  Gardiner,  The  First  Two  Stuarts  and  the  Puritan  Revolution 
(Epochs  of  Modern   History  series) ;    or    S.  R.  Gardiner,  A  Student's 
History  of  England,  481-768  ;    or  Higginson  and  Channing,  English 
History  for  Americans,  144—244. 

11.  E.  A.   Freeman,  English  People   in  its   Three  Homes;    Hannis 
Taylor,  Origin  and  Growth  of  the  English  Constitution,  Introduction  ; 


1 82  Reading.  [§  56  a. 

J.  Fiske,  American  Political  Ideas;  Woodrow  Wilson,  The  State; 
Charles  F.  Adams  and  others,  "  Genesis  of  the  Massachusetts  Town," 
in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  Second  Series,  VII, 
172-262  ;  J.  R.  Seeley,  Expansion  of  England;  Borgeaud,  Rise  of 
Modern  Democracy. 

12.    Edward  Eggleston,  in  the  Century  Magazine,  III,  61,  724;  V,  431; 
VI,  234,  848;  VII,  873;  VIII,  387. 

1760-1783.    The  American  Revolution. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  133-135.) 

1.  H.   C.   Lodge,    English    Colonies,    Chs.   xxiii,  xxv ;    A.   B.    Hart, 
Formation  of  the  Union,  42-101  ;    W.  M.  Sloane,  The  French  War  and 
Revolution,  116-369;    T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger  History,  Chs.  ix-xii  ; 
E.  Channing,  The  United  States,  1165-1865,  1-106. 

2.  G.    W.   Greene,   Historical    View,    1-209;     J-    R-   Greene,   Short 
History  of  the  English  People,  Ch.  x,  Sect.  ii. 

3.  R.   Frothingham,   Rise  of  the   Republic,   Chs.  iv-xii  ;    W.  E.  H. 
Lecky,  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Centtiry,  III,  Ch.  xii;  IV,  Chs.  xiv,  xv. 

4.  Wm.  Tudor,  Life  of  James  Otis  ;   J.  K.  Hosmer,  Samuel  Adams  ; 
J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Benjamin  Franklin,  99-396. 

5.  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Washington,  I ;    M.  C.  Tyler,  Patrick  Henry. 

6.  J.  T.  Morse,    Jr.,   John    Adams,  1-225  >    W.  G.  Sumner,  Robert 
Morris. 

7.  C.  Tower,  Lafayette  in  the  American  Revolution,  I,  II. 

8.  W.  B.  Weeden,  Economic  History,  II ;    W.  G.  Sumner,  Financier 
and  Finances  of  the  Revohition. 

9.  F.  Pollock,  Science  of  Politics;  A.  Borgeaud,  Rise  of  Democracy. 

1750- 1789.    Genesis  of  the  Constitution. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  131-156.) 

1.  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  1-32  ;  E.  Channing,  The  United 
States,  1^65-1865,    Chs.  i-iv  ;     H.  C.   Lodge,    George    Washington,  II, 
1-46. 

2.  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  1-63; 
Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  Chs.  i-vi. 

3.  Joseph  Story,  Commentaries  on  the  Constitution,  §§  198-372. 

4.  H.  C.  Lodge,  English  Colonies  in  North  America,  406-475;   John 
T.  Morse,  }\.,John  Adams,  50-240. 

5.  T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger  History  of  the   United  States,   137-332. 


§  56 a.]  Brief  List  of  General  Readings.  183 

6.  H.  C.  Lodge,    English    Colonies   in   America,    476-521  ;     James 
Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  1-70  ;   H.  C.  Lodge,  Alexander 
Hamilton,  1-83. 

7.  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Samuel  Adams,  313-350. 

8.  George  Tucker,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  21-383. 

9.  John  Fiske,  Critical  Period  of  American  History. 

10.    W.   M.    Sloane,    French    War  and    Revolution;    F.   A.   Walker, 
Making  of  the  Nation,  1-50. 


1789- 1829.    Federation. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  157-179.) 

1.  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Politics,  Chs.  ii-xi;    E.  Channing, 
The  United  States,  1765-1865,  Chs.  v-vii ;    H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional 
History  of  the  United  States,  I,  181-272  ;    Josiah  Quincy,  Figures  of  the 
Past,  101-290. 

2.  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryanfs  History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  242-291  ; 
Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  Chs.  vii-xi ;    John  T. 
Morse,    Jr.,    Thomas  Jefferson,    209-320,    and  John    Quincy    Adams, 
25-98. 

3.  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Adams,  241-324;    Carl  Schurz,  Henry 
Clay,  I,  38-310. 

4.  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,   Thomas  Jefferson,  98-208,  and  John  Quincy 
Adams,  98-220  ;    S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  252-332. 

5.  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Washington,  II,  47-388  ;   Simon  Sterne,  Con 
stitutional   History,    145-168  ;     J.    S.   Landon,    Constitutional   History, 
Lects.  v,  vi. 

6.  John  Austin  Stevens,  Gallatin,  58-175;    H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitu 
tional  History  of  the  United  States,  \,   181-272;    D.  C.  Gilman,  James 
Monroe,  125-175.- 

7.  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,   128-251  ;    John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John 
Quincy  Adams,  25-98  ;    H.  Von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun,  12-83. 

8.  H.  C.  Lodge,  Alexander  Hamilton,  84-284  ;    Carl  Schurz,  Henry 
Clay,  I. 

9.  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  I. 

10.  James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  70-501,  II,  III. 

11.  Richard  Hildreth,  History  of  the  United  States,  IV-VI. 

12.  George  Tucker,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  384-627;  II,  III. 

13.  F.  A.  Walker,  Making  of  the  Nation,  Chs.  iv-xiii  ;    J.  W.  Burgess, 
From  the  Conclusion  of  Peace  in  1815,  I.     [In  preparation,  1895.] 


1 84  Reading.  [§  56  a. 


1829- 1860.    Economic  Questions  and  the  Slavery  Contest. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  180-203.) 

1.  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Politics,  Chs.  xii-xix ;  E.  Channing, 
The  United  States,  1765-2865,  Chs.  viii-ix  ;    H.  Von  Hoist,  John  C. 
Calhoun,  Chs.  v-ix. 

2.  Woodrow  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  Chs.  i-vii ;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  Chs.  iv;  V,  Ch.  x;  VII, 
Ch.  vii. 

3.  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  II. 

4.  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  85-309  ;    Jefferson  Davis,  Rise 
and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Government,  I,  1-85  ;    Carl  Schurz,  Henry 
Clay,  II,  69-94,  152-170,  228-372. 

5.  J.  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History,  Lects.  vii,  viii ;    J.  G.  Elaine, 
Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  I,  Chs.  i-x  ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton, 
69-340  ;    H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  171-332. 

6.  J.  W.  Draper,  History  of  the  Civil  War  in  America,  I,  301-338, 
388-567;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  282-434  ; 
Jefferson  Davis,  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Government,  I,  1-85. 

7.  Carl   Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  311-349;    II,   1-383;    H.  Greeley, 
American  Conflict,  I,  224-309. 

8.  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  459- 
505;  II-VII. 

9.  Henry  Wilson,  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power  in  America,  I, 
165-651;  II,  III. 

10.  J.  W.  Burgess,  From  the  Conclusion  of  Peace  in  1815,  I,  II.     [In 
preparation,  1895.] 

11.  James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  III-V. 

1860-1895.    Civil  War  and  Restoration. 

(For  topical  references,  up  to  1865,  see  §§  204-214 ;  for  readings  in  the  separate  periods, 
1860-65,  and  "865-95,  see  §  56b-) 

1.  Woodrow  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  Chs.  viii-xiii ;  Alexander 
Johnston,  American  Politics,  Ch.  xx  to  end  ;  E.  Channing,  The  United 
States,  Ch.  x  ;  Edward  Stanwood,  Presidential  Elections,  Ch.  xxi  to  end. 

2.  Judson  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History  and  Government,  Lect. 
ix  to  end  ;    J.  J.  Lalor,   Cyclopedia  of  Political  Science,    III,    532-556, 
693-701  ;   Alexander  Johnston,  The  United  States,  its  History  and  Con 
stitution,  Chs.  x,  xi. 


§56b.]  Brief  List  of  General  Readings.  185 

3.  Goldwin  Smith,  United  States,  Ch.  v;  Simon  Sterne,  Constitutional 
History,  190-274;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History  of  the  United 
States,  IV,  Chs.  xvii-xxiii. 

5.  James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  I,  Chs.  xi-xxvi ;  II. 

6.  J.  C.  Ridpath,  Popular  History  of  the  United  States,  Chs.  Ixvii-lxxi. 

The  following  general  works  on  this  period  were  announced  or 
in  preparation  in  December,  1895  : 

J.  W.  Burgess,  History  of  the  United  States  since  1815 ;  James 
Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  VI  ;  James  F.  Rhodes,  History 
of  the  United  States  since  1850,  IV-V  ;  Frederic  Bancroft,  Life  of 
William  H.  Seward ;  Geo.  C.  Gorham,  Life  of  Edwin  M.  Stanton ; 
Eben  G.  Scott,  History  of  Reconstruction  ;  George  T.  Curtis,  Constittt- 
tional  History  of  the  United  States,  II  ;  Thornton  K.  Lothrop,  William 
H.  Seward;  Moorfield  Storey,  Charles  Sumner;  Charles  Francis  Adams, 
Jr.,  Charles  Francis  Adams ;  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Salmon  P.  Chase. 


§  56b.     General  Readings. 

1000-1600.    Discovery  and  Exploration. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  81-87,  92-96.) 

1.  T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger  History,  27-108;    R.  G.  Thwaites,  The 
Colonies,  20-32,  36—42. 

2.  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  I,  118-174;    J.  G.  Palfrey, 
Compendious    History  of  New  England,    I,    2-17  ;     J.   A.    Doyle,    The 
English  in  America,  Virginia,  18-82. 

3.  George   Bancroft,    United  States   (original  edition),  I,  1-68;  (last 
revision)  I,  1-49. 

4.  J.  Winsor,  America,  I,   59-75;  II,  1-23,  129-152,  231-259,  473- 

498 ;  III,  i-7- 

5.  C.  R.  Markham,    Christopher   Columbus ;    J.  Winsor,   Columbus ; 
A.  Helps,  Spanish  Conquest  of  America,  and  Columbus. 

6.  H.   Harrisse,   Discovery  of  America;    John   Fiske,    Disco-very  of 
America. 

7.  R.  Biddle,  Sebastian  Cabot;  H.  Harrisse,  John  Cabot,  the  Discoverer 
of  North  America. 

8.  F.  Parkman,  Pioneers  of  France. 

9.  J.  A.  Froude,    English    Seamen   in   the   Sixteenth    Century,   and 
History  of  England,  XI,  94,  369-403,  441  ;  J.  K.  Laughton,  The  Spanish 
Armada,  Introduction  ;    J.  Cobbett,  Life  of  Sir  Francis  Drake ;    C.  R. 


1 86  Reading.  [§  56  b. 

Markham,  The  Hawkins1  Voyages ;  E.  Edwards,  Life  of  Walter  Ralegh ; 
I.  Tarbox,  Sir  Walter  Ralegh. 

10.    E.  J.  Payne,  Elizabethan  Seamen;   T.  \V.  Higginson,  American 
Explorers. 

1490- 1700.    French  Exploration  and  Colonization. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  87-91.) 

1.  R.  G.  Thwaites,  The  Colonies,  32-36,  246-252  ;   T.  W.  Higginson, 
Larger  History,  Ch.  v  ;    G.  Bryce,  History  of  the  Canadian  People,  128— 
162. 

2.  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryants  Popidar  History,  I,   174-200  ;    J.  A.  Doyle, 
English  Colonies  hi  America,  Virginia,  I,  82-146;    F.  Parkman,  Con 
spiracy  of  Pontiac,  Ch.  ii. 

3.  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition),  I,  15-34,  68-83  >  JII> 
109-174;  (last  revision)  I,  15-21,  50-59;  II,  149-174. 

4.  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  42,  44-46,  71-75,  91-92;  II,  99-122. 

5.  Winsor,  America,  II,  260-283;  IV,  5-10,  46-62,  103-130. 

6.  F.  Parkman,  Pioneers  of  France  (edition  1887),  1-179,  r^7-443  ; 
La  Salle  and  the  Discovery  of  the  Great  West  (edition  of  1879);  A  Half- 
Century  of  Conflict,  I,  Ch.  xiii. 

7.  H.  Harrisse,  Discovery  of  America,  214—228  ;    Murphy,  Voyage  of 
Verrazano ;  J.  C.  Brevoort,  Verrazano,  the  Navigator;  H.  B.  Stephens, 

Jacques  Cartier ;   J.  Sparks,  Life  of  Ribault ;    E.  M.  Slafter,  "Memoir," 
prefixed  to  his  edition  of  Champlain's  Works. 

1607- 1760.    The  Southern  Colonies. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  97-103.) 

1.  H.  C.  Lodge,  English   Colonies,  Chs.  i-x  ;    R.  G.  Thwaites,  The 
Colonies,  64-111,  258-263;   G.  P.  Fisher,  Colonial  Era,  30-81,  272-312. 

2.  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  I,  262-339,  476-517  ;   J.  A. 
Doyle,  The  English  in  America,  Virginia,  and  the  Carolinas. 

3.  J.  Winsor,  America,  III,  127-153,  517-553;  V,  258-270,  285-335, 
357-392. 

4.  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition),  I,  97-108,  133-176, 
209-285  ;  II,  128-234,  246-256;  III,  13-34,  417-446;   (last  revision)  I, 
99-118,  135-176,  408-474;   II,  9-13,  20-23,  281-299,  340-341- 

5.  R.  Hildreth,    United  States,  I,  94-96,  99-135,  204-215,  335-367, 
509-572  ;    II,  25-43,  90-92,   173-182,  208-215,  228-240,  267,  276,  285- 
293>  326-329,  336-340,  362-369,  374-385,  4H. 


§  56 b.]  General  Readings,  1 000-1760.  187 

6.  C.  Campbell,  Introduction  to  History  of  Virginia  ;  W.  H.  Browne, 
Maryland  (Commonwealth  series)  ;  W.  J.  Rivers,  Sketch  of  the  History 
of  South  Carolina. 

7.  Charles  Campbell,  History  of  Virginia ;    J.  T.  Scharf,  History  of 
Maryland,  I  and  II ;  F.  X.  Martin,  North  Carolina  ;  D.  Ramsay,  South 
Carolina;  C.  C.  Jones,  History  of  Georgia. 

8.  Ann  Maury,  Huguenot  Family;  Kercheval,  History  of  the  Valley 
of  Virginia;   Streeter,  Maryland  Two  Hundred  Years  ago;   Bernheim, 
German  Settlements  in  North  and  South  Carolina. 

9.  Meade,  Old  Churches  and  Families  of  Virginia ;   W.  H.  Browne, 
George  and  Cecilius  Calvert ;   H.  Bruce,  Oglethorpe. 

1609-1760.    The  Middle  Colonies. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  104-108.) 

1.  H.  C.  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  Chs.  xi-xvii ;   R.  G.  Thwaites,  The 
Colonies,  195-232;  G.  P.  Fisher,  Colonial  Era,  177-206,  241-271. 

2.  S.    H.    Gay,    Bryant's    Popular    History,    I,    339-369,    429-450  ; 
J.  Winsor,  America,  IV,  395-409;  III,  385-411,  421-449,  469-495. 

3.  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition),  II,  256-326,  359-404, 
410-426;  III,  35-65  ;  (last  revision)  I,  47 5-527;  H,  24-46,  339-342. 

4.  R.   Hildreth,    United  States,  I,   136-149,  413-450;    II,  44-78,87, 
91,  130,  138-140,  171-172,  182-187,  192,  200-207,  219,  226,  242-246,  260, 
315,  320,  342-345.  357-36i,  365.  39r>  408. 

5.  E.  H.  Roberts,  New  York  (Commonwealth  series);   T.  F.  Gordon, 
History    of  New  Jersey ;     W.  H.  Egle,  Illustrated  History    of  Penn 
sylvania. 

6.  W.  H.  Smith,  History  of  the  Province  of  New  York;  Samuel  Smith, 
History  of  the  Colony  of  New  Jersey  ;    Robert  Proud,  History  of  Penn 
sylvania. 

7.  Archer,  Henry  Hudson  ;    J.  R.  Brodhead,  History  of  the  State  of 
NcwYork  (to  1691)  ;    Janney,  Life  of  Wm.  Penn ;   Benjamin  Franklin's 
Autobiography  (in  his  Works,  see  §  32)  ;    Biographies  of   Franklin  (see 
§25). 

1607-1760.    New  England. 
(For  topical  references,  see  §§  109-130.) 

r.  H.  C.  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  Chs.  xviii-xxii ;  R.  G.  Thwaites, 
The  Colonies,  112-194  ;  G.  P.  Fisher,  Colonial  Era,  82-176,  215-240. 

2.  J.  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England;  R.  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the 
Repiiblic,  33-67  ;  J.  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth,  I,  589-598. 


1 88  Reading.  [§56b. 

3.  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  I,  370-428,  517-558  ;    II, 
1-51,    68-114,    373-47 1;    Winsor,    America,    III,    257-283,    295-339; 
V,  87-104. 

4.  G.   Bancroft,    The  United  States  (original   edition),   I-III  ;    (last 
revision)  I  and  II,  passim. 

5.  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  \\,  passim. 

6.  J.  G.  Palfrey,  Compendious  History  of  New  England,  I-IV. 

7.  J.  Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I,  II. 

8.  C.  F.  Adams,  Three  Episodes  of  Massachitsetts  History;  J.  A.  Doyle, 
The  English  in  America,  7^he  Puritan  Colonies. 

9.  Wm.  Barry,  History  of  Massachusetts  ;    S.  G.  Arnold,  History  of 
Rhode  Island ;   B.  Trumbull,  History  of  Connecticut ;   H.  Hall,  History 
of  Vermont;  J.  Belknap,  History  of  New  Hampshire ;  W.  D.  Williamson, 
History  of  Maine. 

10.  S.  R.  Gardiner,  History  of  England  since  the  Accession  of  James  I, 
III,  Ch.  xxvi ;  IV,  Ch.  xxxvi. 

n.  A.  Young,  Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  and  Chronicles  of 
Massachusetts  ;  Davis's  edition  of  Morton's  New  England' 's  Memorial. 

12.  M.  Egleston,  Land  Systems  of  New  England  ;  C.  F.  Adams  and 
others,  The  Genesis  of  the  New  England  Town  System,  in  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  Second  Series,  VII  ;  W.  F.  Allen, 
Essays  ;  W.  B.  Weeden,  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New  England. 

1690- 1 763.    Expulsion  of  the  French. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  131,  132.) 

1.  T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger  History,  Ch.  vii  ;   W.  M.  Sloane,  French 
War  and  Re-volution,  22-115  ;    R.  G.  Thvvaites,  The  Colonies,  252-257  ; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  22-41. 

2.  J.    Winsor,    America,    V,    105-110,    153-156,   406-418,   483-559; 
F.  Parkman,  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  Ch.  v. 

3.  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  II,  314,  322,  327,  499-526  ; 
III,  45,  125,  192-221  ;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  Ch.  v. 

4.  G.  Bancroft,   United  States  (last  revision),  II,   175-185,  305-31 i^ 

343,  4i9-443»  450-565- 

5.  R.    Hildreth,    United  States,   II,   182,  193,  258-262,  265,  276,  317, 
33°-332>  394-400,  433-496. 

6.  Francis  Parkman,  Frontenac  and  New  France,  208-285,  335-387, 
A  Half -Century  of  Conflict,  and  Montcalm  and  Wolfe. 

7.  WTm.  Kingsford,  History  of  Canada;  McMullen,  History  of  Canada; 
D.  Hannay,  Acadia  ;  B.  Murdock,  History  of  Nova  Scotia, 


§56b.]  General  Readings,   1690-1783.  189 

8.  P.  H.  Smith,  Acadia,  a  Lost  Chapter ;  E.  Richard,  Acadia,  Missing 
Links  in  a  Lost  Chapter  of  American  History. 

9.  Histories  of  the  New  England  States,  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
Maryland,  and  Virginia,  and  of  the  States  formed  from  the  Territory 
northwest  of  the  Ohio  River,  especially  Dunn's  Indiana  (see  §  23). 

1760-1783.    The  American  Revolution. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  133-143.) 

1.  H.  C.  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  Chs.  xxiii-xxv  ;  J.  Fiske,  The  War 
of  Independence  (Riverside  Library  for  Young  People);  T.  W.  Higginson, 
Larger  History,  Chs.  ix-xii. 

2.  W.   M.   Sloane,   French    War  and  Revolution,   116-369;    G.  W. 
Greene,  Historical   View,  1-320  ;    A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union, 
42-101  ;  E.  Channing,  The  United  States,  1765-1865,  1-106. 

3.  R.  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  158-558  ;   W.  E.  H.  Lecky, 
England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century,  III,  Ch.  xii ;  IV,  Chs.  xiv,  xv. 

4.  J.  Winsor,  America,  VI,   1-62,   113-172,  275-314,  367-403,  469- 
5°7>  563~588>  605-647,  716-753;  VII,  1-72,  89-165. 

5.  J.  Fiske,  The  American  Revolution,  2  vols. 

6.  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision),  III-VI,  86. 

7.  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  III. 

8.  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Poptilar  History,  III,  329-623. 

9.  William  Tudor,  Life  of  James  Otis;    W.  V.  Wells,  Life  of  Samuel 
Adams;  J.  T.  Morse,  }r.,John  Adams;  J.  Bigelow,  Benjamin  Franklin; 
W.  W.  Henry,  Life  of  Patrick  Henry ;    W.  Jay,  Life  of  John  Jay ; 
Randall,  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson  ;    H.  C.  Lodge,   George  Washington, 
I,  Chs.  v-xi. 

10.  W.    G.    Sumner,    Finances   and    Financier   of   the    Revolution  ; 
W.  B.  Weeden,  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New  England ;    E.  J. 
Lowell,  The  Hessians  ;  G.  W.  Greene,  German  Element. 

n.  Mahon,  History  of  England,  Chs.  li-liii ;  Adolphus,  History  of 
England ;  E.  F.  De  Lancey's  edition  of  Jones,  New  York  in  the  Revolu 
tionary  War  ;  Sabine,  The  Loyalists ;  Ryerson,  The  American  Loyalists. 

12.  B.  J.  Lossing,  Field-Book  of  the  Revolution;  Dawson,  Battles  of 
the  United  States  ;  Carrington,  Battles  of  the  American  Revolution. 


I  go  Reading.  [§  56  b. 

I78I-I789.    Confederation  and  Constitution. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  149-156.) 

1.  Joseph  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  218-272;  E.  Charming,  The  United 
States,  1765-1865,  Ch.  iv  ;   Alexander  Johnston,  The  United  States,  its 
History  and  Constitution,  Ch.  v  ;    H.  C.  Lodge,  Alexander  Hamilton, 
1-70  ;   F.  A.  Walker,  Making  of  the  Nation,  Chs.  i-iii. 

2.  Justin  Winsor,  America,  VII,  215-255  ;    H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitu 
tional  History  of  the   United  States,  I,  Ch.  i ;    Albert  Bushnell   Hart, 
Formation  of  the  Union,  §§  45-68 ;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  40-127  ; 
Judson  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History  and  Government,  Lects.  iii,  iv; 
S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  Ch.  iv. 

3.  R.  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  569-610  ;   George  Tucker, 
History  of  the  United  States,  I,  291-383  ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Benjamin 
Franklin,  216-420. 

4.  R.  Hildreth,  History  of  the  United  States,  III,  374-546;   James 
Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  1-70  ;    H.  C.  Lodge,  George 
Washington,  II,  Ch.  i. 

5.  J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States,  I,  103- 
501. 

6.  G.  T.  Curtis,  History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  II,  and  Constitutional 
History,  I. 

7.  George  Bancroft,  History  of  the  United  States  (last  revision),  VI, 
5-462,  and  History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  1-278;  II,  1-350. 

8.  John  Fiske,  Critical  Period  of  American  History, 

I789-I80I.    Organization  of  the  Government. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  157-166.) 

1.  J.   S.   Landon,   Constitutional  History  and  Government,  97-135  } 
E.   Channing,    The   United  States,  1765-1865,   Ch.  v  ;    H.  C.   Lodge, 
Alexander  Hamilton,  84—284  ;    John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,   Thomas  Jefferson, 
96-208. 

2.  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  65-. 
181  ;    Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  §§  69-92  ;   H.  C. 
Lodge,  George  Washington,  II,  47-298. 

3.  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Politics,  18-51 ;  Francis  A.  Walker, 
Making  of  the  Nation,  Chs.  iv-viii  ;    John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Adams, 
241-324  ;     S.  H.  Gay,   James   Madison,  128-251  ;    T.  W.  Higginson, 
Larger  History  of  the  United  States,  309-344 ;    J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert 
Gal  latin,  58-175. 


§  s6b.]  General  Readings,   1781-1815.  191 

4.  Edward  Stanwood,  Presidential  Elections,  Chs.  ii-v ;    Alexander 
Johnston,    The   United  States,   its   History  and   Government,    Ch.   vi  ; 
George    Pellew,    John   Jay,    262-339  ;     W.    G.    Sumner,    Alexander 
Hamilton. 

5.  John  Bach  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States, 

T»  525-593;  n>  HI,  I-I45- 

6.  Richard   Hildreth,  History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  V,  24-418. 

7.  George  Tucker,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  384-627  ;    II,  21- 

145- 

8.  James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  70-501. 


I80I-I8I5.     Foreign  Complications. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  167-173.) 

1.  Henry  Adams,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  3-184  ;   II,  1-93  ; 
E.  Channing,  The  United  States,  1765-1865,  Ch.  vi ;    S.  H.  Gay,  James 
Madison,  252-332. 

2.  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  181- 
272  ;    John   T.  Morse,   Jr.,    Thomas  Jefferson,   204-320  ;    Carl   Schurz, 
Henry  Clay,  I,  38-125  ;  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union, 
§§  93"11?  >  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Politics,  52-82. 

3.  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  144- 
242  ;    T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger  History  of  the  United  States,  344-380  ; 
John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy  Adams,  25-98  ;    Henry  Adams,  John 
Randolph,  48-248. 

4.  F.  A.  Walker,  Making  of  the  Nation,  Chs.  ix-xii ;    Henry  Adams, 
Life  of  Albert  Gallatin,  Book  III. 

5.  Henry  Adams,  History  of  the  United  States  during  the  Administra 
tions  of  Jefferson  and  Madison  [9  vols.]. 

6.  James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  1-444. 

7.  Richard  Hildreth,  History  of  the  United  States,  V,  419-686;   VI, 
25-374- 

8.  George  Tucker,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  146-515;  III,  21- 

145- 

I8IS-I829.    Reorganization. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  174-179.) 

i.  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Politics,  83-101 ;  Edward  Channing, 
The  United  States,  1765-1865,  Ch.  vii;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  125- 
310;  D.  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe,  125-175;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H. 


1 92  Reading.  [§  56  b. 

Benton,  47-68  ;   T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger  History  of  the  United  States, 
381-430. 

2.  John  T.  Morse,  ]r.,John  Quincy  Adams,  98-220;  Albert  Bushnell 
Halt,  formation  of  the  Union,  §§  223-262;  H.Von  Hoist,  Constitutional 
History  of  the  United  States,  I,  273-458. 

3.  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History  of  the   United  States,  IV, 
242-291;    H.Von  Hoist,  John  C.   Calhoun,   12-83;    A.  B.  Magruder, 
John  Marshall,  161-201;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  48-172  ;  W.  G. 

Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  26-119. 

4.  James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  444-463  ;   III, 
1-450. 

5.  George  Tucker,  History  of  the  United  States,  III,  146-515. 

6.  John  Bach  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States, 
IV  [V  in  preparation  in  1895]. 

1829- 1837.    Jackson's  Administration. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  180-185.) 

1.  Woodrow  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  §§  1-58;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  1-79,  127-218. 

2.  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Politics,  103-132  ;  W.  G.  Sumner, 
Andrew  Jackson,  1 36—386. 

3.  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  311-349;  II,  n-68,  95-151,  171-197; 
H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  Chs.  vi-viii;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular 
History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  Ch.  xii. 

4.  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  458- 
505;  II,  80-127,  219-505. 

5.  Edwin  M.  Shepard,  Martin  Van  Buren,  Chs.  v-ix ;    T.  Roosevelt, 
Thomas  H.  Benton,  61-156,  184-236. 

6.  James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  III,  451-531  ;   IV, 
1-187,  229-273. 

7.  George  Tucker,  History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  17-434  [415  pp.]. 

8.  Thomas  H.  Benton,   Thirty  Years'  View,  I,   121-739;    11,7-110. 

1829- 1848.    Slavery  and  Texas. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  186-195.) 

I.  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Politics,  Chs.  xiii-xvi ;  H.Von 
Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun,  Chs.  iv-ix  ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy 
Adams,  236-308  ;  Edward  Channing,  The  United  States,  176^-1865, 
Ch.  viii ;  Comte  de  Paris,  History  of  the  Civil  War  in  America,  I,  70-89. 


§56b.]  General  Readings,  1815-1860.  193 

2.  Woodrow  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  §§  117-150;  H.Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  302-356;  II,  80-146,  219- 
329  ;    Horace   Greeley,   American   Conflict,   I,   85-160  ;    H.  C.  Lodge, 
Daniel  Webster,  Ch.  viii. 

3.  Carl    Schurz,    Henry  Clay,  I,   Chs.  xii,   xiii ;    II,    Chs.  xiv-xxv. 

4.  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  Chs.  vii-xv;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas 
H.  Benton,  Chs.  xii,  xiii;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  Ch.  vii ;  J.  W. 
Draper,   History  of  the   Civil  War,   I,   Chs.  xx-xxii ;    James  Freeman 
Clarke,  Anti-Slavery  Days, 

5.  James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  III,  Ch.  xiii ;    IV. 

6.  Thomas  H.  Benton,    Thirty  Years'1  View,  I,  Chs.  xxxviii  to  end  ; 
II,  Chs.  i-clxv. 

7.  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  Ch.xii; 
II,  Chs.  i-vii. 

8.  Henry  Wilson,  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power,  I,  Chs.  xiii-xlv. 

9.  Edwin   M.  Shepard,   Martin    Van  Buren,  Chs.  x,  xi ;    James  G. 
Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  I,  Chs.  ii-iv. 


1846- 1860.    The  Slavery  Crisis. 

(For  topical  references,  see  §§  196-203.) 

1.  Alexander  Johnston,   American  Politics,   Chs.  xvi-xix  ;    Edward 
Channing,  The  United  States,  1765-1865,  Ch.  ix  ;    H.  Von  Hoist,  John 
C.    Calhoun,    283-352  ;     John    T.    Morse,    Jr.,    Abraham    Lincoln,    I, 
Chs.  iv-vi ;    Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  II,  283-391  ;    Horace  Greeley, 
American  Conflict,   I,  Chs.  xiv-xxi ;    Jefferson   Davis,  Rise  and  Fall 
of  the  Confederate  Government,  I,  Chs.  ii-vii. 

2.  Woodrow  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  §§  150-213;    H.  Von 
Hoist,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  III,  Chs.  ix,  xvi,  xvii; 
IV,  Chs.  vi,  vii ;  V,  Ch.  x  ;  VI,  Ch.  i ;  VII,  Chs.  vii,  viii ;  J.  S.  Landon, 
Constitutional  History,  Lect.  viii. 

3.  James  Ford  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States  since  1850,  I, 
Chs.  ii-v;  II,  III,  Ch.  xii. 

4.  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  Chs.  ix,  x  ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H. 
Benton,  Chs.  xiv,  xv ;    A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  221-334;    S.  H. 
Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  Chs.  xv,  xvi  ; 
T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  II,  693-787. 

5.  James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  I,  Chs.  iv-x  ;    J.  W. 
Draper,  History  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  Chs.  xxiii-xxv,  xxx. 

6.  James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  V. 


1 94  Reading.  [§  56  b. 

7.  Henry  Wilson,  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power,  II. 

8.  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  VII. 

I860- 1865.    The  Civil  War. 

,  (For  topical  references,  see  §§  204-214.) 

1.  Woodrow  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  §§  213-238;   Alexander 
Johnston  in  Lalor's  Cyclopcedia,  III,  693-701  ;  Edward  Channing,  The 
United  States,  1765-1865,  Ch.  x  ;  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Politics, 
Ch.  xx ;  Goldwin  Smith,  United  States,  Ch.  v. 

2.  J.  W.  Draper,  History  of  the  Civil  War  in  America,  I,  438-567; 
Henry  Wilson,  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power  in  America,  II,  673- 
704 ;  III,  1-108. 

3.  Horace    Greeley,   American    Conflict,    I,    309-449 ;    S.    H.   Gay, 
Bryanfs  Popular  History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  435-446  ;   Jefferson 
Davis,  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Government,  I,  47-85,  199-289. 

4.  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  Chs.  vii-xii;  II. 

5.  James  F.  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States,  III  [IV,  in  prepara 
tion,  1895]. 

6.  John  C.  Ropes,  Story  of  the  Civil  War,  I  [II,  III,  in  preparation, 
1895]. 

7.  James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  I,  Chs.  xi-xxvi. 

8.  J.  G.  Nicolay  and  John  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  a  History,  III-X. 

9.  Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  Chs.  xxii-xxviii ;  II. 
10.    J.  W.  Draper,  American  Civil  War,  I,  Chs.  xxvi-xxxiii ;  II. 

n.    Jefferson    Davis,  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Government, 
I,  Parts  iii,  iv ;  II. 

12.  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II. 

13.  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History  of  the  United  States,  IV, 
Chs.  xvii-xxiii. 

For  additional  general  works  on  this  period  in  preparation  in 
1895,  see  §  56  a. 

J865-I895.    Restoration. 

1.  Woodrow  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  §§  124-148;    Edward 
Stanwood,  Presidential  Elections,  Ch.  xxi  to  end;  Alexander  Johnston, 
American   Politics,  Ch.  xxi  to  end;    Alex.  H.  Stephens,  War  between 
the  States,  II,  Colloquy  xxiv. 

2.  J.  J.  Lalor,   Cyclopcedia,  III,  532-556  ;    Alexander  Johnston,  The 
United  States,  its  History  and  Constitution,   214-272  ;    T.  M.  Cooley, 


§  58.]  General  Readings,  l86o-l8()I.  195 

Story's  Commentaries,  Chs.  xlvi-xlviii  ;    James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years 
of  Congress  (to  1881). 

3.  Judson  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History  and  Government,  Lect. 
vii  to  end  ;    Moorfield  Storey,  Charles  Simmer  [in  preparation  in  1895]. 

4.  Simon  Sterne,   Constitutional  History  and  Political  Development, 
Ch.  vi ;    T.  K.  Lothrop,  William  H.  Seward  ;    Albert  Bushnell  Hart, 
Salmon  P.  Chase.     [Last  two  in  preparation  in  1895]. 

5.  Henry  Wilson,  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power,  III,  Chs.  xxxiii-1 
(to  1869)  J   J-  w-  Burgess,  History  since  the  Peace  of  1815,  II  [in  prepa 
ration  in  1895]. 

6.  J.  C.  Ridpath,  Popidar  History  of  the  United  States,  Chs.  Ixvii-lxxii 
(to  1887);  Wm.  H.  Barnes,  History  of  the  Thirty-Ninth  Congress  [1865- 
1867]. 

§  57.     Topical  Reading. 

In  Parts  II  and  III  of  this  work  will  be  found  a  series  of  topics 
covering,  in  general,  the  whole  field  of  American  history.  These 
may  be  used  in  connection  with  courses  of  lectures  or  lessons 
(§  7),  or  in  the  preparation  of  written  work.  The  effort  is  to 
digest  and  classify  the  more  valuable  part  of  the  immense  litera 
ture  of  the  subject.  As  a  guide  to  the  -reading  these  topics  may 
be  used  either  before  or  after  set  lectures  ;  if  used  afterward  they 
will  serve  to  group  the  material  about  the  lecturer's  notes  (§  62). 
Elaborate  systems  of  notes  will  naturally  be  so  arranged  as  to 
bring  the  lecturer's  material  and  the  material  from  the  topical 
readings  together  into  one  part  of  the  notes. 

This  system,  more  than  either  of  the  two  previously  described 
(§§  55>  56),  makes  the  student  acquainted  with  a  variety  of  books, 
and  is  especially  convenient  in  leading  direct  to  the  sources. 


§  58.    The  Conference  System. 

The  principal  obstacle  to  the  establishment  of  a  system  of  col 
lateral  reading,  in  connection  with  the  proper  use  of  a  text-book, 
is  to  be  found  in  the  difficulty  of  properly  testing  such  work. 
Written  examinations  give  little  aid  here  unless  all  the  members 
of  a  class  read  on  one  narrow  field,  as  in  the  method  described  in 
§  66.  Where  the  supply  of  books  is  adequate,  and  the  subject 


196  Reading.  .[§58. 

susceptible  of  division  into  suitable  topics,  this  is  probably  the 
best  method  to  adopt.  When  these  favorable  conditions  do  not 
prevail,  or  when  a  college  teacher  feels  the  need  of  a  better 
acquaintance  with  his  class,  the  "conference  system"  may  be 
employed.  This  method  consists  in  giving  out  references  to 
books,  or  parts  of  books,  at  the  beginning  of  each  month,  or 
other  convenient  unit  of  time.  Sometimes  all  students  are  required 
to  read  in  the  designated  books  on  one  topic,  with  an  option  as  to 
other  topics  ;  more  often,  reading  on  several  topics  is  required ; 
but  there  is  almost  always  a  considerable  choice  given  both  as  to 
topics  and  books.  The  amount  of  reading  required  is  stated  at 
so  many  hundred  pages  —  an  amount  which  the  teacher  may 
regard  as  a  reasonable  requirement  in  addition  to  the  study  of  the 
text-books,  map-making  exercises,  and  work  in  the  class-room. 
The  list  of  "  General  Readings  "  given  in  §  56  fits  in  well  with 
this  method. 

After  the  students  have  had  a  chance  to  make  a  substantial 
beginning  in  this  reading,  appointments  for  conferences  are  made 
at  only  a  few  hours'  notice.  At  these  conferences  each  student  is 
alone  with  the  instructor  or  assistant  for  fifteen  minutes,  —  a  period 
sufficiently  long  to  enable  a  practised  questioner  to  assess  with 
some  degree  of  accuracy  a  student's  intelligence,  power  of  applica 
tion,  and  diligence.  There  is  also  time  to  help  the  well-meaning 
though  plodding  student,  or  to  give  an  unpleasant  five  minutes  to 
the  lazy  or  negligent  pupil.  The  instructor  may  set  a  student  to  a 
certain  specified  task  to  be  performed  within  certain  hours,  and  in 
this  way,  by  special  drill,  train  a  well-meaning  student  to  overcome 
his  lack  of  application  or  slovenly  habits  of  thinking  or  reading,  — 
these  being  the  besetting  sins  of  our  American  youth  at  the 
present  time.  The  instructor  should  keep  a  careful  record  of 
these  conferences,  to  which  he  can  at  once  turn  and  refresh  His 
memory  as  to  the  needs  and  shortcomings  of  successive  students 
at  later  meetings.  The  number  and  frequency  of  these  confer 
ences  can  be  apportioned  according  to  the  student's  needs ;  the 
bright,  hard-working  pupil  requires  slight  assistance,  and  may  be 
left  to  work  out  his  own  salvation  ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
young  person  of  dormant  mind  and  no  habits  of  work  can  be 


§  59-]  The  Conference  System.  197 

held  rigidly  to  account.  The  method  requires  a  good  deal  of 
the  instructor's  time,  but  not  more  than  a  properly  conducted 
system  of  written  work  demands ;  and  the  personal  contact  with 
intelligent,  and  sometimes  aggressive,  young  persons,  is  much 
more  invigorating  than  the  perusal  of  large  masses  of  written 
examination  papers,  essays,  weekly  papers,  special  reports,  etc. 

§  59.    How  to  use  Books. 

Many  persons  who  have  read  widely  have  little  notion  how  to 
go  to  work  to  find  a  book  on  a  given  subject,  or  how  to  reach  a 
specific  point  within  a  book  when  found.  As  has  been  already 
suggested  in  the  paragraph  on  the  use  of  libraries  (§  16),  the  first 
thing  is  to  learn  how  to  use  catalogues.  Some  libraries  print 
separate  parts  for  the  authors  and  subjects  ;  others,  like  the 
Boston  Athenaeum  and  the  Cleveland  Public  Library,  have  but 
one  alphabet,  in  which  appear  both  authors  and  topics.  The 
approved  method  is  to  break  the  general  subjects  up  into  small 
topics,  and  to  distribute  these  in  their  alphabetical  place,  with 
numerous  cross-references. 

In  noting  the  title  of  a  book  for  which  search  is  to  be  made,  the 
author's  full  name,  if  obtainable,  should  be  set  down ;  then  a 
sufficient  extract  from  the  title  to  identify  the  book ;  and  then  it 
is  usual  to  add  the  place  of  publication  (sometimes  the  publisher) 
and  the  date.  These  particulars  all  add  to  the  probability  that 
the  right  book  and  the  right  edition  will  be  found.  Sometimes 
the  necessary  particulars  are  not  stated  in  the  catalogues  examined  ; 
but  are  obtainable  from  some  other  printed  catalogue.  The  title 
on  the  outside  of  the  book,  —  "  binder's  title,"  —  is  not  taken  into 
account  in  bibliographical  work. 

Having  secured  the  book,  the  next  step  is  to  get  at  its  contents. 
The  titlepage  is  often  so  descriptive  as  to  tell  at  a  reading  whether 
anything  on  the  specified  topic  is  to  be  found  within.  The  preface 
is,  or  should  be,  a  guide  to  the  author's  purpose  and  point  of  view. 
A  good  table  of  contents  opens  up  the  work  at  once ;  and  a  single 
index  of  persons  and  subjects,  with  brief  intimations  of  the 
particular  thing  to  be  found  at  a  particular  page,  is  like  punctu- 


198  Reading.  [§  59. 

ality,  "the  politeness  of  kings."  If  contents  and  index  are  both 
defective,  there  may  be  no  resource  but  to  turn  the  leaves,  and  in 
such  a  case  rapid  skimming  is  advisable. 

In  making  notes  upon  books  and  writing  down  references  it 
should  be  remembered  that  there  is  no  other  proper  form  of  refer 
ence  than  the  name  of  the  author,  with  the  significant  part  of  the 
titlepage  title  of  the  book,  volume,  and  page  or  section  —  some 
times  chapters.  Any  briefer  labor-saving  form  will  return  to 
plague  the  user ;  and  general  references  to  back  up  specific 
points  are  more  than  useless,  —  they  are  offensive.  A  little  care 
taken  while  the  book  is  in  the  hands  may  save  time,  trouble,  and 
vexation. 

If  the  book  is  not  likely  to  come  into  the  hands  again  it  is  well 
to  take  full  notes,  including  any  quotations  that  may  be  needed. 
If  the  book  is  common,  or  can  be  had  at  any  time,  it  will  often 
serve  the  investigator's  purpose  to  make  skeleton  notes  with  refer 
ences,  to  be  filled  out  later.  Whenever  a  quotation  is  made  it 
should  be  carefully  protected  by  quotation-marks ;  it  should  be 
literal,  so  far  as  it  goes,  in  punctuation,  spelling,  capitalization,  and 
italicizing ;  every  addition  of  the  note-taker  should  be  included  in 
brackets ;  and  omissions  should  be  denoted  by  ellipses.  Less 
careful  methods  may  cause  a  confusion  of  original  and  quoted 
matter,  or  may  result  in  misrepresentation. 

§  60.    Talks  by  Teachers. 

In  school  work  the  lesson  must  be  directed,  enlarged,  and 
enforced  by  the  teacher.  Here  his  superior  knowledge  and  ability 
to  group  material,  and  his  power  of  clear  statement,  may  come  in 
to  supplement  the  text-books.  If  recitations  are  to  be  more  than 
repetition,  however  (§  39),  the  teacher's  part  must  not  be  a  mere^ 
"pour  in"  of  additional  facts.  To  the  old  difficulty  that  teachers 
talked  too  little  to  their  pupils  in  history,  may  succeed  an  over 
amount  of  talk,  in  which  the  whole  matter  is  arranged  and  subdi 
vided  so  that  the  pupil  has  nothing  to  do  but  to  open  his  mouth 
and  swallow  the  lumps  of  wisdom.  Talk  must  not  take  the  place 
of  quick,  sharp  question  and  answer,  or  of  the  thought-provoking 


§  6i.]  Lectures.  199 

inquiry  as  to  the  causes  and  effects  of  the  events  passing  under 
review. 

The  teacher  may  often  describe  places  or  scenes  to  which  there 
is  allusion  in  the  text,  may  bring  in  parallels  from  other  fields  of 
history,  may  add  the  illustrations  and  incidents  which  give  life  to 
the  story  and  cause  it  to  be  remembered.  He  should  not  often 
take  up  the  whole  time  with  information  or  comment.  The  object 
of  the  teacher  is  always  to  teach  pupils  to  think  about  what  they 
read  or  hear,  rather  than  to  force  upon  them  the  passive  reception 
of  historical  matter.  In  general,  lecture  methods  are  out  of  place 
in  lower  grades,  and  admissible  rarely  in  secondary  schools.  The 
"  talk  "  should  be  occasional,  pointed,  and  a  clear  addition  to  other 
available  material. 


§  61.    Formal  Lectures. 

In  college  work  the  lecture  has  an  important  place,  though 
always  in  connection  with  reading  and  written  work.  In  many 
historical  fields  the  material  is  little  organized,  and  good  gen 
eral  books  are  few.  In  such  cases  —  especially  in  advanced 
courses  —  a  set  of  carefully  prepared  lectures  may  be  the  only 
means  of  clearing  up  the  subject.  The  reading  in  such  cases  is 
intended  to  fill  out  the  details,  and  to  complete  the  view  of  import 
ant  phases  —  though  even  here  a  good  general  book  serves  to 
keep  the  connection  of  the  parts  of  the  subject  in  mind. 

Where  there  is  already  a  body  of  available  literature  on  a 
subject,  the  lecturer  hesitates  to  repeat  the  outline  facts  which 
appear  in  common  books  ;  he  likes  to  throw  upon  his  hearers  the 
responsibility  of  reading  the  narrative  for  themselves  ;  the  lectures 
then  serve  to  bring  out  the  principles,  to  show  the  relation  between 
the  parts  of  the  subject,  to  point  out  causes  and  effects,  and  to 
elucidate  motives.  So  far  as  the  lectures  are  thrown  into  a  con 
nected  narrative  form,  it  will  be  to  illustrate  the  course  of  the 
history,  and  to  correlate  the  different  books. 

In  the  lectures,  also,  it  is  possible  to  use  more  freedom  than  in 
printed  work,  —  to  bring  in  the  little  incidents  which  are  typical  of 
character  or  manners,  to  accentuate  evidence  on  a  disputed  point. 


2OO  Reading.  [§  61. 

For  instance,  in  lecturing  on  the  Confederation  of  1781,  the  lecturer 
may  rearrange  the  narrative  into  the  principal  topics,  —  such  as 
the  formation  of  the  Articles,  finances,  commerce,  foreign  relations, 
and  internal  difficulties  ;  he  may  select  the  attitude  of  the  state  in 
which  he  lives  as  typical ;  he  may  quote  passages  from  the  two 
Websters,  Hamilton,  Madison,  and  Washington,  to  bring  out  the 
discontent  of  American  statesmen  with  their  own  system.  Short, 
vigorous  quotations  add  life  and  point  to  a  lecture ;  but  long 
quotations  should  be  avoided,  as  they  destroy  the  confidence  of  a 
student  in  the  lecturer  —  unless  they  are  from  original  documents, 
and  these  should  be  read  by  the  student. 

Care  should  be  taken  not  to  talk  over  the  heads  of  students, 
and  also  not  to  talk  to  them  as  children,  unacquainted  with  the 
ordinary  course  of  American  history.  Too  much  pains  cannot  be 
taken  to  bring  out  the  essential  things  in  a  period,  and  to  suggest 
the  underlying  conditions  of  the  life  of  the  people,  which  are  the 
basis  of  history. 

§  62.    Note -Taking. 

Lectures  of  value  are  always  so  far  different  from  the  books  on 
the  same  subject  that  the  student  needs  to  take  notes.  The  prac 
tice  trains  the  mind  to  grasp  principles  and  to  condense  them  into 
brief  statement.  A  good  note-book  cements  the  parts  of  the  course 
together,  and  may  be  useful  to  the  student  in  later  study,  or  in  his 
own  teaching.  The  note-book  should  further  be  so  conducted  as 
to  leave  space  for  the  entry  of  brief  abstracts  from  the  reading. 
The  following  suggestions  may  prove  helpful  to  students  and  to 
teachers  who  wish  to  put  their  material  together  in  a  permanent 
and  convenient  form. 

1.  Have  a  regular  SYSTEM. 

2.  If  you  have  worked  out  a  system  of  YOUR   OWN  which 
satisfies  you,  do  not  change  it. 

3.  SHORTHAND  is  not  a  great  convenience,  unless  the  notes 
are  afterwards  put  into  a  form  which  may  be  read  by  any  one. 

4.  A  system  of  recognizable  ABBREVIATIONS  is  desirable. 

5.  Take  notes  ALL  THE  TIME  during  the  lecture. 


§62.]  Note -Taking.  20 1 

6.  A  word-for-word  reproduction  of  what  you  hear  is  much  less 
valuable  to  you  than  your  own  CONDENSED  FORM,  embodying  the 
lecturer's  ideas. 

7.  Distinguish  in  your  own  mind  the  HEADS  OF  THE  LECTURE, 
as  it  proceeds,  and  paragraph  your  notes  accordingly. 

8.  Aim  to  set  down  the  SUBSTANCE  OF  GENERAL  STATEMENTS, 
in  your  own  words,  rather  than  to  nofe  a  part  of  each  sentence. 

9.  Practice  getting  the  EXACT  WORDS  of  significant  phrases  or 
quotations. 

10.  If  you  miss  something  important,  ASK  TO  HAVE  IT  RE 
PEATED. 

11.  If  you  lose  a  lecture,  FILL  UP  THE  BLANK  immediately, 
from  the  note-book  of  a  fellow-student. 

12.  After  each  lecture,  go  over  your  notes,  and  clearly  INDI 
CATE  THE  HEADS  :  (a)  by  catch-words  in  the  margin  ;  or  (b)  by 
underlining  words. 

13.  Once  a  week  REVIEW  the  notes  taken  since  the  previous 
review. 

14.  Make  out  a  brief  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS,  as  you  go  along, 
referring  to  pages  of  your  note-book. 

Every  student  should  devise  for  himself  a  system  of  note-taking, 
and  having  once  devised  a  satisfactory  method,  he  should  adhere 
to  it  at  all  hazards.  The  one  thing  which  will  seriously  impair 
the  usefulness  of  any  system,  how  good  soever  it  may  be  in  other 
respects,  is  the  use  of  a  note-book  with  fixed  leaves.  Separate 
sheets  or  pieces  of  paper  are  indispensable,  and  only  one  topic 
should  be  noted  on  one  piece  of  paper.  The  main  desiderata  of 
a  good  system  of  note-taking  are,  that  it  should  be  (i)  self- 
indexing,  (2)  portable,  (3)  always  available  :  doubtless  no  system 
fills  all  these  requirements.  Following  are  three  methods  em 
ployed  by  at  least  three  well-known  and  successful  students  of 
American  history. 

I.  i.  Use  a  note-book,  or  better,  loose  sheets  of  note  paper 
ruled  in  three  vertical  columns  :  a  narrow  one  next  to  the  outer 
edge  ;  about  one-half  of  the  width  in  a  middle  column  ;  about  one- 
third  in  an  inner  column.  Let  there  be  a  broad  horizontal  line  an 
inch  or  more  from  the  top. 


2O2  Reading.  [§  62. 

2.  Enter  your  notes  in  the  middle  column  ;  dates  and  head 
ings  (if  desired)  in  the  outer  column. 

3.  Do  not  rewrite  the  notes  taken  in  class. 

4.  Enter  abstracts  or  quotations  from  your  later  readings  in 
the  inner  column,  each  opposite  the  passage  in  the  notes  which  it 
is  meant  to  illustrate. 

5.  Across   the  top  of   the   page  write  a  running   heading  in 
two,  three,  or  four  members,  summarizing  the  matter  on  the  page  ; 
e.g.,  "  Methods  :  —  Lectures  :  —  Note-Taking." 

6.  Begin  to  write  on  the  right  side  of  the  open  book  and  begin 
each  distinct  general  head  on  a  new  leaf. 

7.  Each  leaf  being  thus  complete  in  itself  may  at  any  time 
be  detached  and  used  in  another  connection  ;  or  others  may  be 
interleaved,  without  disturbing  the  logical  connection. 

8.  Copy  or  reproduce  tables,  diagrams,  or  maps  before  the 
succeeding  lecture. 

II.  i .     Use  loose  sheets  of  paper  3^x4^  inches. 

2.  Write  on  only  one  side  of  each  sheet. 

3.  Do  not  rewrite  notes  once  taken. 

4.  Attach  abstracts  or  quotations  from  your  later  reading  to 
your  first  piece  of  paper  on  that  topic  with  one  of  the  many  con 
venient  fasteners  made  for  the  purpose,  or  with  a  common  pin. 

5.  Across  the  top  of  the  first  page  write  a  running  heading. 

6.  Begin  to  write  near  the  upper  left-hand  corner  of  the  sheet. 

7.  Each  leaf  or  collection  of  leaves,  being  thus  complete  in  it 
self,  may  at  any  time  be  taken  from  its  original  place  and  used  in 
another  connection ;  or  other  leaves   may  be  introduced  without 
disturbing  the  arrangement. 

These  pieces  of  paper  and  collections  of  sheets  can  be  stood  on 
their  lower  edges  either  in  boxes  or  held  together  by  rubber  bands. 
The  notes  on  a  large  number  of  books  and  on  many  topics  occupy 
little  space  and  are  easily  arranged  and  rearranged. 

III.  i.     Take  the  first  piece  of  paper  that  comes  to  hand. 

2.  Make  such  notes  on  it  as  one  desires. 

3.  Have  some  recognized  mode  of  arrangement,  —  chronologi 
cally  by  countries  or  divisions  of  countries  ;  or  follow  the  arrange- 


§64.]  Note-Taking.  203 

ment  of  some  familiar  and  well-indexed  book,  which  will  thus  serve 
as  a  key. 

4.  Arrange  your  notes  once  a  week,  according  to  this  system, 
in  large-paper  envelopes  or  portfolios  and  stand  them  in  boxes. 

This  method  requires  no  special  kind  of  paper,  indexes  itself,  is 
not  cumbersome,  and  is  cheap.  Its  efficiency  depends,  however, 
on  the  skill  with  which  the  classification  is  made  and  the  persis 
tency  with  which  it  is  adhered  to.  Whenever  material  can  be  ar 
ranged  chronologically  by  topics  this  system  has  been  found  to 
work  well.  It  may  be  added  that  two  of  the  largest  works  on 
American  history  have  been  prepared  on  this  scheme. 

§  63.    Use  of  Notes. 

A  good  set  of  notes  should  thus  be  a  sort  of  elaborated  syllabus 
of  the  course  ;  and  if  it  include  abstracts  and  quotations  from 
collateral  books,  it  will  serve  always  to  recall  to  the  student's  mind 
what  he  has  once  heard,  read,  and  pondered.  But  no  self-respect 
ing  instructor  allows  the  notes  of  his  lectures  alone  to  be  sufficient 
to  prepare  for  examinations,  or  to  become  in  any  way  the  sole  test 
of  diligence  and  knowledge.  No  instructor  can  afford  to  let  his 
own  words  go  out  as  the  only  or  final  utterance  on  a  question  ; 
comparison  of  views  and  a  filling  out  of  details  must  be  exacted 
by  the  required  reading  (§  56)  and  written  work  (§§  65-73). 

§  64.     Giving  out  References. 

To  aid  the  reading  it  is  a  common  and  useful  practice  during 
the  lectures  to  give  out  references,  more  or  less  specific,  to  the  best 
literature  on  the  topic  under  discussion.  Some  lecturers  mention 
books  in  the  course  of  the  lecture  ;  others  put  the  references  on 
the  blackboard  ;  others  prepare  them  in  cyclostyle  or  other  multi 
plying  process,  and  distribute  them  ;  others  arrange  them  in  print, 
and  require  the  students  to  provide  themselves  with  sets  ;  others 
use  some  published  topical  outline.  There  is  something  to  be  said 
for  and  against  each  of  these  systems.  On  the  one  hand,  too 
rigid  an  adherence  to  a  printed  outline  interferes  with  a  lecturer's 


2O4  Reading.  [§  64. 

proper  relations  and  influence  with  his  class  ;  on  the  other  hand, 
the  copying  of  long  lists  of  books  from  the  lecturer  or  the  black 
board  sacrifices  valuable  time  and  oftentimes  interferes  with  the 
attention  of  the  class.  Perhaps  the  best  method  is  for  the  students 
to  have  a  printed  set  of  references  at  their  desks  to  which  the 
lecturer  may  refer,  —  stating  the  strong  points  of  this  author  or  the 
weak  points  of  that  writer,  giving  the  biographical  and  other  details 
which  show  how  far  an  author  had  had  exceptional  opportunities 
to  know  the  truth,  either  as  a  contemporaneous  actor  in  the 
scenes  described  or  through  access  to  material  since  destroyed  or 
not  used  by  any  other  writer.  Information  of  this  kind  adds  life 
to  a  list  of  books  and  often  arouses  attention  which  might  other 
wise  remain  dormant.  The  lecturer  should  especially  point  out 
such  authors  as  disagree  with  his  positions,  and  should  encourage 
the  reading  of  books  written  from  a  point  of  view  other  than  his 
own. 

In  whatever  way  the  system  is  carried  out,  the  references  should 
be  unmistakable,  —  that  is,  author  and  title  should  be  so  clearly 
indicated  that  no  confusion  can  arise.  If  a  part  of  the  references 
are  specific,  to  volume  and  pages,  much  more  reading  will  be  done. 
The  indispensable  habit  of  searching  among  books  for  a  point  of 
view  to  one's  mind,  the  useful  dipping  into  books,  the  acquaintance 
with  many  authors,  —  these  advantages  may  be  gained  from  the 
various  forms  of  written  work  which  will  now  be  described. 


VII.    WRITTEN   WORK. 

§  65.    Written  Reviews. 

NEITHER  the  acquirement  of  facts  nor  the  discussion  of  their 
relations  is  all  that  is  required  in  teaching  history;  there  must  be 
some  reaction  by  the  pupils'  minds,  and  written  work  has  the 
advantage  of  training  both  the  historical  and  the  literary  sense. 
The  simplest  form  of  such  work  is  to  call  for  a  written  review, 
without  previous  announcement.  Each  pupil  is  thus  tested,  and 
has  the  opportunity  to  think  over  what  he  has  studied.  A  list  of 
very  short  questions  will  bring  out  the  knowledge  of  detail ;  but  a 
better  system  is  to  set  two  or  three  general  questions,  from  which 
the  child  may  choose,  and  to  expect  him  in  his  answer  to  show 
that  he  can  use  intelligently  what  has  gone  before. 

Another  variety  of  the  exercises  is  to  give  the  pupil  his  text 
book,  and  to  ask  him  from  it  to  work  out  an  answer  to  a  question 
relating  both  to  past  and  future  work.  Thus,  when  the  War  of 
1812  is  reached,  pupils  might  be  asked  to  state  briefly  all  the 
difficulties  and  quarrels  with  Great  Britain.  Or,  at  the  end  of  the 
Revolutionary  War  they  might  be  asked  to  describe  how  far 
Washington's  previous  training  was  useful  to  him  in  later  life. 
Any  system  is  good  if  it  really  require  a  child  to  combine  in  new 
relations  what  he  has  learned  in  various  ways  and  at  various  times. 

§  66.    Brief  Written  Recitations. 

Examinations  will  be  considered  below  (§  75).  They  stimulate 
the  memory  and  may  be  employed  so  as  to  train  the  judgment. 
It  is  desirable,  however,  to  devise  some  regular  written  exercise 
which  will  lay  more  stress  on  judgment  and  connection  of  events, 
and  less  on  detached  facts  ;  and  which  will  not  call  for  any  other 
preparation  than  that  of  regular  daily  work.  Such  exercises 
should  preclude  cram,  and  fit  into  the  ordinary  class-hours,  whether 
recitations  or  lectures.  Nothing  better  has  been  devised  than  the 

205 


206  Written    Work.  [§  66. 

system  of  brief  written  answers  to  one  or  two  questions  especially 
chosen  to  test  the  judgment. 

Suitable  questions  ought  to  be  on  some  novel  phase  of  a 
general  subject  with  which  the  pupil  is  familiar.  For  example, 
after  studying  the  Revolutionary  War,  pupils  might  be  asked  to 
explain  why  none  of  the  conciliation  schemes  proposed  by  the 
British  were  adopted  ;  after  going  through  Jackson's  administra 
tion,  a  suitable  question  would  be  what  there  was  admirable  in 
Jackson's  character.  In  many  cases  a  child's  reasoning  would  be 
imperfect  and  his  results  crude  ;  but  one  cannot  begin  too  early 
to  expect  some  thought  and  comparison.  Children  form  judg 
ments  about  the  people  among  whom  they  live,  and  bring  to  bear 
upon  the  process  their  own  standards  of  human  character.  They 
may  easily  be  taught  that  history  is  a  record  of  people  who  lived 
and  thought  very  much  as  we  do  now. 

In  high  schools  the  questions  may  take  a  broader  range,  adapted 
to  the  age  of  the  pupils.  For  instance,  after  a  study  of  the  period 
from  1829  to  1861,  they  may  be  asked  to  select  the  president,  or 
the  statesman,  or  the  general,  whom  they  most  admire,  and  to  give 
reasons  for  their  preference. 

The  system  is  especially  applicable  to  college  classes,  and  may 
be  used  to  deduce  constitutional  principles.  In  some  such  classes 
there  is  a  regular  weekly  exercise  of  this  kind,  the  "  paper  "  being 
always  on  some  subject  in  constitutional  practice  which  has  been  of 
importance  in  the  previous  week's  work.  With  large  classes  it  is 
desirable  to  give  out  a  special  reading-list  in  advance,  such  as  may 
be  found  among  the  topics  in  Parts  II  and  III.  Here  is  an  example 
of  a  set  of  such  questions  which  has  been  actually  used  by  a  class; 
the  division  into  questions  for  "odd  and  even  record  numbers"  is 
intended  to  prevent  two  students  who  sit  side  by  side  from  having 
the  same  topic  ;  the  alternation  is  intended  simply  to  avoid  any 
danger  of  catching  a  student  on  some  particular  topic  which  he 
feels  incompetent  to  discuss  —  to  allow  a  choice.  The  class  had 
before  this  "paper"  been  studying  the  arguments  of  Hamilton 
and  Jefferson  upon  the  First  National  Bank  of  I79I.1 

1  This  system  is  described  in  detail  in  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions  on 
the  Study  of  the  History  and  Government  of  the  United  States,  §§  35-70. 


§  67.]  Written  Recitations.  207 


IMPLIED  POWERS. 

Odd  Record  Numbers.     [Take  either  i  or  2.] 

1.  May  Congress  constitutionally  charter  a  life  insurance  com 
pany  ? 

2.  May  Congress  constitutionally  vote  money  for  aid  to  sufferers 
from  forest  fires  ? 

Even  Record  Numbers.     [Take  either  3  or  4.] 

3.  May  Congress  constitutionally  grant  money  in  support  of 
state  schools  ? 

4.  May    Congress   constitutionally    vote    pensions    to    former 
government  clerks  ? 

§  67.    The  Topical  System. 

Perhaps  the  most  fruitful  method  for  pupils  of  the  grammar- 
school  age,  and  above,  is  the  "topical,"  —  the  assignment  of  very 
limited  subjects  on  which  pupils  are  to  prepare  themselves  with 
especial  care,  using  a  variety  of  material.  The  advantages  of 
such  a  system  are  obvious :  it  breaks  up  the  servile  adherence  to 
the  limited  text  of  a  single  book;  it  trains  in  the  use  of  books,  and 
in  the  selection  of  pertinent  facts  out  of  a  mass  of  material,  it 
gives  practice  in  bibliographical  work,  by  the  search  for  books 
and  articles  which  bear  on  the  subject  in  hand;  it  leads  to  the 
comparison  of  authors,  the  explanation  of  discrepancies,  the 
weighing  of  authorities;  it  adds  life  and  interest  to  the  class  work. 
The  dangers  of  the  system  are  simple,  and  it  is  easy  to  guard 
against  them.  Taken  alone  the  method  would  lead  to  scrappy 
knowledge  of  detached  episodes,  but  of  course  the  good  teacher 
will  insist  that  every  pupil  go  over  the  whole  ground  in  one  or  two 
text-books.  It  might  lead  to  an  impression  that  it  is  so  easy 
a  matter  to  write  a  history,  that  anybody  can  do  it  ;  but  skillful 
teaching  will  easily  make  the  pupil  understand  that  to  go  to  the 
bottom  of  every  question  which  an  historian  treats  is  the  labor  of 
years;  that  the  selection  from  the  material  grows  more  difficult  as 
the  material  accumulates;  and  that  only  a  mind  furnished  with  a 


208  Written    Work.  [§67. 

great  knowledge  of  the  collateral  history,  and  able  to  judge  from 
imperfect  and  conflicting  evidence,  can  produce  something  worthy 
of  permanent  form. 

The  methods  of  topical  work  are  described  in  many  places.  It 
requires  a  library,  however  small ;  it  needs  careful  supervision 
from  the  teacher;  pupils  must  be  warned  against  mere  copying  of 
extracts,  or  stringing  together  of  paraphrases,  and  taught  to 
analyze  their  subjects  for  themselves,  and  to  arrange  their  results 
in  systematic  form.  It  is  well  to  assign  separate  subjects  for  each 
pupil  :  this  prevents  collusion,  and  gives  each  a  sense  of  the 
importance  of  his  study.  Every  piece  of  work  ought  to  include 
some  reference  to  sources,  if  only  to  a  volume  of  extracts.  Such 
collections  as  Larned's  History  for  Ready  Reference  include 
many  extracts  from  originals;  and  in  the  various  Leaflets  are 
available  reprints.  The  system  is  in  essence  like  laboratory 
methods  in  botany  and  physics;  and,  like  such  methods,  needs  to 
be  accompanied  by  systematic  teaching.  The  flavor  of  those 
sources  behind  which  human  knowledge  does  not  go,  is  invigorat 
ing  and  prolific  of  thought. 

§  68.     Subjects  for  Topics. 

The  success  of  any  scheme  of  topical  study  is  dependent  on  a 
judicious  choice  of  subjects  :  they  must  not  be  too  long  ;  they 
must  require  substantial  work;  they  must  be  assigned  with  due 
reference  to  the  available  material  ;  they  must  be  capable  of 
solution,  for  it  discourages  a  pupil  to  find  nothing  on  his  sub 
ject,  however  much  training  he  may  get  from  his  search. 

The  first  and  simplest  kind  of  topical  work,  where  there  is  a 
good  library,  is  the  bibliographical,  the  collection  of  a  body  of 
references  on  some  subject.  This  gives  invaluable  training  in 
the  use  of  indexes,  tables  of  contents,  library  catalogues,  special 
indexes  to  periodicals  or  classes  of  literature;  of  cyclopaedias, 
biographical  dictionaries,  and  the  like  aids.  It  also  fixes  the  habit 
of  selecting  out  of  a  book  the  small  portion  which  really  bears 
on  the  subject  in  hand.  The  best  subjects  for  such  work  are 
biographies  of  great  men,  for  catalogues  usually  take  more 


§  68.]  Subjects  for   Topics.  209 

account  of  names  than  of  matters.  For  instance,  in  studying  the 
early  history  of  Massachusetts  or  Pennsylvania,  a  list  of  books, 
articles,  and  references  on  John  Winthrop  and  William  Penn 
would  be  easily  obtained  and  valuable.  For  large  classes  it  is 
hard  to  get  a  sufficient  number  of  prominent  men,  but  much  may 
be  done  with  the  second-rate  characters  who  have  at  least  a 
reference  here  and  there,  men  like  John  Cotton,  Lord  Berkeley,  or 
Clayborne. 

Another  excellent  group  of  subjects  is  the  geographical  :  the 
territorial  history  of  a  place,  such  as  Philadelphia,  or  Vincennes, 
or  St.  Paul,  or  Mount  Desert;  or  a  map  of  a  colony  or  region  or 
state,  or  group  of  colonies  or  states,  at  any  given  period.  Political 
data  may  also  be  worked  out  in  graphic  maps ;  such  would  be 
the  distribution  of  votes  on  some  question  in  Congress;  the  distri 
bution  of  electoral  votes;  the  distribution  of  members  of  Congress 
by  parties;  states  having  and  not  having  prohibitory  laws  or 
woman  suffrage  or  Australian  ballot  laws. 

Very  useful  subjects,  especially  in  the  lower  grades,  are  little 
biographies  of  public  men.  Such  work  may  be  done  with  a 
very  few  books,  if  no  more  are  available,  and  may  often  have  a 
romantic  human  interest.  In  this  work  children  might  be  taught 
to  see  how  one  author  copies  from  another,  and  thus  how  errors 
are  propagated.  They  might  also  learn  to  distrust  a  Weems  or  an 
Abbott  as  historical  authorities. 

The  more  complete  form  of  topical  work  in  schools  will  usually 
be  the  study  of  episodes  in  history.  Here  the  pupil  must  always 
be  held  down  to  a  search  for  the  truth,  as  developed  by  comparing 
conflicting  accounts;  and  at  the  same  time  he  must  learn  to  state 
his  results  clearly,  methodically,  and  so  as  to  bring  out  the  im 
portant  points. 

For  more  advanced  students,  a  variety  of  subjects  may  be  found, 
—  such  as  constitutional  discussions  ;  accounts  of  assemblages, 
like  the  Stamp  Act  Congress,  or  the  conferences  at  Ghent  in 
1814  ;  phases  of  social  institutions,  such  as  the  Puritan  Church 
or  the  early  colleges,  or  slavery  in  any  one  of  the  American 
colonies  or  of  the  later  states  of  the  Union.  The  statistics  of 
finance,  commerce,  and  population  may  be  worked  out  in  tables. 


210  Written    Work.  [§68. 

Biography  may  be  studied  by  tracing  the  attitude  of  some  public 
man  on  a  great  question  throughout  his  life,  as  Madison's  opinion 
on  the  tariff,  or  Webster's  on  slavery. 

Throughout,  the  wise  teacher  will  try  to  connect  the  topics  with 
what  may  be  presumed  to  be  the  interest  of  a  particular  pupil, — 
his  local  history,  his  family  or  his  birthplace  :  a  Delaware  student 
on  Swedish  colonization ;  a  Dickinson  on  John  Dickinson  ;  a 
Winslow  on  Plymouth. 

§  69.     Composition  in  Historical  Subjects. 

Written  work  is  not  only  a  training  in  history,  it  may  be  so  used 
as  to  build  up  a  good  English  style.  Teachers  are  often  hard  put 
to  it  to  find  suitable  subjects  for  compositions  on  fresh  topics,  in 
fields  where  there  is  material  available  for  something  more  than  a 
rude  statement  of  fleeting  ideas.  From  many  of  the  groups  of 
subjects  suggested  for  topical  work  (§  68)  may  be  chosen  excellent 
composition  subjects ;  and  a  requirement  that  the  returns  shall  be 
made  in  good  English,  and  shall  be  criticised  for  the  style,  will 
make  the  same  paper  serve  the  double  purpose  of  historical  train 
ing  and  training  in  English. 

Biography  lends  itself  readily  to  such  treatment,  provided  the 
pupil  understands  that  they  are  not  to  give  simply  a  bald  statement 
of  the  events  of  a  man's  life,  —  that  they  must  suggest  what  there 
was  about  him  which  made  him  unlike  other  men  of  whom  they 
know  something,  or  at  least  what  he  did  that  was  memorable. 

On  the  striking  events  of  history  it  is  always  possible  to  write 
something  pointed.  Such  an  episode  as  the  expulsion  of  Roger 
Williams,  or  the  settlement  of  Georgia,  or  the  Stamp  Act  Con 
gress,  or  the  establishment  of  the  Southern  Confederacy  in  1861, 
may  be  worked  up  even  by  young  pupils,  if  they  have  some  variety 
of  materials  ;  and  it  will  furnish  an  agreeable  relief  from  the  ordi 
nary  hackneyed  subjects.  Here  is  also  an  opportunity  to  consider 
the  ethical  side  of  history,  —  human  motive  and  effect,  —  Cotton 
Mather's  relation  with  the  witchcraft  delusion  ;  the  American  loy 
alists;  or  Webster's  Seventh  of  March  speech.  One  cannot  expect 
long  discussions  on  such  topics,  or  elaborate  character  analysis  ; 


§70.] 


Composition. 


21  I 


but  even  children  may  apply  to  historical  characters  the  same 
standards  as  those  which  they  habitually  apply  to  people  whom 
they  know. 

In  setting  questions,  care  should  always  be  taken  not  to  put 
them  too  high  for  children  to  reach,  always  to  direct  them  to  some 
point,  and  to  be  satisfied  with  moderate  evidence  of  a  power  to 
rearrange  the  results  and  to  state  them  in  an  original  form.  In 
many  schools  the  teacher  of  history  is  also  the  teacher  of  composi 
tion,  and  can  make  the  two  subjects  run  parallel. 

§  70.     The  "Special  Report"  System. 

Some  account  of  topical  work,  drawn  from  experience,  may  be 
useful  to  other  teachers.  In  the  course  on  United  States  History 
at  Harvard  University  each  student  works  out  four  topics  (if  the 
set  is  not  satisfactory,  also  a  fifth).  These  are  assigned  about  six 
weeks  before  they  are  due,  on  a  blank  of  which  the  following  is  the 
heading. 


U.  S.  HISTORY  (13):  —  SPECIAL  REPORT  No ;  —  1894-95. 

Mr Class Record  No 

SUBJECT: 

Overdue  Reports  received  only  through  the  Recorder. 


Important  references  are : 


Please  investigate  the  above  subject  according  to  the  direc 
tions  in  the  Revised  Suggestions,  §§ and  report  in 

not  more  than  pages,  before 


First  Conference, 

Second  Conference, 

Approved, 


Time  spent  in  preparation, 


Grade, 


Explanations  or  remarks, 


Exact  references   in  inside 
column. 


Text  of  the  report  in 
middle  column  (on  all 
pages). 


Dates  in  outside  column. 


2 1 2  Written    Work.  [§  70. 

The  uniform  blanks  are  a  convenient  means  of  giving  out  the 
subjects  in  written  and  unmistakable  form  ;  the  more  important 
books  may  be  indicated  on  the  slips,  if  the  teacher  so  choose  ; 
they  serve  also  as  a  record  of  the  progress  of  each  student,  inas 
much  as  he  is  obliged  to  present  himself  to  the  person  in  charge 
of  the  work  at  least  three  times,  and  to  explain  what  he  is  doing  ; 
and  they  make  it  easier  to  handle  and  record  the  results.  Further 
more,  it  is  of  great  importance  to  teach  pupils  to  state  their  results 
systematically,  to  arrange  them  well,  and  to  make  returns  in  a 
form  prescribed  by  other  people.  It  is  the  process  of  the  drawer 
of  briefs  or  abstracts  of  title  or  official  reports.  Another  vital 
lesson  which  may  best  be  taught  in  topical  work  is  that  specific 
references  must  accompany  every  important  statement  :  author, 
brief  title  (from  inspection  of  the  titlepage),  volume,  and  page  or 
section.  < 

The  material  for  these  "  reports  "  is  arranged  in  select  libraries, 
containing  secondary  books  and  treatises  ;  in  sets  of  Colonial 
records  ;  and  in  a  set  of  United  States  Documents,  Statutes,  and 
Supreme  Court  Decisions,  Congressional  Records  and  the  like. 
Students  are  expected  to  work  for  themselves,  referring  to  the 
person  in  charge  of  the  work  when  they  can  get  no  further,  or  to 
assure  themselves  that  they  are  on  the  right  track. 

The  attempt  is  made  to  connect  each  man's  subject  with  his 
own  family  or  local  history  and  interests  :  to  a  student  from  New 
Orleans,  studies  of  Louisiana  history  or  of  some  phase  of  slavery ; 
to  the  son  of  a  railroad  president,  investigations  into  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Act,  or  the  history  of  the  first  railroad.  In  order  to 
get  at  the  data  for  such  assignment,  on  entering  the  class  each 
student  is  called  upon  to  fill  out  one  of  the  descriptive  blanks  of 
which  a  reduced  copy  appears  below : 


TO    BE    FILLED    OUT    BY    THE    STUDENT. 

/.  Name  in  full : Class  , 

2.  Birthplace : 

3.  Home  address: 

4.  Father ' s  profession : 


§7o.]  The  "  Special  Report"   System.  213 

j.    College  address: 

6.  Name  and  address  of  your  adviser  (if  you  are  a  Freshman  or  Special  Student) : 

7.  Where  prepared  for  college:  

8.  Colleges  in  which  you  studied  before  entering  Harvard :  

Q.  Degrees  held,  if  any:  

10.  for  what  profession  or  business  are  you  preparing :  

//.  Languages  (besides  English)  which  you  can  read  without  serious  difficulty: 

12.  Do  you  expect  to  count  this  course  towards  a  degree  ? 

13.  A  re  you  a  candidate  for  honors,  second  year  or  final  ? 

14.  Mention  any  persons,  places,  or  subjects  relating  to  the  History  of  the  United  States, 
upon  which  you  would  like  to  have  special  reports  assigned. 

(a)  Persons  (especially  public  men  connected  with  your  own  family,  neighborhood, 
or  state) 

(b)  States,  towns,  or  cities 

(c)  Acts  of  Congress  or  lines  of  legislation 

(d)  Constitutional  questions 

(e)  Slavery  questions 

/j.    Enumerate  all  historical  and  other  courses  taken  in  college,  including  those  of  the 

present  year :  


The  first  report  called  for  in  United  States  History  is  the 
bibliography  of  a  public  man  eminent  in  colonial  or  later  history. 
Here  is  the  Pennsylvania  list,  from  which  selections  are  first  made 
for  Pennsylvania  students,  and  afterwards  for  any  other  students 
not  otherwise  assigned. 

PENNSYLVANIA.  James  Buchanan,  Simon  Cameron,  Andrew  G. 
Curtin,  Alexander  J.  Dallas,  George  M.  Dallas,  William  G.  Duane, 
Robert  Fulton,  Albert  Gallatin,  Stephen  Girard,  Andrew  Gregg,  David 
McM.  Gregg,  Robert  C.  Grier,  Jared  Ingersoll,  Thomas  McKean, 
George  G.  Meade,  Thomas  Mifflin,  Robert  Morris,  Frederick  A. 
Muhlenberg,  Henry  A.  Muhlenberg,  John  P.  G.  Muhlenberg,  David 
D.  Porter,  David  R.  Porter,  James  M.  Porter,  Samuel  J.  Randall, 
Benjamin  Rush,  John  Sergeant,  Arthur  St.  Clair,  Edwin  M.  Stanton, 
Thaddeus  Stevens,  David  Wilmot,  James  Wilson,  William  Wilkins. 

The  second  report  is  a  history  of  an  Act  of  Congress,  drawn 
from  the  records,  with  a  brief  summary  of  the  arguments  on  each 


214  Written    Work.  [§70. 

side  and  of  the  provisions  of  the  statute.     Here  is  one  group  of 
the  subjects  : 

IMMIGRATION  ACTS.  Contract  labor  act,  1867  ;  Chinese  indemnity 
act,  1867  ;  alien  labor  act,  1891  ;  Chinese  immigration  act,  1884  ; 
contract  labor  act,  1887  ;  Chinese  indemnity  act,  1887  ;  Chinese 
exclusion  act,  1888  ;  Chinese  registration  act,  1891  ;  Chinese  immigra 
tion  act,  1892. 

The  third  report  calls  for  a  careful  study  of  some  very  limited 
constitutional  subject,  making  use  of  the  treatises  and  special 
works  on  the  subject,  of  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
of  the  practice  of  the  government.  A  group  of  such  subjects 
relating  to  the  judiciary  is  given  below : 

May  Congress  create  a  judgeship  with  a  limited  term  ? 

May  Congress  constitutionally  abolish  a  judgeship  without  pensioning 
the  incumbent  ? 

May  a  President  be  impeached  for  incompetency  ? 

Can  Senators  of  the  United  States  be  impeached  ? 

Does  resignation  remove  an  official  from  liability  to  impeachment  ? 

Is  impeachment  a  judicial  process  ? 

May  an  executive  official  be  required  by  a  court  to  perform  an  act 
forbidden  by  the  President  ? 

Is  a  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  binding  on  Congress  ? 

Is  a  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  binding  on  the  President  ? 

Is  there  a  remedy  for  an  unconstitutional  decision  of  the  Supreme 
Court? 

Is  there  any  limitation  on  the  President's  power  of  pardon  ? 

May  Congress  by  law  relieve  from  penalties  already  incurred? 

The  fourth  report  is  upon  some  phase  of  the  slavery  question, 
such  as  abolition  societies,  meetings  and  mobs,  slave  life,  fugitive 
cases,  sale  of  slaves,  and  the  like.  Here  is  one  set  of  examples : 

SALE.  Slaves  buying  their  own  freedom  ;  slaves  purchased  to  set 
free  ;  sale  of  slaves ;  advertisements,  private  sale  ;  sales  at  auction  ; 
separation  of  families  ;  usual  market  value  ;  very  high  prices. 

The  fifth  report  is  statistical,  and  requires  the  use  of  the  Con 
gressional  Documents  and  other  official  publications.  The  kind  of 
subjects  is  indicated  by  the  annexed  extract: 


§?!•]  The  "  Special  Report"   System.  215 

RECEIPTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  FROM  THE  TARIFF  :  on  lumber ; 
crockery  and  china  ;  silks  ;  works  of  art  ;  books  ;  hemp  and  flax  ; 
provisions  ;  sugar  ;  tea  and  coffee  ;  salt ;  fish  ;  eggs  ;  woolen  goods  ; 
glass  ;  pig  iron  ;  wrought  iron  ;  iron  and  steel ;  hardware  ;  cotton 
goods ;  lead  ore ;  carpet  wools  ;  carpets  ;  copper  ;  cutlery ;  ready-made 
clothing ;  worsteds  ;  scientific  and  optical  instruments  ;  quinine ;  manu 
factures  of  leather ;  fire  arms. 

Another  group  of  reports  may  be  a  series  of  statements  of  the 
utterances  and  opinions  of  some  public  man  (usually  the  same  as 
the  subject  of  the  first  report  prepared  by  the  student)  on  a  public 
question.  For  instance : 

The  attitude  of  James  G.  Elaine  on  the  tariff  ;  of  John  C.  Calhoun 
on  public  lands;  of  Martin  Van  Buren  on  the  civil  service. 

Having  finished  this  series  of  reports,  students  are  expected  to 
be  at  any  time  ready  to  find  materials  on  any  subject  in  United 
States  history,  to  use  the  government  publications,  to  state  results 
clearly  and  methodically,  and  to  apply  constitutional  principles  to 
new  problems. 

These  specific  methods  apply  to  advanced  students,  but  they  are 
of  a  kind  suitable  for  secondary  and  lower  schools.  Exactness  in 
stating  the  subject ;  care  in  supervising  ;  aid  where  the  pupil  needs 
it ;  exhaustion  of  the  material  available ;  care ;  accuracy ;  neat 
form  in  arranging  the  results ;  punctuality  in  handing  in  the 
work,  —  these  are  the  essentials  of  such  work  anywhere,  and  are 
attainable  in  all  grades. 


§  71.    The  Essay  or  Thesis  System. 

In  this  system,  which  is  used  in  the  course  in  Colonial  History 
at  Harvard  University,  the  attempt  is  made  to  combine  training  in 
historical  methods  of  investigation  with  practice  in  writing  English. 
Four  essays  are  required  from  each  student  —  two  in  the  first  and 
two  in  the  second  half-year.  Frequently  a  student  is  permitted  to 
continue  a  research  which  has  taken  him  far  into  the  sources,  and 
to  count  it  for  two  essays.  The  practice  is  not  encouraged,  how 
ever,  as  it  is  believed  to  be  better  for  the  beginner  to  become 


216 


Written    Work. 


[§71- 


acquainted  with  the  sources  and  modes  of  work  on  four  different 
lines  of  research  than  it  is  for  him  to  specialize  at  the  outset  within 
so  limited  a  subject  as  American  History.  Such  specialization 
belongs  to  the  seminary  rather  than  to  practice  in  the  use  of 
historical  materials. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  year  each  student  fills  out  a  blank, 
which  is  given  herewith  in  a  greatly  reduced  form : 


HISTORY   10. 


Name  and  class : 
College  address : 
Home  address : 


any  of  the  original  thirteen  states,. 
(3)  with  the  Revolutionary  War  ( 
(Give  his  name  in  full.) 


Have  you  ever  studied  COLONIAL  His 
tory  ? 

To  what  extent  ?  (Give  name  of  text 
book  and  a  rough  estimate  of  time 
occupied.) 


Is  there  any  topic  connected  with  this 
course  you  would  like  to  look  up  f 
(State  the  topic.) 


What  profession  or  business  do  you 
expect  to  enter  ? 


Have  you  ever  done  any  "Outside" 
reading  on  this  subject  ?  If  yes  — 
give  the  title  of  the  books  read. 


How  can  you  connect  this  work  with 
your  other  college  work  ? 


Was  any  ancestor  of  yours  connected 
(a)  with  the  settlement  or  history  of 


Add  any  information  you  think  would 
be  useful  in  arranging  your  topics. 


ESSAY  i. 


Subject : 
References : 
Notes : 
Essay : 


ESSAY  2. 


Subject : 
References : 

Notes : 
Essay : 


§71-] 

The  Essay  or  Thesis  System. 

ESSAY  3.                                                  ESSAY  4. 

Subject  : 

Subject  : 

References  : 

References  : 

Notes  : 

Notes  : 

Essay  : 

Essay  : 

217 


First  Hour  Examination : 

Second  Hour  Examination : 

Third  Hour  Examination : 

Mid- Year  Examination  :  Mid- Year  Mark : 

Final  Examination  :  Mark  for  year : 

The  instructor  learns  from  the  answers  to  these  questions  as  to 
a  student's  surroundings  and  family  history,  and  is  thus  enabled 
to  assign  as  the  subject  for  the  First  Essay  some  topic  that  will  at 
once  awaken  the  student's  interest.  At  first  sight  it  might  seem 
to  be  a  matter  of  considerable  difficulty  to  find  suitable  subjects 
for  one  hundred  and  fifty  or  two  hundred  students.  As  a  matter 
of  fact  it  has  not  been  difficult,  as  the  answers  of  the  students 
suggest  topics.  Thus  a  descendant  of  John  Alden  is  naturally 
interested  in  investigating  the  story  of  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims, 
or  the  authenticity  of  portions  of  Longfellow's  Miles  Standish.  A 
descendant  of  Clayborne  finds  the  early  history  of  Kent  Island 
interesting,  and  a  South  Carolinian  will  give  a  good  deal  of  time 
and  effort  to  the  endeavor  to  discover  a  time  when  South  Carolina 
was  a  free,  independent,  and  sovereign  state.  An  inhabitant  of 
Ohio  is  always  interested  in  mound-builders,  and  never  tires  of 
examining  the  claims  of  Virginia  to  lands  northwest  of  the  Ohio 
river ;  the  Chicago  student  feels  a  keen  interest  in  the  first 
exploration  of  the  southern  end  of  Lake  Michigan  ;  the  Pennsyl 
vania  German  finds  intercolonial  migration  an  attractive  theme  ; 
the  Irishman  derives  a  good  deal  of  instruction  from  a  study  of 
the  Roman  Catholics  in  New  York,  Virginia,  or  Maryland  in 
colonial  times  ;  the  Baptist  is  interested  in  Roger  Williams,  the 
Quaker  in  William  Penn,  and  the  grandson  of  an  abolitionist  leader 
gains  instruction  from  a  study  of  the  problem  of  why  was  negro 
slavery  introduced  into  Georgia  ? 


218  Written    Work.  [§71- 

The  subject  of  the  Second  Essay  is  taken  from  a  different  part 
of  the  country  from  that  studied  in  preparing  the  First  Essay. 
Thus  the  Virginian,  who  has  studied  Virginia  for  his  first  topic, 
learns  something  at  first  hand  from  the  annals  of  Plymouth, 
January  to  June,  1621;  the  Bostonian  finds  the  separation  of 
Church  and  State  in  Virginia  a  useful  inquiry  ;  the  Chicago  student 
does  well  to  study  the  causes  of  New  York's  commercial  pros 
perity  in  1 760 ;  and  the  South  Carolinian  finds  the  history  of 
the  New  England  Confederation,  1644-47,  inspiring. 

The  Third  Essay  has  to  do  with  some  constitutional  topic,  as 
for  example:  Was  Otis's  argument  against  the  Writs  of  Assistance 
legally  sound  ?  Was  the  Stamp  Act  constitutional  ?  What  man, 
or  body  of  men,  exercised  sovereign  power  in  or  over  the  thir 
teen  colonies  or  states  on  January  i,  1777  (or  any  other  conve 
nient  date)  ?  When  did  the  English  colonies  cease  to  be  colonies  ? 
What  was  the  constitutional  status  of  a  state  at  a  particular 
time,  as  Virginia  on  June  15,  1776,  or  Vermont  on  January  i, 
1780,  etc.?  Trace  the  history  of  the  executive  power  in  Massa 
chusetts,  1630-40,  or  1775-80;  the  origin  of  constitutional 
conventions ;  the  formation  of  the  first  constitution  of  some 
state,  as  South  Carolina;  jury  trials  in  Massachusetts,  1630-1700; 
the  duties  of  a  constable  in  Virginia  in  1 740,  etc. 

The  subject  of  the  Fourth  Essay  is  drawn  from  the  career  of 
some  historic  personage,  generally  of  the  Revolutionary  era ;  but 
in  the  case  of  a  student  who  has  already  devoted  a  good  deal  of 
time  to  that  period,  the  topic  is  selected  from  an  earlier  time.  The 
following  are  a  few  subjects  by  way  of  example  :  Washington's 
preparation  for  war ;  Patrick  Henry  as  a  lawyer  ;  Hutchinson's 
charges  against  Samuel  Adams ;  Benedict  Arnold's  services  to 
America ;  the  military  career  of  Count  Rumford  ;  Franklin  as  a 
scientific  man ;  Jefferson  as  an  educator  ;  why  should  Pulaski 
have  a  monument  at  Savannah  ?  These  are  a  few  topics  selected 
at  random  from  many  hundreds.  There  are  innumerable  topics 
suited  to  different  classes  of  students,  as,  for  instance,  the  intend 
ing  lawyer  will  do  well  to  look  up  the  subject  of  appeals  from 
colonial  courts  to  the  Privy  Council,  the  trial  of  Zenger,  or  pro 
cedure  in  the  case  of  Anne  Hutchinson  ;  the  student  interested  in 


§7i-]  The  Essay  or   Thesis  System.  219 

economics  finds  the  Massachusetts  Land  Bank,  Communism  at 
Plymouth,  or  the  attempt  to  regulate  wages  in  Massachusetts, 
stimulating.  The  conflicting  evidence  to  be  found  in  the  reports 
of  Revolutionary  commanders  furnishes  many  valuable  subjects,  as 
the  construction  of  a  map  showing  Greene's  retreat  across  the  Caro- 
linas,  marking  the  position  of  the  different  portions  of  the  American 
and  British  armies  each  day  ;  the  advance  of  the  British  army  to 
the  Battle  of  Long  Island ;  the  tactics  of  the  Battle  of  Brandy- 
wine,  etc.  Oftentimes  it  is  well  to  give  a  student  a  topic  that  will 
take  him  away  from  his  ordinary  work.  In  this  way  a  person 
whose  ambition  was  to  write  a  novel  found  the  determination  of 
the  rights  and  duties  of  a  freeman  in  Massachusetts  in  1650  a 
useful  exercise  ;  and  a  student  whose  ambition  was  to  excel  in 
experimental  chemistry  found  a  narrative  of  George  Rogers  Clarke's 
Vincennes  Expedition  from  the  sources  an  interesting  incursion 
into  fields  quite  alien  to  his  ordinary  occupation. 

These  essays  are  written  under  the  immediate  supervision  of  an 
assistant,  who  has  stated  hours  for  conference  in  the  library.  The 
class  is  divided  into  sections,  for  essay  purposes,  of  about  twenty 
students  each.  The  subjects  for  one  section  are  given  out  at  one 
time,  and  the  work  of  all  the  students  in  any  one  section  is  due  at 
the  dates  specified  in  advance,  as  follows :  References,  one  week 
from  the  day  the  subject  is  given  out ;  Notes,  two  weeks  later  ;  and 
the  Essay  in  its  final  form  one  week  after  the  notes  are  approved, 
or  about  four  weeks  from  the  day  the  subjects  are  assigned.  The 
references  are  to  be  found  by  going  to  a  section  in  this  Guide, 
Part  II.  Frequently  the  books  noted  in  the  ff  Sources"  under  the 
section  will  be  sufficient,  but  it  more  often  happens  that  the  student 
will  be  obliged  to  consult  other  parts  of  the  Guide  and  the  bibli 
ographies  mentioned  in  the  section  referred  to.  Enough  informa 
tion  is  given  in  the  Guide  to  start  an  intelligent  student  well  on  his 
way.  He  is  expected  to  look  over  the  books  and  to  tell  the  assist 
ant  which  works  he  intends  to  use.  The  assistant  endeavors  to 
impress  on  him  the  necessity  of  consulting  the  original  source  in 
each  case.  The  books  mentioned  under  "  General"  in  the  section 
referred  to  usually  contain  enough  information  to  enable  one  to 
understand  the  relations  of  his  topic.  Sometimes  it  is  necessary 


22O  Written    Work.  [§  71. 

to  consult  the  references  under  "Special,"  and  sometimes  the 
assistant  or  the  instructor  is  obliged  to  explain  what  is  desired, 
and  not  infrequently  to  change  the  subject  by  limiting  the  inquiry 
to  some  specific  part  of  the  general  topic  assigned;  or,  on  the  other 
hand,  to  enlarge  its  scope  on  account  of  lack  of  materials.  These 
preliminaries  being  arranged  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  assistant 
and  the  student,  the  authorities  are  next  examined,  extracts, 
abstracts,  and  digests  prepared,  and  submitted  to  the  assistant  for 
his  approval.  He  frequently  suggests  other  sources  to  be  looked 
into,  and  sometimes  requires  the  work  to  be  done  anew  in  whole 
or  in  part.  The  students  receive  credit  for  this  work  of  seeking 
and  note-taking,  the  assistant  bearing  in  mind  how  much  aid  has 
been  given  to  the  student.  The  Essay  is  now  written  in  the 
student's  own  words,  and  based  entirely  on  the  Notes,  which  form 
an  appendix,  and  are  cited  in  footnotes  to  the  Essay  to  justify 
every  important  statement  made.  These  processes  are  precisely 
those  on  which  every  historical  work  must  be  built.  The  writing 
of  these  essays  sharpens  the  faculties,  arouses  the  student's  inter 
est,  cultivates  his  judgment,  and  shows  him  how  history  is  written. 
This  system  has  been  in  successful  operation  for  several  years. 


§  72.    Monographs. 

The  highest  and  most  difficult  kind  of  written  work  for  students 
in  history  is  the  preparation  of  monographs,  —  of  complete  studies 
of  some  subject,  with  the  use  of  all  the  material  in  print  which 
bears  upon  it,  and  of  manuscripts,  if  necessary.  This  is  work  to 
be  done  only  in  seminary  courses,  under  the  careful  guidance  of 
instructors  who  are  specialists  in  their  field. 

Two  kinds  of  subjects  are  usual  in  such  work:  an  extensive 
study  of  some  brief  episode,  or  a  tracing  of  some  line  of  investiga 
tion  through  a  long  period  of  history.  Of  the  first  type  a  history 
of  the  Thirteenth  Amendment  is  an  example  ;  of  the  second  type, 
the  veto  power  of  the  President  of  the  United  States.  The 
former  would  resemble  a  chapter  out  of  a  large  book ;  the  latter 
cuts  a  cross-section  through  a  long  succession  of  events  ;  hence, 


§72-]  Monographs.  221 

the  second  type  is  probably  the  most  helpful  to  a  person  who  is 
still  a  student. 

The  first  step  in  either  case  is  to  clear  the  ground  by  making  up 
a  bibliography  of  the  subject,  including  all  sources  and  all  valuable 
secondary  authorities  ;  the  periodical  indexes  should  also  be  exam 
ined  for  contributions  to  or  discussions  on  the  subject.  At  the 
same  time  some  general  account,  or  accounts,  should  be  read,  in 
order  to  give  some  idea  of  the  proportions  and  relations  of  the 
parts  of  the  subject. 

Next  comes  the  collection  of  material,  a  long  and  laborious 
process,  if  the  subject  be  —  as  it  ought  to  be  —  important  and  not 
already  worked  out.  Notes  should  be  taken  on  loose  sheets,  only 
on  one  side,  and  with  exact  references  as  one  goes  along.  A  sav 
ing  of  paper  means,  sooner  or  later,  a  disproportionate  loss  of 
time.  At  this  stage  is  the  opportunity  to  compare,  weigh,  and 
offset  evidence.  (See  §§  62,  63.) 

Later  on  the  work  must  be  put  into  careful  written  form ;  well- 
prepared  notes,  arranged  by  topics,  will  now  reward  the  investi 
gator.  The  subject  must  be  carefully  subdivided  and  analyzed; 
material  must  fall  into  its  proper  place,  and  must  be  properly  sub 
ordinated.  Exact  references  to  precise  footnotes,  containing 
extracts  from  rare  material,  must  appear  at  every  step.  It  is  an 
excellent  practice  to  enrich  the  text  as  it  is  written  with  quotations 
from  sources,  or  with  occasional  characteristic  passages  out  of 
secondary  authorities. 

It  is  well  to  append  the  text  of  rare  and  important  documents, 
exactly  transcribed,  and  to  throw  into  tabular  or  other  form,  such 
facts  as  cannot  easily  appear  in  the  body  of  the  work.  If  printed, 
an  index  is  an  indispensable  part  of  the  work. 

American  history  is  a  convenient  field  for  this  kind  of  study, 
because  materials  are  abundant,  because  there  are  many  important 
and  unworked  subjects,  and  because  the  history  of  the  United 
States  must  eventually  be  rewritten  on  the  basis  of  carefully 
prepared  studies  of  limited  scope. 


222  Written    Work.  [§  73. 

§  73.     Subjects  for  Monographs. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  kind  of  topics  which  in  actual  practice 
have  proved  interesting  and  worth  studying  may  be  mentioned 
some  subjects  which  have  been  investigated  in  the  Seminary 
of  American  History  and  Institutions  in  Harvard  University: 
Aboriginal  Man  in  America  ;  Explorations  of  Coronado  ;  Author 
ity  exercised  by  the  Bishop  of  London  in  the  Colonies ;  Origin 
of  the  Free  Public-School  System;  various  topics  having  to  do 
with  the  general  subject  of  the  New  England  Town  System; 
Development  of  Municipal  Government  in  Massachusetts,  New 
York,  and  other  States ;  Slavery  in  New  York  ;  The  Franchise  in 
the  Colonies  and  in  the  United  States  ;  The  Colonial  Governor, 
Colonial  Tariffs ;  Colonial  Immigration ;  Separation  of  Church 
and  State ;  Taxation,  Slavery,  Education,  Religion,  Poor-Law 
Systems,  Punishment  of  Crimes  in  the  Colonies  in  1760;  North 
Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  etc.,  in  1775;  Constitutional  History  of  a 
State ;  The  Townshend  Acts ;  Revolutionary  Embargoes ;  The 
"Old  Congress";  Shays's  Rebellion;  Interstate  Conflicts,  1783- 
89;  Financial  History  of  Massachusetts,  1780-87  ;  Opposition  to 
the  Ratification  of  the  Constitution  ;  Interpretation  of  the  Ordi 
nance  of  1787  ;  Organization  of  the  Treasury  Department;  His 
tory  of  the  Constitution  of  New  York ;  Status  of  a  Citizen  of  the 
United  States ;  Jefferson's  Use  of  the  Executive  Patronage ;  His 
torical  Development  of  the  Theory  of  Secession;  Federal  Relations 
of  a  State :  Anti-slavery  Movements  in  the  Northwest ;  Proposed 
Amendments  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States ;  The 
Eleventh,  Twelfth,  Thirteenth,  or  Fourteenth  Amendment ;  Recon 
struction  in  a  Southern  State;  Foreign  Relations,  1860-65;  The 
Acquisition  of  Florida ;  Title  of  the  United  States  to  Oregon ; 
The  Fisheries  Question ;  Suppression  of  the  African  Slave-trade  ; 
The  Underground  Railroad ;  Social  Life  in  the  Confederacy ; 
Education  and  Illiteracy  in  the  South  ;  The  Consular  Service  ; 
Railroad  Land  Grants ;  Fox  and  Wisconsin  River  Improve 
ments  ;  The  Veto  Power  ;  Nominating  Conventions  ;  The  Scan 
dinavians  in  the  Northwest ;  Biographies  of  important  men,  as 
Oglethorpe,  Silas  Deane,  John  Hancock,  Roger  Sherman,  Rufus 
King,  Salmon  P.  Chase. 


VIII.    TESTS. 

§  74.     Class-Room  Tests. 

THE  proper  teaching  of  history  requires  that  pupils  should  be 
frequently  called  upon  to  show  not  only  that  they  "know  the 
lesson,"  but  that  they  know  and  can  apply  earlier  lessons.  Hence, 
informal  tests  must  be  devised.  Devoting  a  part  of  each  exercise 
to  a  review  of  the  previous  lesson  has  its  advantages  ;  but  such  a 
review  is  apt  to  be  a  wearisome  and  perfunctory  exercise.  It  is 
better  to  keep  pupils  alive  on  all  the  field  already  traversed  by 
compelling  them  to  put  their  minds  upon  the  whole  subject. 

One  excellent  device  has  been  described  above  (§  45)  under 
the  name  of  "fluents";  pupils  are  called  upon  repeatedly  to  give 
the  whole  narrative  of  some  episode,  or  period,  as  nearly  and  as 
fully  as  they  remember  it.  By  going  over  and  over  this  method 
pupils  get  saturated  with  the  history,  and  carry  it  in  their  minds  a 
long  time. 

An  equally  effective  plan  is  that  of  the  so-called  "  cards  ";  a  few 
minutes  of  each  exercise  are  given  up  to  the  asking  of  very  brief 
questions,  put  sharply  and  quickly,  and  to  be  answered  immediately 
and  categorically.  By  writing  the  questions  on  a  set  of  cards,  and 
then  mixing  them,  they  will  come  out  haphazard,  and  the  answer 
to  one  will  not  suggest  the  answer  to  the  next.  (§  45.) 

Geography,  of  course,  is  tested  by  the  constant  use  of  wall  maps 
and  atlases,  and  by  the  construction  of  maps  or  outlines  from 
memory.  (§  48.) 

§  75.     Formal  Written  Tests. 

Written  tests  are  undoubtedly  more  searching  and  instructive,  if 
properly  applied.  The  danger  in  the  lower  schools  —  especially 
in  large  systems  handling  many  children — is  that  examinations 
come  to  be  an  end  instead  of  a  means,  and  pupils  are  diverted 

223 


224  Tests.  [§  75. 

from  their  studies  in  order  to  get  ready  for  examinations.  In 
many  city  schools,  however,  pupils  are  now  transferred  from 
grade  to  grade  on  the  teacher's  estimate  of  their  fitness  ;  and 
promotion  examinations  are  forbidden. 

So  far  as  examinations  in  history  are  mere  memory  tests  they 
have  little  value.  But  the  written  tests  suggested  in  §§  65,  66 
are  helpful,  especially  the  "paper,"  or  written  application  of 
principles  to  a  question  up  to  that  time  not  considered  by  the 
pupil. 

School  examinations  may  be  so  contrived  as  to  be  of  real 
assistance  to  historical  training.  The  questions  ought  to  be  such 
as  require  comparison,  and  the  use  of  facts  acquired  at  different 
times  and  in  different  connections.  For  instance,  instead  of  ask 
ing  pupils  who  was  chief  general  of  the  United  States  army  in  the 
Revolutionary  war,  and  who  was  president  in  1 796,  they  may  be 
asked  to  state  what  offices  George  Washington  occupied.  The 
old  query,  "  Who  went  where  with  how  many  men  ?  "  is  not  an 
unfair  satire  on  ordinary  questions.  Entrance  examinations  to 
college  ought  to  be  arranged  on  the  same  principle  of  calling  for 
the  selection  of  significant  things  out  of  the  mass  of  detail,  and 
the  bringing  out  of  relations  between  things  which  depend  upon 
each  other. 

In  colleges  the  written  examination  has  greater  importance 
because  recitations  in  history  are  there  antiquated ;  but  the  exam 
ination  is  commonly  less  searching  than  the  "quiz,"  the  "report," 
or  the  "paper."  Some  instructors  give  frequent  hour  examina 
tions,  others  depend  upon  the  mid-year  and  final  examinations. 
In  all  cases  examinations  must  come  in  somewhere,  in  order  to 
compel  the  student  to  "  take  account  of  stock,"  and  to  show  what 
he  can  do  with  his  whole  set  of  acquirements.  Here,  also,  ques 
tions  must  test  the  judgment,  rather  than  the  memory  ;  for  the- 
judgment  cannot  act  without  material,  and  if  it  be  found  well 
trained,  it  will  be  because  the  memory  has  gathered  something 
valuable  upon  which  the  judgment  stands. 


76.]  Examinations.  225 


§  76.     Oral  Examinations. 

The  old-fashioned  oral  examinations  have  fallen  into  disuse, 
with  the  school  committees  solemnly  ranged  on  the  platform,  and 
anxious  children  awaiting  their  turn.  It  always  gave  an  undue 
advantage  to  the  ready,  off-hand  pupil,  and  often  caught  pupils  on 
some  unimportant  or  small  part  of  the  subject.  The  advantage  of 
keeping  the  wits  sharpened,  and  being  ready  to  use  one's  knowl 
edge,  can  be  gained  by  skillful  recitations,  and  especially  by  the 
device  known  as  "cards"  (§  45). 

For  small  classes,  and  especially  for  advanced  students,  where 
there  is  time  to  go  into  detail,  the  oral  examination  has  important 
uses  ;  and  it  is  accepted  as  a  proper  test  (in  part,  at  least)  for  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  The  power  to  marshal  a  large  body  of  knowl 
edge,  and  to  select  the  portion  which  is  pertinent  to  an  inquiry,  is 
best  tested  in  this  way. 


PART   II. 
TOPICS  AND  REFERENCES  IN  COLONIAL  HISTORY. 


IX.     DISCOVERY  AND  LATIN  COLONIZATION. 

§  77.     Physiography  of  North  America. 

Summary.  —  The  physical  conformation  of  North  America  : 
Characteristics  of  the  Atlantic  Slope,  of  the  Great  Valleys,  of  the 
Pacific  Slope;  soils,  mineral  deposits,  climate,  rainfall;  comparison 
with  European  lands.  —  Products  :  tobacco,  Indian  corn,  cotton, 
potatoes,  wheat,  indigo,  rice,  lumber  and  naval  stores,  coal,  iron, 
precious  metals,  cattle,  sheep,  hides  and  furs,  etc.  —  Effects  of  this 
environment  on  men  of  European  origin. 

General.  —  N.  S.  Shaler  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  pp.  i-xxx,  especially 
pp.  xx-xxx;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  1-5;  J.  A.  Doyle,  English 
in  America,  Virginia,  5—8. 

Special.  —  N.  S.  Shaler,  Nature  and  Man  in  America;  J.  D.  Whitney, 
in  Encyclopedia  Britannica,  ninth  edition,  article  on  the  United  States ; 
J.  D.  Whitney,  The  United  States ;  N.  S.  Shaler,  editor,  The  United 
States;  Ratzel,  Vereinigten  Staaten  ;  Elisee  Reclus,  The  Earth  and  its 
Inhabitants,  North  America,  Vol.  Ill  ;  Jedidiah  Morse,  The  American 
Universal  Geography,  Vol.  I ;  B.  A.  Gould,  Investigations  in  the  Military 
and  Anthropological  Statistics  of  American  Soldiers. 

Sources  and  Bibliography.  —  See  §  21  a. 

§  78.     Geography  of  North  America,  1492-1775. 

Summary.  —  Physiography  (see  §  77). —  Claims  of  European 
Powers  (see  §§  82,  86,  87,  89-93,  131,  132,  141).  —  Partitions  in 
1493  (see  §  82),  in  1632  (see  §  89).  —  Exclusion  of  the  Dutch  and 


228  Discovery  and  Latin  Colonization.  [§  78. 

the  Swedes  (see  §§  104,  105).  —  Disputes  with  the  Spaniards. — 
Exclusion  of  the  French  (see  §§131,  132).  —  Unoccupied  territory. 
—  Subdivisions  of  the  English  possessions,  and  intercolonial 
boundary  controversies  (see  §§  97,  100,  102,  103,  105-107,  113, 
114,  1 16,  120,  121,  123,  130,  133).  —  Partition  of  i  763  (§§  91,  132, 
!33)-  —  Partition  in  1783  (§  141). —  1776-83,  Claims  of  the  states, 
and  cessions  (§  142). 

General.  —  The  standard  histories,  passim,  e.g.,  Hildreth,  United  States, 
I,  II ;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision);  Gay,  Bryant" s  Popular 
History  ;  Doyle,  English  in  America. 

Special. — Winsor,  in  his  America,  Columbus,  Cartier,  Mississippi 
Basin  (all  these  works  are  rich  in  cartography;  they  are  analyzed  in 
the  sections  noted  above)  ;  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  Chs.  ii-viii; 
Joseph  Blunt,  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Confederacy,  Chs.  i,  ii ;  J.  Fiske, 
Discovery  of  America  ;  C.  P.  Lucas,  Historical  Geography  of  the  British 
Colonies,  Introduction;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  The  Right  by  Discovery,  in  Ohio 
Historical  and  Archaeological  Society,  Quarterly,  II. 

MAPS  :  Epochs  of  American  History,  The  Colonies,  Nos.  1-4,  Forma 
tion  of  the  Union,  Nos.  2,  3,  the  same  maps  are  in  Epoch  Maps,  Nos. 
1-6;  H.  E.  Scudder,  History,  p.  131  ;  A.  Johnston,  School  History, 
p.  67  ;  G.  P.  Fisher,  Colonial  Era  ;  MacCoun's  Historical  Geography  of 
the  United  States;  W.  M.  Sloane,  French  War  and  Revolution  ;  H.  C. 
Lodge,  English  Colonies;  E.  Channing,  The  United  States,  1765-1865. 

Sources.  —  The  collections  of  treaties,  statutes,  decisions,  etc.,  are 
noted  in  §§  21  d,  29,  30.  Some  of  the  more  important  documents  may 
be  found  as  follows  : 

TREATIES:  St.  Germain,  1632  :  Rectieil  des  Trait  es  de  Paix  (Amster 
dam,  1700),  III,  328.  —  Ryswick,  1697  :  Memorials  of  the  English  and 
French  Commissaries  concerning  the  Limits  of  Nova  Scotia,  or  Acadia  ; 
Dumont,  Corps  Diplomatique,  VII,  399  ;  Chalmers,  Collection  of  Treaties 
between  Great  Britain  and  Other  Powers.  Extracts,  containing  the  por 
tions  relating  to  America,  are  in  Houston,  Constitutional  Docitments, 
2^5;  Mills,  Boundaries  of  Ontario  (revised  edition),  143.  —  Utrecht,  1713: 
Dumont,  Corps  Diplomatique,  VIII,  339;  Chalmers,  Collection  of  Treaties, 
1,378.  Extracts  in  Houston,  Constitutional  Documents^  3;  Mills,  Bounda 
ries  of  Ontario  (revised  edition),  158. —  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1748 :  Chalmers, 
Collection  of  Treaties.  Extracts  in  Houston,  Documents,  265.  —  Peace  of 
Paris,  1763  :  Martens  et  Cussy,  Recueil  de  Traites,  I,  30.  The  portions 


§  ;8.]     Geography  of  North  America,  1492-1775.       229 

relating  to  boundaries  are  in  American  History  Lea/lets,  No.  5  ;  Houston, 
Constitutional  Documents,  61.  —  Royal  Proclamation  of  1763:  The 
Annual  Register  for  1763,  208-213  ;  Mills,  Boundaries  of  Ontario,  192  ; 
Houston,  Documents,  67;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  5.  —  Que 
bec  Act,  1774  :  Statutes  at  Large  of  Great  Britain  (London,  1776); 
Wm.  Kingsford,  History  of  Canada,  V,  256  ;  Houston,  Constitutional 
Doctiments,  90. —  Treaty  of  Peace,  1782-83:  Treaties  and  Conventions 
between  the  United  States  and  Other  Powers.  Appended  to  the  "  Pre 
liminary  Articles "  in  this  publication  will  be  found  the  "  Separate 
Article "  as  to  Florida.  For  the  commissions  of  the  Governors  of 
West  Florida,  see  Duane's  Laws  of  the  United  States,  I,  450  ;  they  are 
reprinted  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  5. 

THE  CHARTERS:  B.  P.  Poore,  Charters  and  Constitutions;  H.  W, 
Preston,  Documents  illustrative  of  American  History;  Samuel  Lucas. 
Charters  of  the  Old  English  Colonies  in  America,  London  1850;  Old 
South  Leaflets.  Most  of  the  important  portions  of  the  charters,  from 
a  geographical  point  of  view,  are  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  15. 
The  Maryland  charter,  in  the  Latin  original,  is  in  Poore's  Charters. 
English  translations  are  in  Bacon,  Laws  of  Maryland,  and  in  Scharf, 
History  of  Maryland. 

MAPS  :  FACSIMILES.  Besides  the  facsimiles  given  by  Winsor  in  his 
America,  Mississippi  Basin,  and  other  works,  and  those  contained  in 
the  collections  of  facsimiles  and  sketches  noted  below,  there  are  several 
photographic  reproductions  of  important  maps  on  the  scale  of  the 
original.  There  are  also  numerous  facsimiles  illustrative  of  particular 
points  scattered  through  the  descriptive  works.  Some  of  the  more 
important  of  the  collections  are  mentioned  in  the  following  list;  they 
relate  for  the  most  part  to  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries.  For 
reproductions  of  later  maps  Winsor's  Mississippi  Basin  is  the  principal 
storehouse.  The  titles  of  single  maps  and  important  collections  illus 
trating  particular  points  will  be  found  in  the  later  sections  of  this  Guide, 
especially  §§  81-84,  87,  89,  90,  92,  131,  etc. 

Theobald  Fischer,  editor,  Raccolta  di  Mappamondi  e  Carte  nautiche 
del  XIII  al  XVI  secolo,  Venice,  F.  Ongania,  1886,  and  accompanying 
text;  E.  F.  Jomard,  Les  Monuments  de  la  Geographic,  Paris,  1866; 
J.  G.  Kohl,  Discovery  of  Maine  (Documentary  History  of  Maine,  I);  K. 
Kretschmer,  Die  Entdeckung  Amerikas,  Berlin,  1892,  and  Atlas  ;  F. 
Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Amerikas,  Munich,  1859,  and  Atlas;  J.  Lelewel, 
Geographic  du  Moyen  Age,  Bruxelles,  1852,  and  Atlas  ;  G.  Marcel,  Repro 
ductions  de  Cartes  et  de  Globes,  XVI-XVIII  centuries,  Atlas  and  text, 
Paris,  1893;  [Frederick  Muller  &  Co.],  Remarkable  Maps  of  the  XV- 


230  Discovery  and  Latin  Colonization.  [§  78. 

XVII  Centuries  reproduced  in  their  original  size,  Amsterdam,  1891;  A. 
E.  Nordenskiold,  Fac-simile  Atlas  to  the  Early  History  of  Cartography, 
With  reproductions  of  the  most  important  maps  printed  in  the  XV  and 
XVI  Centuries.  Translated  from  the  Swedish  original  by  J.  D.  Ekelof 
and  C.  R.  Markham,  Stockholm,  1889 ;  Sophus  Ruge,  Die  Ent- 
"wickelung  der  Kartographie  von  Amerika  bis  i^jo  (Petermann's  Mit- 
teilungen,  Erganzungsheft,  Nr.  106).  This  is  the  best  compact  collection 
of  sketches  for  students.  Published  in  1892  for  8  Marks  ;  Vicomte 
de  Santarem,  Atlas  compose  de  Mappemondes,  de  Portulans,  et  de  Cartes 
hydrographiques  et  historiques  depuis  le  VI  jusqii'au  XVII  Siecle,  Paris, 
1842-53  ;  H.  Stevens,  Historical  and  Geographical  Notes  of  the  Early 
Discoveries  in  America,  New  Haven,  1869  >  Vivien  de  Saint-Martin, 
Histoire  de  la  Geographie  et  des  Decouvertes  geographiques,  Paris, 
1873-74  (Atlas  of  32  maps). 

MAPS,  ORIGINALS  :  The  collection  in  the  Harvard  University  Library 
is  the  best  in  America  so  far  as  the  cartography  of  the  country  as  a 
whole  is  concerned  ;  the  collection  in  the  library  of  the  Wisconsin 
Historical  Society  is  rich  in  maps  of  the  interior  and  of  the  earlier 
history  of  the  West. 

Among  the  separate  maps  in  the  former  collection  may  be  mentioned: 
Sanson,  1656;  Delisle,  1689;  Coronelli,  1689  ;  Delisle,  1700,  1703,  and 
1718;  Jaillot,  1719;  Moll,  1715,  1720;  Map  drawn  for  the  Compagnie 
Francois  Occident,  1701-1720  ;  D'Anville,  1746,  1755  ;  Bowen,  1747  ; 
Evans,  1749;  Huske,  1755  ;  Kitchin,  1755  (two  copies  of  this  map  giv 
ing  different  boundaries);  Jeffrey's  D'Anville,  1755;  de  Rouge,  1755; 
Jeffrey's,  1755;  Mitchell,  1755;  Covens  et  Mortier,  1757;  Evans,  1758- 
1771  ;  Palairet,  1759;  Jeffrey's,  1762  (?);  Kitchin,  1763;  Bowen,  1763; 
Quebec,  1763,  after  English  and  French  surveys;  Bell,  1772;  Pownall, 
1776;  Pownall's  D'Anville,  1777;  Faden,  1777  ;  Brion  de  la  Tour,  1778, 
1779;  Maps  in  Fitzmaurice's  Life  of  Shelburne,  3,  170,  294;  Delisle, 
1782  ;  Wallis,  1783  ;  Faden,  1783  ;  Andrews,  1783  ;  Bowles,  1783  ;  Lothe, 
1784;  Janvier,  1784. 

Many  of  the  most  important  of  the  early  maps  are  contained  in  the 
several  editions  of  Ptolemy's  Geography ;  in  De  Laet,  Nieuwe  Wereldt; 
in  Montanus,  Nieuwe  Weereld ;  and  in  the  accounts  of  the  voyages  of 
the  Spanish,  French,  and  English  seamen,  and  of  the  early  explorers,  as 
Captain  John  Smith  (see  §§  83-97). 

Bibliography.  —  (See  §§  21-21  d);    Thwaites,   Colonies,    §i;    A.  B.* 
Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  passim.     Winsor's  works  are  in  great 
measure  a  bibliography  of  the  subject.     See  also  his  Kohl  Collection  of 


§79-]  Geography  and  Archeology.  231 

Early  Maps  (Harvard  University  Library,  Bibliographical  Contributions, 
No.  19)  and  his  Bibliography  of  Ptolemy's  Geography  (Harvard  Univer 
sity  Library,  Bibliographical  Contributions,  No.  18);  G.  Marcel,  Catalogue 
des  Documents  Geographiq^ies,  exposes  a  la  Section  des  Cartes  et  Plans  de 
la  Bibliothcqtie  National,  Paris,  1892. 


§  79.     Archaeology. 

Summary.  —  Evidences  of  the  antiquity  of  man  in  North 
America  :  the  paleolithic  implements  of  the  Trenton  gravel ; 
other  deposits  of  these  implements  ;  other  remains  of  prehistoric 
man,  the  Calaveras  skull,  the  Nampa  image,  etc.  —  Credibility  of 
these  evidences.  —  Paleolithic  man,  as  he  is  pictured  by  the 
archaeologists.  —  Attempts  made  to  connect  prehistoric  man  with 
the  Red  Men  of  North  America  at  the  time  of  the  Columbian 
discovery:  Neolithic  man,  the  skrellings,  etc. 

General.  —  John  Fiske,  Disco-very  of  America,  I,  1-19;  H.  W.  Haynes 
in  Winsor,  America,  I,  Ch.  vi  ;  G.  F.  Wright,  The  Ice  Age;  J.  D. 
Baldwin,  Ancient  America  ;  Nadaillac,  Prehistoric  America. 

Special.  —  Charles  C.  Abbott,  Primitive  Industry,  and  see  also  his 
articles  in  Reports  of  the  Peabody  Museum,  II,  30  and  235;  J.  W.  Foster, 
Prehistoric  Races  of  America ;  J.  T.  Short,  North  Americans  of 
Antiqiiity  (an  old-time  view);  W.  R.  Moorehead,  Primitive  Man  in 
Ohio ;  L.  Carr,  Mottnds  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  in  Report  of  Smith 
sonian  Institution  for  1891;  E.  A.  Allen,  The  Prehistoric  World. 

Sources.  —  E.  G.  Squier  and  E.  H.  Davis,  Ancient  Monuments  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley;  S.  F.  Haven,  Archeology  of  the  United  States 
(Smithsonian  Institution,  Contributions,  VIII);  Sir  Daniel  Wilson,  Pre 
historic  Man  .  .  .  in  the  Old  and  New  World,  and  The  Lost  Atlantis  ; 
J.  W.  Powell,  Reports  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  especially  the  Report 
for  1890-91;  F.  W.  Putnam,  editor,  Archaological  and  Ethnological 
Collections  (Wheeler's  Survey,  Reports,  VII)  ;  E.  T.  Stevens,  Flint 
Chips :  A  Gttide  to  Prehistoric  Archceology. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  in  his  America,  I,  369  and  following,  and 
the  "  Notes  "  to  Prof.  Haynes's  chapter;  P.  B.  Watson,  Pre-Columbian 
Bibliography. 


232  Discovery  and  Latin  Colonization.  [§  80. 


§  80.     The  Aborigines. 

Summary.  —  The  opposing  theories  of  Prescott  and  others  who 
rely  on  the  "Early  American  Chroniclers,"  and  of  Lewis  H.  Mor 
gan  and  his  followers.  —  The  leading  points  in  the  latter  theory.  — 
Indian  ideas  as  to  landholding,  inheritance,  and  communism.  — 
Theories  as  to  the  origin  of  the  Red  Race  of  America.  —  Social 
condition  of  the  Indians  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard  of  North  America 
in  1500-1600. —  Effects  on  the  Indians  of  the  coming  of  the 
Europeans.  —  Difference  in  the  treatment  of  the  Indian  problem 
by  the  Spanish,  French,  and  English  colonists. — -Reaction  of 
these  several  Indian  policies  on  the  colonists  of  the  respective 
nations. 

General.  —  Higginson,  Larger  History,  1-26;  L.  H.  Morgan,  Mon- 
tezttma's  Dinner,  in  North  American  Review  for  1876  (CXXII);  W.  H. 
Prescott,  Conquest  of  Mexico,  Introduction  ;  Fiske,  America,  I,  21-147. 

Special.  — L.  H.  Morgan,  Houses  and  House-life,  p.  136,  and  follow 
ing ;  A.  F.  Bandelier's  papers  in  Reports  of  Peabody  Mtisettm,  II,  and 
in  the  Papers  of  the  Archceological  Institute  of  America,  especially  his 
Social  Organization,  Art  of  Warfare  Among  the  Ancient  Mexicans,  and 
The  Tribe  of  Zuni ;  L.  H.  Morgan,  League  of  the  Iroquois  ;  H.  H.  Ban 
croft,  Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  II,  and  History  of  Mexico,  I. 

Sources. — The  early  Spanish  Chroniclers  (§  83),  especially  Oviedo, 
Herrera  ;  the  early  explorers  in  Documentos  Ineditos  ;  Bernal  Diaz  del 
Castillo,  Historia  Verdadera  de  la  conquista  de  la  Nueva  Espana,  trans 
lated  by  Lockhart ;  Sahagun,  Historia  general  de  las  Cosas  de  Nueva 
Espana;  Castaneda,  Relacion  de  la  Jornada  de  Cibola  .  .  .  la  qual 
fue  el  ano  de  1560,  translated,  with  other  accounts,  by  G.  P.  Winship,  as 
The  Coronado  Expedition  to  New  Mexico  and  the  Great  Plains  (Bureau 
of  Ethnology,  Annual  Reports,  No.  XIV);  the  French  memoires  and 
early  descriptions  (§§  87-91),  especially  Champlain,  (Euvres ;  Cartier, 
Narratives  ;  Laudonniere,  Uhistoire  notable  de  la  Floride  —  in  English 
in  Hakluyt's  Principall  Navigations,  III  ;  the  Jesttit  Relations  ;  Sagard, 
Histoire  du  Canada,  or  his  Le  Grand  Voyage  du  Pays  des  Hurons ; 
Lafitau,  Mceurs  des  Sauvages  ;  Charlevoix,  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle 
France,  translated  by  J.  G.  Shea  ;  Lescarbot,  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle 
France  ;  Perrot,  Memoir e  sur  les  Mceurs  .  .  .  des  Sauvages  de  rAmerique  ; 


§8o.]  The  Aborigines.  233 

Du  Monts,  La  Louisiane  ;  Margry,  Mhnoires  et  Documents,  pour  servir 
a  Vhistoire  —  distrusted  somewhat  by  scholars  ;  French,  Historical  Col 
lections  of  Louisiana  and  Florida  (contains  many  extracts  from  these 
authorities,  and  many  other  important  documents  in  English);  the 
English  explorers  and  colonists  (§§  95-97,  109),  especially  Hariot's 
Narrative,  and  Captain  John  Smith,  True  Relation  ;  Bartram,  Travels 
in  the  Carolinas  ;  Carver,  Travels  through  North  America;  Jn.  Adair, 
The  History  of  the  American  Indians  ;  Thruston,  Antiquities  of  Tennes 
see  ;  C.  C.  Jones,  Antiquities  of  the  Southern  Indians;  Heckewelder, 
Accotmt  of  the  Indian  Nations  who  once  inhabited  Pennsylvania  (origi 
nally  published  in  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  7^ransactions, 
1819);  G.  H.  Loskiel,  Mission  of  the  United  Brethren  among  the  Indians. 
Among  the  general  collections,  covering  the  whole  field,  may  be  men 
tioned  De  Bry,  Grands  et  petits  voyages  ;  Purchas,  Pilgrimes  ;  Hakluyt, 
Principall  Navigations.  See,  also,  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Native  Races,  IV; 
J.  L.  Stephen,  Incidents  of  Travel  in  Central  America,  and  Incidents 
of  Travel  in  Yucatan  ;  F.  Catherwood,  Views  of  Ancient  Monuments  in 
Central  America;  D.  Charnay,  Cites  et  Ruines  Americaines,  translated 
as  The  Ancient  Cities  of  the  New  World ;  Papers  of  the  Archaeological 
Institute  of  America  ;  J.  W.  Powell,  Reports  of  United  States  Bureait  of 
Ethnology,  and  Contributions  to  North  American  Ethnology ;  see,  also, 
papers  in  Annual  Reports  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  The  collec 
tions  in  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology, 
or  in  other  museums,  should  also  be  studied. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  in  Narrative  and  Critical  History,  I,  Chs. 
Hi  and  v,  and  the  special  works  therein  cited,  especially  H.  H.  Ban 
croft,  Native  Races  ;  Winsor,  The  New  England  Indians,  a  bibliographi 
cal  survey,  1630-1700  (Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings 
for  November,  1895);  J-  C-  Filling's  bibliographies  of  the  Algonquin 
linguistic  stocks  in  the  publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  ;  D.  G. 
Brinton,  Aboriginal  American  Authors,  and  the  footnotes  to  Bandelier's, 
essays  and  books  noted  elsewhere. 


234  Discovery  and  Latin  Colonization.  [§  81. 


§  81.    Pre-Columbian  Discoveries. 

Summary.  —  Geographical  knowledge  of  the  ancients :  theories 
of  Eratosthenes,  Strabo,  and  others. —  The  idea  of  the  sphericity  of 
the  Earth  during  the  Middle  Ages.  —  The  geographers  of  the  fif 
teenth  century :  Toscanelli,  Behaim,  etc.  —  Stories  of  Western 
lands  :  Atlantis,  St.  Brandan's  Island,  Antillia.  —  Pre-Columbian 
explorers:  Asiatic  peoples,  the  Fusang  story,  Welsh  and  Irish 
legends.  —  A.D.  1000,  The  Norse  Discovery,  Leif  the  Lucky  finds 
a  western  land.  —  Later  voyages  to  Vinland.  —  The  evidence  on 
which  our  knowledge  of  these  voyages  rests :  monuments,  records, 
sagas.  —  Credibility  of  the  sagas.  —  The  story  of  the  Zeni  Brothers. 
—  The  French  fishermen. 

General.  —  Fiske,  Discovery  of  America,  I,  148-218;  Higginson, 
Larger  History,  27-52;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  I,  35-63;  Pal 
frey,  New  England,  I,  57. 

Special.  —  A.  M.  Reeves,  Finding  of  Wineland  the  Good ;  Torfagus, 
Historiae  Vinlandiae  ;  Rafn,  Antiquitates  Americanae  ;  Kohl,  Discovery 
of  Maine,  Ch.  ii  (a  summary  of  Rafn's  large  work);  Slafter,  Voyages 
of  the  Northmen ;  W.  H.  Tillinghast,  Geographical  Knowledge  of  the 
Ancients,  in  Winsor,  America,  I,  Ch.  i ; v  Winsor,  "Pre-Columbian  Ex 
plorations,"  in  his  America,  I,  Ch.  ii ;  Vining,  An  Inglorious  Colum 
bus  (gives  the  different  theories  as  to  the  Fusang  myth);  B.  F.  De  Costa, 
Pre-Columbian  Discovery  of  America  by  Northmen  ;  P.  Gaffarel,  Histoire 
de  la  Decouverte  de  VAmerique  jttsqu'a  la  Mort  de  Christophe  Colomb,  I, 
Les  Precurseurs  de  Colomb;  D.  W.  Prowse,  Newfoundland,  Chs.  i, 
iii ;  Sir  Daniel  Wilson,  The  Lost  Atlantis. 

Sources. — Translations  of  the  Sagas,  with  phototypic  facsimiles,  are 
in  Reeves 's  Wineland.  Other  translations  may  be  found  in  the  works  of 
Rafn,  De  Costa,  and  Slafter,  above  mentioned.  The  important  portions 
are  printed  from  Reeves  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  3.  See,  also, 
the  Saga  of  Olaf  Trygvason,  translated  by  J.  Slephton.  For  the  Zeno 
story,  see  Major's  edition  of  Nicolo  Zeno,  Voyages  of  the  Venetian 
Brothers,  Nicolo  and  Antonio  Zeno,  in  Hakluyt  Society,  Publications, 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  in  Narrative  and  Critical  History,  I,  76-132; 
and  P.  B.  Watson,  Bibliography  of  Pre-Columbian  Discoveries  of  Amer 
ica,  in  the  third  edition  of  Anderson,  America  not  Discovered  by 
Columbus. 


§82.]  Discoveries  of  America.  235 


§  82.     The  Columbian  Discoveries. 

Summary.  —  Birth  and  early  career  of  Christopher  Columbus. 
—  His  ideas  as  to  the  shape  and  size  of  the  earth  ;  whence  came 
these  ideas  ?  —  Attempts  to  get  assistance  for  a  western  voyage.  — 
Contract  with  the  Spanish  monarchs.  — 1492,  The  first  voyage  and 
discovery  of  Cuba,  San  Domingo,  etc.  —  Theories  as  to  the  land 
fall. — 1493,  The  second  voyage,  Columbus  as  a  colonizer.  — 1498- 
1 500,  The  third  voyage,  mouth  of  the  Orinoco,  Island  of  Trinidad. 
— 1 502-1 504,  The  fourth  voyage,  the  east  coast  of  Central  Amer 
ica,  Jamaica.  —  The  character  of  Columbus,  and  his  place  in  the 
world's  history. — 1493,  The  Bull  of  Demarcation;  its  later  history. 

General.  —  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  I,  92-120;  Winsor  in 
his  America,  II,  1-23. 

Special. — Winsor,  Christopher  Columbus  ;  Clements  R.  Markham, 
Columbus;  Irving,  Columbus;  Fiske,  America,  I,  335-518;  Arthur 
Helps,  Spanish  Conquest  of  America  :  Harrisse,  Christopher  Columbus  ; 
Kayserling,  Christopher  Cohtmbiis  ;  P.  Gaffarel,  Histoire  de  la  Decouverte, 
II.  On  the  landfall  see  Clements  R.  Markham,  Columbus ;  Becher, 
Landfall ;  G.  V.  Fox,  Attempt  to  Solve  the  Problem,  etc.,  in  United  States 
Coast  Survey  Report  for  1880,  Ap.  XVIII;  J.  B.  Murdoch,  in  Proceedings 
of  the  United  States  Naval  Institute  for  1884. 

Sources.  —  The  letters  and  journal  of  Columbus  in  Major,  Select  Let 
ters  of  Columbus,  2d  edition  (Hakluyt  Society,  Publications}-,  The  Journal 
of  Christopher  Columbus  (during  his  first  voyage),  translated  by  Clements 
R.  Markham  in  Hakluyt  Society, Publications,  1893;  Kettell,  A  Personal 
Narrative  (gives  a  translation  of  the  journal);  American  History  Leaf 
lets,  No.  i  (contains  a  translation  of  the  letter  to  Santangel  and  portions 
of  the  journal);  Columbus,  Letter  to  Santangel  is  also  in  French,  Histori 
cal  Collections  of  Louisiana,  Second  Series,  II,  145-152.  See  also  the 
reprints  and  translations  published  by  the  Boston  Public  Library,  the 
Lenox  Library,  and  by  Quaritch.  Extracts  and  abstracts  from  some  of 
the  documents  may  also  be  found  in  Mackie,  With  the  Admiral  of  the 
Ocean  Sea,  and  Last  Voyages  of  the  Admiral ;  and  in  Higginson,  Ameri 
can  Explorers.  For  the  Bull  of  Pope  Alexander  see  Fiske,  America,  I, 
Appendix;  Catholic  Historical  Researches,  III,  71;  Navarrete,  Coleccion 
de  los  viages,  II  ;  Peschel,  Die  Theilung  der  Erde  unter  Papst  Alexander 
VI  und  Julius  II,  Appendix  ;  E.  G.  Bourne,  The  Demarcation  Line  of 
Alexander  VI,  in  The  Yale  Review  for  May,  1892,  pp.  35-55. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  in  his  America,  II,  46-69,  and  in  his 
Columbus,  Chs.  i,  ii. 


236  Discovery  and  Latin   Colonization.  [§83. 


§  83.     The  Companions  and  Successors  of  Columbus. 

Summary.  — 1498-1512,  Discovery  and  exploration  along 
the  northern  coast  of  South  America  :  'Ojeda,  Juan  de  la  Cosa, 
Nicuesa,  Bastidas.  —  1510,  Settlement  on  the  Gulf  of  Darien. — 
1513,  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa  discovers  the  Pacific.  —  Progress 
of  discovery  along  the  west  coast;  Peru,  Nicaragua. —  1508, 
Circumnavigation  of  Cuba.  — 1518,  Grijalva  discovers  Mexico. 
— 1519,  Pineda  discovers  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 

General.  —  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  I;  C.  R.  Markham, 
Christopher  Columbus,  238-247;  Edward  Charming,  The  Companions  of 
Columbus,  in  Winsor,  America,  II,  181-204. 

Special.  —  W.  Irving,  Companions  of  Columbus;  Fiske,  America,  II; 
A.  Helps,  Spanish  Conquest  of  America;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Central 
America,  I,  especially  Ch.  ii ;  J.  G.  Shea,  Ancient  Florida  in  Winsor, 
America,  II,  Ch.  iv;  P.  Gaffarel,  Histoire  de  la  Decoiiverte,  II,  Les 
Contemporains  de  Colomb ;  Ruge,  Geschichte  des  Zeitalters  der  Ent- 
deckungen. 

Sources.  —  Oviedo,  Historia  General  (edition  printed  by  the  Real 
Academia);  Herrera,  Historia  General  (translated  by  John  Stevens); 
Peter  Martyr,  Decades,  translated  by  Eden  (reprinted  by  Arber  in  The 
First  Three  English  Books  on  America).  See  also  the  collections  of 
documents  published  by  the  Spanish  government,  especially  Coleccion 
de  Documentos  Ineditos  relatives  al  descubrimiento,  conquista,  y  coloniza- 
cion  de  las  posessiones  Espanolas  en  America  y  Oceania,  edited  by 
Pacheco,  Cardenas  and  others  and  often  cited  as  "  Pacheco  and  Car 
denas";  Navarrete  Viages  Menores  forming  Vol.  Ill  of  his  Coleccion  de 
los  Viages;  Navarrete,  Biblioteca  Maritima  Espanola;  Bernal  Diaz  del 
Castillo,  Historia  Vcrdadera;  Icazbalceta,  Coleccion  de  Documentos  para 
la  historia  de  Mexico;  H.  Ternaux-Compans,  Voyages,  relations,  et 
memoires  originaux  pottr  servir  a  Vhistoire  de  la  decouverte  de  F  Amerique. 

MAPS:  Juan  de  la  Cosa,  1500,  —  reproduced  in  the  original  size  or 
in  facsimile,  in  whole  or  in  part,  in  many  of  the  collections  noted  in  §  78 
especially  Jomard,  Monuments.  Also  see  reduced  sketches  following 
the  original  in  Winsor,  America,  II,  8  and  in  Weise,  Discoveries  of 
America;  Humboldt,  Examen  Critique,  V,  and  his  essay  in  Ghillany's 
Behaim.  Ruysch,  1508,  facsimile  in  Winsor,  111,9,  and  in  Weise.  A 


§  84.]  Successors  of  Columbus.  237 

copy  of  the  original  is  in  Harvard  University  Library.     For  sketches  of 
other  early  maps,  see  Winsor,  America,  II,  especially  pp.  211-230. 

Bibliography.  —  Channing  in  Justin  Winsor,  America,  II,  205  and 
following.  See  also  the  "-Essays  "  and  footnotes  to  the  chapters  on 
Mexico  and  Peru  in  the  same  volume. 


§  84.     The  Naming  of  America. 

Summary.  —  Amerigo  Vespucci,  his  voyages  to  America.  — 
Evidence  for  and  against  these  voyages.  —  The  phrase  "  New 
World"  as  applied  to  South  America.  —  Martin  Waldseemiiller 
(Hylacomylus),  his  Cosmographies  Introductio.  — 1507,  The 
proposal  to  name  the  "  New  World  "  America.  —  Did  Amerigo 
Vespucci  approve  the  design? — 1507-1541,  The  spreading  of 
the  name.  Other  theories  as  to  the  origin  of  the  word  America. 

General.  —  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  I,  123-128;  Winsor, 
Columbus,  538-555  ;  C.  R.  Markham,  Columbus,  344-356. 

Special.  — S.  H.  Gay  in  Winsor,  America,  II,  Gh.  ii;  J.  Fiske, 
Discovery  of  America,  II ;  Lester,  Life  of  Vespucius;  Santarem,  Re 
searches  respecting  Americus  Vespucius  and  his  Voyages,  translated  from 
the  French  by  E.  V.  Childe  ;  R.  H.  Major  in  his  Prince  Henry  the 
Navigator  and  Discoveries  of  Prince  Henry;  Varnhagen's  various  works 
on  Vespucci,  especially  his  Nouvelles  Recherches ;  Humboldt,  Examen 
Critique,  IV,  V;  Winsor,  Notes  on  Vespucius  in  his  America,  II,  153 
and  following ;  D'Avezac,  Waltzeemiiller,  ses  outrages,  et  ses  colla- 
borateurs. 

Sources.  —  Vespucius,  Letters  (describing  the  four  voyages)  reprinted 
with  translations  by  Quaritch,  1893;  Waldseemiiller,  Cosmographies 
Introductio  (the  titlepage  and  important  passages  given  in  facsimile  in 
Winsor,  America,  II,  167,  168,  171);  the  Spanish  chroniclers,  especially 
Herrera  and  the  collections  of  documents,  particularly  that  by  Navarrete. 

Bibliography.  —  The  footnotes  to  Gay's  chapter  and  Winsor's  very 
full  "  Notes  "  in  his  America,  II,  153-179. 


238  Discovery  and  Latin   Colonization.  [§£5. 


§  85.     The  Spanish  Conquerors. 

Summary.  — 1515-27,  Progress  of  discovery  along  the  west 
coast  of  South  America,  the  finding  of  Peru.  —  The  Pizarros  and 
their  companions.  — 1531-34,  The  conquest,  treatment  of  the 
natives.  —  Later  careers  of  the  leading  men. 

1511,  Conquest  of  Cuba  by  the  Spaniards  under  Velasquez. — 
1517,  Cordoba's  voyage  to  Yucatan.  — 1518,  Grijalva  discovers 
Mexico  :  Velasquez  sends  an  expedition  under  Cortez  to  conquer 
it.  —  Hernando  Cortez  and  his  companions.  —  1519-21,  The  con 
quest  of  Mexico.  —  Later  history  of  Nueva  Espafia. 

General.  —  C.  R.  Markham,  in  Winsor,  America,  II,  Ch.  viii  (Peru); 
Winsor,  in  his  America  II,  Ch.  vi  (Mexico) ;  J.  Fiske  America,  II. 

Special.  —  W.  H.  Prescott,  Conquest  of  Peru  and  Conquest  of  Mexico; 
A.  Helps,  Spanish.  Conquest  of  America,  —  the  bulk  of  this  work  is  also 
printed  in  a  different  form  as  Life  of  Pizarro  and  Life  of  Cortez;  H.  H. 
Bancroft,  Mexico,  I ;  R.  G.  Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South 
America  during  the  Colonial  Period. 

Sources.  —  For  the  conquest  of  Mexico:  The  collections  of  docu 
ments  noted  in  §  83,  especially  Pacheco  and  Cardenas  and  Icazbalceta, 
and  the  Documentos  Ineditos  para  la  historia  Espana ;  Motolinia, 
Historia  de  los  Indies  de  Nueva  Espana  ;  Documentos  para  la  historia  de 
Mexico ;  I.  L.  Rayon,  editor,  Archive  Mexicano ;  Lorenzana,  Historia 
de  Nueva  Espana ;  Bernal  Diaz,  Historia  Verdadera  ;  Gomara,  La  con- 
quista  de  Mexico ;  Sahagun,  Historia  de  la  conquista  de  Mexico ;  De 
spatches  of  Cortes,  translated  by  George  Folsom. 

For  the  conquest  of  Peru  :  the  standard  collections,  the  early 
Chroniclers,  and  Cieza  de  Leon,  La  Chronica  del  Peru,  Parts  I  and  II, 
translated  by  C.  R.  Markham  and  printed  in  the  publications  of  the 
Hakluyt  Society  for  1864  and  1883.  See  also  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega, 
Commentaries  Reales,  translated  in  part  by  Markham  for  the  Hakluyt 
Society,  1869-71. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America  (Peru)  II,  573-578,  (Mexico)  II, 

402-430. 


§  86.]  Spanish  Explorers.  239 


§  86.    The  Spaniards  in  the  United  States. 

Summary.  —  1513,  Ponce  de  Leon  discovers  and  names  Flor 
ida,  the  exact  date. —  1517,  Cdrdoba  on  the  Gulf  coast.  — 1519, 
Pineda  discovers  the  Mississippi.  —  1520,  Gordillo  on  the  Atlantic 
coast  of  Florida.  —  1524-25,  Gomez,  in  the  service  of  Spain,  on 
the  Atlantic  seaboard  of  the  United  States;  extent  of  his  voyage; 
arguments  for  and  against  the  voyage  having  been  made.  —  1526, 
De  Ayllon  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  the  site  of  San  Miguel  de  Guan- 
dape.  —  1528,  Narvaez,  with  a  large  force,  lands  on  the  Gulf  coast 
of  Florida;  probable  fate  of  the  expedition.  — 1528-36,  The 
wanderings  of  Cabeza-de-Vaca  and  his  comrades ;  their  stories  of 
buffaloes  and  pueblos. — 1520-40,  Progress  of  discovery  and 
settlement  on  the  west  coast  of  North  America.  — 1539,  Fray 
Marcos's  reconnoissance  toward  the  pueblos.  —  1 540-42,  Explora 
tions  of  Coronado,  identification  of  his  route.  — 1539-42,  Explora 
tions  of  De  Soto,  identification  of  his  route.  —  1542-1763,  The 
Spaniards  in  New  Mexico  and  Florida  ;  meaning  of  these  words. 

General. — George  Bancroft,  United  States,  I,  34-68,  74-82;  Doyle, 
English  in  America,  Virginia,  75-81;  J.  G.  Shea,  in  Winsor,  America, 
II,  231-254;  H.  W.  Haynes,  in  ibid.,  II,  473-498;  Parkman,  Pioneers 
of  France,  Ch.  i  (on  Florida  only) ;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History, 
I,  139-173;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  39,  43-44,  47-49. 

Special.  —  Theodore  Irving,  Conquest  of  Florida ;  Bernard  Shipp, 
De  Soto  and  Florida  :  P.  Gaffarel,  Histoire  de  la  Floride  Fran^aise  ;  C. 
C.  Jones,  Georgia,  I;  W.  H.  H.  Davis,  Spanish  Conquest  of  New 
Mexico-,  Simpson  in  Smithsonian  Institution,  Report,  1869;  H.  H. 
Bancroft,  New  Mexico ;  Frank  W.  Blackmar,  Spanish  Colonization  in 
the  Southwest,  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  VIII,  No.  4; 
the  histories  of  the  southwestern  states  and  territories,  of  Kansas,  and 
of  Nebraska  (§  23).  For  the  settlement  of  St.  Augustine  see  §  88. 

Sources.  —  Buckingham  Smith,  Journey  of  Cabeza  dc  Vaca,  especially 
the  edition  of  1871;  A.  F.  Bandelier,  Papers  of  the  Archaeological 
Institute  of  America,  I,  II,  IV  (Cabeza  de  Vaca  and  Fray  Marcos) ; 
Buckingham  Smith,  De  Soto  Letter  and  Memoir  of  Hernando  de  Esca- 
lante  Fontaneda  respecting  Florida ;  The  Discovery  and  Conquest  of 
Terra  Florida  by  Don  Ferdinando  de  Soto,  written  by  "  A  Gentleman  of 
Elvas  "  and  translated  by  Hakluyt  in  Hakluyt  Society,  Publications  for 


240  Discovery  and  Latin   Colonization.  [§  87. 

1851  and  in  Force's  Tracts,  IV.  Pedro  de  Castaneda  de  Nagera,  Relacion 
de  la  Jornada  de  Cibola,  .  .  .  la  qual  fue  el  ano  de  1540,  translated  by  G. 
P.  Winship  from  a  Spanish  manuscript  in  the  Lenox  library,  is  in 
Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Reports,  No.  XIV,  in  French  in  Ternaux- 
Compans,  Voyages.  Other  original  documents  relating  to  Coronado's 
explorations  are  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  1 3,  and  in  Bandelier, 
Documentary  History  of  the  Tribe  of  Zuni ;  see  also  the  various  collec 
tions  noted  in  §85  and  the  "Chroniclers"  (§  83).  Many  important 
documents  will  also  be  found  in  French,  Historical  Collections  of 
Louisiana  and  Florida;  Historical  Magazine,  X;  and  in  Higginson, 
American  Explorers ;  and  in  the  Old  South  Leaflets. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  G.  Shea  in  Winsor;  America,  II,  283  (Florida); 
H.  W.  Haynes  in  Winsor,  America,  II,  448  (Coronado). 


§  87.     Early  French  Explorers. 

Summary.  —  The  French  fishermen,  were  they  on  the  American 
coast  before  Columbus?  — 1524,  Verrazano's  voyage;  evidence 
for  and  against  its  having  been  made.  —  The  story  of  Norumbega 
and  other  similar  tales.  —  1534,  Jacques  Carrier's  first  voyage, 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  — 1535,  Carrier's  second  voyage,  the 
St.  Lawrence  River  to  Montreal.  —  1540,  Carrier's  third  voyage 
and  Roberval's  Expedition. 

General. — G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition),  I,  16-28; 
(last  revision),  I,  15-21;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  I,  174-199; 
Parkman,  Pioneers  of  France ;  Doyle,  English  in  America,  Virginia, 
I,  82-87;  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  64-67;  Compendious  History,  I,  2; 
Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  42,  44-46. 

Special.  —  Verrazano  :  Winsor,  Christopher  Columbtis,  Appendix  ; 
George  Dexter,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  4-9;  Brevoort,  Verrazano  the 
Navigator;  Murphy,  Voyage  of  Verrazano;  De  Costa,  Verrazano  the 
Explorer;  Kohl,  Discovery  of  Maine.  —  C artier  :  Winsor,  Cartier  to 
Frontenac  ;  De  Costa,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  47-62  ;  H.  B.  Stephens, 
Jacqties  Cartier  ;  Harrisse,  Discovery  of  America  ;  D.  W.  Prowse,  New 
foundland,  Ch.  iii. 

Sources.  —  Verrazano  :  The  Verrazano  Map,  Magazine  of  American 
History,  II,  449;  Winsor,  America,  IV,  26;  Murphy,  Verrazano,  91. 
The  Verrazano  Letter,  Murphy,  Verrazano,  170  ;  Voyage  of  John  de 


§88.]  French  Explorations.  241 

Verarzanus,  in  Hakluyt  Society,  Publications %  1850;  Higginson,  Ameri 
can  Explorers,  60-69  >  Old  South  Leaflets.  —  C artier :  The  "  Narratives," 
Hakluyt,  Navigations,  III,  50,  reprinted  in  Goldsmid's  edition,  XIII, 
77;  Higginson,  Explorers,  91-117. 

Bibliography. — Verrazano:  Dexter,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  17-29. 

—  Cartier :  De  Costa,  in  ibid.,  IV,  62-68. 

§  88.    The  Huguenot  Settlements. 

Summary. — The  Huguenots.  —  1555-60,  attempt  to  found  a 
colony  in  Brazil;  1556,  Thevet's  alleged  voyage  along  the  coast  of 
North  America;  1562,  Ribault's  colony  on  Port  Royal  Sound.— 
1563,  Laudonniere  builds  Fort  Caroline,  sufferings  of  the  colonists. 

—  1565,  Menendez  founds  St.  Augustine,  massacres  French  colo 
nists  and  most  of  the  survivors  of  the  shipwreck  of  Ribault's  fleet. 

—  1567,  Dominic  de  Gourges  attacks  the  Spaniards. 

General.  —  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  I,  189-223 ;  Parkman, 
Pioneers  (revised  edition,  1887),  27-179  ;  Doyle,  Virginia,  I,  88-100  ; 
George  Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition),  I,  68-83;  Oast  revision), 
I,  50-59;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  71-75. 

Special.  —  J.  G.  Shea,  in  Winsor,  America,  II,  260-283  ;  Parkman, 
Pioneers  ;  J.  Sparks,  Life  of  Ribault ;  Baird,  Huguenot  Emigration  ;  Fair 
banks,  St.  Atigustine  ;  Paul  Gaffarel,  Bresil  Franfaise ;  Paul  Gaff arel, 
La  Floride  Franfaise. 

Sources. — On  the  Brazil  colony  :  Thevet,  Singularitez  de  la  France 
Antarctique,  1557,  new  edition  by  Paul  Gaffarel,  Paris,  1878;  Paul  Gaf- 
farel's  edition  of  De  Lery,  Histoire  d^tn  voyage  faict  en  la  terre  du 
Bresil;  Ternaux-Compans,  Voyages,  —  The  Huguenots:  Hakluyt, 
Divers  Voyages,  reprinted  by  the  Hakluyt  Society,  1850,  and  the  part 
relating  to  Florida  by  French  in  his  Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana 
and  Florida,  which  contains  many  other  important  documents;  Laudon 
niere,  in  Lhistoire  notable  de  la  Floride,  in  English,  in  Hakluyt,  Princi- 
pall  Navigations,  Goldsmid's  edition,  XIII,  407,  and  in  French's 
Historical  Collections.  Many  documents  are  also  reprinted  in  whole  or 
in  part  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  III,  and  in  Higginson,  American 
Explorers. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  in  his  America,  VIII,  391  (Brazil);  J.  G. 
Shea  in  Winsor,  America,  II,  292  (Florida). 


242  Discovery  and  Latin  Colonization.  [§  89. 


§  89.     Champlain  and  French  Colonization  in  the  North. 

Summary. — 1603,  De  Monts  and  his  patent.  —  1604,  Settle 
ments  on  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  —  Champlain  on  the  New  England 
coast.  —  1608,  Champlain  founds  Quebec.  —  1609,  Champlain  dis 
covers  Lake  Champlain;  1615,  Lake  Huron. — 1629,  Sir  Thomas 
Kerts  captures  Quebec. — 1632,  Treaty  of  St.  Germain:  New 
France,  Acadia,  and  Canada  confirmed  to  France.  — 1632-33, 
La  Tour  and  D'Aulnay.  — 1613-1713,  Progress  of  the  French 
colonies.  —  1713,  Treaty  of  Utrecht.  Acadia  ceded  to  England. 
—  The  boundaries  of  the  French  colonies. 

General.  —  Slafter,  in  "Winsor,  America,  IV,  103-122;  Gay,  Bryant's 
Popular  History,  I,  312,  313,  321;  Doyle,  Virginia,  I,  146;  G.  Bancroft, 
United  States  (original  edition),  I,  29-34;  (last  revision),  I,  18-21;  Hil- 
dreth,  United  States,  I,  91,  92. 

Special. —  Parkman,  Pioneers  of  France  (edition  of  1877),  187-443; 
Winsor,  Cartier  to  Frontenac  ;  Slafter's  Champlain,  Memoir  prefixed  to 
his  edition  of  voyages  (3  vols.,  in  Prince  Society  publications] ;  Mur- 
dock's  Nova  Scotia ;  Hannay,  Acadia  ;  P.  Palmer,  History  of  Lake 
Champlain;  The  Writings  of  O.  H.  Marshall  relating  to  the  West; 
W.  Kingsford,  History  of  Canada,  I. 

Sources.  —  Champlain,  CEuvres  (edition  of  Laverdiere,  Quebec,  1870), 
translated  in  Slafter's  Champlain.  See  also  portions  in  O'Callaghan, 
Documentary  History  of  New  York,  III;  Higginson,  American  Explor 
ers,  269-278;  Collectanea  Adamantcca,  XXIII;  see  also  Lescarbot,  His- 
toire  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  partly  translated  by  Erondells  in  Purchas, 
Pilgrimes,  IV,  1605-1645.  —  The  De  Monts  Patent  is  in  Williamson, 
History  of  Maine,  I,  651.  —  For  Sir  William  Alexander's  Patent,  see 
ibid.,  p.  655.  —  There  are  translations  of  a  few  documents  in  French, 
Historical  Collections,  Second  Series,  II. 

Bibliography.  —  Slafter,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  130;  for  Acadia, 
see  also  C.  C.  Smith,  in  ibid.,  IV,  147. 


§  90.]  French  Explorers,  243 


§  90.     French  Explorers  in  the  Interior. 

Summary.  — 1634-35,  Nicollet  discovers  Lake  Michigan  and 
a  tributary  of  the  Mississippi. —  1673,  Joliet  and  Marquette  dis 
cover  the  Mississippi.  —  1680,  Hennepin  discovers  the  Falls  of 
St.  Anthony.  — 1681,  La  Salle  explores  the  Mississippi  to  its 
mouth.  —  La  Salle's  attempt  to  found  a  colony  on  the  lower 
Mississippi,  and  death.  —  1699,  Settlement  of  Louisiana  and  his 
tory  to  1763.  —  The  spirit  of  French  colonization;  the  Jesuits 
and  the  traders.  —  The  French  in  the  Ohio  Valley. 

General.  —  Gay,  Bryants  Popular  History,  II,  499-553;  Parkman, 
Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  Ch.  ii ;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (original 
edition),  III,  109-174;  (last  revision),  II,  149-174;  Hildreth,  United 
States,  II,  97-122. 

Special.  —  Winsor,  Cartier  to  Frontenac ;  E.  D.  Neill  in  Winsor, 
America,  IV,  Ch.  v;  Monette,  History  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  ; 
J.  G.  Shea,  Exploration  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  ;  Parkman,  La  Salle 
and  the  Discovery  of  the  Great  West  (revised  edition,  1879) ;  A  Half- 
Century  of  Conflict,  I,  Ch.  xiii ;  Gayarre,  Louisiana;  Scharf,  St.  Louis; 
Shea's  Hennepin ;  Garneau,  Histoire  de  Canada ;  Bryce,  History  of 
the  Canadian  People  ;  McMullen,  The  History  of  Canada  (edition  of  1891 ), 
I ;  Wm.  Kingsford,  History  of  Canada,  I. 

Sources.  —  Margry,  Memoires,  etc.  (6  vols.,  contains  the  original 
documents);  French,  Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana,  Vols.  I  and  IV, 
and  Second  Series,  II ;  the  more  important  papers  relating  to  La  Salle 
are  translated  by  J.  G.  Shea  in  his  Early  Voyages  up  and  down  the 
Mississippi ;  Charlevoix,  Histoire  Generale  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  trans 
lated  by  Shea  as  History  and  General  Description  of  New  France,  in  six 
volumes,  to  which  is  prefixed  a  "  Memoir  "  of  the  author  by  the  trans 
lator  ;  Relations  des  Jesiiits  ;  Publications  of  the  Quebec  Historical  and 
Literary  Society ;  Leclerc,  Premier  Etablissement  de  la  Foy  dans  la 
Nouvelle  France,  translated  by  Shea  as  First  Establishment  of  the  Faith 
in  New  France  ;  Shea,  Hennepirfs  Description  of  Louisiana. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  in  his  America,  IV,  190-202;  Griffin  in 
Magazine  of  American  History  for  1883. 


244  Discovery  and  Latin  Colonization.  [§  91. 


§  91.    The  Settlement  of  Louisiana. 

Summary.  —  1684-87,  La  Salle's  attempt  at  colonization,  his 
death.  —  1699-1701,  The  French  settlement  of  Louisiana,  Iber- 
ville  and  Bienville. —  1712,  License  to  Crozat. —  1717,  Illinois 
joined  to  Louisiana.  —  1717,  John  Law's  Company  of  the  West ; 
the  Mississippi  Bubble.  —  1714  and  1718,  the  French  in  Texas. 

—  1718,  New  Orleans  founded.  — The  French  and  the  Mississippi 
Indians.  — 1763,  Louisiana  ceded  by  France  to  Spain  and  Eng 
land  ;  boundaries  of  Louisiana  and  of  West  Florida. — 1768-69, 
The  Spaniards  take  possession  of  Louisiana ;  Don  John  O'Reilly's 
Regulations.  —  1 776-83,  Louisiana  during  the  Revolutionary  War. 

—  1783,  Louisiana  ceded  to  Spain  and  to  the  United  States.— 
Government  of  Louisiana  by  the  French  and  the  Spaniards.  — 
Population,   products,  trade,    and   social   condition    in  1763    and 
1783- 

General.  —  Andrew  McF.  Davis,  in  Winsor,  America,  V,  13-55; 
G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision),  II,  187-191,  224-232,  237  ; 
III,  75,  316-318,  352-354. 

Special.  —  F.  X.  Martin,  Louisiana ;  C.  Gayarre,  Histoire  de  la 
Louisiane,  in  two  volumes,  or  his  History  of  Louisiana,  in  four  vol 
umes  ;  Barbe-Marbois,  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane,  translated  as  the 
'History  of  Louisiana  (especially  valuable  for  the  later  period ;  J.  Win 
sor,  The  Mississippi  Basin;  Stoddard,  Sketches  of  Louisiana);  }.  W. 
Monette,  History  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi ;  B.  M.  Norman, 
New  Orleans  ;  M.  Thompson,  Story  of  Louisiana  ;  Grace  King,  Sieur 
de  Bienville ;  J.  F.  H.  Claiborne,  Mississippi  as  a  Province,  etc.;  Pick- 
ett,  Alabama  and  Georgia  ;  the  histories  of  Texas,  Florida,  Tennessee, 
Missouri,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Ohio,  and  Illinois  (§23).  For  accounts  of 
La  Salle's  attempted  colonization,  see  §  90. 

Sources.  —  Charlevoix,  Histoire,  translated  by  J.  G.  Shea  ;  the  por 
tions  relating  to  Louisiana  are  also  in  French,  Historical  Collections ; 
La  Harpe,  Journal  Historique  concernant  .  .  .  la  Louisiane  ;  Le  Page  du 
Pratz,  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane,  reprinted  as  The  History  of  Louisiana,  or 
the  Western  Parts  of  Virginia  and  Carolina;  Dumont,  History  of 
Louisiana,  in  French's  Historical  Collections,  V  ;  Vergennes,  Memoire 
historique  ;  Wait,  State  Papers ;  American  State  Papers,  Public  Lands, 


§  9i  •]  Louisiana.  245 

V ',  Miscellaneous ',  and  Foreign  Relations,  IV;  "An  Account  of  Louisiana 
compiled  from  documents  in  the  State  Department,"  in  American  State 
Papers,  Miscellaneous,  I,  also  printed  separately  ;  French,  Historical 
Collections,  V,  contains  documents  relating  to  the  cession  by  France 
to  Spain,  O'Reilly's  "  Ordinances,"  and  many  other  papers. 

Sketches  and  fac-similes  of  many  of  the  important  maps  will  be  found 
in  Winsor,  America,  V,  66-86,  and  in  his  Mississippi  Basin.  The 
"  Pacte  de  Famille  "  is  in  Martens,  Recueil,  I,  16;  the  Treaty  of  1763  is 
in  Martens,  Recueil,  I,  104,  and  French,  Historical  Collections,  the 
portions  as  to  boundaries  are  reprinted  in  American  History  Leaflets, 
No.  5;  the  Treaty  of  1783  is  in  Martens,  Recueil,  III,  511,  541,  and  in 
Treaties  and  Conventions  between  the  United  States  and  other  Powers,  314. 

Bibliography.  —  A.  McF.  Davis,  in  Winsor,  America,  V,  63-74 ;  the 
"  Notes "  and  the  section  on  Cartography  by  Winsor  in  the  same 
volume,  pp.  75-86. 


X.     ENGLISH    EXPLORERS  AND  THE  SOUTHERN 
ENGLISH    COLONIES. 

§  92.    The  Cabots. 

Summary.  —  1497,  John  Cabot  discovers  North  America.— 
The  landfall :  Cape  Breton  Island,  Labrador.  —  Date  of  the  voy 
age.  —  Evidence :  the  Cabot  map,  the  official  documents,  contem 
porary  letters.  —  History  of  the  older  accounts  of  the  Cabot  voyages. 
Sebastian  Cabot,  his  later  history.  —  Other  Cabot  voyages :  possi 
ble  limits  of  their  explorations.  —  Title  by  discovery  :  what  rights 
does  it  confer;  extent  of  rights,  how  long  do  they  continue.— 
1493,  Bull  of  Alexander.  —  Titles  of  England,  France,  arid  Spain 
to  North  America  in  1500,  1550,  1600,  1650,  1700.  —  Effects  of 
the  Cabot  voyages  on  English  colonization. 

General.  —  Charles  Deane,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  1-7;  C.  R. 
Markham,  Columbus,  226-233;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  I,  129- 
138;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition),  I,  8-15;  Higgin- 
son,  Larger  History,  78-84;  Fiske,  America,  II,  2—15;  Doyle,  Virginia, 
23-26,  37-39;  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  60-63;  Compendious  History,  I, 
2  ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  34-36. 

Special.  — Charles  Deane,  as  above,  pp.  7-38;  Richard  Biddle,  Sebas 
tian  Cabot.  As  to  the  date  see  also  R.  H.  Major,  True  Date  of  the 
English  Discovery  ;  H.  Harrisse,  Discovery  of  America  ;  Harrisse,yi?tf#  et 
Sebastian  Cabot,  rewritten  with  changes,  as  Harrisse,  John  Cabot,  the 
Discoverer  of  North  America  ;  D.  W.  Prowse,  Newfoundland,  Ch.  II; 
Kohl,  Discovery  of  Maine. 

Sources.  —  The  Cabot  Map:  Winsor,  America,  III,  52;  Gay,  Bry 
ant's  Popular  History,  I,  193;  Kohl,  Discovery  of  Maine,  358.  A  full- 
sized  photograph  of  the  map  is  in  Harvard  University  Library,  in  the 
Library  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  and  in  several  other  libra 
ries  ;  the  reduced  facsimiles  give  an  inadequate  idea  of  the  map, 
especially  of  the  legends;  for  other  facsimiles  see  Winsor,  America,  III, 

246 


§  93-]  English  Explorers.  247 

8 1,  note  3.  The  inscriptions  on  the  map  are  translated  in  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  Second  Series,  VI.  —  Letters  from 
Raimondo  de  Socino,  dated  London,  1497,  are  in  Winsor,  America,  III, 
53-55.  —  The  most  important  sources  are  reprinted  in  American  His 
tory  Leaflets,  No.  9.  See,  also,  Documents  relating  to  John  and  Sebastian 
Cabot,  translated  by  C.  R.  Markham  in  his  Cohim bus's  Journal,  pp.  197- 
226  (Hakluyt  Society,  Publications ^  1893).  There  is  something  in  Hig- 
ginson,  American  Explorers,  55-59- 

Bibliography.  —  Charles  Deane,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  Ch.  i. 


§  93.     The  English  Seamen. 

Summary.  —  English  trade  and  commerce  in  the  first  part  of 
the  sixteenth  century.  —  The  Hawkins's,  father  and  son.  —  The 
English  slave-trade.  —  1567,  The  disaster  at  San  Juan  d'Ulloa. — 
Francis  Drake,  his  reprisals.  —  1577-80,  Drake's  voyage  around 
the  world,  his  exploration  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United 
States.  —  Drake's  anchorage  on  the  California  coast.  —  The  mari 
time  awakenings  of  the  English  :  Hawkins,  Drake,  Ralegh, 
Cavendish,  Frobisher.  —  The  Spanish  colonial  policy. 

General.  —  Higginson,  Larger  History,  84-107;  E.  E.  Hale  in  Win 
sor,  America,  Vol.  Ill,  Ch.  ii;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (original 
edition),  I,  98-100;  (last  revision),  I,  66;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I, 
79,  81. 

« 

Special. — J.  A.  Froude,  English  Seamen  in  the  Sixteenth  Century; 
Froude,  History  of  England,  XI,  94,  369-403,  441;  J.  K.  Laughton, 
The  Armada  (Navy  Records  Society  series),  Introduction  —  contains 
some  severe  strictures  on  Froude's  methods ;  E.  J.  Payne,  Voyages  of 
the  Elizabethan  Seamen ;  Higginson,  American  Explorers ;  D.  W. 
Prowse,  Newfoundland,  Ch.  iv ;  J.  Corbett,  Sir  Francis  Drake;  W. 
Stebbing,  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  ;  E.  Edwards,  Life  of  Ralegh  ;  J.  A.  St. 
John,  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  ;  E.  Gosse,  Raleigh  (English  Worthies 
series) ;  Louise  Creighton,  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  (Historical  Biographies 
series). 

Sources.  —  C.  R.  Markham,  The  Hawkins'  Voyages  (Hakluyt  Society, 
Publications,  1878);  Thomas  Marquarde,  Sir  Francis  Drake,  his  Voyage, 
reprinted  by  the  Hakluyt  Society  in  1849;  Fletcher,  The  World  Encom- 


248      English  Explorers  and  Southern  Colonies,     [§  93. 

passed  by  Sir  Francis  Drake,  reprinted  by  the  Hakluyt  Society  in  1855; 
Davidson,  Identification  of  Sir  Francis  Drake's  Anchorage;  Hakluyt, 
Discourse  on  Western  Planting,  reprinted  with  notes  by  Leonard  Woods 
and  Charles  Deane  in  Maine  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Vol.  II ; 
Richard  Hakluyt,  Principall  Navigations,  edited  by  Edmund  Goldsmid, 
1 6  vols.,  Edinburgh,  1885-90. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor  in  his  America,  III,  78-84. 


§  94.     Other  Early  English  Explorers. 

Summary.  —  1527,  John  Rut. —  1567,  Ingram's  supposed 
march. —  1578,  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert's  expedition.  —  1580,  John 
Walker  in  Norumbega.  —  1583,  Gilbert  on  the  Newfoundland 
coast,  his  death.  —  Value  of  the  English  claim  to  American  lands 
in  1584. 

General.  —  Doyle,  English  in  America,  Virginia,  43-51;  Gay, 
Bryant's  Popular  History,  I,  226,  229-240;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States, 
(original  edition),  I,  86,  100-102;  (last  revision),  I,  66-69;  Palfrey, 
New  England,  I,  67-69;  Compendious  History,  I,  3;  Hildreth, 
United  States,  I,  76-80. 

Special. —  De  Costa  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  Ch.  vi.  —  For 
Gilbert's  voyage  see  Payne,  Voyages  of  the  Elizabethan  Seamen ; 
Voyages  towards  the  Northwest,  in  Hakluyt  Society,  Publications  for 
1849.  —  Ingram's  Land  Travels  is  in  Weston,  South  Carolina  Docii- 
ments  and  in  Magazine  of  American  History,  JX. 

Sources  are  enumerated  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  184-187.  — 
Gilbert's  Patent  is  in  Hazard's  Historical  Collections,  I,  24. 


§  95.     The  Ralegh  Colonies. 

Summary.  —  Ralegh,  his  early  career.  —  1 584,  Elizabeth  grants 
Ralegh  a  charter;  its  form  and  significance.  —  1584,  Amadas  and 
Barlow  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina;  reports  as  to  the  resources 
of  the  country;  the  naming  of  Virginia.  —  1585,  Ralegh's  first 
colony,  under  Grenville  and  Lane.  —  1586,  The  colonists  rescued 
by  Francis  Drake.  —  1586,  Grenville  leaves  fifteen  men  to  keep 
possession. — 1587,  The  "lost  colony"  under  John  White;  his 


§  96.]  Ralegh  and  Gosnold.  249 

return  to  England.  — 1588,  the  coming  of  the  Armada. — 1590, 
White  again  in  Virginia.  —  Reports  and  conjectures  as  to  the  fate 
of  the  colonists.  —  1588,  Hariot's  Narrative  published. 

General.  —  W.  W.  Henry  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  108-115;  Gay, 
Bryanfs  Popular  History,  I,  240-261;  Doyle,  Virginia,  56-74;  G. 
Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition),  I,  102-126;  (last  revision), 
I,  69-79;  Palfrey,  Compendioiis  History,  I,  4;  Hildreth,  United 
States,  I,  80-87. 

Special.  —  Tarbox,  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  (Prince  Society);  Hawks, 
North  Carolina  ;  Payne,  Elizabethan  Seamen,  For  other  references  see 
§93- 

Sources.  —  The  documents  are  in  Hawks,  North  Carolina,  I,  and  in 
the  Prince  Society's  volume  above  noted.  The  Ralegh  Patent  is  in 
Charters  and  Constitutions,  II,  1379.  See  also  Arch&ologia  Americana, 
IV;  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Third  Series,  VIII, 
117  ;  Strachey,  The  History  of  Travail  into  Virginia  Britannia, 
edited  by  R.  H.  Major  in  Hakluyt  Society,  Publications,  for  1849; 
Thomas  Hariot,  Narrative  of  the  First  English  Plantation  of  Vir 
ginia,  London,  1588,  reprinted  at  Frankfort,  1590,  by  De  Bry  with 
illustrations,  as:  A  Brief  and  True  Report  of  Virginia.  Facsimiles  of 
the  Ue  Bry  edition  were  printed  by  the  Holbein  Society,  1888,  and  by 
Quaritch,  1893.  See  also  W.  Noel  Sainsbury,  editor,  Calendar  of  State 
Papers,  Colonial,  I,  and  other  volumes  of  the  "Rolls  Series";  the 
Reports  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Historical  Manuscripts ;  Alexan 
der  Brown,  Genesis  of  the  United  States. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  121-126. 

§  96.     Gosnold,  Pring,  and  Weymouth. 

Summary.  —  1602,  Bartholomew  Gosnold  on  the  New  England 
coast,  his  route,  objects  of  the  voyage,  return  to  England.  — 
1603,  Martin  Pring  enters  Plymouth  harbor.  — 1605,  George  Wey 
mouth  on  the  coast  of  Maine  ;  disputes  as  to  his  exact  route.— 
Results  of  his  voyage. 

General. — Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular  History,  I,  262-267,  315-316; 
Doyle,  Virginia,  105,  107,  108;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States,  (original 
edition),  I,  127-132;  (last  revision),  I,  79-81  ;  Palfrey,  New  England, 
I,  70-76;  Compendious  History,  I,  4,  5;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  90. 


250     English  Explorers  and  Southern  Colonies.     [§96. 

Special.  —  B.  F.  De  Costa,  Norumbega  and  its  English  Explorers,  in 
Winsor,  America,  III,  169-183;  De  Costa,  in  New  England  Historical 
and  Genealogical  Register  for  1878,  p.  76. 

Sources.  —  Gosnold  :  Brereton's  and  Archer's  Narratives,  in  Massa 
chusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Third  Series,  VIII. —  Pring  : 
Purchas,  Pilgrimes,  V,  VI.  —  Weymouth  :  Rosier's  account  in  Massa 
chusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Third  Series,  VIII,  and  in  the 
Gorges  Society  volume  for  1887;  Hakluyt  Society's  volume  entitled  : 
Voyages  towards  the  Northwest ;  Purchas,  Pilgrimes,  IV;  Major's  edition 
of  Strachey,  Travail  into  Virginia.  Portions  of  these  documents  are 
given  by  Higginson  in  his  Explorers,  85-92,  202,  213-221. 

Bibliography.  —  De  Costa  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  184-199  and 
the  "  Editorial  Notes"  in  the  same  volume,  pp.  199-218. 


§  97.    Virginia  to  1624. 

Summary.  —  The  Virginia  charters  of  1606,  1609,  and  1612. — 
Limits  of  Virginia  under  these  charters,  powers  of  government 
conferred  on  the  grantees,  rights  of  the  colonists. —  1607,  James 
town  settled.  —  Captain  John  Smith,  his  place  in  the  history  of 
Virginia,  his  reputation  as  a  writer  and  as  a  cartographer.  —  The 
early  years  of  the  colony. —  1611,  "Dale's  Laws." -— 1618-19, 
The  English  Puritans  gain  control  of  the  London  Company.— 
1619,  Local  self-government  introduced  into  Virginia,  the  first 
representative  assembly  in  America. —  1619,  Negro  slavery  intro 
duced. —  1621,  The  ordinance.  —  1622,  The  massacre.  —  1624, 
Charter  annulled.  —  Character  of  the  government  of  Virginia  dur 
ing  the  Puritan  supremacy  in  the  Company. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Virginia,  101-184;  Gay,  Bryants  Popular  History, 
I,  267-307;  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  1-12;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States 
(original  edition),  I,  133-208;  (last  revision),  I,  99-118;  Palfrey,  New 
England,  I,  85-100 ;  Compendious  History,  I,  8-1 6  ;  Hildreth,  United 
States,  I,  94-96,  99-126. 

Special.  —  Alexander  Brown,  Genesis  of  the  United  States  (to  1616 
only);  Smith,  Virginia;  Burk,  Virginia,  I;  Campbell,  Introduction  to 
the  History  of  Virginia  ;  Campbell,  History  of  Virginia  (the  best  com 
pendious  history  of  the  colony) ;  R.  Beyerly,  History  and  Present  State 


§97-]  Virginia.  251 

of  Virginia,  1705;  Chalmers,  Annals;  P.  A.  Bruce,  Economic  History 
of  Virginia  in  the  Seventeenth  Century. 

Sources.  —  John  Smith,  A  True  Relation  of  Such  Occurrences  . . .  as 
have  happened  in  Virginia,  London,  1608,  reprinted  with  valuable  notes 
by  Charles  Deane ;  also  in  Southern  Literary  Messenger,  Feb.,  1845,  ^n 
Library  of  American  Literature,  I,  and  in  American  History  Leaflets, 
No.  27 ;  J.  Smith,  General  Historie  (both  of  these  are  reprinted  in 
Arber's  "  Student's  Series  ");  John  Smith,  Map  of  Virginia,  reprinted  in 
Winsor,  America,  III,  166,  and  in  Deane's  edition  of  the  True 
Relation.  —  As  to  the  credibility  of  Captain  John  Smith,  see  Winsor 
in  his  America,  III,  161,  and  note  4;  Charles  Deane  in  the  Intro 
duction  to  his  edition  of  the  True  Relation ;  Henry  Adams  in  North 
American  Review  for  1867  and  in  Chapters  in  Erie  and  Other  Essays  ; 
C.  D.  Warner,  Life  and  Writings  of  Captain  John  Smith  ;  and  Alexan 
der  Brown,  Genesis  of  the  United  States.  These  are  unfavorable  to 
Smith  :  on  the  other  side  see  W.  W.  Henry,  in  Potter's  American 
Monthly  and  Virginia  Historical  Society,  Proceedings  for  1882,  and  John 
Fiske  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  for  1891.  —  See  also  Wingfield,  A  Dis 
course  of  Virginia,  reprinted  with  notes  by  Deane  in  Archaologia  Amer 
icana,  IV,  67;  Henry  Spelman,  Relation  of  Virginia,  1609;  A  True 
Declaration  of  the  estate  of  the  Colonie  in  Virginia.  Published  by  the 
advise  and  direction  of  the  Councell  of  Virginia  (1610),  reprinted  by 
Force,  Tracts,  VIII ;  Ralph  Hamor,  True  Discourse  of  the  Present  State 
of  Virginia,  1615;  Sainsbury,  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  Colonial,  I; 
Force's  Tracts,  I  and  III  ;  Neill,  Virginia  Company ;  Neill,  Virginia 
Vetusta  ;  Proceedings  of  the  Virginia  Company,  1619-1624,  compiled  by 
Conway  Robinson  and  printed  in  the  Virginia  Historical  Society,  Col 
lections,  VII,  VIII.  The  records  of  the  Assembly  of  1619  are  in  Wynne 
and  Oilman,  Colonial  Records  of  Virginia,  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  Collections  for  1857,  and  in  Hening,  Statutes  at  Large  of  Vir 
ginia.  The  Virginia  Charters  are  in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  II, 
1888  and  following,  and  in  Sabin's  edition  of  Stith,  Virginia,  Appendix 
I.  Dale's  Laws  are  in  Force's  Tracts,  III,  and  in  Sabin's  Stith,  Appen 
dix  IV.  The  "  The  Orders  and  Constitutions  ...  for  the  better  govern 
ing  of  the  Company,  Anno  1619  and  1620"  are  in  Force's  Tracts,  III. 
The  "  Ordinance  of  1621  "  is  in  Hening,  Statutes,  I,  no,  and  in  Preston, 
Documents,  p.  32.  Extracts  from  some  of  the  more  important  docu 
ments  are  in  Higginson,  Explorers. 

Bibliography.  —  The  footnotes  to  the  chapter  on  Virginia  in  Win 
sor,  America,  III,  and  bibliographical  essay  following;  also  "Note  on 
Smith's  Publications"  in  ibid.,  p.  211. 


252      English  Explorers  and  Southern  Colonies.     [§98. 


§  98.     Virginia,  1624-1688. 

Summary. —  1624-29,  Character  of  the  government  under  the 
crown.  —  1629-39,  Governor  Harvey's  administrations;  the  oppo 
sition  to  him,  was  it  justifiable? — 1642-52,  Governor  Berkeley's 
first  administration.  —  Relations  with  the  Commonwealth. —  1652, 
Surrender  to  the  commissioners  of  the  Commonwealth. —  1652-58, 
Self-government  under  the  Protectorate. —  1658-77,  Berkeley's 
second  administration.  — 1671,  Report  to  the  Lords  of  Trade. 

—  1676-77,  Causes  of  Bacon's  Rebellion;  course  of  the  rebellion. 

—  Social  and  constitutional  changes  proposed.  —  Results  of  the 
rebellion. 

General.  —  R.  A.  Brock,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  146-153;  Gay, 
Bryanfs  Popular  History,  I,  482,  483  ;  II,  200-228,  290-318  ;  III,  51- 
58;  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  12-24;  Bancroft,  United  States  (original 
edition),  I,  209-252;  II,  188-234,  246-256;  (last  revision),  I,  135-153, 
442-474;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  126-135,  209-215,  335-357,  509- 
566. 

Special.  —  Doyle,  Virginia,  185-256,  and  works  (especially  Charles 
Campbell's  History)  mentioned  under  §  97,  except  Chalmers.  Also 
Meade,  Old  Churches  and  Families  of  Virginia,  and  Slaughter,  Bristol 
Parish,  St.  George 's  Parish,  and  St.  Mark's  Parish  ;  Neill,  Virginia  Car- 
olorum  ;  P.  A.  Bruce,  The  Economic  History  of  Virginia  in  the  Seven 
teenth  Century. 

Sources.  —  The  Articles  of  Surrender  to  the  forces  of  the  Common 
wealth  are  in  Hening,  Statutes,  I,  363,  and  in  Virginia  Historical  Regis 
ter,  II.  The  history  of  the  period  from  1652-1658  is  best  studied  in 
Hening,  Statiites  at  Large.  Documents  relating  to  this  subject  will 
be  found  in  Virginia  Historical  Register  ;  Southern  Literary  Messenger  ; 
Force,  Tracts,  II  and  III  ;  and  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
Collections,  Second  Series,  I.  Berkeley's  Report  is  in  Hening,  Statutes, 
II,  51 1,  and  in  Virginia  Historical  Register,  HI. —  For  Bacon's  Rebellion, 
see  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  IX,  299  ;  'Burk,  Vir 
ginia,  II,  247,  and  250  ;  Force,  Tracts,  I  ;  Virginia  Magazine  of  History 
and  Biography,  I,  55,  and  167;  Virginia  Historical  Register,  III;  Library 
of  American  Literature,  I;  Kercheval,  History  of  the  Valley  of  Virginia  ; 
Hening,  Statutes  at  Large,  II,  341-365,  543,  and  elsewhere. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  164. 


§  ioo.]  Virginia.  253 

§  99.     Provincial  Virginia,  1688-1760. 

Summary.  —  Character  of  the  period. —  1692,  William  and 
Mary  College  founded. —  Commissary  Blair. —  The  "  paper  towns." 
— 1710-22,  Spotswood,  governor.  — 1736,  First  number  of  the 
Virginia  Gazette.  —  Settlement  of  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  —  The 
Dissenters,  and  their  treatment.  —  Population,  extent,  commerce, 
social  life,  and  government  in  1 760. 

General.  —  Campbell,  Introduction,  100-117;  Winsor,  in  his  America, 
V,  263-270  ;  Doyle,  Virginia,  I,  256-274  ;  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  24- 
40  ;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  III,  59-80  ;  G.  Bancroft,  United 
States  (original  edition),  III,  25-29  ;  (last  revision),  II,  17-20,  341;  Hil- 
dreth,  United  States,  II,  173-182,  208-210,  233-240,  326-329,  414. 

Special.  —  The  histories  of  Virginia  mentioned  in  §§  97  and  98  (except 
Beverly), and  Howison,  History  of  Virginia;  Virginia  Historical  Regis 
ter  ;  Southern  Literary  Messenger. 

Sources.  —  Hening,  Statutes  ;  Sainsbury,  Calendar  of  State  Papers, 
Colonial,  V  ;  Maury,  Memoirs  of  a  Huguenot  Family  ;  Palmer,  Calendar 
of  Virginia  State  Papers  ;  Hartwell,  Blair,  and  Chilton,  Present  State  of 
Virginia;  Jones,  Present  State  of  Virginia,  reprinted  in  Library  of 
American  Literature,  II,  279;  Peyton,  History  of  Augusta  County; 
\V.  H.  Foote,  Sketches  of  Virginia;  The  Official  Letters  of  Governor 
Spotswood,  1710-22,  are  in  Virginia  Historical  Society,  Collections,  I,  II ; 
Virginia  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography  ;  and  Huguenot  Papers,  in 
Virginia  Historical  Society,  Collections,  V. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  in  his  America,  V,  273-284. 

§  100.     Settlement  of  Maryland. 

Summary.  —  George  Calvert,  his  career  in  England  and  early 
interest  in  American  colonization  ;  the  Avalon  colony  ;  his  visit  to 
Virginia,  and  death.  — 1632,  Maryland  granted  to  his  son,  Cecil, 
second  Lord  Baltimore. —  The  Maryland  charter;  jurisdiction 
conferred,  the  Bishop  of  Durham  and  his  diocese  ;  boundaries  of 
the  colony  ;  disputes  with  Virginia  and  with  the  Pennsylvania 
authorities.  — 1634,  Maryland  settled  ;  religious  prejudices  of  the 
early  colonists.  —  Contentions  with  Clayborne.  —  The  object  of  the 


254      English  Explorers  and  Southern   Colonies.  [§  100. 

Calverts  in  founding  a  colony.  —  Land  system  ;  development  of 
representative  institutions ;  disputes  with  the  proprietary. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Virginia,  275-313  ;  Brantly,  in  Winsor,  America, 
III,  517-543  (gives  the  Maryland  version);  Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular  His 
tory,  I,  485-516  ;  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  93-109  ;  G.  Bancroft,  United 
States  (original  edition),  I,  253-285  ;  (last  revision),  I,  154-176  ;  Hildreth, 
United  States,  I,  204-215. 

Special.  —  Bozman,  History  of  Maryland  (to  1660);  Burnap,  Life  of 
Leonard  Calvert,  in  Sparks's  American  Biography,  XIX  ;  Scharf,  His 
tory  of  Maryland  (the  best  compendious  history);  McSherry,  Maryland  ; 
McMahon,  History  of  Maryland  (from  a  constitutional  standpoint); 
Neill,  Terra  Maries;  Chalmers,  Annals ;  W.  H.  Browne,  Georgiiis  and 
Cecilius  Calvert ;  E.  D.  Mill,  The  Founders  of  Maryland.  See,  also, 
§§  23,  25,  29. 

Sources.  —  The  Calvert  Papers,  in  Maryland  Historical  Society,  Fund 
Publications,  Nos.  28,  34  ;  Maryland  Archives  •  A  Relation  of  Maryland, 
London,  1635,  reprinted  1865,  in  Library  of  American  Literature,  His 
torical  Magazine,  IX  ;  White,  Relatio  Itineris,  reprinted  in  translation 
in  Force's  Tracts,  IV,  and  in  Maryland  Historical  Society,  Fund  Publica 
tions,  No.  7,  and  supplement  ;  Archives  of  Maryland,  edited  by  W.  H. 
Browne  ;  Bacon's  Laws  of  Maryland.  Cecil  Calvert's  Instructions  are 
in  Browne's  Calverts,  46.  —  A  translation  of  the  Avalon  charter  is  in 
Scharf 's  Maryland.  —  The  Maryland  charter  in  the  original  Latin  is 
in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  I,  811;  Hazard,  Historical  Collections,  I, 
327  ;  and  in  English  in  Bacon's  Laws  ;  Preston,  Documents,  62;  Bozman, 
Maryland,  II,  9  ;  Scharf,  Maryland,  \,  53.  Fora  discussion  as  to  the 
southern  boundary,  see  Report  and  Accompanying  Dociiments  of  the 
Virginia  Commission,  1893. 

Bibliography.  —  Brantly,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  553-562. 

§  101.     The  Puritans  in  Maryland. 

Summary.  —  The  charter  and  religion.  —  Was  Maryland  "  a 
Roman  Catholic  colony  "  ?  —  The  coming  of  the  Puritans.  —  1649, 
The  Toleration  Act.  —  Why  and  by  whom  was  it  passed  ?  — 
Governor  Stone.  —  1 653-59,  ^ne  Commonwealth  and  Maryland  ; 
Clayborne  and  Bennett.  —  Maryland  and  the  Quakers.  —  Fen- 
dall's  and  Coode's  Rebellions. — 1692,  Maryland  a  royal  prov- 


§  io2.]  Maryland.  255 

ince.  —  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  established  by  law.  — 
1715,  The  Baltimores  restored.  —  Religion  in  Maryland  in  1760.  — 
Population,  exports,  etc. 

General. — Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular  History,  I,  510-516;  Doyle,  Vir 
ginia,  277-313  ;  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  93-109  ;  G.  Bancroft,  United 
States  (original  edition),  I,  255-285;  III,  30-34  ;  (last  revision),  I,  155- 
176,  437-441;  II,  20-23  ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  353-367,  564-572  ; 

II,  92. 

Special. — The  histories  of  Maryland  mentioned  in  §  100.  On  the 
Roman  Catholic  side  see  R.  H.  Clark  in  the  Catholic  World,  December, 
1875,  and  October  3,  1883,  and  Mr.  Gladstone  and  Maryland  Toleration  ; 
Catholic  Historical  Researches ;  B.  T.  Johnson,  Maryland  Historical 
Society,  Fund  Publications,  No.  18-.  On  the  other  side,  see  Streeter, 
Maryland  Two  Hundred  Years  Ago  ;  G.  L.  Davis,  Day-Star  of  American 
Freedom  ;  Neill,  in  Contemporary  Review  tor  September,  1876,  and  Mary 
land  not  a  Roman  Catholic  Colony  ;  Gladstone,  Vaticanism.  See,  also, 
George  Petrie,  Church  and  State  in  Maryland,  in  Johns  Hopkins  Univer 
sity,  Studies,  X,  No.  4. 

Sources.  —  See  §  100,  especially  the  Calvert  Papers  and  the  Mary 
land  Archives.  The  Toleration  Act  is  in  Bacon's  Laws  of  Maryland, 
under  the  date  ;  an  extract  is  printed  in  Justin  Winsor's  America, 

III,  534.       See,    also,    Virginia   and  Maryland,    or   the   Lord  Balti 
more's  printed  case,  uncased  and  answered  in  Force,  Tracts,  II  ;  Letters 
of  the  Jesuit  Fathers,  in  H.  Soley,  Records  of  the  English  Province  of 
the  Society  of  fesus  ;  J.  Hammond,  Leah  and  Rachel,  reprinted  in  Force's 
Tracts,  III. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  560,  561,  especially  the  note 
by  the  editor  on  page  560.  For  further  references  as  to  the  religious 
beliefs  of  the  early  settlers,  see  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  1 20,  note  4. 


§  102.     The   Carolinas. 

Summary.  —  1629-31,  Grant  to  Sir  Robert  Heath  of  Caro- 
lana. —  Early  attempts  at  colonization. —  1663,  Grant  to  Claren 
don  and  associates  of  Carolina. —  1665,  Another  charter  to  the 
same  grantees. —  1669,  The  Fundamental  Constitutions.  —  Early 
settlements  under  these  grants. —  1680,  Charleston  founded.— 
Character  of  the  proprietary  government :  society,  religion,  educa- 


256      English  Explorers  and  Southern   Colonies.  [§  102. 

tion,  industries.  —  171 9-2 1 ,  Overthrow  of  the  proprietary  gov 
ernment. —  1729-31,  Carolina  divided  and  sold  to  the  King. — 
The  royal  government.  —  Population,  education,  religion,  slavery, 
and  society  in  1 760. 

General.  —  Wm.  J.  Rivers,  in  Winsor,  America,  V,  285-334  ;  Doyle, 
Virginia,  328-380 ;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  II,  268-289  ;  Lodge, 
English  Colonies,  142-169;  G.Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition), 
I,  104-126  ;  II,  128-187  ;  III,  13-24  ;  (last  revision),  I,  408-436  ;  II,  9- 
13,  340;  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  25-43,  211-215,  228-233,  267,  276, 
285-293>  336-34o. 

Special.  —  Hewatt's  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  in  Carroll,  Histori 
cal  Collections  of  South  Carolina,  I  ;  Rivers,  Sketch  of  the  History  of 
South  Carolina ;  Ramsay,  South  Carolina ;  Martin,  South  Carolina ; 
Hawks,  North  Carolina,  II ;  Moore,  North  Carolina ;  Bernheim,  Ger 
man  Settlements  in  North  and  South  Carolina  ;  E.  L.  Whitney,  Govern 
ment  in  the  Colony  of  South  Carolina,  in  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Studies,  XIII,  Nos.  i,  2.  See  also  §§  23,  25,  29. 

Sources.  —  Hewatt's  Sotith  Carolina,  and  other  documents  in  Carroll, 
Historical  Collections  ;  the  documents  printed  by  Hawks  and  Rivers  in 
their  histories  ;  Weston,  Documents  Connected  with  the  History  of  South 
Carolina;  Colonial  Records  of  North  Carolina;  The  Charleston  Year- 
Books;  Chalmers,  Annals  (the  portions  relating  to  South  Carolina  are 
reprinted  in  Carroll,  Historical  Collections,  II);  Sainsbury,  Calendar  of 
State  Papers,  Colonial,  V;  Sainsbury,  ibid.,  VI  (the  "  Shaftesbury 
Papers  ").  The  Carolana  patent  to  Heath  is  in  Colonial  Records  of 
North  Carolina,  I,  5.  The  Carolina  charters  ars  in  Charters  and  Con 
stitutions,  II,  1382  and  1390.  The  "  Fundamental  Constitutions,"  edition 
of  1669,  is  m  ibid.,  II,  1397,  also  in  Martin,  North  Carolina,  I,  p.  Ixxiii. 
See  also  Yonge,  A  Narrative  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  People  of  South 
Carolina  in  the  Year  1719,  reprinted  by  Force,  Tracts,  II ;  Purry's 
Description  of  the  Province  of  South  Carolina  is  in  the  same  volume. 

Bibliography.  —  The  footnotes  to  Rivers's  chapter  in  Winsor,  Amer 
ica,  as  above,  and  the  editor's  essay  and  notes  in  ibid.,  V,  335-356  ; 
E.  L.  Whitney,  Government  in  the  Colony  of  South  Carolina,  in  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  Studies,  XIII,  Nos.  1,2;  S.  B.  Weeks,  Historical 
Literature  of  North  Carolina,  in  Harvard  University  Library,  Bibliogra 
phical  Contributions,  No.  48. 


§  1 03.]  TJie  Carolinas  and  Georgia.  257 


§  103.     Georgia. 

Summary.  —  J.  E.  Oglethorpe  and  the  English  philanthropists. 
—  Reasons  for  founding  the  colony  apart  from  philanthropy.  — 
1732,  Charter  of  Georgia:  general  grant  of  power;  peculiarities 
of  the  charter.  —  Boundaries  under  the  charter  ;  extended  in 
J763-  —  I733>  Savannah  settled  ;  character  of  the  early  colonists. 
—  Military  history.  —  Land  system,  slavery,  government,  and  reli 
gion. — 1752,  Charter  surrendered  to  the  crown.  — 1752-60,  Georgia 
as  a  royal  province. 

General.  —  Charles  C.  Jones,  in  Winsor,  America,  V,  357-392 ; 
Lodge,  English  Colonies,  186-196;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  III, 
140-169;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition),  III,  417-446; 
(last  revision),  II,  281-299;  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  362-369,  374- 
385- 

Special.  —  C.  C.  Jones,  Georgia,  I  ;  Stevens,  Georgia.  Lives  of  Ogle 
thorpe  have  been  written  by  T.  M.  Harris,  Robert  Wright,  Bruce,  and 
others.  See  also  §§  23,  25,  29. 

Sources.  —  Hewatt's  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  in  Carroll,  Histori 
cal  Collections,  as  above;  Hugh  McCall,  History  of  Georgia,  I;  Tailfer, 
and  others,  A  True  and  Historical  Narrative  of  the  Colony  of  Georgia, 
1741,  reprinted  with  other  documents  in  Force's  Tracts,  I  and  II.  The 
Georgia  charter  is  in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  I,  369.  See  also  Colo 
nial  Acts  of  Georgia,  1755-74:  C.  C.  Jones,  editor,  A  Journal  of  the 
Transactions  of  the  Trustees  of  Georgia  ;  Journal  and  Letters  of  Eliza 
Lucas. 

Bibliography.  —  C.  C.  Jones,  in  Winsor,  America,  V. 


XL    MIDDLE   COLONIES. 

§  104.     New  Netherland. 

Summary.  —  Early  voyages.  —  1609,  Henry  Hudson  and  his 
explorations.  —  1614,  The  United  Netherland  Company.  —  1621, 
The  Dutch  West  India  Company  ;  its  objects  and  government. 
—  1629,  The  Charter  of  Privileges  to  Patroons.  —  The  Dutch  and 
the  Indians.  —  Internal  affairs.  —  1647-64,  Governor  Stuyvesant; 
relations  with  the  Swedes  and  English.  — 1664-74,  The  English 
conquest.  —  Population,  mode  of  life,  industries,  etc.,  in  1664. — 
Influence  of  the  Dutch  on  American  history.  —  Later  history  of 
the  patroonships. 

General.  —  B.  Fernow  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  395-409 ;  Gay, 
Bryanfs  Popidar  History,  I,  339-369,  429-449;  II,  115-164;  Lodge, 
English  Colonies,  285-295  ;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition), 
II,  256-313;  (last  revision),  I,  475-518;  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  235- 
238;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  136-149,  413-445. 

Special.  —  Wm.  Smith,  History  of  New  York  to  1732;  E.  B.  O'Cal- 
laghan,  New  Netherland  (3  vols.  to  1647);  Brodhead,  History  of  New 
York  (Vol.  I  covers  the  Dutch  period).  See  also  §  23. 

Sources. — Documents  relating  to  the  Colonial  History  of  New  York 
(11  vols.).  Documents  relating  to  the  History  of  the  Colony  of  Arew 
York  (8  vols.).  Read,  Henry  Hudson  (many  important  original  docu 
ments  in  the  Appendix);  Arber,  Henry  Hudson,  the  Navigator ;  Asher, 
Henry  Hiidson  (Hakluyt  Society,  Publications,  1860),  also  in  New  York 
Historical  Society,  Collections,  I,  61-188);  Rev.  Father  Isaac  Jogues,  S.  J., 
Novum  Belgium,  1634-35,  reprinted  with  notes  by  J.  G.  Shea.  Read's' 
Henry  Hiidson,  abridged  and  edited  by  J.  Goldschmid  is  in  Clarendon 
Historical  Society,  Pu&ications,  1883.  On  the  later  history,  see  New 
York  Historical  Society,  Collections.  De  Vries,  Korte  Historiael,  trans 
lated  in  New  York  Historical  Society,  Collections,  III,  1-136;  De  Laet, 
Nieuwe  Wereld,  translated  in  New  York  Historical  Society,  Collections, 
New  Series,  I,  281-315  and  II,  373;  Van  der  Donk,  Beschrijoinge  van 

2S8 


§  1 05.]  New   York.  259 

Niew  Nederlant,  translated  in  New  York  Historical  Society,  Collections, 
New  Series,  I,  125;  Meleyn(P),  Breeden  Roldt  Aende  Vereenichde  Neder- 
landsche  Provintien,  translated  in  New  York  Historical  Society,  Collec 
tions,  New  Series,  III,  237-283;  Wassenaer,  Description  and  First  Set 
tlement  of  New  Netherland,  reprinted  in  Collectanea  Adamantaa,  XXVII ; 
Jasper  Dankers  and  Peter  Sluyter,  Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  New  York, 
etc.,  1679-80,  translated  by  H.  C.  Murphy  in  Memoirs  of  the  Long  Island 
Historical  Society ;  Denton,  A  Brief  Description  of  New  York,  1670, 
reprinted  with  notes  by  Gabriel  Furman.  The  commission  to  Stuy- 
vesant  as  governor  is  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  III.  For  some  of 
these  documents  see  Higginson,  American  Explorers. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  IV,  409-432  and  439-442. 

§  105.     The  English  in  New  York. 

Summary.  — 1664  and  1674,  Grants  to  James,  Duke  of  York. 
—  Governor  Nicoll  and  the  Duke  of  York's  Laws.  — 1683-88, 
Governor  Dongan  and  the  Charter  of  Liberties.  —  1689-91, 
"  Leisler's  Rebellion."  —  1732,  Zenger's  case.  —  1741,  The  Negro 
Plot.  —  Population,  modes  of  life,  trade,  management  of  the 
Indians,  and  character  of  the  royal  government  in  1760. 

General.  —  Lodge,  295-311;  J.  A.  Stevens,  in  Justin  Winsor,  Amer 
ica,  III,  385-411  ;  B.  Fernow  in  ibid.,  V,  189-207  ;  Gay,  Bryanfs 
Popular  History,  II,  319-354;  HI,  222-253;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States 
(original  edition),  II,  320-326,  405,  415-426;  III,  50-65,  (last  revi 
sion),  I,  518-527  ;  II,  36-46,  339;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  445-447  ; 
II,  44-57,  76-78,  87,  91,  130,  138-140,  182-187,  192,  200-201,  226,  246, 
3T5»  357~36r»  391*  408. 

Special.  —  Smith,  New  York,  I,  50-282,  413-506;  Brodhead,  New 
York,  Vols.  II  and  III  (to  1691)  and  the  works  enumerated  in  §§  23, 
25,  29. 

Sources.  —  The  grants  to  James,  Duke  of  York,  are  in  Charters,  pp. 
783  and  786.  The  "  Duke  of  York's  Laws  "  have  been  reprinted  under 
that  title  by  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  also  in  New  York  Historical 
Society,  Collections,  I,  307-428.  See  also  on  the  English  conquest  Sains- 
bury,  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  Colonial,  V.  For  Leisler's  Rebellion, 
see  the  "  Leisler  Papers  "  in  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  Fund 
Collections,  I;  Chandler,  Criminal  Trials,  I,  255;  Letter  from  a  Gentle- 


260  Middle  Colonies.  [§  105. 

man  of  the  City  of  New  York,  1698,  reprinted  in  Collectanea  Adamantcea, 
XXIII ;  "Clarendon  Papers  in  New  York  Historical  Society,  Collections, 
1869;  Catholic  Historical  Researches,  II  and  following;  John  Miller, 
Description  of  the  Province  and  City  of  New  York  in  fdgj,  reprinted  in 
the  Library  of  American  Literature,  II,  209.  Many  interesting  papers 
will  be  found  in  the  last-named  collection,  and  extracts  of  some  docu 
ments  are  in  Higginson,  Explorers.  —  For  Zenger's  trial,  see  A  Brief 
Narrative  of  the  Case  and  Tryal  of  John  Peter  Zenger,  N.Y.,  1738  ; 
Howell,  State  Trials,  XVII  ;  Chandler,  Criminal  Trials,  I,  151 — For 
the  Negro  Plot  of  1741,  see  Daniel  Horsmanden,  The  Arew  York  Con 
spiracy,  or  a  History  of  the  Negro  Plot,  N.Y.,  1810;  Chandler,  Criminal 
Trials,  I,  211.  —  For  the  controversies  over  the  boundaries  of  New 
York,  see  Report  of  the  Regents  of  the  University  on  the  Boundaries  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  Albany,  1874;  Daniel  J.  Pratt,  compiler,  Report 
on  the  Boundaries  (a  continuation  of  the  above),  Albany,  1884;  Report 
of  the  Commissioners  to  ascertain  and  settle  the  Boundary  Line  between 
the  States  of  New  York  and  Connecticut,  Albany,  1861;  Report  of  the 
Regents''  Boundary  Commission  upon  the  New  York  and  Pennsylvania 
Boundary,  Albany,  1886. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  410-415;  V,  240-242. 


§  106.    New  Jersey. 

Summary.  —  1664  and  1674,  Grants  to  Berkeley  and  Carteret; 
was  the  jurisdiction  also  granted? — 1664,  The  Nicoll  colonists. 
-The  "Concessions."  —  1665,  Settlement  under  Philip  Carteret. 
— 1672,  Insurrection.  —  Disputes  with  the  governors  of  New 
York. —  1673,  Berkeley  sells  his  share.  —  1675-1701,  The  Friends 
in  West  Jersey;  form  of  government,  etc. —  1682-83,  Penn  and 
others  acquire  East  Jersey  from  the  Carteret  estate.  — 1702,  New 
Jersey  a  royal  province  under  the  same  governor  as  New  York. — 
1738,  Separated  from  New  York.  — 1702-60,  Material  develop 
ment. 

General.  —  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  263-272;  Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular 
History,  II,  472-480;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition),  II, 
3I5~3I9>  359~3^3'  4IO~4I4l  IH>  47~5°>  Oast  revision),  I,  520-524;  II, 
31-33,  342;  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  51-61,  207,  357,  361. 


§  lo; •]  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  261 

Special. — Wm.  A.  Whitehead,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  420-449, 
and  Fernow,  in  ibid.,  V,  217-222;  Whitehead,  East  Jersey  under  the 
Proprietary  Government,  and  Contributions  to  East  Jersey  History.  See 
other  works  enumerated  under  New  Jersey  in  §§  23  and  29;  the  compre 
hensive  histories  of  Pennsylvania,  such  as  the  work  of  Proud,  contain 
material  relating  to  New  Jersey. 

Sources.  —  Samuel  Smith,  History  of  the  Colony  of  Nova-Caesaria,  or 
New  Jersey  to  1721,  reprinted  in  1877;  Learning  and  Spicer,  Grants, 
concessions,  etc.,  reprinted  in  1884;  the  New  Jersey  Archives,  edited  by 
Whitehead.  —  Among  separate  documents  may  be  noted  George  Scot, 
The  Model  of  the  Government  of  East  New  Jersey,  1685,  reprinted  in 
New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  Collections,  I  ;  Gabriel  Thomas,  An 
Historical  Description  of  East  New  Jersey,  1698,  reprinted  in  1848.  See 
also  §  29. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III  and  V. 


§  107.    Settlement  of  Pennsylvania. 

Summary. — 1623-64,  The  Dutch  and  Swedes  on  the  west 
side  of  Delaware  Bay  and  River. —  1664-81,  The  Swedish- 
Dutch  settlements  under  the  English.  —  Population  in  1664  and 
1681.  —  Influence  of  the  early  Swedish  colonists  on  the  develop 
ment  of  the  English  colonies.  —  George  Fox,  the  Friends  or 
Quakers  and  their  opinions.  —  William  Penn,  his  early  life  and 
conversion  ;  his  connection  with  the  colonization  of  New  Jersey. 
—  1 68 1,  The  Pennsylvania  Charter,  and  the  releases  of  the 
counties  on  the  Delaware. — Rights  of  jurisdiction  conferred. — The 
clause  as  to  religion. — Boundary  disputes  (i)  with  the  proprietaries 
of  Maryland,  the  agreement  of  1732,  Mason  and  Dixon  Line; 

(2)  disputes   with    Connecticut,    the    Susquehanna   controversy ; 

(3)  disputes  with  New  York ;  (4)  the  western  boundary  of  Penn 
sylvania. 

General.  —  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  211-213;  George  Bancroft, 
United  States,  II,  326-397  ;  Gay,  Bryants  Popular  History,  II,  480-498; 
F.  D.  Stone,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  469-495  ;  Hildreth,  United 
States,  II,  62-75. 


262  Middle  Colonies.  [§.107. 

Special.  —  The  Swedes  :  C.  B.  Keen,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  443- 
488  ;  Vincent,  History  of  Delaware.  —  The  Friends  :  S.  M.  Janney, 
History  of  the  Society  of  Friends  ;  Evans,  History  of  the  Friends. — Wm. 
Penn  :  Janney,  Life  of  Penn  ;  Clarkson,  Memoirs  of  Penn  ;  Dixon, 
Life  of  Penn  (issued  by  Society  of  Friends). —  Macaulay's  charges 
against  Penn  are  contained  in  his  History  of  England,  Chs.  v,  vii,  and 
viii.  For  a  defense  of  Penn  against  these  charges  see  Janney's  and 
Dixon's  biographies  of  Penn  ;  W.  E.  Foster,  William  Penn  and  T.  B. 
Ma  caul  ay ;  Paget,  Inquiry  into  the  Evidence,  etc.;  and  other  works 
mentioned  in  Note  3  to  Winsor,  America,  III,  506.  —  For  a  very  hostile 
view  of  Penn,  see  a  paper  by  Dr.  Archer,  in  Maryland  Historical  Society, 
Fund  Publications,  No.  XX.  The  history  of  the  southern  boundary  is 
traced  from  a  Pennsylvanian  point  of  view  in  Graham's  Report  on 
Mason  and  Dixon  Line,  and  by  J.  Veech  in  his  essay  on  Mason  and 
Dixon's  Line. 

Histories  of  Pennsylvania  :  Robert  Proud,  Pennsylvania ;  Gordon, 
Pennsylvania  ;  Bowden,  History  of  Friends  in  America,  Vol.  II  ;  Egle, 
An  Illustrated  History  of  Pennsylvania ;  George  Smith,  History  of 
Delaware  County.  See  also  §§  23,  25,  29. 

Sources. —  Votes  of  the  Assembly;  Hazard,  Pennsylvania  Archives; 
Minutes  of  the  Coimcil ;  The  Duke  of  York's  Laws ;  Bioren,  Laws  of 
Pennsylvania;  Dallas,  Laws  of  Pennsylvania ;  the  Charter  of  Penn 
sylvania  and  the  "  Concessions  "  are  in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  II, 
1509-1516.  See  also  Armstrong's  edition  of  Thomas  Budd,  Good  Order 
Established  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  1685. —  For  the  Swedes, 
see  Keen,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  489  and  following  ;  Acrelius,  His 
tory  of  New  Sweden,  translated  by  Reynolds  and  printed  by  the  Penn 
sylvania  Historical  Society;  Du  Ponceau's  translation  of  Holm,  Descrip 
tion  of  the  Province  of  New  Sweden,  now  called  Pennsylvania  ;  Records 
of  the  Court  of  Upland.  —  The  Friends  :  Besse,  Siifferings  of  the  People 
called  Quakers;  Sewel,  History  of  the  Quakers.  See  also  §23  under 
Delaware  and  Pennsylvania. 

Bibliography.  —  F.  D.  Stone,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  495-516. 
The  authorities  on  the  southern  boundary  dispute  are  enumerated  in 
ibid.,  p.  513.  See  also  Maryland  Historical  Society,  Fund  Publications, 
No.  XV. 


§  io8.]  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware.  263 


§  108.     Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  1685-1760. 

Summary.  — 1692-94,  The  government  of  Pennsylvania  ad 
ministered  by  the  crown. — 1694,  Penn  restored.  —  1681-1700, 
The  early  frames  of  government  and  the  constitutional  history 
of  Pennsylvania.  — 1701,  The  Charter  of  Privileges,  its  leading 
provisions,  and  its  history.  —  Contest  with  the  proprietaries  as  to 
taxation.  —  1685-1760,  Constitutional  history  of  Delaware. 

General.  —  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  213-226;  Fernow,  in  Winsor, 
America,  V,  208-217  ;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  III,  170-191;  G. 
Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition),  II,  397-404;  III,  35-46  ;  (last 
revision),  II,  24-30,  341;  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  171,  172,  183,  186, 
205-207,  242-245,  260,  320,  321,  342-345- 

Special.  —  The  works  noted  in  §§23  and  107;  biographies  and 
works  of  Franklin  noted  in  §§25  and  32.  For  the  contest  with  the 
Connecticut  grantees,  see  [Anon.],  The  Susquehannah  Title ;  the  his 
tories  of  Wyoming  and  Luzern  County  noted  in  §  23  ;  and  the  com 
prehensive  histories  of  Pennsylvania,  §  23.  —  Interesting  material  on 
the  general  subject  of  the  Pennsylvania  land  system  will  be  found  in 
W.  J.  Buck,  The  Indian  Walk;  S.  W.  Pennypacker,  Hendrich  Penne- 
becker,  Surveyor  of  Lands  for  the  Penns  ;  and  in  the  works  no  ted  in 
§§  23  and  32. 

Sources. — The  Frames  of  Government  and  the  charter  of  1701  are 
in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  II,  1518,  and  following.  See  also  the 
collections  of  laws  and  documents  mentioned  in  §  28  ;  the  Penn  and 
Logan  Correspondence,  in  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Memoirs,  IX 
and  X;  [Anon.],  A  Trite  and  Impartial  State  of  the  Province  of  Pennsyl 
vania  ;  W.  Smith,  A  Brief  State  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  ; 
Cross,  Answer  to  a  Brief  State;  Gabriel  Thomas,  Account  of  the 
Province  and  Country  of  Pennsylvania,  1698,  reprinted  in  1848,  also  in 
Library  of  American  Literatiire,  II,  210. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  in  his  America,  V,  242-249. 


XII.    NEW  ENGLAND. 

§  109.     New  England  before  1620. 

Summary.  —  Identifications  of  the  places  described  in  the  sagas. 
—  The  story  of  Norumbega. — 1602-14,  English,  Dutch,  and 
French  explorers.  — 1607,  The  Popham  colony,  its  influence  on 
the  history  of  America.  — 1614,  Captain  John  Smith's  voyage 
along  the  coast ;  his  map. 

General.  —  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  I,  262-268,  327 ;  J.  G. 
Palfrey,  History  of  New  England,  I,  51-100 ;  Compendious  History  of 
New  England,  I,  4-7,  16  ;  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  14-23  ;  Barry, 
Massachusetts,  I,  1-30  ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  90. 

Special.  —  B.  F.  DeCosta,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  172-184;  Win- 
sor  in  ibid.,  Ill,  209.  —  For  the  Dutch  voyages,  see  §  104;  for  the 
French  explorations,  see  §§  87  and  89  ;  for  the  early  English  explorers, 
see  §§  94  and  96.  References  to  the  voyages  of  the  Northmen  are  noted 
in  §  81.  See  also  the  comprehensive  histories  of  the  New  England 
States  noted  in  §  23. 

Sources.  —  A  Voyage  to  Sagadahoc,  and  other  documents,  in  Massa 
chusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  First  Series,  XVIII,  82 ; 
[Anon.],  The  Relation  of  a  Voyage  into  New  England,  1607,  printed  by 
the  Gorges  Society,  with  other  material,  as  The  Sagadahoc  Colony, 
Portland,  Me.,  1892.  —  For  Smith's  voyage,  see  Smith,  Description,  in 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Third  Series,  VI,  95  ; 
Force,  Tracts,  II;  Arber,  English  Scholar's  Library,  XVI,  175-232; 
Deane's  edition  of  Smith,  New  England's  Trials. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  211,  and  Memorial  History 
of  Boston,  I,  50. 

§  110.     The  English  Puritans. 

Summary.  —  The  Reformation  in  England.  —  Acts  of  Suprem 
acy  and  Uniformity  as  amended  by  subsequent  acts.  —  The  Church 
of  England  of  Elizabeth  and  Whitgift.  —  The  English  Roman 
Catholics.  —  The  Puritan  Non-Conformists  and  Separatists.  — 

264 


§  in.]  The  English  Puritans.  265 

Episcopacy,  Presbyterianism,  and  Congregationalism,  the  Inde 
pendents.  —  Religious  persecutions  under  James  I.  and  Charles  I. 
—  Emigrations  to  the  Netherlands  and  to  America.  —  The  Puri 
tans  as  political  reformers.  —  Church  and  State  in  1600.  —  Relig 
ious  toleration  and  intolerance  in  Christendom  in  the  first  half  of 
the  seventeenth  century. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  23-34;  Palfrey,  New  England, 
I,  101-132;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  I,  370-374;  Hildreth, 
United  States,  I,  153;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision),  I,  177- 
193- 

Special.  —  Curteis,  Dissent  in  its  Relation  to  the  Church  of  England 
(Bampton  Lectures  for  1871);  G.  E.  Ellis,  The  Piiritan  Age  and  Ride, 
and  his  chapter  on  the  "  Religious  Element  in  New  England,"  in  Win- 
sor,  America,  III;  D.  Mountfield,  The  Church  and  the  Puritans ; 
Douglas  Campbell,  The  Puritan  in  Holland,  England,  and  America ; 
S.  R.  Gardiner,  History  of  England  from  the  Accession  of  James  I,  I, 
146-159;  II,  487  ;  IV,  142-160  ;  Marsden,  The  Early  Puritans ;  J.  R. 
Green,  History  of  the  English  People,  II  ;  Froude,  Calvinism  ;  Buckle, 
Civilization  ;  J.  Brown,  The  Pilgrim  Fathers. 

Sources.  —  Masson,  Life  of  John  Milton;  H.  M.  Dexter,  Congrega 
tionalism  as  seen  in  its  Literature  ;  W.  Walker,  The  Creeds  and  Plat 
forms  of  Congregationalism  ;  A.  F.  Mitchell,  The  Westminster  Assembly  ; 
The  Westminster  Confession  of  Faith  ;  C.  A.  Briggs,  American  Presby 
terianism  ;  Scharf,  Creeds  of  Christendom  ;  Brook,  History  of  Religious 
Liberty,  T.  Fuller,  Church  History;  Neal,  History  of  the  Pitritans  ; 
Strype,  Life  of  Whitgift ;  McCrie,  Life  of  John  Knox  ;  Calvin,  Insti 
tutes  ;  Strype,  Life  of  Grindal ;  F.  Makower,  Constitutional  History  of 
the  Chtirch  of  England. 

Bibliography.  —  Ellis,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  244;  and  H.  M. 
Dexter,  Congregationalism  as  seen  in  its  Literature. 

§  111.     The  Pilgrims. 

Summary.  —  The  English  Separatists  at  Gainsborough,  Auster- 
field,  and  Scrooby  ;  the  pilgrimage  to  the  Netherlands. —  1608- 
1620,  The  Leyden  Congregation:  John  Robinson,  William  Brew- 
ster,  William  Bradford  ;  Bradford's  Plymouth  Plantation  as  an 
historical  authority  ;  comparison  with  Winthrop's  Journal  and 


266  New  England.  [§.*"• 

Smith's  True  Relation.  —  Life  at  Leyden.  —  Another  removal 
determined  on.  —  Reasons  for  the  second  removal.  —  1620,  Agree 
ments  with  the  Virginia  Company  and  with  the  Merchants  Adven 
turers  of  London.  —  Negotiations  with  the  English  government. 

General.  —  F.  B.  Dexter,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  264-269  ;  Doyle, 
Puritan  Colonies,  I,  34-47  ;  Gay,  Bryan? s  Popular  History,  I,  374-386; 
George  Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision),  I,  194-206;  John  Fiske, 
Beginnings  of  New  England ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  150-160. 

Special.  —  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  147-174;  Barry,  Massachusetts, 
I,  31-72  ;  H.  M.  Dexter,  in  Sabbath  at  Home,  March  and  April,  1867  ; 
also  his  Notes  to  Mourfs  Relation,  and  Boston  Daily  Advertiser,  Dec. 
22,  1885;  S.  R.  Gardiner,  England  since  James  I,  IV,  Ch.  xxxvi ; 
J.  Brown,  The  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  New  England. 

Sources.  —  Mourfs  Relation  (Dexter's  edition);  William  Bradford, 
History  of  Plymouth  Plantation  (for  the  history  of  the  manuscript  itself 
see  Winsor,  America,  III,  286,  and  Winsor,  in  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  Proceedings,  First  Series,  XIX)  ;  Bradford,  Letter-Book,  in 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  First  Series,  III ;  Young, 
Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  ;  Morton's  New  England's  Memorial 
(Congregational  Board's  edition). 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  283. 


§  112.     Plymouth,    1620-1629. 

Summary.  —  1620,  The  Voyage  of  the  Mayflower.  —  The  May 
flower  Compact.  —  Composition  of  the  colony.  —  Plymouth  set 
tled. —  1621,  Treaty  with  Massasoit,  and  subsequent  relations 
with  the  Indians. —  1621  and  1622,  Patents  from  the  Council  for 
New  England.  —  Relations  with  the  London  merchants,  with  the 
Dutch,  and  with  the  other  early  colonists  in  the  neighborhood.— 
Experience  with  communism,  form  of  government,  etc. 

General.  —  F.  B.  Dexter,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  269-278  ;  Doyle, 
Puritan  Colonies,  I,  47-81;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision),  I, 
206-214;  Gay,  Bryant's  Poptilar  History,  I,  386-428;  Palfrey,  New 
England,  I,  176-232;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England;  Barry, 
Massachusetts,  I,  72-148  ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  160-174. 


§  113.]  Plymouth.  267 

Special.  —  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  First  Series, 
III,  68-266;  Alexander  Young,  Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers; 
Mourfs  Relation  (H.  M.  Dexter's  edition) ;  Morton 's  Memorial ;  Young, 
Chronicles  of  Massachusetts ;  F.  Baylies,  Historical  Memoir  of  the  Colony 
of  New  Plymouth;  J.  Thacher,  History  of  the  Town  of  Plymouth  ;  Wm. 
S.  Russell,  Guide  to  Plymouth,  and  Pilgrim  Memorial ;  J.  A.  Goodwin, 
The  Pilgrim  Republic. 

Sources.  —  Wm.  Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation ;  Mourfs  Relation 
(Uexter's  edition);  Plymouth  Colony  Records,  XI,  contains  the  laws 
passed  in  1623-82.  The  Compact  is  in  Mourt  and  Bradford,  and  also 
in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  I,  931.  Portions  of  many  important 
documents  are  in  Library  of  American  Literature,  I. 

Bibliography.  —  F.  B.  Dexter,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  285  et  seq. 


§  113.     New  Plymouth  Colony,  1629-1691. 

Summary. —  1629,  Patent  to  Bradford  and  associates,— 
assigned  to  the  freemen  of  New  Plymouth  in  1640-41. —  Rela 
tions  with  the  merchants.  —  Growth  of  the  colony.  —  Meaning  of 
the  name  New  Plymouth.  —  1643,  Joins  the  Confederation  of 
New  England.  —  Development  of  institutions. —  Mode  of  life, 
education,  and  religion  in  the  colony. —  1643-91,  Later  history 
of  the  colony.  —  1691,  United  with  Massachusetts.  —  Was  the 
union  advantageous  to  Plymouth  ?  —  Population  and  material 
resources  in  1691. 

General.  —  F.  B.  Dexter,  in  Justin  Winsor,  America,  III,  279-283 ; 
Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  72,  73,  222;  II,  17,  102,  107,  114,  143, 
1 88,  189,  246,  271,  290  ;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision),  I,  244, 
289-295,  606;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England  ;  Palfrey,  New" Eng 
land,  III,  331-344,  539-547,  596-599  ;  Compendious  History,  I,  141-147; 
Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  174,  175. 

Special  Works,  Sources,  and  Bibliography,  as  above,  with  the  excep 
tion  of  Bradford,  which  stops  at  1647,  and  with  the  addition  of  Brig- 
ham's  Laws  of  New  Plymouth  Colony.  A  collection  of  the  laws  also 
forms  Vol.  XII  of  the  Plymouth  Colony  Records.  See  also  Records  of 
the  Town  of  Plymouth. 


268  New  England.  [§  114. 


§  114.     The  Council  for  New  England. 

Summary. —  1606,  The  Plymouth  Company  and  its  colonies. — 
1620,  The  Grand  Council  for  New  England,  and  its  charter. — 
Aims  of  the  new  corporation  ;  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges. —  Grants 
made  by  the  Council,  especially  those  made  (1622)  to  Robert 
Gorges,  (1628  and  1629)  to  the  Plymouth  colonists,  (1628)  to  the 
Massachusetts  Company,  (1629)  to  Captain  John  Mason  (New 
Hampshire),  (1629)  to  Gorges  (Maine). — 1635,  The  great 
division.  —  1635,  Surrender  of  the  patent  to  the  crown. 

General.  —  Charles  Deane,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  295-310;  Barry, 
Massachusetts,  I,  14-28,  67,  105,  123-155,  285-290,  452-460,  510  ;  Doyle, 
Puritan  Colonies,  I,  76-78,  87,  144,  206,  322,  323  ;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular 
History,  I,  267,  316-338. 

Special.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  App.  B.;  Samuel  F.  Haven, 
History  of  Grants  tinder  the  Council  for  New  England,  in  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  "  Lowell  Lectures,"  p.  152;  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges 
and  his  Province  of  Maine,  in  "  Prince  Society  Publications  "  for  1890, 
3  vols.  (contains,  besides  a  memoir,  Gorges's  Brief  Relation,  Brief 
Narration,  etc.). 

Sources.  —  The  Charter  is  in  Charters  and  Constitiitions,  I,  951; 
Records  of  the  Council  for  New  England,  1622-23,  1631-38,  are  in 
American  Antiquarian  Society,  Proceedings,  1867-68,  pp.  59-131. 

Bibliography.  —  Charles  Deane,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  340= 


§  115.     Early  Settlements  in  Massachusetts,  1620-1628. 

Summary. —  1622,  Weston's  attempt  at  Wessagusset.  —  1623, 
Robert  Gorges's  Colony.  —  Wollaston  and  Morton  at  Merry 
Mount.  —  Other  settlements  ;  Blaxton,  Maverick,  etc. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  74-81;  C.  F.  Adams,  in 
Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I,  63-86  ;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  149-173  ; 
Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  199,  222,  232,  233,  289-290;  Gay,  Bryant's 
Popular  History,  I,  410-428;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision), 
I,  215-229  ;  Fiske,  New  England ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  176-183. 


§  1 1 ;•]  Massachusetts.  269 

Special.  —  C.  F.  Adams,  Three  Episodes  of  Massachiisetts  History,  I, 
1-194,  and  Old  Planters,  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Pro 
ceedings,  1878,  194.  See  also  on  this  and  later  history  S.  A.  Drake, 
The  Making  of  New  England. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  347. 

§  116.     Origin  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Company. 

Summary.  —  1622-23,  The  Dorchester  Fishing  Company.— 
1623,  Settlement  at  Cape  Ann.  —  1626,  First  settlement  at  Naum- 
keag. —  1628,  Grant  of  Massachusetts  from  the  Council  for  New 
England. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  83-90  ;  Palfrey,  New  England, 
I,  283-288  ;  Fiske,  New  England ;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (last 
revision),  I,  221-224  >  Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  149-173. 

Special.  —  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  "  Lowell  Lectures,"  231- 
239;  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I,  87-98  ;  Life  of  John  Winthrop,  I ; 
Charles  F.  Adams,  Three  Episodes  of  Massachusetts  History. 

Sources.  —  F.  Higginson,  New  England's  Plantation  and  A  True 
Relation  of  the  Last  Voyage  are  reprinted  in  Young,  Chronicles  of 
Massachusetts,  and  in  part  in  Higginson,  American  Explorers;  John 
White,  The  Planter's  Plea,  is  reprinted  in  Young,  Chronicles  of  Massa 
chusetts,  and  in  Force,  Tracts,  II. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  242. 

§  117.     The  Massachusetts  Bay  Company. 

Summary.  — 1629,  The  Royal  Charter:  how  obtained,  boun 
daries,  powers  of  jurisdiction  conferred,  peculiar  features  of  this 
charter,  probable  intentions  of  the  parties  to  the  grant  —  The 
aims  and  purposes  of  the  Massachusetts  colonists  ;  why  did  the 
majority  of  them  come  to  America? — 1629,  August  26,  The 
Agreement  at  Cambridge,  England.  —  London's  Plantation  in 
New  England.  —  John  Endicott  and  Francis  Higginson.  —  John 
Winthrop,  his  early  life  and  services  to  Massachusetts,  his  His 
tory  of  New  England.  —  1630,  The  Great  Emigration,  settlement 
of  Boston  and  the  neighboring  towns. 


2/o  New  England.  [§  117. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Pitritan  Colonies,  I,  90-102;  Bancroft,  United 
States  (last  revision),  I,  224-237  ;  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  288-329  ; 
Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular  History,  I,  517-533  ;  John  Fiske,  New  England ; 
Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  174-195. 

Special.  —  Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I,  Ch.  ii ;  Life  and 
Letters  of  John  Winthrop,  II  ;  G.  E.  Ellis,  Puritan  Age  and  Ride ;  C.  F. 
Adams,  Three  Episodes  of  Massachusetts  History,  I ;  Alice  M.  Earle, 
Margaret  Winthrop. 

Sources.  —  John  Winthrop,  History  of  New  England  (edited  by  J. 
Savage);  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Winthrop  ;  J.  White,  The  Planter's 
Plea,  1630,  reprinted  by  Force,  Tracts,  II  ;  Edward  Johnson,  Wonder 
Working  Providence  of  Siorfs  Savior  in  New  England  (edited  by  W.  F. 
Poole);  T.  Morton,  New  English  Canaan,  (edited  by  C.  F.  Adams  in 
Prince  Society,  Publications)  ;  R.  Clap,  Memoirs,  reprinted  with  many 
other  valuable  documents  in  Young,  Chronicles  of  Massachusetts,  and 
separately  by  the  Dorchester  Society  of  Antiquity  ;  Dudley's  Letter  to 
the  Countess  of  Lincoln  is  in  Young,  Massachusetts,  in  Force's  Tracts,  II, 
and  in  Farmer,  New  Hampshire  Historical  Collection,  IV;  Samuel 
Maverick,  Description  of  New  England  is  in  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  Proceedings,  Second  Series,  I,  231 ;  Wood,  New  England's  Pros 
pect,  reprinted  in  Young,  Chronicles  of  Massachusetts.  The  Cambridge 
Agreement  is  in  many  places  :  as  Winthrop'' s  Life  and  Letters,  I ;  Young, 
Chronicles  of  Massachusetts,  etc. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  348;  Winsor,  Memorial  His 
tory  of  Boston,  I. 


§  118.     Early  Massachusetts,  1630-1650. 

Summary.  —  Form  of  government  established  under  the  char 
ter  ;  the  magistrates  and  their  power. — -Rise  of  representative 
government  ;  the  franchise.  —  The  land  system  ;  corporate  rights. 
—  Church  and  State  ;  church  government,  synods.  —  Economic 
conditions. —  Local  government,  its  origin  and  form,  town  meeting 
and  selectmen.  —  Education  and  social  conditions. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  102-1 12;  Barry,  Massachusetts  ; 
Palfrey,  Compendious  History,  I,  113-134,  271-300;  Bancroft,  United 
States  (last  revision),  I,  237-248  ;  Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular  History,  I, 
533-541- 


§  1 1 8.]  Massachusetts.  271 

Special.  —  Representation:  W.  B.  Weeden,  Quality  the  prevailing 
Element  in  Representation,  in  American  Antiquarian  Society,  Proceed 
ings,  Second  Series,  IV,  339 ;  G.  H.  Haynes,  Representation  and 
Suffrage  in  Massachusetts,  1620—1691,  in  Johns  Hopkins  University- 
Studies,  XII,  Nos.  8,  9;  Bishop,  Colonial  Siijfrage. 

On  the  origin  of  the  New  England  town  system  :  Melville  Egleston, 
Land  Systems  of  New  England,  reprinted  in  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Studies ;  papers  by  C.  F.  Adams  and  others  on  The  Genesis  of  Massa 
chusetts  Towns  in.  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  Second 
Series,  VII  ;  Channing,  Town  and  County  Government ;  Howard,  Local 
Constitutional  History ;  Hannis  Taylor,  Development  of  the  English  Con 
stitution  ;  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth  ;  W.  F.Allen,  Essays  ("The 
Town  and  Parish  ") ;  W.  B.  Weeden,  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New 
England;  Buck,  Ecclesiastical  History ;  Felt,  Ecclesiastical  History ; 
Washburn,  Judicial  History ;  C.  F.  Adams,  Three  Episodes  of  Massa 
chusetts  History,  Vol.  II  ;  H.  B.  Adams,  Germanic  Origin  of  New 
England  Towns ;  Joel  Parker,  Origin  of  New  England  Towns,  in 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1866 ;  P.  E.  Aldrich 
Origin  of  New  England  Towns,  in  American  Antiquarian  Society,  Pro 
ceedings,  1884;  A.  Johnston,  Genesis  of  Connecticut  Towns;  Andrews, 
River  Towns  of  Connecticiit.  On  the  early  church  organization,  see 
G.  L.  Walker,  Thomas  Hooker,  and  on  the  general  question  of  eccle 
siastical  system  and  its  influence  on  the  state,  see  P.  E.  Lauer, 
Church  and  State  in  New  England,  in  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Studies,  X,  Nos.  2,  3.  See  also  §§  23,  29. 

Sources.  —  Records  of  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Massachusetts 
Bay,  edited  by  N.  B.  Shurtleff,  six  volumes;  Vol.  I,  1628-41;  II, 
1642-49;  III,  1644-57  ;  IV,  Pt.  I,  1650-60;  Pt.  II,  1661-74;  V,  1674- 
86.  The  Body  of  Liberties,  1641,  is  in  W.  H.  Whitmore,  Bibliographical 
Sketch  of  the  Laws  of  the  Massachusetts  Colony,  and  in  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  Collections,  Third  Series,  VIII,  216,  and,  with  the 
comparison  with  Magna  Charta  drawn  up  by  Winthrop  and  others, 
forms  American  History  Leaflet,  No.  25  ;  Colonial  Laws  of  1660  with 
Supplements  to  i6j2,  edited  by  Whitmore  (contains  facsimiles  of  every 
page  of  the  original  printed  edition  and  also  the  "  Body  of  Liberties  " 
of  1641);  Colonial  Laws  of  1672  with  supplements  to  1686,  facsimile 
edition  issued  under  the  supervision  of  W.  H.  Whitmore.  These  four 
publications  give  a  complete  view  of  the  legislation  under  the  old 
charter.  John  Cotton,  An  Abstract  of  the  Lawes  of  New  England,  is 
reprinted  in  Force,  Tracts,  III.  Records  of  Boston,  Dorchester, 


272  New  England.  [§  118. 

Charlestown,  and  Roxbury  are  in  the  Reports  of  the  Boston  Record 
Commissioners  (W.  H.  Whitmore  and  W.  S.  Appleton);  Watertown 
Records  and  Bond,  History  of  Watertown ;  Life  and  Letters  of  John 
Winthrop,  II,  and  especially  the  documents  in  the  Appendix  ;  Lechford, 
Plain  Dealing,  edited  by  J.  H.  Trumbull ;  Lechford's  Joiirnat  printed 
by  the  American  Antiquarian  Society  ;  John  Child,  New  England's 
Jonas  cast  up  at  London,  reprinted  by  Force,  Tracts,  IV,  and  separately 
with  notes  by  T.  R.  Marvin  ;  Nathaniel  Ward,  Simple  Cobbler  of 
Agawam,  reprinted  with  notes  by  D.  Pulsifer  ;  Increase  Mather,  Re 
markable  Providences,  1684  ;  Josselyn,  Two  Voyages  to  New  England 
(1628  and  1663);  Banks's  edition  of  A  Trtie  Relation  of  the  Estate  of 
New  England,  1634;  Wm.  Wood,  New  England's  Prospect,  1634; 
Trask,  Suffolk  Deeds,  especially  Vol.  I  ;  S.  A.  Green,  Records  of  Groton; 
Nourse,  Early  Records  of  Lancaster  ;  Hill,  Dedham  Records  ;  S.  Bates, 
Records  of  the  Town  of  Braintree. 

Bibliography. — The  footnotes  to  the  books  noted  under  the  head 
ing  "  Special "  in  this  section  will  give  the  leading  sources. 


§  119.    Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations, 
1630-1640. 

Summary.  —  1633-36,  Roger  Williams  ;  his  sojourn  at  Boston, 
Plymouth,  and  Salem  ;  his  ideas  as  to  the  validity  of  royal  grants 
of  land  ;  his  contention  as  to  veils,  as  to  the  oath  of  fidelity,  as  to 
the  proposed  increase  of  Salem's  land,  etc.  —  Why  was  Roger 
Williams  banished  from  Massachusetts? — 1636,  Providence 
founded.  —  1633-38,  Anne  Hutchinson  and  her  religious  views.  — 
The  Antinomians.  —  The  Synod  at  Cambridge.  —  Vane  and 
Winthrop.  —  1637-38,  Trial  and  banishment  of  the  Antinomians. 
—  Effects  of  the  thrusting  out  of  Williams  and  the  Antinomians 
on  the  mental  development  of  Massachusetts;  how  far  is  it  just  to 
hold  the  Puritans  responsible? — 1638-39,  Founding  of  the 
Rhode  Island  towns.  —  Constitutional  history  of  Providence 
Plantations  and  of  Rhode  Island. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  1 13-140,  181-190,  236-246;  Pal 
frey,  Compendious  History,  I,  148-168,  195-213,  339-351;  Bancroft,  United 
States  (last  revision),  I,  249-256,  260-264  ;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New 
England ;  G.  W.  Greene,  Short  History  of  Rhode  Island ;  Barry, 


§  i2o.j  Rhode  Island.  273 

Massachusetts,  I,  235-266,  317,  340;  Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular  History,  I, 
533-537.  541-547,  553-556;  n>  38~49>  S1.  68~99- 

Special.  —  H.  M.  Dexter,  As  to  Roger  Williams ;  Prof.  Diman,  in 
Narragansett  Chib  Publications,  Vol.  II  ;  G.  E.  Ellis,  in  "  Lowell 
Lectures  "  and  Puritan  Age  and  Rule;  Arnold,  Rhode  Island;  Chandler, 
Criminal  Trials,  Vol.  I  ;  Hosmer,  Young  Sir  Harry  Vane ;  C.  F. 
Adams,  Three  Episodes,  Vol.  I;  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  406-510;  C. 
F.  Adams,  Massachusetts  Historians,  "  Review "  by  W.  F.  Poole,  in 
The  Dial,  February,  1894  ;  C.  F.  Adams,  Introduction  to  his  edition  of 
Welde's  Short  History;  Brooks  Adams,  Emancipation  of  Massachusetts  ; 
Oliver,  The  Puritan  Commonwealth;  T.  M.  Merriman,  Pilgrims, 
Puritans,  and  Roger  Williams. 

Sources.  —  Winthrop,  New  England;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts, 
Accounts  of  Anne  Hutchinson's  trial  are  in  Hutchinson,  Vol.  II, 
Appendix,  and  Chandler,  Criminal  Trials.  See  also  T.  Welde,  A 
Short  History  of  the  Rise  .  .  .  of  the  Antinomians  (Prince  Society, 
Publications,  1894);  Early  Records  of  the  Town  of  Providence. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  368-384;  J.  R.  Bartlett, 
Bibliography  of  Rhode  Island. 

§  120.    Rhode  Island  to  1665. 

Summary.  —  Samuel  Gorton  and  his  struggle  with  Massachu 
setts.  - — 1643,  Incorporation  of  Providence  Plantations.  —  Form 
of    first    government.  —  1663,    The    Rhode    Island    charter.  — 
Peculiar  features  of    Rhode   Island  institutions.  —  The   "  Rhode 
Island  spirit." 

General. — Doyle,  Pttritan  Colonies,  I,  236-244,  267-273,  308-319; 
II,  127-130  ;  Greene,  Short  History  of  Rhode  Island,  18-54  ;  Bancroft, 
United  States  (last  revision),  I,  296-298,  362-365  ;  Fiske,  New  England ; 
Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  289-291,  304,  305,  322,  323,  394-398,  405, 
456,  457  ;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  II,  99-114;  Barry,  Massa 
chusetts  ;  Palfrey,  Compendious  History,  I,  381-391;  II,  48-54. 

Special.  —  Arnold,  Rhode  Island,  I ;  Brayton,  Defence  of  Gorton ; 
Palfrey,  New  England,  II  ;  Greene,  History  of  East  Greenwich ; 
Staples,  Annals  of  Providence ;  Knowles,  Memoir  of  Roger  Williams. 
On  the  franchise  in  Rhode  Island,  see  Rider,  Rhode  Island  Tracts 
New  Series,  No.  i.  See  also  on  the  general  topic  §§  23,  25,  29,  32. 


274  New  England.  [§  120. 

Sources.  —  Colonial  Records  of  Rhode  Island.  The  "  Incorporation 
of  Providence  Plantations  "  is  in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  II,  1594;  the 
charter  of  1663  in  ibid.,  II,  1595.  For  Gorton's  Simplicities  Defence, 
see  Force,  Tracts,  IV. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  368-384. 


§  121.    Connecticut,  1638-1662. 

Summary.  —  The  Dutch  and  the  Pilgrims  on  the  Connecticut 
River.  —  Lords  Brook,  and  Say  and  Sele. — -1635,  Saybrook 
founded.  —  1635-36  Emigration  from  Massachusetts;  motives  of 
the  emigrants.  —  Early  constitutional  history.  —  1 638-39,  The 
Fundamental  Orders.  — 1637,  The  Pequod  War.  —  1662,  The 
Connecticut  charter  and  form  of  government  established  under  it. 
—  Extent  of  the  Connecticut  grant. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  149-178,  223,  286,  287;  Pal 
frey,  Compendious  History,  I,  170-193,  233-236,  395-398  ;  II,  39-48  ; 
Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision),  I,  265-270;  Hildreth,  United 
States,  I,  216,  229,  230,  237-241,  247-252,  286,  371,  456;  Gay,  Bryant's 
Popular  History,  I,  547-553  ;  II,  1-27,  31-38  ;  Fiske,  New  England ; 
Barry,  Massachiisetts,  I,  204-234. 

Special.— Trumbull,  History  of  Connecticut ;  G.  L.  Walker,  Thomas 
Hooker  ;  Barber,  Historical  Collections  ;  Caulkins,  History  of  Norwich  ; 
Hollister,  History  of  Connecticut ;  Larned,  History  of  IVindham  County; 
Bowen,  Boundary  Disputes  of  Connecticut ;  Charles  M.  Andrews,  The 
River  Towns  of  Connecticut,  in  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  VII, 
Nos.  7-9.  See  also  §§  23,  29. 

Sources.  —  Winthrop,  New  England;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts; 
Massachusetts  Colony  Records ;  Colonial  Records  of  Connecticut.  For 
the  Pequod  War,  see  Mason's  "  History  "  in  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  Collections,  Second  Series,  VIII,  120-153;  and  Underbill, 
"  News  from  America,"  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections, 
Third  Series,  VI,  1-28;  Connecticut  Historical  Society,  Collections. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  368-375. 


§  1 23.]  Connecticut.  275 


§  122.     New  Haven  Colony,  1638-1662. 

Summary.  —  John  Davenport  and  Theophilus  Eaton,  their  aims 
and  purposes  in  emigrating  to  New  England.  —  1638,  New  Haven 
founded,  title  to  the  soil.  —  The  "  Fundamental  Articles." —  Form 
of  government  of  New  Haven  town  and  of  the  "Plantations  in 
Combination  therewith."  —  Material  development  of  the  colony.  — 
1662,  New  Haven  included  in  Connecticut. 

General. — Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  190-200;  II,  116-125;  Ban 
croft,  United  States  (last  revision),  I,  271,  272;  Hildreth,  United  States, 
I,  260-262,  286,  460  ;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  II,  27-31;  Fiske, 
New  England;  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  528-534;  Compendious  His 
tory,  I,  225-233,  398,  399;  II,  39,  42. 

Special. — Atwater,  History  of  New  Haven  Colony  ;  Lambert,  Colony 
of  New  Haven;  Levermore,  New  Haven;  Trumbull,  Connecticut; 
Leonard  Bacon,  Historical  Discourses ;  New  Haven  Colony  Historical 
Society  Papers.  See  also  histories  of  Connecticut  enumerated  in  §  23. 

Sources.  —  Colonial  Records  of  New  Haven.  On  the  so-called  "  blue- 
laws,"  see  Hinman,  Bhie  Laws  of  New  Haven  Colony ;  New  Haven 
Records,  II  ;  Trumbull's  edition  of  The  True-Blue  Laws  and  False  Blue 
Laws  Invented  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  Peters. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  371. 


§  123.    Northern  Settlements,  1620-1660. 

Summary.  —  Grants  from  the  Council  for  New  England.  — 
Early  settlements  on  the  Piscataqua.  —  The  founding  of  Exeter 

and    Hampton Settlements    in    Maine.  —  Relations    of    these 

various  settlements  to  Massachusetts. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  201-219;  Palfrey,  New  Eng 
land,  I,  516-527  ;  Compendious  History,  I,  214-224  ;  Bancroft,  United 
States  (last  revision),  I,  257-262  ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  200,  201, 
265,  271;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popidar  History,  II,  419-449;  Fiske,  New 
England. 

Special.  —  Belknap,  New  Hampshire  ;  Williamson,  Maine  ;  George 
Folsom,  History  of  Saco  and  Biddeford ;  Willis,  History  of  Portland, 


276  New  England.  [§  123. 

Memorial  Volume  of  the   Pppham   Celebration.     See   also   histories   of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  Vermont  noted  in  §§  23,  29. 

Sources.  —  Provincial  and  Town  Papers  of  New  Hampshire  ;  Collec 
tions  of  the  New  Hampshire  Historical  Society ;  Farmer  and  Moore, 
Historical  Collections  of  New  Hampshire ;  Documentary  History  of 
Maine  ;  the  Collections  of  the  historical  societies  of  Maine  and  Massa 
chusetts,  see  §  31;  York  Deeds,  I ;  J.  S.  Jenness,  Transcripts  of  Original 
Dociiments  relating  to  New  Hampshire,  and  the  publications  of  the 
Gorges  Society.  See  also  §  29,  under  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and 
Vermont. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  363. 


§  124.    The  New  England  Confederation. 

Summary.  —  Formation  of  the  Confederation.  —  1643,  The 
Articles  of  Confederation.  —  Administration  of  the  Confederation. 
—  Relations  with  Rhode  Island,  with  the  Indians,  and  with  the 
Dutch  and  French.  —  Dispute  between  Massachusetts  and  Con 
necticut. —  Later  history  to  1684. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  220-319  ;  II,  155  ;  Bancroft, 
United  States  (last  revision),  I,  289-310  ;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popidar  His 
tory,  II,  49,  50,  373-387;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  285-334,  360-412, 
448-506. 

Special.  —  Palfrey,  New  England,  I  and  II  ;  Frothingham,  Rise  of 
the  Republic;  C.  C.  Smith,  in  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I,  Ch.  vii ; 
J.  Q.  Adams,  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Third 
Series,  IX,  187;  Hubbard's  Massachusetts,  in  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  Collections,  Second  Series,  V-VI,  Ch.  liii ;  Barry,  Massachusetts. 

Sources.  —  Winthrop,  New  England;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts. 
The  Records  of  the  Commissioners  are  in  Plymouth  Colony  Records, 
IX  and  X,  and  in  Colonial  Records  of  Connecticut.  The  Articles  of 
Confederation  are  in  the  above  and  in  Bradford,  New  Plymouth  Planta 
tion  ;  Brigham's  Plymouth  Laws ;  also,  with  brief  extracts  from  Win 
throp,  Bradford,  and  the  records,  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  7. 

Bibliography.  —  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic  ;  Winsor,  America, 
III,  354;  Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I,  299. 


§  i26.]  New  England  Confederation.  277 

§  125.     The  Quakers. 

Summary.  —  A  comparison  of  the  ideas  of  the  Puritans  and 
the  Quakers. —  1656,  The  first  Quakers  arrive  at  Boston. —  1656- 
59,  Advice  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies.  —  Legis 
lation  in  regard  to  the  Quakers  in  Massachusetts,  New  Plymouth, 
Connecticut,  Maryland,  and  Virginia. —  1659-60,  Four  Quakers 
executed  in  Massachusetts.  —  1661,  Laws  against  them  modified. 
-  Treatment  of  the  Quakers  in  England  and  in  the  other  colonies. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  II,  98-114;  Palfrey,  New  Eng 
land,  II,  461-484  ;  Compendious  History,  II,  1-20  ;  Bancroft,  United 
States  (last  revision),  I,  528-551;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  380,  399, 
400-408,  472,  473;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  II,  165-199. 

Special.  —  Hallowell,  Quaker  Invasion  of  Massachusetts;  Joel  Par 
ker,  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Lowell  Lectttres  ;  G.  E.  Ellis, 
in  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts;  C.  F. 
Adams,  Three  Episodes ;  Brooks  Adams,  Emancipation  of  Massachu 
setts  ;  Barry,  Massachusetts, 

Sources.  —  Massachusetts  Colony  Records  ;  Plymouth  Colony  Records ; 
Laws  of  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts ;  Sainsbury,  Calendar  of  State 
Papers,  Colonial,  V ;  Chandler,  Criminal  Trials  ;  Bishop,  New  England 
Judged ;  Besse,  Sufferings  of  the  People  called  Quakers  ;  Sewel,  History 
of  the  Friends  ;  John  Rous,  New  England  a  Degenerate  Plant ;  Janney, 
History  of  the  Friends  ;  Gough,  Quakers  ;  Mather,  Magnalia,  Pt.  II,  Ch. 
iv  ;  Paine's  edition  of  A  Call  from  Death  to  Life.  The  Quaker's  Peti 
tion  is  reprinted  in  Library  of  American  Literature,  I. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  358  ;  Winsor,  Memorial  His 
tory  of  Boston,  I,  187. 

§  126.     King  Philip's  War. 

Summary.  —  Causes  of  the  war.  —  1675,  The  war  begun,— 
1676,  August,  Death  of  Philip.  —  1675-78,  Continuation  of  the 
conflict  against  the  Eastern  Indians. —  Results  of  the  war  for 
Massachusetts  and  New  Plymouth. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  II,  153-188;  Bancroft,  United 
States  (last  revision),  I,  382-394  ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  476-491 ; 
Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  II,  401-418. 


278  New  England.  [§  126. 

Special.  —  Palfrey,  New  England,  III,  Chs.  iv  and  v  ;  Barry,  Massa 
chusetts  ;  E.  E.  Hale,  in  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I,  Ch.  ix. 

Sources.  —  Hubbard,  Narrative  of  the  Troubles  with  the  Indians  ; 
Drake's  edition  of  Increase  Mather's  Brief  History ;  and  Henry  M. 
Dexter's  edition  of  Church's  Entertaining  Passages,  I ;  Fisher's  transla 
tion  of  a  Report  of  a  French  Protestant  Refiigee  in  Boston,  1689. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  360,  and  Mr.  Winsor's  "  Note  " 
in  his  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I,  367. 

§  127.     The  Overthrow  of  the  Massachusetts  Charter. 

Summary.  —  Early  attempts  to  annul  the  charter.  —  Relations 
of  the  colony  to  England  during  the  Puritan  Rebellion.  —  Rela 
tions  with  the  government  of  the  Restoration.  —  The  Regicides  in 
New  England. —  1664,  The  Royal  Commissioners  in  New  Eng 
land.  —  1676,  Edward  Randolph.  —  1684,  The  charter  vacated. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  II,  190-228;  Bancroft,  United 
States  (last  revision),  I,  395-407;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  489,  502- 
504  ;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  II,  373-387. 

Special.  —  Charles  Deane,  in  Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I, 
Ch.  x  ;  Palfrey,  New  England,  III,  Chs.  iii,  vii,  viii,  ix  ;  Hutchinson, 
Mas  sac  hits  etts,  I,  Ch.  ii;  Barry,  Massachusetts. 

Sources.  — •  Documents  in  supplementary  volume  of  Hutchinson's 
Massachusetts ;  Massachusetts  Colonial  Records,  IV;  Sainsbury,  Calen 
dar  of  State  Papers,  Colonial,  V;  Randolph's  Report  of  1676  is  reprinted 
in  Perry's  Historical  Collection  of  the  American  Church,  Massachusetts. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  362  ;  Winsor,  Memorial  His 
tory  of  Boston,  I,  352. 

§  128.     The  Tyranny  of  Andros. 

Summary.  —  1685,  Joseph  Dudley  appointed  president.  —  1686, 
December,  Andros  governor-general  of  the  Dominion  of  New 
England. —  His  powers,  instructions,  and  policy  with  regard  to 
land  titles,  the  assessment  and  collection  of  taxes,  and  local  gov 
ernment.  —  Andros  in  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  and  New  York. 
—  1688,  Andros's  government  extended  to  include  New  York.  — 


§  1 29.]  New  England.  279 

1689,  The  "Revolution"  in   New  England,  Andros  deposed.— 
The  provisional  government. —  1691,  The  Province  Charter. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  II,  230-276;  Bancroft,  United 
States  (last  revision),  I,  590-607;  II,  49,  50,  54,  55,  57,  61;  Gay,  Bryanfs 
Popular  History,  II,  387-400;  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  105-122,  142- 
144. 

Special.  —  Palfrey,  New  England,  III,  Chs.  xii,  xiii,  and  xiv;  Wil 
liam  H.  Whitmore,  in  Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  II,  Ch.  i, 
and  Introduction  to  the  Andros  Tracts ;  Barry,  Massachusetts;  J.  R. 
Brodhead,  Address  before  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  1866. 

Sources.  —  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts,  I,  Ch.  iii ;  The  Andros  Tracts, 
in  Prince  Society,  Publications,  especially  Edward  Rawson  and  Samuel 
Sevvall,  The  Revolution  in  Arew  England  Justified,  and  the  People  thus 
Vindicated  (1691),  also  reprinted  in  Library  of  American  Literature,  IV 
9  ;  Byfield,  An  Account  of  the  Late  Revolution,  also  reprinted  in  Force, 
Tracts,  IV,  and  Library  of  American  Literature,  II,  723;  "  S.  E.," 
Further  Qtiaries  upon  the  State  of  the  New  English  Affairs  ;  "A.  B.," 
An  Account  of  the  Late  Revolutions  in  New  England.  The  Province 
Charter  is  in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  I,  942-954. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  362. 

§  129.     The  Witchcraft  Delusion. 

Summary.  —  General  belief  in  witchcraft  throughout  the  world. 
—  Early  cases  in  New  England.  —  1691-93,  The  special  court, 
trials  and  executions. —  1696,  Sewall's  acknowledgment  of  error. 
-  The  psychological  explanation  of  the  belief  in  witchcraft. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  II,  101,  298-311;  Bancroft, 
United  States  (last  revision),  II,  51,  58-66;  Hildreth,  United  States,  II, 
145-167;  Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular  History,  II,  450-471;  W.  F.  Poole,  in 
Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  II,  Ch.  vi ;  Lowell,  Among  my 
Books. 

Special.  —  Upham,  Lecture  on  Salem  Witchcraft;  }.  S.  Pike,  The 
New  Puritan;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts,  II,  12-66;  Palfrey,  New 
England;  Ellis,  The  Puritan  Age,  556;  Drake,  Annals  of  Witchcraft; 
Barry,  Massachusetts  ;  Wendell,  Cotton  Mather,  and  a  paper  in  the  His 
torical  Collections  of  the  Essex  Institute,  XXIX  ;  Encyclopedia  Britan- 
nica,  ninth  edition,  article  on  Witchcraft. 


280  New  England.  [§  129. 

Sources.  —  Records  of  the  Salem  Witchcraft;  Chandler,  Criminal 
Trials,  I,  67;  Upham,  Salem  Witchcraft;  Cotton  Mather,  The  Wonders 
of  the  Invisible  World,  reprinted  in  Library  of  American  Literattire,  II, 
114  ;  Calef,  More  Wonders  of  the  Invisible  World,  reprinted  in  Library 
of  American  Literature,  II,  167  ;  Sewall's  Diary. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  notes  to 
Poole's  chapter  in  Vol.  II,  and  in  American  Antiquarian  Society,  Pro 
ceedings,  X,  351. 

§  130.     Provincial  New  England. 

Summary.  —  1 700-60,  Contests  between  the  royal  governors 
and  the  House  of  Representatives  in  Massachusetts.  —  Financial 
schemes  :  paper  money  and  land  banks.  —  Influence  of  the  royal 
officials  on  social  and  political  life.  —  Religion,  education,  and 
literature. 

General.  —  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  III,  109-139,  192-221; 
Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision),  II,  67-69,  245-253,  262,  334,  337, 
341,  348,  353,  401-405,  412  ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  249,  250,  293- 
302,  345,  348,  350-354,  379-38l5  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  363-372,  381- 
384,  393-396,  401-405  ;  Winsor,  in  his  America,  V,  99-144. 

Special.  —  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts,  II,  121-448;  III,  1-82;  Pal 
frey,  New  England,  II;  Palfrey,  Compendioiis  History,  III,  152-469, 
IV,  1-284  5  Brooks  Adams,  Emancipation  of  Massachusetts ;  Baird, 
Huguenot  Emigration  ;  Lowell,  Among  my  Books  ("  New  England  Two 
Centuries  Ago");  Weeden,  Economic  and  Social  History;  Wendell, 
Cotton  Mather ;  Anderson,  Colonial  Church;  Charles  Chauncy,  A  Let 
ter  from  a  Gentleman  in  Boston  .  .  .  concerning  the  State  of  Religion  in 
New  England,  1742,  reprinted  by  the  Clarendon  Historical  Society, 
Barry,  Massachusetts,  II  ;  Haliburton,  Rule  and  Misrule  of  the  English 
in  America.  —  Paper  money  and  banking :  Winsor,  in  his  America,  V, 
170,  where  the  sources  are  enumerated  ;  Andrew  McF.  Davis,  Provincial 
Banks  :  Land  and  Silver  (Colonial  Society  of  Massachusetts,  Publica 
tions,  III);  Felt,  Massachusetts  Currency ;  Potter  and  Rider,  Paper 
Money  of  Rhode  Island  (Rhode  Island  Historical  Tracts,  No.  8).  See 
also  §  23. 

Sources  are  enumerated  in  Winsor,  America,  V.  See  also  the  records 
of  the  New  England  States  in  §  29. 


XIII.  EXPULSION  OF  THE  FRENCH. 
§  131.      Conflict  with  France   on  the  Seaboard. 

Summary.  —  Employment  of  Indians  by  the  French.  —  1690, 
Seizure  of  Port  Royal  by  the  English,  restored  to  France  in  1697. 
-1710,  Port  Royal  again  captured;  Annapolis  founded.— 
1713,  Acadia  ceded  to  England  by  Treaty  of  Utrecht.  —  1745, 
Louisburg  captured  by  the  New  Englanders  ;  1748,  restored  to 
France. —  1713-54,  Relations  of  the  Acadians  to  the  English. 
1755,  The  Acadians  removed.  —  1758,  Louisburg  taken. — Eng 
land  supreme  on  the  seaboard. 

General.  —  C.  C.  Smith,  in  Justin  Winsor,  America,  V,  407,  408; 
Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  182,  193,  258-262,  265,  276,  317,  330-332, 
394-400;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  II,  314,  322,  327  ;  III,  45, 
125,  192-221;  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  8,  118,  119,  234,  235,  303, 
306,  361,  363,  364,  368,  394,  404;  Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision), 
II,  175-185,  305-311,  425-434;  A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union, 
Ch.  ii ;  Wm.  W.  Sloane,  French  War  and  Revolution,  Chs.  iii-v. 

Special.  —  Parkman,  Frontenac  and  Ne-w  France,  208-285  and  335- 
387  ;  Parkman,  A  Half- Century  of  Conflict ;  Parkman,  Montcalm  and 
Wolfe ;  McMullen,  The  History  of  Canada,  Vol.  I  ;  Wm.  Kingsford, 
History  of  Canada,  II-IV;  J.  Belknap,  History  of  New  Hampshire ; 
Hannay,  Acadia  ;  Drake,  History  of  the  Five  Years'  French  and  Indian 
War  (1744-49). — On  the  capture  of  Louisburg  (1745),  see  Parkman, 
Half-Century,  II,  78-161.  —  On  the  removal  of  the  Acadians  (1755), 
see  Winsor,  in  his  America,  V,  452  ;  Parkman,  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  I, 
234;  Hannay,  Acadia,  383;  P.  H.  Smith,  Acadia,  a  Lost  Chapter; 
Harper's  Magazine,  November,  1884  ;  The  Nation,  October  30,  1884, 
January  22,  1885.  See  also  Edouard  Richard,  Acadia,  Missing  Links 
of  a  Lost  Chapter  in  American  History. 

Sources.  —  Louisburg,  1745:  James  Gibson,  A  Journal  of  the  Siege 
(reprinted  in  Johnson's  Life  of  Gibson}',  An  Ac  citrate  Journal  (attested 


282  Expulsion  of  the  French.  [§  131. 

by  Pepperrell).  —  Louisburg,  1758  :  A  Journal  extracted  from  Amhersfs 
and  Boscawen's  Letters  to  Pitt ;  see  also  Ninth  Report  of  Royal  Com 
mission  on  Historical  Manuscripts. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,   America,    V,   "Notes"  by  the  editor,  to 
Mr.  Smith's  chapter,  pp.  420  and  following. 


§  132.     Struggle  for  the  Possession  of    the  Great  Valleys. 

Summary.  —  Claims  of  France  and  England  to  the  interior.  — 
1749-53,  France  seizes  the  upper  Ohio  Valley. —  1754,  Washing 
ton's  surrender  at  Fort  Necessity.  —  1754,  Albany  Congress,  §  142. 
—  1755,  Braddock's  defeat,  other  disasters.  —  1756,  War  declared 
(the  "Seven  Years'  War"  in  Europe).  —  1756-57,  French  suc 
cesses. —  1757,  William  Pitt,  War  Minister. —  1758,  Capture  of 
Forts  Du  Quesne  and  Frontenac,  and  Louisburg.  — 1759,  Capture 
of  Ticonderoga,  Niagara,  and  Quebec.  —  1 760,  Conquest  of 
Canada  completed. —  1763,  Peace  of  Paris. 

General.  —  Winsor,  in  his  America,  V,  490-559;  Parkman,  Conspiracy 
of  Pontiac,  Ch.  v  ;  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  30-35,  209,  222,  307,  370, 
493>  496,  506,  518;  Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision),  II,  343, 
361-366,  367-388,  419-425,  435-443,  450-565  ;  Hildreth,  United  States, 
II,  433-496  ;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  II,  499-526;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Formation  of  the  Union,  Ch.  ii ;  Sloane,  French  War  and  Revolution, 
Chs.  vi-ix. 

Special.  —  Parkman,  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  Chs.  v-vii,  and  ix ; 
Lodge,  Washington;  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest;  Hibberd,  Wisconsin; 
Dunn,  Indiana;  Kingsford,  History  of  Canada,  III,  IV;  George  War- 
burton,  The  Conquest  of  Canada  ;  Robert  Christie,  History  of  Lower 
Canada;  R.  Wright,  Life  of  Wolfe ;  W.  L.  Stone,  Life  and  Times  of 
Sir  William  Johnson  ;  W.  E.  Griffis,  Sir  William  Johnson  and  the  Six 
Nations.  See  also  histories  of  the  original  states,  noted  in  §  23. 

Sources.  —  Celoron  de  Bienville,  Journal  of  an  Expedition  down  the 
Allegheny  and  Ohio  Rivers,  1749,  is  in  Catholic  Historical  Researches, 
II,  III ;  Washington's  Journal  and  Works;  Pouchot,  Memoir  itpon  the 
Late  War,  1755-60  (edited  by  Hough);  Winthrop  Sargeant's  edition  of 
The  History  of  an  Expedition  against  Fort  Du  Quesne  in  1755.  Docu 
ments  relating  to  this  expedition  are  in  Magazine  of  American  History, 


§  132.]  Struggle  for  the  Great    Valleys.  283 

VIII,  Virginia  Historical  Register,  V  ;  see  also  the  Official  Records  of 
Robert  Dinwiddie,  7731-58,  in  Virginia  Historical  Society,  Collections, 
II,  III.  —  For  the  war  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley,  see  Brymner, 
Dominion  Archives,  Montcalm's  Journal  and  Knox's  Journal ;  Reports 
of  the  Royal  Record  Commission,  etc.  —  For  the  Albany  Plan  of  Union, 
Stephen  Hopkins,  True  Representation  (reprinted  in  Rhode  Island 
Tracts,  No.  9);  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  14.  See  also  §  142. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  V,  560-611. 


XIV.     THE    REVOLUTION. 
§  133.     The  Colonies  in  1760. 

Summary.  —  The  underlying  causes  of  the  Revolution  :  social, 
political,  constitutional,  economic,  religious.  —  Population  of  the 
colonies.  —  Material  resources.  —  Foreign  trade.  —  Manufactures, 
—  Rise  of  the  legal  profession.  —  Growth  of  political  parties.  — 
Constitutional  relations  with  Great  Britain. 

General.  — Channing,  The  United  States,  1765-1865,  Ch.  i;  Hig- 
ginson,  Larger  History,  Ch.  ix  ;  E.  Eggleston,  papers  in  the  Century 
Magazine  ;  H.  E.  Scudder,  editor,  Men  and  Manners  in  America  One 
Hundred  Years  Ago  (Sans  Souci  series). 

Special.  —  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  Chs.  ii,  iv,  vi,  viii,  x,  xiii,  xv, 
xvii,  xxii ;  Winsor,  in  his  America,  V;  Parton,  introductory  portions  of 
his  lives  of  Franklin  and  Jefferson  ;  C.  F.  Adams,  Three  Episodes,  II, 
Chs.  v-xiv;  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  Chs.  i-iv. 

For  English  views  of  the  relations  of  the  colonies  to  England,  see 
Seeley,  Expansion  of  England ;  W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  England  in  the 
Eighteenth  Century,  Ch.  xii;  Lord  Mahon,  History  of  England,  Ch. 
xliii ;  and  the  histories  of  England,  by  Massey  (Whig),  Adolphus 
(Tory),  Bright,  and  S.  R.  Gardiner.  See  also  T.  E.  May  (Lord  Farn- 
borough),  Constitutional  History,  Ch.  xvii;  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Govern 
ment  of  Dependencies,  Chs.  v  and  vi;  Merivale,  Colonization. 

Sources.1  —  POPULATION:  F.  B.  Dexter,  Estimates  of  Popitlation 
(American  Antiquarian  Society,  Proceedings,  1887).  For  other  esti 
mates,  follow  Dexter's  footnotes  and  the  following  references  :  Lodge, 
English  Colonies,  pp.  44,  113,  148,  172,  197,  227,  273,  312,  408. 

THE  COLONIES  IN  GENERAL  (see  Part  III,  §§  145-148):  Burke, 
European  Settlements  in  America  (in  his  Works  and  also  separately); 
Huske,  The  Present  State  of  North  America  ;  William  Douglass,  Sum 
mary  of  the  British  Settlements  ;  Warden,  Statistical,  Political  and  His- 

1  In  this  and  succeeding  sections  of  Part  II  (§§  133-142)  it  has  been  found  desirable 
to  enumerate  under  the  head  of  Sources  many  books  which  are  not  contemporary 
writings,  but  are,  nevertheless,  almost  indispensable  in  the  absence  of  better  material- 

284 


§i33-]  The  Colonies  in  I?6o.  285 

torical  Account;  Pownall,  A  Memorial  to  the  Sovereigns  of  Europe  on 
the  Present  State  of  Affairs  between  the  Old  and  the  New  World ;  M.  C. 
Tyler,  History  of  American  Literature ;  Thomas,  History  of  Printing ; 
Brewer,  Agriculture,  in  Harper's  Magazine,  1875-76;  McCulloch,  A 
Dictionary,  Geographical,  Statistical,  etc.;  Adam  Anderson,  4n  His 
torical  and  Statistical  Deduction  of  the  Origin  of  Commerce;  Mac- 
Pherson,  Annals  of  Commerce;  Beer,  The  Commercial  Policy  of  Eng 
land  toward  the  American  Colonies ;  Bernard,  Letters  on  the  Trade  and 
Government  of  America ;  Bishop,  History  of  American  Manufactures; 
Swank,  History  of  the  Manufacture  of  Iron  ;  Adam  Smith,  Wealth  of 
Nations  ;  Cunningham,  Growth  of  English  Industry  and  Commerce  in 
Modern  Times  ;  Gee,  Trade  and  Navigation  of  Great  Britain;  Chan- 
ning,  The  Navigation  Laws  (American  Antiquarian  Society,  Proceed 
ings,  1889);  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  19;  C.  F.  Bishop,  History 
of  Elections  in  the  American  Colonies,  in  Columbia  University,  Studies 
in  History,  etc.,  Ill,  No.  I. 

On  topics  dealing  with  ecclesiastical  matters,  see  Anderson,  Colonial 
Church ;  Perry,  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  Papers  Relating  to 
the  History  of  the  Church  ;  Briggs,  American  Presbyterianism  ;  Narra 
tive  of  .  .  .  .  Imprisonment  of  Two  Presbyterian  Ministers  .  ...  at  the 
City  of  New  York,  7707;  Backus,  History  of  the  Baptists;  R.  A.  Guild, 
Chaplain  Smith  and  the  Baptists ;  Baird,  Huguenot  Emigration  to 
America  ;  G.  D.  Bernheim,  History  of  the  German  Settlements  and  of 
the  Lutheran  Church  in  North  and  South  Carolina  ;  Catholic  Historical 
Researches ;  I.  A.  Cornelison,  Religion  and  Civil  Government  in  the 
United  States ;  I.  D.  Rupp,  Religious  Denominations ;  John  Brown, 
British  Churches,  II;  Benedict,  History  of  the  Baptists;  J.  G.  Shea, 
The  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States,  I,  II  ;  Hodges,  Constitutional 
History  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  ;  Am  eric  an -Church  History  Series  ; 
and  several  papers  in  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies. 

For  the  daily  life  of  the  people,  see  Maury,  Huguenot  Family  in 
Virginia  ;  Franklin's  "  Autobiography "  in  any  edition  of  Franklin's 
Works  ;  Alexander  Graydon,  Memoirs  of  a  Life  chiefly  passed  in  Penn 
sylvania  (1752-1818);  John  Adams's  "Diary"  in  his  Works;  Elkanah 
Watson,  Memoirs;  Burnaby,  Travels  through  the  Middle  Colonies 
(1759-60);  Kalm,  Travels  in  North  America ;  Rochefoucauld,  Travels 
through  the  United  States  (1795);  Robin,  New  Travels  through  North 
America  (1781);  Chastellux,  Travels;  Brissot,  New  Travels  in  the 
United  States  of  America  (1788);  Smyth,  A  Tour  in  the  United  States 
(1784);  Claude  Blanchard,  Journal ;  Martha  J.  Lamb,  The  Homes  of 
America,  See  also  §§  24,  33. 


286  The  Revolution.  [§.  133. 

For  the  separate  colonies,  see  the  following  works,  and  others  enu 
merated  in  §§  23,  24,  29,  32,  33,  34  : 

NEW  ENGLAND:  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  559;  Weeden,  Economic 
History,  Chs.  xii-xvii;  Felt,  Customs  of  New  England;  Drake,  Nooks 
and  Corners  of  the  New  England  Coast. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE  :  Provincial  Papers  of  New  Hampshire ;  Belknap, 
History  of  New  Hampshire ;  Sanborn,  History  of  New  Hampshire ; 
Bouton,  Rambles  about  Concord ;  Brewster,  Rambles  about  Portsmouth. 

VERMONT  :  State  and  Provincial  Papers  of  Vermont ;  Williams,  His 
tory  of  Vermont ;  Vermont  Historical  Society,  Collections. 

MASSACHUSETTS  :  Acts  and  Resolves  of  the  Province  of  Massachusetts 
Bay  ;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  II  ;  Washburn,  Jiidicial  History  of  Massa 
chusetts ;  Medicine  in  Massachiisetts,  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
Collections,  Second  Series,  I;  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceed 
ings,  Index  Volume  (the  contents  of  the  Collections  may  be  learned 
from  the  indexes  in  the  tenth  volume  of  each  series) ;  Nason,  Life  of 
Frankland ;  Upham,  Salem  Witchcraft,  Introduction;  Winsor,  Memorial 
History  of  Boston;  S.  A.  Drake,  Old  Landmarks  of  Boston.  The 
social  conditions  can  be  further  studied  in  the  town  records,  especially 
in  the  following  :  Weston  Town  Records,  f/^6-jSoj ;  Boston  Record 
Commissioners'  Reports  (Nos.  14,  16,  17,  and  19  contain  the  Boston 
Town  Records  and  the  Selectmen"1*  Minutes,  1742  to  1763). 

RHODE  ISLAND:  Laws  of  Rhode  Island;  Rhode  Island  Colonial 
Records ;  Historical  Society,  Proceedings ;  Arnold,  History  of  Rhode 
Island;  Staples,  Annals  of  Providence  ;  Newport  Historical  Magazine  ; 
G.  W.  Greene,  History  of  East  Greenwich  ;  Westerly  and  its  Witnesses ; 
W.  E.  Foster,  Life  of  Stephen  Hopkins. 

CONNECTICUT  :  Hinman,  Antiquities  of  Connecticut ;  Hollister,  His 
tory  of  Connecticut;  Barber,  Historical  Collections  of  Connecticut; 
History  of  New  London  ;  Caulkins,  History  of  ATorwich  ;  New  Haven 
Historical  Collections  ;  Connecticut  Historical  Society,  Collections. 

NEW  YORK:  Acts  of  the  Assembly  of  New  York;  New  York  His 
torical  Society,  Collections;  Smith,  History  of  New  York;  Jones,  His 
tory  of  New  York  during  the  Revolution ;  Documents  relating  to  the 
Colonial  History  of  ATew  York  ;  Wood,  Long  Island ;  Historical  Collec 
tions  of  Long  Island ;  Furman,  Antiquities  of  Long  Island ;  Furman, 
History  of  Brooklyn  ;  Thompson,  History  of  Long  Island ;  Mandeville, 
History  of 'Flushing ;  Valentine,  History  of  New  York  \City~\\  Memorial 


§  1 33-]  The  Colonies  in  I?6o.  287 

History  of  New  York  \City\\  Denton,  Account  of  New  York  \City\\ 
Munsell,  Annals  of  Albany  ;  An  Account  of  a  Journey  to  Niagara  and 
Quebec,  1765. 

NEW  JERSEY:  Allinson,  Laws  of  New  Jersey  ;  New  Jersey  Archives  ; 
Barber,  Historical  Collections  of  New  Jersey ;  Elmer,  Constitutional 
Government  of  New  Jersey ;  Murray,  Notes  on  Elizabeth ;  Hatfield, 
History  of  Elizabeth  ;  G.  Thomas,  History  of  Salem,  West  New  Jersey  ; 
Wickes,  History  of  Medicine  in  New  Jersey. 

PENNSYLVANIA  :  The  Charters  and  Acts  of  the  Province  of  Pennsyl 
vania  ;  Votes  of  Pennsylvania  ;  Hazard,  Pennsylvania  Archives  and 
Colonial  Records ;  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Collections ;  Penn 
sylvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography  ;  Penn  and  Logan  Corre 
spondence  ;  Proud,  History  of  Pennsylvania ;  Egle,  Pennsylvania ; 
Scharf,  History  of  Philadelphia ;  Watson,  Annals  of  Philadelphia; 
Smith,  History  of  Delaware  County ;  Life  and  Works  of  Benjamin 
Franklin ;  Michaux,  Travels ;  History  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl 
vania. 

MARYLAND  :  Bacon,  Laws  of  Maryland ;  Maryland  Historical 
Society,  Proceedings  and  Fund  Publications  ;  Histories  of  Maryland,  by 
Scharf  (Vol.  II),  McMahon,  McSherry,  and  Browne ;  Neill,  Terra 
Marice  ;  Johnston,  History  of  Cecil  County ;  Jacob,  Life  of  Cresap  ; 
Griffiths,  Annals  of  Baltimore  ;  Ridgely,  Annals  of  Annapolis  ;  Eddis, 
Letters  from  America;  Correspondence  of  Governor  Sharpe,  1752—61; 
T.  C.  Gambrall,  Church  Life  in  Colonial  Maryland. 

VIRGINIA:  Hening,  Laws  of  Virginia;  Campbell,  History  of  Vir 
ginia;  Beverly,  Virginia;  Burk,  Virginia,  Vol.  Ill;  Jefferson,  Notes 
on  Virginia  ;  Meade,  Old  Churches  and  Families  of  Virginia;  Foote, 
Sketches  of  Virginia  ;  Semple,  The  Baptists  in  Virginia  ;  Kercheval, 
History  of  the  Valley  of  Virginia  ;  Peyton,  History  of  Augusta  County  ; 
Maury,  Huguenot  Family  ;  R.  A.  Brock,  Httguenot  Emigration  to  Vir 
ginia  (Virginia  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Vol.  V);  Hartwell,  Blair, 
and  Chilton,  Present  State  of  Virginia;  Jones,  Present  State  of  Vir 
ginia  ;  Dinwiddie's  papers  in  Virginia  Historical  Society,  Collections, 
New  Series,  Vols.  II  and  III;  E.  Ingle,  Local  Institutions  of  Virginia ; 
and  Channing,  Town  and  County  Government.  See  also  biographies 
and  writings  of  Washington,  Jefferson,  Henry,  Mason,  and  Madison. 

NORTH  CAROLINA:  Archives  of  North  Carolina,  edited  by  Saunders; 
Iredell,  Laws  of  North  Carolina  ;  Martin,  History  of  North  Carolina ; 


288  The  Revolution .  [§  133. 

Williamson,  History  of  North  Carolina  ;  Wheeler,  Historical  Sketches 
of  North  Carolina ;  Lawson,  Descriptions  of  North  Carolina ;  Bern- 
heim,  German  Settlements  in  North  and  South  Carolina. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA  :  Grimke,  Laws  of  South  Carolina;  Cooper,  Laws 
of  South  Carolina  (contains  the  Statutes  at  Large  arranged  topically); 
Ramsay,  History  of  South  Carolina ;  Logan,  History  of  the  Upper 
Country  of  South  Carolina ;  Mills,  Statistics  of  Soiith  Carolina ;  Glen 
(governor  of  the  colony),  Answers  to  the  Lords  of  Trade  is  in  De  Brahm, 
Dociiments  [relating  to]  South  Carolina ;  Glen,  Description  of  South 
Carolina  is  in  Carroll's  Historical  Collections,  II  (which  also  contain 
contemporary  accounts  by  Purry,  Milligan,  Archdale,  etc.).  See  also 
The  Charleston  Year-Books. 

GEORGIA  :  Historical  Society,  Collections,  the  histories  of  the  colony 
by  C.  C.  Jones,  McCall,  and  Stevens  ;  White,  Statistics  of  the  State  of 
Georgia  ;  White,  Historical  Collections  of  Georgia ;  Lee,  History  of 
Savannah;  Strobel,  The  Salzburgers ;  Miller,  Bar  and  Bench ;  Moore, 
Voyage  to  Georgia. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  Vol.  V  (the  Index,  under  the 
names  of  the  several  colonies,  indicates  the  portions  of  the  volume 
devoted  to  bibliography);  Lodge,  English  Colonies  (footnotes  to  the 
chapters  cited  at  the  head  of  this  section) ;  Perkins,  Check-list  of  Amer 
ican  Local  History.  Convenient  lists  are  appended  to  the  several  volumes 
of  the  American  Church  History  Series. 


§  134.    Passive  Resistance,  1761-1766. 

Summary.  —  1761,  Writs  of  Assistance. —  1763,  The  Parson's 
Cause.  —  1763,  Pontiac's  Conspiracy.  —  1764,  Revision  of  the 
trade  laws.  —  1765,  Stamp  Act  passed.  —  Was  it  constitutional? 
—  Reception  in  the  colonies.  — 1765,  The  Stamp  Act  Congress, 
its  importance  as  a  precedent.  —  Condition  of  political  parties  in 
England.  —  The  first  Rockingham  Ministry.  —  1766,  The  Act 
repealed.  —  The  Declaratory  Act. 

General.  —  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  Ch.  v  ;  Lecky,  Eng 
land,  Ch.  xii ;  Mellen  Chamberlain,  in  Winsor,  America,  VI,  1-34; 
Channing,  The  United  States,  1765-^865,  Ch.  ii  ;  George  Bancroft, 
United  States  (last  revision);  Hildreth,  United  States ;  Gay,  Bryan? s 
Popular  History. 


§  1 34-]  Passive  Resistance.  289 

Special. —  ON  THE  SECTION  AS  WHOLE:  Mahon,  England,  Chs. 
xliii-xlv  (omitting  portions  relating  to  America  in  general  and  to 
English  politics);  Ramsay,  History  of  the  American  Revolution; 
Grahame,  History  of  the  United  States,  IV  ;  Gordon,  History  of  the 
American  Revolution ;  Holmes,  Annals ;  Mrs.  Warren,  History  of  the 
Rise,  etc.;  Pitkin,  Political  History  of  the  United  States ;  Wm.  Kings- 
ford,  History  of  Canada,  V. 

WRITS  OF  ASSISTANCE  :  Horace  Gray  in  Appendix  I  (especially  p. 
540)  to  Quincy's  Reports  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  1761-72,  and  ibid.,  p. 
51 ;  Weeden,  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New  England,  II,  Ch. 
xviii ;  Tudor,  Life  of  James  Otis  ;  Minot,  History  of  Massachusetts,  II ; 
Hutchinson,  History  of  Massachusetts,  III  ;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  III. 

THE  PARSON'S  CAUSE  :  Lives  of  Patrick  Henry,  by  William  Wirt, 
M.  C.  Tyler,  and  W.  W.  Henry,  especially  the  latter's  work,  Vol.  I  ; 
Campbell,  Virginia,  507  ;  Hening,  Laws  of  Virginia  ;  Burk,  History  of 
Virginia  ;  Maury,  Huguenot  family. 

THE  STAMP  ACT  :  Mahon,  England,  Chs.  xliii  and  xlv  ;  Massey's 
and  Adolphus's  Histories  of  England ;  The  Rockingham  Papers  ;  The 
Grenville  Papers,  Vol.  II  ;  Correspondence  of  William  Pitt,  Earl  of 
Chatham;  Bedford  Correspondence;  Almon's  Papers;  Walpole,  Let 
ters;  Works  of  Edmund  Burke  ;  Campbell,  Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancel 
lors  and  Lives  of  the  Lord  Chief  Justices  (Camden  and  Mansfield); 
Parliamentary  History ;  Rogers,  Protests  of  the  Lords ;  Fitzmaurice, 
Life  of  Shelburne  ;  Wells,  Life  of  Samiiel  Adams  ;  Hosmer,  S.  Adams  ; 
and  lives  of  Otis,  Hutchinson,  John  Adams,  and  Henry,  especially  W.  W. 
Henry's  Patrick  Henry,  Vol.  I ;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts,  III  ;  P.  O. 
Hutchinson,  Governor  Hutchinson,  I.  Franklin's  examination  is  in  his 
Works.  For  the  Stamp  Act  Congress  see  Account  of  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Congress  held  in  New  York  in  1763,  reprinted  in  Niles,  Principles 
and  Acts,  and  elsewhere. 

Sources.  —  STATEMENTS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  THEORY  :  James 
Otis's  speech  on  Writs  of  Assistance  in  Quincy,  Reports,  as  above  ; 
Tudor,  Life  of  Otis ;  Minot,  History  of  Massachtisetts  ;  and  see  also  S. 
A.  Green  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  December 
n,  1890  ;  James  Otis,  Vindication  of  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Repre 
sentatives  ;  James  Otis,  The  Rights  of  the  British  Colonies  Asserted  and 
Proved,  1764  ;  Stephen  Hopkins,  The  Rights  of  Colonies  Examined, 
1765  ;  Richard  Bland,  Enquiry  into  the  Rights  of  the  British  Colonies, 
1769;  S.  Adams,  or  Otis,  or  both,  Vindication  of  the  Town  of  Boston, 


290  The  Revolution.  [§  134. 

1769;  John  Dickinson,  Letters  of  a  Farmer  in  Pennsylvania,  1767-68; 
The  Instructions  of  the  Town  of  Boston,  adopted  May,  1^64  (usually 
ascribed  to  S.  Adams);  Patrick  Henry,  Virginia  Resolutions  against 
the  Stamp  Act,  1765,  in  Henry's  Henry  and  many  other  places  ; 
Resolves  of  the  Stamp  Act  Congress,  October,  1765  ;  Resolves  of  the 
Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives,  October,  1765  ;  Virginia  Re 
solves,  1769;  Jefferson,  Summary  View,  1774,  reprinted  in  American 
History  Leaflets,  No.  n;  Alden  Bradford,  Massachusetts  State  Papers. 
See  also  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases  on  Constitutional  Law,  1-47  ;  Brinton 
Coxe,  An  Essay  on  Jtidicial  Power  and  Unconstitutional  Legislation  ; 
Charles  Borgeaud,  The  Rise  of  Modern  Democracy  in  Old  and  New 
England ;  Frederick  Pollock,  The  History  of  the  Science  of  Politics, 
reprinted  in  several  editions,  from  the  Fortnightly  Review,  August, 
i882-January,  1883;  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  The  Government  of  Dependencies 
and  Methods  of  Observation  in  Politics ;  Stevens,  The  Sources  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

These  writers  frequently  refer  to  the  earlier  English  writers  on  the 
theory  of  government,  especially  to  John  Locke,  Two  treatises  on  Civil 
Government,  Book  II;  Richard  Hooker,  The  Laws  of  Ecclesiastical 
Polity,  Books  I  and  VI  ;  Algernon  Sidney,  Discoiirses  on  Government ; 
James  Harrington,  The  Commonwealth  of  Oceana  ;  Blackstone,  Com 
mentaries  ;  Coke,  Institutes.  See  also  Hobbes,  Philosophical  Rudiments 
concerning  Government  and  Society  and  The  Leviathan ;  Machiavelli, 
Discourses  on  the  First  Decade  of  Livy ;  Filmer,  Patriarcha ;  The 
Works  of  King  James  ;  and  the  Agreement  of  the  People,  Instrument  of 
Government  and  Petition  and  Advice,  in  S.  R.  Gardiner,  Documents  of 
the  Ptiritan  Revolution,  and  in  the  Old  South  Leaflets.  A  more  radical 
form  of  the  Agreement  of  the  People  is  in  Borgeaud,  Democracy,  and 
Gardiner,  Great  Civil  War,  III,  Appendix  ;  Chapter  ix  of  the  latter 
volume  contains  a  detailed  narrative  of  the  formation  of  the  Agree 
ment  and  a  comparison  of  some  of  its  leading  features  with  American 
constitutions. 

The  French  work  which  produced  most  influence  on  the  formation 
of  opinion  at  this  early  period  (1760-76)  is  Montesquieu,  Esprit  des 
Lois  (numerous  translations  under  the  title  of  Spirit  of  Laws}. 

The  Stamp  Act  (5  George  III,  Ch.  xii)  is  in  many  places,  among 
others  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  21.  The  copy  in  Lossing's 
Field-Book  of  the  Revohition,  II,  672,  is  imperfect. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VI,  Ch.  i,  footnotes  and  "  Edi 
torial  Notes."  See  also  Winsor,  Hand-Book  of  the  American  Revolution. 


§  J35-]        Constitutional  Opposition,  Ijdj-ljjq.  291 


§  135.     Active  Resistance,  1767-1774. 

Summary.  —  1 767,  The  Chatham-Grafton  ministry.  —  The 
Townshend  Acts:  (i)  laying  duties  on  certain  imported  com 
modities,  (2)  reorganizing  the  Colonial  Customs  Service,  (3) 
providing  for  the  quartering  of  troops,  (4)  instituting  Courts  of 
Admiralty.  — 1768,  Seizure  of  the  sloop  Liberty.  — 1769,  The 
Virginia  Resolves.— 1770,  "Boston  Massacre."  —  1771,  Partial 
repeal  of  the  act  levying  customs  duties.  — 1772,  Burning  of  the 
Gaspee.  —  The  Commission  of  Inquiry.  —  1 773,  Virginia  Resolves. 

—  1773,  Destruction  of  the  tea  at  Boston.  —  1774,  Four  Acts  of 
Parliament :  (i)  Boston  Port  Act,  (2)  Massachusetts  Government 
Act,  (3)  Impartial  Administration  of  Justice  Act,  (4)  Quebec  Act. 

—  1774,  The  First  Continental  Congress.  —  The  American  Asso 
ciation,  its  importance  from  a  constitutional  point  of  view. 

General.  —  Lecky,  England,  Ch.  xii ;  Mellen  Chamberlain,  in  Win- 
sor,  America,  VI,  Ch.  i ;  Channing,  The  United  States,  1^65-1865,  Ch. 
ii ;  Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular  History  ;  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  Ch.  xxiii; 
George  Bancroft,  United  States ;  Hildreth,  United  States ;  Wm.  Kings- 
ford,  History  of  Canada,  V. 

Special.  —  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  Chs.  vi-viii ;  Mahon, 
England,  Chs.  xlvi-1  (omitting  portions  dealing  with  English  politics); 
Massey,  England  ;  Adolphus,  England ;  Barry,  Massachusetts ;  Hutch- 
inson,  Massachusetts. 

The  history  of  this  time  must  be  studied  in  the  biographies  and  writ 
ings  of  the  leading  men,  see  §§  25,  32,  33,  34.  In  the  following  para 
graphs  the  most  important  of  these  works  for  the  student  of  this  period 
are  brought  together : 

John  Adams  :  Life  and  Works  (10  vols.),  edited  by  C.  F.  Adams 
(the  Life  by  the  editor  forms  Vol.  I,  the  Diary  and  Autobiography  are 
in  Vols.  II  and  III).  Biography  by  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  in  American  States 
men  Series.  See  also  Familiar  Letters  of  John  Adams  and  his  Wife 
during  the  Revolution  and  Letters  of  Mrs.  Adams,  both  edited  by  C.  F. 
Adams. 

Samuel  Adams  :  Life  and  Works  (3  vols.),  edited  by  William  V. 
Wells.  Biography  by  J.  K.  Hosmer  in  American  Statesmen  Series. 

John  Dickinson  :  Life  and  Letters  (2  vols.),  by  Stille. 


292  The  Revolution.  [§  135. 

Benjamin  Franklin  :  Works  (10  vols.),  edited  by  Jared  Sparks ; 
Writings  (10  vols.),  edited  by  John  Bigelow  ;  Life  and  Writings  (4 
vols.  arranged  topically),  edited  by  W.  T.  Franklin  —  a  very  useful 
edition  for  the  student  ;  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin  written  by  himself 
(2  vols.),  edited  by  John  Bigelow.  Biographies  by  J.  B.  McMaster  in 
American  Men  of  Letters  Series,  and  by  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  in  American 
Statesmen  Series. 

Alexander  Hamilton :  Works  (9  vols.),  edited  by  H.  C.  Lodge. 
Biographies  by  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  (2  vols.),  and  by  H.  C.  Lodge  in 
American  Statesmen  Series. 

Patrick  Henry  :  Life  and  Speeches  (3  vols.),  by  W.  W.  Henry.  See 
also  biographies  by  William  Wirt  and  M.  C.  Tyler,  the  latter  in  Ameri 
can  Statesmen  Series. 

Stephen  Hopkins  :  Life  by  W.  E.  Foster  forming  Nos.  19  and  20  of 
Rhode  Island  Historical  Tracts. 

John  Jay  :  Biographies  by  William  Jay  and  George  Pellew,  the  latter 
in  American  Statesmen  Series. 

Thomas  Jefferson:  Writings  (10  vols.),  "Congress  Edition";  new 
edition  edited  by  Ford  (Vols.  I-III  cover  the  Revolutionary  period). 
Biographies  by  Randall  (3  vols.),  Tucker  (2  vols.),  Parton,  and  J.  T. 
Morse,  the  last  in  American  Statesmen  Series. 

R.  H.  Lee  :  Life  by  R.  H.  Lee. 

George  Mason  :   Life  (2  vols.),  by  K.  M.  Rowland. 

James  Otis  :  Life  by  Tudor. 

Timothy  Pickering:  Life  (3  vols.),  by  O.  Pickering  and  C.  W. 
Upham. 

Josiah  Quincy,  Jr.:  Life  by  J.  Quincy. 

George  Washington:  Writings  (12  vols.),  edited  by  Jared  Sparks; 
also  an  edition  (12  vols.),  edited  by  W.  C.  Ford  ;  Correspondence  of  the 
Revolution,  being  Letters  to  Washington  (4  vols.),  edited  by  Sparks. 
Biographies  by  John  Marshall  (4  vols.),  Irving  (3  vols.),  Sparks  (form 
ing  the  first  volume  of  his  edition  of  the  Writings],  and  Lodge  in  Amer 
ican  Statesmen  Series  (2  vols.). 

Biographies  of  less  prominent  persons  are  in  Sparks,  American 
Biography  ;  Sanderson,  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  ; 
Elizabeth  F.  Ellet,  The  Women  of  the  American  Revolution  ;  Charles 
C.  Jones,  Jr.,  Biographical  Sketches  of  the  Delegates  of  Georgia  to  the 
Continental  Congress  ;  Thomas  Wyatt,  Memoirs  of  the  Generals,  Com 
modores  ....  during  the  Wars  of  the  Revolution  and  of  1812.  The 
Southern  Literary  Messenger  contains  many  collections  of  letters  and 
other  material  relating  to  this  period. 


§  1 35-]  Active  Resistance,  1767-1774.  293 

For  critical  estimates  of  some  of  the  leading  men,  see  Theodore 
Parker,  Historic  Americans.  Mason  L.  Weems's  biographies  of  Wash 
ington  and  Franklin,  are  interesting  as  showing  the  origin  of  many  of 
the  stories  connected  with  these  men. 

Sources.  —  THE  TOWNSHEND  ACTS,  1767:  Frothingham,  Rise  of 
the  Republic,  204  ;  the  leading  histories  of  England,  as  above ;  Par 
liamentary  History,  XVI  ;  Cavendish's  Debates,  1768-1770.  The  Acts, 
technically  known  as  7  George  III,  Chs.  41,  46,  etc.,  are  in  Statutes  at 
Large,  Vol.  VIII.  See  also  Scots'  Magazine,  XXX  ;  Gentlemen'' s  Maga- 
zine,  XXXVIII  ;  Annual  Register;  Grenville  Papers;  Chatham  Cor 
respondence;  Fitzmaurice,  Life  of  Shelburne ;  Albemarle,  Life  of  Rock- 
ingham  ;  Russell,  Life  of  C.  J.  Fox ;  Edmund  Burke,  Works ;  Burke, 
Two  Speeches  on  Conciliation  -with  America  ;  Almon,  Prior  Documents  ; 
Alden  Bradford,  Massachusetts  State  Papers ;  Boston  Town  Records ; 
biographies  of  Otis,  the  Adamses,  etc.;  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  Collections,  Fifth  Series,  Vol.  IX.  For  a  notice  of  Townshend, 
see  Encyclopedia  Britannica,  Vol.  XXIII. 

SEIZURE  OF  THE  SLOOP  LIBERTY,  1768:  John  Adams,  Works,  III; 
Hutchinson,  Massachusetts ^  III,  and  the  works  mentioned  under 
"  Special." 

"THE  BOSTON  MASSACRE,"  1770:  Frothingham,  Life  of  Warren 
and  Rise  of  the  Republic ;  John  Adams,  Works ;  Kidder,  The  Boston 
Massacre;  Chandler,  American  State  Trials;  Winsor,  Memorial 
History  of  Boston.  An  account,  from  the  American  standpoint,  is 
entitled  :  Short  Narrative  of  the  Horrid  Massacre  in  Boston  ;  Joseph 
Warren's  oration  on  the  6th  of  March,  1775,  is  reprinted  in  Library  of 
American  Literature,  III,  256.  See  also  the  standard  works,  as  above. 

VIRGINIA  RESOLVES,  1769:  Frothingham,  Republic,  233;  W.  W. 
Henry,  Life  of  Patrick  Henry,  I ;  the  biographies  and  writings  of  the 
Virginia  statesmen  and  the  standard  histories  of  Virginia.  The  Re 
solves  are  in  Frothingham,  Republic,  236,  note. 

THE  GASPEE,  1772  :  Staples,  Documentary  History  of  the  Destruction 
of  the  Gaspee ;  Bartlett,  History  of  the  Destruction^  etc.  (most  of  the 
material  found  in  this  volume  is  also  in  Rhode  Island  Colonial  Records, 
VII);  Rhode  Island  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1890-91;  Arnold, 
Rhode  Island,  II  ;  Parton,  Life  of  Jefferson  ;  Lossing,  Field-Book  of  the 
Revolution,  II. 


294  The  Revolution.  [§  135. 

VIRGINIA  RESOLVES,  1773:  Frothingham,  Republic,  279;  Staples, 
History  of  the  Destruction  of  the  Gaspee  ;  Greene,  Life  of  Nathanael 
Greene,  I ;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts,  III  ;  Wells,  Life  of  S.  Adams. 
Lives  of  Jefferson  by  Parton,  Randall,  and  see  also  either  of  the  edi 
tions  of  the  Works  of  Jefferson.  The  Resolves  are  in  Frothingham, 
Republic,  280. 

THE  TEA  ACT,  1773:  Frothingham,  Republic,  296;  Frothingham, 
Life  of  Warren  ;  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1864- 
65;  and  Collections,  Fourth  Series,  Vol.  Ill  ;  Works  of  Franklin  ;  Life 
of  Arthur  Lee ;  Parliamentary  History ;  Donne,  Correspondence  of 
George  III ;  Annual  Register  ;  the  standard  histories. 

THE  ACTS  OF  1774:  Frothingham,  Republic,  344;  Mahon's  and 
Lecky's  Histories;  Parliamentary  History ;  Protests  of  the  Lords; 
Donne,  Correspondence  of  George  III ;  Russell,  Life  of  C.  J.  Fox. 

THE  QUEBEC  ACT  :  Wm.  Kingsford,  History  of  Canada,  V,  Ch.  vii. 
The  Act  itself  is  in  ibid.,  V,  p.  256  ;  Cavendish,  Debates  on  the  Canada 
Bill  in  1774  (London,  1839);  Lecky,  England ;  and  the  writings  of  the 
leading  American  statesmen  of  the  time.  See  also  Burke's  Works. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VI,  footnotes  to  Chapter  i  and 
the  "  Editorial  Notes  "  to  that  chapter.  See  also  Winsor,  Hand-Book 
of  the  American  Revolution. 


§  136.     Revolution  Precipitated,  1772-1776. 

Summary.  —  1772-73,  Committees  of  correspondence.  —  1 773, 
"The  Hutchinson  Letters." — 1774-75,  Affairs  in  Massachusetts. 
—  1775,  April  19,  Lexington  and  Concord.  — 1775,  May,  Cap 
ture  of  Ticonderoga.  —  1775,  June  17,  Bunker  Hill.  —  V775,  June, 
Congress  assumes  control  of  the  army  before  Boston  and  appoints 
Washington  commander-in-chief.  —  April,  1775  to  March,  1776, 
Siege  of  Boston.  — 1775-76,  Invasion  of  Canada.  —  1776,  Clin 
ton's  attack  on  Charleston,  S.  C. 

General.  —  Higginson,  Larger  History,  Ch.  x;  Winsor,  in  his  Amer 
ica,  VI,  Ch.  ii;  Lecky,  England,  Ch.  xii;  Lodge,  English  Colonies ; 
Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular  History. 

Special.  —  George  Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition),  Vols. 
VII  and  VIII ;  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  Chs.  ix  and  x  ; 


§  136.]         Revolution  Precipitated,  IJJ2-IJJ6.  295 

Mahon,  England,  Chs.  li-liii ;  and  the  other  standard  works  mentioned 
under  §  134,  especially  those  of  Grahame,  Gordon,  and  Ramsay;  Moore, 
Diary  of  the  American  Revohition  ;  Jones,  New  York  in  the  Revolu 
tionary  War  (gives  the  views  of  an  American  Loyalist  —  with  valuable 
notes  by  the  editor,  E.  F.  DeLancey);  Niles,  Principles  and  Acts 
(contains  a  mass  of  information);  Wm.  Kingsford,  History  of  Canada, 
V,  VI.  See  also  §§  23,  24,  25,  32,  33. 

MILITARY  HISTORIES  covering  the  whole  field  :  Lossing,  Field-Book 
of  the  Revolution  (2  vols.,  arranged  topically  with  no  regard  to  sequence 
of  events);  Dawson,  Battles  of  the  United  States  (2  vols.,  gives  many 
important  documents);  Carrington,  Battles  of  the  American  Revohition 
(i  vol.,  a  good  compendious  account  from  a  military  point  of  view); 
Beatson,  Naval  and  Military  Memoirs  of  Great  Britain ;  Stedman, 
History  of  the  American  War. 

Sources.  —  THE  HUTCHINSON  LETTERS:  Copy  of  Letters  sent  to 
Great  Britain  by  Thomas  Hutchinson,  etc.,  reprinted  in  Franklin  before 
the  Privy  Council.  Franklin's  statement  of  the  matter  is  in  his  Works 
(Sparks's  edition,  Vol.  IV).  See  also  P.  O.  Hutchinson,  Life  and  Let 
ters  of  Thomas  Hutchinson ;  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Life  of  Thomas  Hutchin 
son;  biographies  of  Franklin;  and  the  standard  histories,  both  Amer 
ican  and  English. 

LEXINGTON  AND  CONCORD,  1775:  The  official  account  compiled 
for  the  Provincial  Congress  of  Massachusetts  is  in  Journals  of  the 
Provincial  Congresses,  pp.  661  and  following.  See  also  Force,  American 
Archives,  II,  where  several  English  accounts  are  also  given ;  Frothing- 
ham,  Siege  of  Boston  ;  Hudson,  History  of  Lexington;  Phinney,  Battle 
of  Lexington ;  Shattuck,  History  of  Concord.  S.  A.  Drake,  Historic 
Fields  of  Middlesex,  is  useful  in  the  identification  of  localities. 

SIEGE  OF  BOSTON,  1775-76:  Frothingham,  Siege  of  Boston  and  Life 
of  Joseph  Warren  ;  Centennial  Celebration  printed  by  the  city  of  Boston; 
Memorial  History  of  Boston  ;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  III  ;  Paige,  History 
of  Cambridge ;  Drake,  History  of  Roxbury ;  Washington's  Writings; 
biographies  of  Washington,  Nathanael  Greene,  William  Heath,  John 
Warren,  George  Read,  Joseph  Reed,  John  Knox  ;  Thacher,  Military 
Journal ;  Force,  American  Archives,  V  and  VI. 

BUNKER  HILL,  1775:  Frothingham,  Siege  of  Boston,  Life  of  War 
ren,  and  Battle- Field  of  Blinker  Hill ;  Historical  Magazine  (edited  by  H. 
B.  Dawson),  June,  1868;  Thacher,  Military  Journal ;  Barry,  Massachu- 


296  The  Revolution.  [§  136. 

setts ;  Stark,  Memoir  of  General  Stark  ;  Daniel  Putnam,  Account  of  the 
Battle  of  Bunker  Hill .  .  .  with  a  Letter  to  Major-General  Dearborn 
repelling  his  unprovoked  Attack  on  .  .  .  Israel  Putnam;  Humphreys,  Life 
of  Putnam  ;  G.  E.  Ellis,  Sketches  of  Bunker  Hill  Battle;  Force,  Ameri 
can  Archives,  IV;  Fonblanque,  Life  of  Burgoyne ;  the  standard  his 
tories,  especially  Gordon  and  Mahon,  and  the  military  histories, 
especially  Dawson,  Battles  of  the  United  States, 

TICONDEROGA,  1775:  Barry,  Massachusetts;  Holland,  Western 
Massachusetts ;  Smith,  History  of  Pittsfield ;  Jones,  New  York  in  the 
Revolutionary  War;  Lossing,  Life  of  Schuyler ;  Hollister,  History  of 
Connecticut ;  Connecticut  Historical  Collections,  Vol.  I ;  Dawson,  Battles 
of  the  United  States;  Ethan  Allen,  Narrative,  etc.;  Arnold,  Life  of 
Benedict  Arnold. 

INVASION  OF  CANADA,  1775-76  :  Armstrong,  Life  of  Montgomery 
(in  Sparks,  American  Biography];  Arnold,  Life  of  Benedict  Arnold; 
Graham,  Life  of  Daniel  Morgan;  Sparks,  Correspondence  of  the  Revolu 
tion  (for  Arnold's  letters  to  Washington);  Parton,  Life  of  Aaron  Burr  ; 
J.  J.  Henry,  Accurate  Account,  etc.;  Meigs's  Journal  in  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  Collections,  Second  Series,  Vol.  II ;  Wild's  Journal 
in  ibid.,  Proceedings,  April,  1886  (edited  with  bibliographical  notes  by 
J.  Winsor).  See  also  the  standard  works,  as  above,  especially  Ramsay, 
Lossing,  and  Dawson  ;  Lossing,  Life  of  Schuyler ;  Hollister,  Connecti 
cut  ;  Force,  American  Archives,  III. 

ATTACK  ON  CHARLESTON,  1776:  Sparks,  Correspondence  of  the 
Revolution;  Moultrie,  Memoirs;  Ramsay,  Revolution  of  South  Carolina; 
Gibbes,  Documentary  History ;  Drayton,  Memoirs;  Clinton,  Observa 
tions  on  Stedman's  History.  See  also  the  standard  works,  as  above, 
especially  Dawson,  Lossing,  Jones,  and  Adolphus. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor  in  his  America,  VI ;  Winsor,  Hand-Book  of 
the  American  Revohition  ;  Frothingham,  Siege  of  Boston  (footnotes). 

§  137.    The  Declaration  of  Independence,  1774-1776. 

Summary.  —  The  Continental  Congresses,  their  powers  and 
constitutional  positions. —  1775-76,  Growth  of  the  desire  for 
separation.  —  1775-76,  May  and  June,  Organization  of  state 
governments.  —  1776,  May,  Virginia  Resolves.  —  June,  R.  H. 
Lee's  resolutions.  —  July  2,  Resolution  declaring  the  United 


§  1 37-]  The  Declaration  of  Independence.  297 

Colonies  independent.  —  July  4,  Adoption  of  the  great  Declara 
tion.  —  July  5,  The  Declaration  published,  and  August  2,  signed. 
—  Constitutional  position  of  the  Declaration.  —  The  political 
theories  set  forth  therein. 

General.  —  Higginson,  Larger  History,  Ch.  xi ;  Lecky,  England,  Ch. 
xiv  ;  Higginson,  in  Scribner's  Magazine,  July,  1876;  John  Fiske,  Amer 
ican  Revolution. 

Special.  —  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic;  George  Bancroft, 
United  States ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  History  of  the  Constitution;  Story,  Com 
mentaries  on  the  Constitution ;  George  Tucker,  History  of  the  United 
States ;  Pitkin,  United  States ;  George  Chalmers,  Introduction  to  the 
History  of  the  Re-volt  (especially  the  Introduction  by  Mr.  Sparks) ;  G. 
W.  Greene,  Historical  View  ;  the  standard  histories,  especially  Gordon; 
and  the  biographies  and  writings  of  Jefferson,  R.  H.  Lee,  the  Adamses, 
Franklin,  Dickinson,  and  other  leading  men. 

Sources.  — Journals  of  Congress  ;  Secret  Journals  of  Congress  (both 
sets  printed  by  authority  of  the  Congresses  and  containing  less  informa 
tion  than  the  titles  indicate) ;  Works  of  John  Adams,  passim;  Force, 
American  Archives.  Lee's  Resolutions  are  given  in  facsimile  in  Force, 
Archives,  Fourth  Series,  VI.  The  original  draft  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  is  printed  in  facsimile  in  the  Congress  edition  of  Jeffer 
son's  Writings,  I,  19,  and  in  Ford's  edition,  II,  42.  The  Declaration 
as  adopted  may  be  found  in  facsimile  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
(issued  by  the  city  of  Boston  in  1876);  and  in  Force,  Archives,  Fifth 
Series,  I.  Various  texts  are  given  by  Ford  in  his  Jefferson's  Writings, 
I,  30,  and  II,  42.  For  the  facts  as  to  the  signing  of  the  Declaration, 
see  Mellen  Chamberlain,  Aiithentication  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ 
ence,  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  Second  Series, 
I,  273  (also  printed  separately)  and  Winsor,  in  his  America,  VI,  262-269. 
See  also  Thomas  Paine,  Common  Sense ;  and  Diary  of  Richard  Smith 
in  American  Historical  Review,  I. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  in  his  America,  VI,  pp.  100,  101,  and 
"  Editorial  Notes"  to  Chapter  iii;  Winsor,  Hand-Book  of  the  Revolution. 


298  The  Revolution.  [§  138. 


§  138.     The  War  in  the  Middle  States. 

Summary.  —  1776,  July,  Strength  of  the  combatants.  —  The 
Hessians.  — 1776,  August-December,  The  campaign  from  Long 
Island  to  the  Delaware.  —  December  26,  Surprise  at  Trenton. — 
Importance  of  this  battle.  —  1777,  Burgoyne's  campaign.  —  The 
Saratoga  convention.  —  Howe's  campaign  in  Pennsylvania.  — 
1778,  Monmouth.  — 1778-81,  Other  campaigns  in  the  North.— 
1 780,  Treason  of  Benedict  Arnold. 

General.  —  Lecky,  England,  Ch.  xiv;  General  Cullom,  in  Justin  Win- 
sor,  America,  VI,  275-314,  and  F.  D.  Stone,  in  ibid.,  367-403;  Gay, 
Bryants  Popular  History. 

Special.  —  Mahon,  England;  Carrington,  Battles;  Wm.  Kingsford, 
History  of  Canada,  VI ;  J.  W.  Wallace,  Sketch  of  Col.  William  Brad 
ford;  and  the  standard  histories. 

Sources. — THE  HESSIANS:  E.  J.  Lowell,  The  Hessians  in  the 
Re-volution  ;  G.  W.  Greene,  German  Element  in  the  War  ;  Fonblanque, 
Life  of  Burgoyne  ;  Baroness  Riedesel,  Letters  and  Memoirs  relating  to 
the  War. 

LONG  ISLAND  TO  THE  DELAWARE,  1776:  H.  P.  Johnston,  Cam 
paign  of 1776 ;  biographies  and  writings  of  Washington,  Greene,  Joseph 
Reed,  Franklin,  John  Adams ;  T.  W.  Field,  in  Memoirs  of  the  Long 
Island  Historical  Society;  Amory,  General  Sullivan  ;  Heath's  Memoirs; 
Parton,  Life  of  Aaron  Burr ;  Jones,  New  York  in  the  Revolution  ; 
Dunlap,  New  York;  Force,  A rchives,  Fifth  Series;  Stiles,  Brooklyn; 
General  Howe,  Narrative  of  his  Conduct. 

TRENTON  AND  PRINCETON  :  Force,  American  Archives,  Fifth  Series, 
III  ;  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography,  VII,  45  ; 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Fifth  Series,  IV,  32; 
biographies  and  writings  of  Washington,  Greene,  Sullivan,  and  Knox  ^ 
Lowell,  Hessians;  Raum,  History  of  Trenton;  Haven,  Annals  of 
Trenton;  Hagerman,  History  of  Princeton. 

BURGOYNE'S  CAMPAIGN,  1777  :  Force,  American  Archives,  Fifth 
Series,  Vols.  I,  II,  and  III  ;  Fonblanque,  Burgoyne ;  Burgoyne,  State 
of  the  Expedition;  W.  L.  Stone,  Campaign  of Burgoyne  ;  J.  M.  Hadden, 
Journal  and  Orderly  Books,  ifjb-i'ffS  ;  Arnold,  Life  of  Arnold ;  Los- 


§  138.]  The  War  in  the  Middle  States.  299 

sing,  Life  of  Schuyler  ;  Charles  Neilson,  An  Account  of  Burgoyne's 
Campaign ;  Graham,  Life  of  Daniel  Morgan ;  Thacher,  Military 
Journal ;  E.  J.  Lowell,  Hessians ;  Baroness  Riedesel,  Memoirs ;  the 
military  histories,  especially  Dawson,  Battles.  For  St.  Leger's  cam 
paign,  see  especially  Stone,  Life  of  Brant ;  Stone,  Campaign  of  Bur- 
goyne  ;  and  E.  H.  Roberts,  Battle  of  Oriskany. 

For  the  Battle  of  Bennington,  see  especially  Stone,  Campaign  of 
Burgoyne  ;  Smith,  History  of  Pittsfield ;  Holland,  Western  Massachu 
setts;  Chipman,  Life  of  Seth  Warner;  Vermont  Historical  Society, 
Collections ;  Stark,  Memoir  of  Stark ;  New  Hampshire  State  Papers  ; 
Coburn,  Centennial  of  the  Battle  of  Bennington. 

For  the  Convention,  see  especially  "Note  by  General  Cullom"  in 
Winsor,  America,  VI,  317  ;  Charles  Deane,  in  American  Antiquarian 
Society,  Proceedings,  1877  ;  George  Bancroft,  United  States ;  Mahon, 
England,  VI. 

WYOMING:  Pearce,  Annals  of  Luzerne  County;  Miner,  Wyoming; 
Chapman,  Wyoming ;  Stone,  Poetry  and  History  of  Wyoming ;  Peck, 
Wyoming ;  Hoyt,  Luzerne  Seventeen  Townships. 

HOWE'S  CAMPAIGN,  1777:  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History; 
Scharf  and  Wescott,  Philadelphia;  Egle,  History  of  Pennsylvania ; 
Lewis,  Chester  County ;  Smith,  Delaware  County ;  Memoirs  of  the 
Marquis  de  Lafayette;  General  James  Wilkinson,  Memoirs ;  Muhlen- 
berg,  Life  of  MtMenberg ;  Amory,  General  Sullivan;  Ross,  Life  of 
Cornwallis ;  the  standard  histories  and  military  histories,  especially 
Gordon  and  Dawson  ;  Sparks,  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution ; 
biographies  and  writings  of  Washington  (especially  that  by  Marshall), 
Greene,  Knox,  Wayne,  and  Pickering ;  Lowell,  Hessians ;  Pennsyl 
vania  Archives. 

THE  MONMOUTH  CAMPAIGN,  1778:  Dawson,  Battles,  and  the  other 
special  works;  Works  of  Alexander  Hamilton  (any  edition);  Kapp, 
Life  of  Steuben ;  biographies  and  writings  of  Washington,  Greene, 
Lafayette,  Morgan,  Pickering,  Knox,  and  Wayne  ;  Bean,  Washington 
and  Valley  Forge ;  Sparks,  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution ;  Simcoe, 
Queen's  Rangers  ;  Almon,  Remembrancer. 

For  Charles  Lee,  see  especially  Proceedings  of  the  Court  Martial  held 
at  Brunswick ;  G.  H.  Moore,  Treason  of  Charles  Lee ;  Langworthy, 
Memoirs  of  Lee ;  Papers  of  Lee  in  New  York  Historical  Society,  Col 
lections  ;  Sparks,  Life  of  Lee ;  Marshall,  Life  of  Washington ;  Works 
of  Hamilton. 


3OO  The  Revolution.  [§  138. 

ARNOLD'S  TREASON,  1780:  Dawson,  Papers  concerning  the  Capture 
of  Andre ;  Proceedings  of  a  Board,  September  29,  1780  (reprints  in 
Sargent's  Andre  and  Boynton's  West  Point]  ;  I.  N.  Arnold,  Life  of 
Arnold;  Lossing,  Two  Spies ;  Dawson,  Trial  'of  J.  H.  Smith;  Smith, 
Narrative ;  Chandler,  American  Criminal  Trials ;  Sparks,  Life  and 
Treason  of  Arnold ;  Parton,  Life  of  Burr  ;  Greene,  Nathanael  Greene  ; 
Jones,  New  York  in  the  Revolution;  Sargent,  Life  of  Andre ;  Leake, 
Life  of  General  Lamb  ;  Memoirs  of  B.  7^allmadge  ;  Lafayette,  Memoirs; 
Marbois,  Complot  d"1  Arnold  et  de  Sir  Henry  Clinton  ;  Rush,  Washing 
ton  in  Domestic  Life;  Baker's  edition  of  Halleck,  International  Law ; 
Adolphus  and  Mahon,  histories  of  England;  English  Historical  Review, 
January,  1890.  The  best  concise  account  is  by  Winsor,  in  his  America, 
VI,  447-468. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VI,  and  Winsor,  Hand-Book  of 
the  Revolution,  using  the  index  in  each  case. 


§  139.     The  French  Alliance. 

Summary.  —  1775,  Silas  Deane  in  France  ;  Deane  and  Beau- 
marchais.  —  1776,  Franklin,  Arthur  Lee,  and  Deane  appointed 
commissioners.  —  Franklin's  career  in  France.  —  Effect  of  Bur- 
goyne's  surrender.  — 1778,  The  treaties:  (i)  eventual  alliance, 
(2)  commerce.  —  Lord  North's  conciliatory  propositions.  —  Re 
sults  of  the  alliance.  —  D'Estaing  at  Newport  and  Savannah. 

General.  —  E.  J.  Lowell,  in  Justin  Winsor,  America,  VII,  24-72; 
Parton,  Life  of  Franklin  ;  Greene,  Historical  Vieiv. 

Special.  —  George  Bancroft,  United  States  (original  edition),  Vol.  X; 
Lyman,  Diplomacy  of  the  United  States ;  Trescot,  Diplomacy  of  the 
American  Revolution  ;  E.  E.  Hale,  Franklin  in  France. 

Sources.  — On  the  negotiations  with  France,  see  especially  :  Sparks, 
Diplomatic  Correspondence  of 'the  Revolution  ;  Wharton,  Digest  of  Inter 
national  Law;  Wharton,  Diplomacy  of  the  American  Revolution; 
Force,  American  Archives ;  Secret  Journals  of  Congress ;  Charles 
Isham,  Silas  Deane  in  New  York  Historical  Society,  Collections; 
Charles  Isham,  in  American  Historical  Association,  Proceedings,  1887 
(article  on  Deane);  Papers  in  the  Case  of  Silas  Deane;  Stille,  Beau- 
marchais  and  the  Lost  Million  ;  Lomenie,  Beaumarchais ;  biographies 
and  writings  of  Franklin  ;  R.  H.  Lee,  Life  of  Arthur  Lee ;  Wm.  Jay, 


§  MO.]  The  French  Alliance.  301 

Life  of  John  Jay;  Works  of  John  Adams  ;  Lafayette,  Memoirs  ;  Circourt, 
in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  XV ;  Circourt,  Action 
Commune  de  la  France  et  de  V Amerique ;  Doniol,  Participation  de  la 
France  a  I"1  Etablissement  des  Etats-Unis  d' Amerique  ;  J.  Durand,  Docu 
ments  on  the  American  Revolution. 

The  treaties  are  in  Treaties  and  Convention  between  the  United  States 
and  Other  Powers  ;  Secret  Journals,  etc. 

For  the  attempts  at  conciliation  and  the  condition  of  English  politics, 
1776-79,  see  especially  the  standard  English  histories  (§  133);  Parlia 
mentary  History;  Rogers,  Protests  of  the  Lords;  Annual  Register; 
Donne,  Correspondence  of  George  III  and  Lord  North  ;  Chatham  Cor 
respondence  ;  Fitzmaurice,  Life  of  Shelburne ;  Albemarle,  Memoirs  of 
Rockingham  ;  Bedford  Papers  ;  Grenville  Papers  ;  Russell,  Memoirs  of 
C.  J.  Fox;  Morley,  Life  of  Edmund  Burke;  Burke,  Works;  Horace 
Walpole,  Journals ;  Walpole,  Memoirs  of  George  III ;  Jesse,  George 
Selwyn  ;  Auckland  Correspondence;  P.  O.  Hutchinson,  Thomas 
Hutchinson ;  Campbell,  Lord  Chancellors  (Camden,  Loughborough, 
and  Thurlow);  Campbell,  Lord  Chief  Justices  (Mansfield);  Sir  G.  C. 
Lewis,  Administrations  of  Great  Britain;  Earle,  Prime  Ministers ;  D. 
Adams,  English  Party  Leaders. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  footnotes  to  Chapter  i  and 
"  Critical  Essay";  Winsor,  Hand-Book  of  the  Revolution. 


§  140.     The  War  in  the  Southern  Department. 

Summary,  — 1778,    Seizure   of   Savannah   by   the   British.— 

1779,  D'Estaing    and    Lincoln    attempt    its    recovery.  — 1780, 
Charleston   captured    by    Clinton.  —  The    British   occupy    South 
Carolina   and    Georgia.  —  1 780,    August,    Battle   of    Camden.  — 

1780,  October,    King's    Mountain.  —  1781,    Greene's   campaign 
from  Cowpens  to  Guilford.  —  His  later  campaigns.  —  Lafayette 
and  Cornwallis  in  Virginia. —  1780-81,  Rochambeau  at  Newport. 

—  1781,  August-October,  The  Yorktown  campaign. 

General.  —  Lecky,  England,  Ch.  xiv  ;  Channing,  in  Winsor,  America, 
VI,  469-507  ;  Greene,  Nathanael  Greene,  III,  Ch.  ii  (a  summary  of  the 
earlier  campaigns) ;  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson,  Chs.  v  and  vi ;  Carring- 
ton,  Battles ;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History ;  Parton,  Thomas  Jeffer 
son  ;  Simms,  Francis  Marion  ;  Greene,  Historical  View. 


302  The  Revolution.  [§  140. 

Special.  —  Ramsay,  History  of  the  American  Revolution,  and  the 
other  standard  works  enumerated  in  §§  134,  136,  especially  Dawson, 
Battles;  Gordon,  Revohition,  and  Stedman,  American  War ;  H.  P. 
Johnston,  Yorktown  Campaign  ;  Lowell,  Hessians. 

Sources.  —  THE  WAR  TO  SEPTEMBER,  1781  :  Ramsay,  Revolution 
of  South  Carolina  from  a  British  Province  to  an  Independent  State  ; 
Moultrie,  Memoirs  of  the  American  Revolution ;  McCall's,  Jones's,  and 
Stevens's  histories  of  Georgia  ;  Tarleton,  Campaigns  of  ij8o  and  1781 ; 
Mackenzie,  Strictures  on  Tarleton' s  History;  Hough,  Siege  of  Savannah; 
Almon,  Remembrancer;  Bowen,  Life  of  Lincoln;  Hough,  Siege  of 
Charleston ;  Charleston  Year-Books ;  Kapp,  Life  of  John  Kalb  ;  O.  H. 
Williams,  Narrative,  in  appendix  to  Johnson,  Life  of  Greene ;  J.  A. 
Stevens,  The  Southern  Campaign,  in  Magazine  of  American  History,  V; 
and  H.  P.  Johnston,  in  ibid.,  VIII  ;  McRee,  Life  of  Iredell.  There  are 
many  articles  on  these  Southern  campaigns  in  the  Southern  Literary 
Messenger  and  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina  Magazine. 

GREENE'S  CAMPAIGNS,  1781-83:  Greene,  Nathanael  Greene,  III; 
Johnson,  Life  and  Services  of  Nathanael  Greene ;  Henry  Lee,  Memoirs 
of  the  War  in  the  Southern  Department ;  Graham,  Life  of  Daniel 
Morgan ;  Horry,  Life  of  Francis  Marion ;  Gibbes,  Documentary  His 
tory ;  Armstrong,  Life  of  Anthony  Wayne;  Tarleton,  Campaigns ; 
Hamilton,  Grenadier  Guards ;  Almon,  Remembrancer ;  Draper,  King's 
Mountain;  McSherry,  Maryland;  Sparks,  Correspondence  of  the 
Revolution. 

THE  YORKTOWN  CAMPAIGN,  1781  :  Washington's  Writings  (either 
edition) ;  biographies  of  Washington,  especially  that  by  Marshall  ; 
Giradin,  Continuation  of  Burk's  Virginia  (written  under  Jeffersonian 
auspices);  Calendar  of  Virginia  State  Papers  ;  Rochambeau,  Memoirs ; 
Lafayette,  Memoirs ;  Ross,  Correspondence  of  Cornwallis ;  Tarleton, 
Campaigns ;  Kapp,  Steuben ;  Almon,  Remembrancer ;  Magazine  of 
American  History,  VII  ;  B.  F.  Stevens,  compiler,  Clinton-Cornwallis 
Controversy. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VI,  507-555  ;  Winsor,  Hand- 
Bo  ok  of  the  American  Revolution. 


§i4i.]  End  of  the    War.  303 


§  141.     The  Treaty  of  Peace. 

Summary.  —  Policy  of  France  and  Spain  during  the  American 
war.  —  English  politics.  —  1782,  The  second  Rockingham  minis 
try;  Shelburne  and  Fox.  — 1782,  Negotiations  opened  at  Paris. 
Oswald  and  Franklin.  —  Jay's  suspicions  of  France  ;  were  they 
well  founded?  —  The  points  in  dispute.  —  1782,  November  30, 
The  preliminary  articles.  —  The  "Separate  Article." -- 1783, 
September  3,  Definitive  treaty  signed  at  Paris.  —  Provisions  as  to 
boundaries,  debts,  fisheries,  and  loyalists. 

General.  —  Lecky,  England,  Ch.  xv  (especially  pp.  255-288  of  the 
American  edition,  Vol.  IV);  Parton,  Franklin;  E.  E.  Hale,  Franklin 
in  France  ;  Higginson,  Larger  History. 

Special.  —  The  general  works  on  American  diplomatic  history  enu 
merated  under  §  139;  John  Jay,  in  Winsor,  America,  VII,  Ch.  ii ;  John 
Jay,  The  Peace  Negotiations  of  1782  and  1783 ;  Wharton,  Diplomatic 
Correspondence,  Introduction  under  Franklin,  Jay,  Marbois,  etc.; 
biographies  of  Franklin,  by  Bigelow,  Sparks,  and  Parton  ;  of  John  Jay, 
by  William  Jay  and  George  Pellew  ;  of  John  Adams,  by  C.  F.  Adams 
and  J.  T.  Morse  ;  of  Shelburne,  by  Fitzmaurice  ;  and  of  C.  J.  Fox,  by 
Russell ;  Freeman  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics  in  American  Diplomacy  ; 
Eugene  Schuyler,  American  Diplomacy. 

Sources.  —  The  Instructions  to  the  American  Commissioners,  dated 
June  15,  1781,  are  in  Sparks,  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  X  ;  Wharton, 
Diplomatic  Correspondence,  IV,  471,  503,  504,  523;  see  also  Index  at 
end  of  Vol.  VI,  under  Instructions,  Peace  Commissioners,  etc.  See 
especially  the  above,  and  Works  of  Franklin,  John  Adams  (Vols.  I, 
VII,  and  VIII),  and  John  Jay;  Secret  Journals  of  Congress ;  Parlia 
mentary  History ;  Annual  Register.  The  treaties  are  in  Treaties  and 
Conventions,  and  numerous  other  places. 

STATE  OF  POLITICAL  PARTIES  IN  ENGLAND,  1782:  The  works  on 
English  political  history  enumerated  under  §  61 ;  Russell,  Life  of  C.  J. 
Fox  ;  J.  Wright,  editor,  The  Speeches  of  the  Right  Honorable  Charles 
James  Fox ;  Stanhope  (Mahon)  Life  of  William  Pitt;  Rosebery, 
William  Pitt  {Twelve  English  Statesmen);  Buckingham,  Courts  and 
Cabinets.  See  especially  Fitzmaurice,  Life  of  Shelburne,  III,  and 
Mahon,  England,  Ch.  Ixvi. 


304  The  Revolution.  [§  141. 

THE  LOYALISTS  :  G.  E.  Ellis,  in  Justin  Winsor,  America,  VII, 
185  ;  Sabine,  American  Loyalists,  issued  in  a  revised  edition  as  Bio 
graphical  Sketches  of  Adherents  to  the  British  Crown;  A.  E.  Ryerson, 
Loyalists  of  America  and  their  Times  ;  G.  A.  Ward,  editor,  Journal .  .  . 
of  Samuel  Curwen,  1775-1784;  P.  O.  Hutchinson,  Thomas  Hutchinson  ; 
Jones,  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War ;  Laws  of  the  State  of  New 
York  in  force  against  the  Loyalists,  London,  1786;  Joseph  Galloway, 
Candid  Examination ;  Cool  Thoughts  on  the  Consequences  to  Great 
Britain  of  American  Independence,  1780,  reprinted  in  Library  of  Ameri 
can  Literature,  III,  126  ;  histories  of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  New 
Brunswick,  etc.;  and  the  standard  works,  American  and  English.  See 
also  M.  C.  Tyler,  in  American  Historical  Review,  I. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  165-184. 


§  142.     Formation  of  the  Confederation,  1775-1783. 

Summary.  —  Early  colonial  federations:  1638-40,  The  Con 
necticut  Towns  (§  121),  the  New  Haven  Towns  (§  122),  the 
Rhode  Island  Towns  (§  119). —  1647,  Government  established  in 
Rhode  Island  under  "  The  Incorporation  of  Providence  Planta 
tions "  of  1643  (§  120).  — 1643,  The  United  Colonies  of  New 
England  and  the  Articles  of  Confederation  (§  124).  —  1684-1756, 
Colonial  congresses  and  plans  of  union.  — 1765,  The  Stamp 
Act  Congress.  — 1760-76,  Growth  of  the  union  sentiment. — 
1775-81,  The  Articles  of  Confederation:  1775,  Franklin's  draft, 
1776,  Dickinson's  draft ;  1777,  Articles  as  agreed  to  by  Congress. 
—  1776-77,  Growth  of  a  particularist  sentiment.  —  Claims  of 
Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  York,  Virginia,  the  Carolinas, 
and  Georgia  to  western  lands  and  their  value.  —  Effect  of 
these  claims  on  non-claimant  states.  —  Maryland's  opposition  to 
the  ratification  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation.  —  The  land  ces 
sions. — 1781,  The  Articles  ratified  by  all  the  states.  —  Their 
place  in  the  constitutional  history  of  the  United  States.  —  Form 
of  government  under  the  Articles.  —  Early  attempts  to  amend.  — 
1776-83,  Finances  of  the  Revolution. 

General.  —  Greene,    Historical    View;      John    Fiske,    The    Critical 
Period ;  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History. 


§  i42.]  Formation  of  the  Confederation,  I775~I7^3-    3°5 

Special.  —  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  Ch.  xii;  H.  B.  Adams, 
Maryland's  Influence  iipon  the  Land  Cessions;  Pitkin,  United  States ; 
Tucker,  United  States ;  Curtis,  History  of  the  Constitution  ;  Story,  Com 
mentaries  ;  McMaster,  United  States,  I  ;  George  Bancroft,  United  States 
(last  revision),  VI;  G.  Bancroft,  History  of  the  Constitution,  I. 

Sources.  —  COLONIAL  CONGRESSES  AND  PLANS  OF  UNION  :  Amer 
ican  History  Leaflets,  No.  14;  Frothingham,  Republic,  Appendix;  Car 
son,  Hundredth  Anniversary  of  the  Constitution,  II,  Appendix  (edited 
by  F.  D.  Stone)  ;  Documents  Relating  to  the  Colonial  History  of  New 
York  (using  the  index  at  end  of  last  volume);  S.  Hopkins,  A  True 
Representation  of  the  Plan  formed  at  Albany  in  1734,  reprinted  in  Rhode 
Island  Historical  Tracts,  No.  9;  W.  E.  Foster,  Life  of  Stephen  Hopkins, 
I,  155;  biographies  and  works  of  Franklin;  Hutchinson,  Massachu 
setts,  III.  See  also  §  132. 

ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION  :  Secret  Journals,  I,  283,  290,  387  ; 
Journals  of  Congress,  1776-77;  Works  of  John  Adams;  biographies 
and  works  of  Franklin,  Dickinson,  Madison,  and  Hamilton.  The 
"Articles  "  are  in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  American  History  Leaflets, 
No.  20,  and  many  other  places. 

THE  LAND  CESSIONS  :  The  claims  of  the  several  states  to  western 
lands  and  the  cessions  can  be  best  studied  in  the  official  publications ; 
Charters  and  Constitutions ;  American  History  Leaflet,  No.  16,  22  (con 
tain  extracts  from  the  Charters,  etc.);  Hening,  Statutes  at  Large  of 
Virginia,  and  the  collections  of  other  states,  cf.  §  55  ;  Joitrnals  of 
Congress  ;  Secret  Journals  of  Congress  ;  Winsor,  America,  VII,  Appen 
dix  I,  entitled  Territorial  Acquisitions  and  Divisions  ;  Donaldson, 
Public  Domain  (to  be  used  with  great  caution);  Shosuke  Sato,  Land 
Question ;  Herbert  B.  Adams,  Maryland's  Influence.  Duane's  collec 
tion  of  the  Laws  of  the  United  States  contains  many  things  not  printed 
elsewhere  ;  biographies  and  writings  of  Madison,  Henry,  Jefferson, 
Mason,  Washington,  Mannasseh  Cutler,  Pickering,  St.  Clair;  histories 
of  the  several  states  (§  23),  especially  of  Virginia,  Maryland,  Pennsyl 
vania,  and  Connecticut ;  J.  P.  Hale,  Trans-Allegheny  Pioneers ;  Roose 
velt,  The  Winning  of  the  West;  Garrett,  South  Carolina  Land  Cession  ; 
Gannett,  Botindaries  of  the  United  States,  forming  Bulletin  of  the 
Geological  Survey,  No.  13,  contains  matter  relating  more  especially  to 
state  boundaries. 

THE  FINANCES  OF  THE  REVOLUTION  :  Journals  of  Congress  ;  Secret 
Journals  of  Congress;  Force,  American  Archives ;  Bayley,  National 


306  The  Revolution.  [§  142. 

Loans  of  the  United  States ;  A.  S.  Bolles,  Financial  History  of  the 
United  States,  ifj^-iySq  ;  Phillips,  Paper  Currency  of  the  Revohition  ; 
Phillips,  Continental  Paper  Money  ;  Sumner,  Financier  and  Finances  ; 
Sparks,  Gouverneur  Morris. 

Bibliography.  —  PLANS  OF  UNION  :  Winsor,  in  his  America,  V,  61 1 ; 
W.  E.  Foster,  Life  of  Stephen  Hopkins,  II,  Appendix  G. 

ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION  :  Winsor,  America,  VI,  274  and  654, 
VII,  Ch.  iii,  footnotes. 

LAND  CESSIONS  :  Winsor,  America,  VII,  Appendix  I ;  Sato,  Land 
Question,  p.  27. 

FINANCES  OF  THE  REVOLUTION  :    Winsor,  America,  VII,  81,  and 
Winsor,  Hand-Book  of  the  Revolution,  242. 


§  143.     The  State  Constitutions,  1775-1781. 

Summary.  —  1775,  The  colonial  governments. —  1776,  Advice 
of  Congress.  —  1776-77,  Formation  of  the  early  state  constitu 
tions,  especially  those  of  New  Hampshire,  Virginia,  South  Caro 
lina,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  and  (1780)  Massachusetts. — 
Modes  of  formation  and  ratification  ;  history  of  the  ideas  of 
constitutional  conventions  and  popular  ratification.  —  Leading 
principles  set  forth  in  these  constitutions.  —  Relations  of  Congress 
to  the  states.  —  Were  the  states  sovereign  ? —  Is  the  Union  older 
than  the  states  ?  —  Later  state  constitutions. 

General.  —  Frothingham,  Republic,  441-444,  447-451,481,482,491- 
493,  561-568  ;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  Ch.  ii ;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States, 
IX,  142,  143,  194-196,  315,  345,  391-367,  419,428-434;  R.  Hildreth, 
United  States,  III,  69-76,  89-95,  II3~II8>  126-131,  135,  161,  183-185, 
374-395- 

Special.  —  Curtis,  History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  117  ;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  Law ;  Hitchcock,  State  Constitutions ;  Horace  Davis, 
American  Constitutions  ;  J.  F.  Jameson,  Introduction  to  the  History  of 
the  States  ;  P.  C.Centz,  Republic  of  Republics  ;  Tucker,  Lectures  on  Con 
stitutional  Law;  J.  A.  Jameson,  Constitutional  Conventions  ;  Charles 
Borgeaud,  Premiers  Constitutions  de  la  Democratic  Americaine,  in 
Annuale  de  T Fcole  des  Sciences  Politique  ;  C.  Borgeaud,  Adoption  and 


§  1  43-]         The  State  Constitutions,   !JJ5-lj8l.  307 

Amendment  of  Constitutions  in  Europe  and  America  ;  C.  Borgeaud, 
Rise  of  Modern  Democracy;  J.  F.  Jameson,  Introdiution  to  the  Study 
of  the  Constitutional  and  Political  History  of  the  United  States  in  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  Studies,  IV,  No.  5;  W.  C.  Morey,  Genesis  of  a 
Written  Constitution  and  The  First  State  Constitiitions  in  the  Annals 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  Science  ;  A.  W.  Small,  Beginnings 
of  American  Nationality;  J.  H.  Dougherty,  Constitutions  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  in  Political  Science  Quarterly,  III. 

Sources.  —  Charters  and  Constitutions  (for  the  constitutions);  Jour 
nals  of  Congress  ;  Secret  Journals  of  Congress;  Force,  American 
Archives  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases  in  Constitutional  Law;  standard  his 
tories  of  the  several  states  (including  Vermont).  The  principal  sources  of 
information  in  regard  to  the  fprmation  of  the  several  state  constitutions 
are  as  follows  : 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE:  Belknap,  New  Hampshire  ;  Provincial  Papers 
of  New  Hampshire  ;  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Fifth 
Series  ("  Belknap  Papers  ")  and  Proceedings,  First  Series,  I. 

MASSACHUSETTS  :  Alden  Bradford,  Massachusetts  (especially  valuable 
for  the  account  of  the  proposed  constitution  of  1778,  a  copy  of  which 
is  printed  in  the  Appendix)  ;  Journal  of  the  Convention  \pf  1779-1180}  ; 
Report  of  a  Constitution  .  .  .  to  be  laid  before  the  Convention  .  .  .  1779  ; 
John  Adams's  Works,  IV  and  IX  ;  John  Adams,  Defence  of  the  Consti- 
tiitions  of  the  United  States  ;  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceed 
ings,  First  Series,  V. 

NEW  YORK  :  Dunlap,  New  York  ;  Debates  in  the  New  York  Conven 
tions  ;  biographies  of  John  Jay  and  Gouverneur  Morris  ;  Jones,  New 
York  in  the  Revolutionary  War  ;  J.  H.  Dougherty,  Constittitions  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  in  Political  Science  Quarterly,  III. 

NEW  JERSEY  :  Journal  of  the  Convention  ;  Elmer,  History  of  the 
Constitution  adopted  in 


PENNSYLVANIA  :  Proceedings  relative  to  the  Conventions  ;  Pennsyl 
vania  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography,  III  and  IV;  biographies 
and  works  of  Franklin  and  Joseph  Reed. 

VIRGINIA  :  Rowland,  Life  of  George  Mason  ;  biographies  and  writ 
ings  of  Jefferson,  Henry,  and  Madison  ;  Hening,  Statutes  ;  Braxton, 
Address,  in  Force,  American  Archives,  Fourth  Series,  VI. 


308  The  Revolution.  [§  143. 

VERMONT  :  Wm.  Slade,  compiler,  Vermont  State  Papers,  Middlebury, 
Vt.  —  Contains  the  Journal  of  the  Council  of  Safety,  the  early  journals 
of  the  General  Assembly,  the  first  constitution,  and  the  laws  from  1779 
to  1786  ;  E.  P.  Walter,  Records  of  the  Governor  and  Council  of  the  State 
of  Vermont,  8  vols.,  Montpelier,  1873-80.  —  Vol.  I  contains  also  the 
records  of  the  General  Conventions,  1775-77,  and  of  the  Council  of 
Safety,  1777-78. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VI,  272;  W.  E.  Foster,  Refer 
ences  to  the  Constitution,  21 


PART    III. 

TOPICS    AND    REFERENCES    IN    UNITED    STATES 
HISTORY. 


XV.     GENESIS  OF  THE  UNION. 

§  144.     Political  Geography  of  the  United  States,  1775-1895. 

Summary.  —  1775,  English  colonies  in  North  America  ;  colo 
nies  adherent  to  the  Revolution.  —  1778,  Rogers  Clark's  invasion 
of  the  Northwest.  —  Boundaries  by  the  Treaty  of  i  783  :  disputes 
under  the  Treaty  to  1871.  —  Annexations:  1803,  Louisiana; 
1792-1846,  Oregon;  1810-19,  Florida;  1845,  Texas;  1848, 
California;  1853,  Gadsden  Purchase;  1867,  Alaska.  —  Boundary 
disputes,  especially:  Southern  (1783-95);  Louisiana  (1803- 
19)  ;  West  Florida  (1803-12)  ;  Maine  (1783-1842)  ;  Oregon 
(1805-71).  —  Subdivision  into  states  and  territories.  —  Present 
map.  —  Possible  annexations  :  Hawaii;  Canada;  Cuba;  Nicaragua; 
Mexico;  San  Domingo. 

General.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  527-562  ;  A.  de  Tocqueville, 
Democracy  in  America,  I,  Ch.  i  ;  the  standard  histories  passim, 
especially  Hildreth,  Bancroft,  McMaster,  Schouler,  Henry  Adams  (see 
§  20).  —  See  also  §§  79,  142,  161,  168,  178,  194,  201. 

Special.  —  Geographical  authorities  enumerated  in  §§  21,  142 ; 
H.  Gannett,  Boundaries  of  the  United  States ;  J.  Morse,  American 
Universal  Geography  ;  Winsor,  America,  VIII;  Shosuke  Sato,  History 
of  the  Land  Question  in  the  United  States  in  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Studies,  IV,  Nos.  7-9  ;  F.  Wharton,  Digest  of  the  International  Law 
of  the  United  States,  passim;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  Chs.  vii-xi. 

HISTORICAL  MAPS  (see  §  21):  E.  Channing,  The  United  States ; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Epoch  Maps,  Nos.  6-14  (same  maps  in  Epochs  of  American 

309 


310  Genesis  of  the   Union.  [§144- 

History,  II,  III);  T.  MacCoun,  Historical  Geography ;  Scribner's 
Statistical  Atlas  ;  Scribner's  Citizen"1  s  Atlas.  Many  histories  have  his 
torical  maps,  especially  those  by  Winsor,  Parkman,  McMaster,  and 
Henry  Adams. 

Sources.  —  Travels  and  contemporary  descriptions  (see  §  24).  Texts 
of  boundary  and  cession  treaties,  in  Treaties  and  Conventions  of  the 
United  States.  Text  of  acts  creating  and  admitting  States,  in  Statutes 
at  Large.  —  Claims  and  negotiations  in  American  State  Papers,  Foreign 
Affairs,  and  appendices  to  Annals  of  Congress;  later  papers,  in 
Executive  Documents,  especially  Diplomatic  Correspondence  (^Foreign 
Affairs'"}. —  Many  reprints  in  Donaldson's  Public  Domain,  and  in 
American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  6,  16,  22. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  passim;  Henry  Gannett,  Mother 
Maps  of  the  United  States;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §  i; 
lists  of  maps  in  library  catalogues  (see  §  16). 

§  145.    People  of  the  United  States,  1606-1895. 

Summary.  —  Race  elements  :  aborigines  (§  81);  predominance 
of  Anglo-Saxons  ;  Germans  ;  Dutch  ;  Scotch  and  Scotch-Irish  ; 
French  ;  miscellaneous  ;  Negroes.  —  Foreign  born  :  number  ; 
children  of  foreign-born. — Immigration:  numbers;  causes;  princi 
pal  races  ;  distribution.  —  Population  :  numbers  ;  distribution.  — 
Legal  term,  "People  of  the  United  States." — Occupations. — 
Proportions  by  age  and  sex.  —  Character:  energy;  resourceful 
ness  ;  fairness  ;  love  of  "big  things  ";  contempt  for  expert  opinion. 

General.  —  James  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth,  especially  II,  Pts. 
iv,  vi ;  J.  D.  Whitney,  The  United  States,  Pt.  vi;  H.  C.  Lodge,  English 
Colonies  in  North  America,  especially  Chs.  ii,  xviii;  J.  B.  McMaster, 
People  of  the  United  States,  I,  Ch.  i;  N.  S.  Shaler,  The  United  States 
(especially  Chs.  x-xv)  ;  A.  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy  in  the  United 
States,  passim ;  Epochs  of  American  History,  I,  Chs.  v,  viii,  x  ;  II,  Ch.  i ; 
III,  Ch.  i ;  H.  Everett,  America  (1827);  George  Tucker,  Progress  of  the 
United  States  (1841)  ;  Edward  Eggleston,  articles  in  the  Century  (1882- 
85).  —  See  Part  II,  §§  92,  130,  133,  167,  181,  296. 

Special.  —  Race  elements  :  A.  Carlier,  Republique  Amcricaine,  I, 
Livre  v  ;  Friedrich  Ratzel,  Vereinigten  Staaten,  II ;  E.  Channing,  History 
of  the  United  States,  Ch.  i.  —  Immigration  :  Richmond  Smith,  Emigra- 


§146.]  People  and  Political  Traditions.  311 

tion  and  Immigration  ;  J.  D.  Whitney,  The  United  States,  I,  Pt.  vi,  and 
Supplement  I,  pp.  1-24.  —  Population  :  F.  B.  Dexter,  Estimates  of 
Population  of  the  American  Colonies  ;  Henry  Gannett,  in  Compendium 
of  the  Eleventh  Census  ;  Tenth  Census,  I  (Population}.  —  Distribution  : 
Maps  showing  density  of  population  at  decennial  periods,  in  Tenth 
Census,  I;  Scribner's  Statistical  Atlas  ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the 
West;  N.  S.  Shaler,  Nature  and  Man  in  the  United  States.  —  Constitu 
tional  "People  of  the  United  States":  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional 
Law,  §§  9,  15,  20;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constittitional  Limitations,  36—39; 
W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitutional  Law,  §§  90-95  (see  also 
§  156)- 

Sources.  —  Travels  and  descriptions  of  the  country  (see  §  24). 
Publications  of  the  United  States  Census  Bureau,  especially  Tenth 
Censtis,  Poptilation  (with  maps);  Eleventh  Census,  Bulletins  Nos.  194, 
20  1,  202,  357,  and  Compendiiim,  I,  Tables  i  a-b.  Population  :  Statistical 
Abstract  of  the  United  States  (Tables  on  Immigration). 


Bibliography.  —  Bowker  and  lies,  Reader's  GWaV,  81-85;  Epochs  of 
American  History,  I,  §§  39,  74,  90;  II,  §  i;  III,  §  i. 

§  146.     English  Political  Institutions  to  1775. 

Summary.  —  Conventional  view  of  separation  into  three  de 
partments.  —  Actual  government:  monarchy,  parliament;  judges. 

—  Underlying  rights  of  Englishmen  :  no  arbitrary  arrest  ;  speedy 
trial  ;  jury  ;  no  taxation  except  by  vote  of  parliament.  —  Represen 
tative  institutions  :  two  houses  ;   parliamentary  privilege  ;  voting 
taxes;    examining  accounts;    impeachment.  —  Local   self-govern 
ment:    county  system;    select  vestry;    parish  meeting;    relations 
with  central  government.  —  Colonies  :  charters;  control  by  Crown. 

—  Legislation  by  parliament  :    commercial  system  and  navigation 
acts.  —  Social  :  ruling  classes  ;  material  for  colonization. 

General.  —  G.  Bancroft,  History  of  the  United  States  (last  revision),  II, 
70-85,  238-251;  Lecky,  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century,  II,  1-12, 
272-279;  III,  5-11;  E.  Channing,  The  United  States,  Ch.  ii;  J.  R. 
Seeley,  Expansion  of  England,  62-72;  S.  R.  Gardiner,  Students''  His 
tory  of  England,  Pt.  viii  ;  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  1-32  ; 
T.  W.  Higginson  and  E.  Channing,  English  History  for  American 
Readers  ;  H.  Baldwin,  General  View,  51-55;  John  Ordronaux,  Consti- 


312  Genesis  of  the   Union.  [§  146. 

tutional  Legislation,  Ch.  i ;  E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power,  §§  1-7  ;  Eben  G. 
Scott,  Development  of  Constitutional  Liberty,  Ch.  i.  —  See  Part  II, 
especially  §§  93,  114,  133,  134-136- 

Special.  —  Blackstone,  Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  England 
(1765),  Book  I,  Chs.  i-x;  Joseph  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  146-188;  E. 
T.  Boutmy,  English  Constitution,  Pts.  ii,  iii ;  Hannis  Taylor,  Origin 
and  Growth  of  the  English  Constitution,  I,  588-616;  T.  P.  Taswell- 
Langmead,  English  Constitutional  History,  Chs.  xvi,  xvii ;  Montesquieu, 
Esprit  de s  Lois,  Livre  XI,  Chs.  i-vi ;  R.  Gneist,  History  of  the  English 
Constitution,  II,  Chs.  xliv-lviii,  and  History  of  the  English  Parliament, 
Ch.  vi  ;  E.  A.  Freeman,  Growth  of  the  English  Constitution,  Ch.  iii;  J. 
L.  De  Lolme,  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  English  Constitution  (1784),  II ; 
James  B.  Thayer,  Cases  in  Constitutional  Law,  I,  1-47  ;  W.  R. 
Anson,  Law  and  Custom  of  the  Constitution,  I,  Chs.  ii,  iii;  II,  Ch.  i, 
§  4,  Ch.  iii,  §  3  ;  R.  C.  Hurd,  Treatise  on  Habeas  Corpus,  65-95;  G.  C. 
Beer,  Commercial  Policy  of  England  toward  the  American  Colonies ; 
Edward  Channing,  Navigation  Laws  (in  American  Antiquarian  Society, 
Proceedings,  1890);  C.  Ellis  Stevens,  Sources  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  Chs.  iii,  iv,  vii. 

Sources.  —  The  great  constitutional  documents  printed  in  Taswell 
Langmead's  English  Constitutional  History ;  in  G.  W.  Prothero,  Select 
Stattttes  and  other  Constitutional  Documents ;  and  in  Gardiner's  Constitit- 
tional  Documents.  Many  of  them  also  in  Old  South  Leaflets,  Nos.  5,  6, 
23-28.  —  English  Laws  to  1715,  in  Statutes  of  the  Realm  (large  folio, 
very  rare).  —  Laws  since  1715,  s«e  §  29.  —  Extracts  from  the  Navigation 
Acts,  and  the  Stamp  Act,  American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  19,  21. — 
Colonial  charters  (see  §§  29,  147). 

Bibliography.  —  Footnotes  to  the  general  and  special  works  men 
tioned  above;  C.  F.  Allen,  History  Topics,  80-95;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical 
Reference  Lists,  §§  11-13. 


§  147.     Colonial  Political  Institutions. 

Summary.  —  Roots  in  English  institutions.  —  Three  types  of 
colonial  government :  charter  ;  proprietary  ;  and  provincial.  — 
Governments  :  governors,  councils  ;  assemblies  ;  courts.  —  Local 
government  :  town  ;  parish  ;  county  ;  mixed  systems.  —  Free 
institutions:  personal  freedom  ;  jury  trial ;  self-taxation;  suffrage; 


§i47-]          English  and  Colonial  Institutions.  313 

privileges  and  immunities  of  Englishmen  (see  §  146).  —  Effect  of 
new  conditions  on  old  constitutions. 

General.  —  W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century, 
II,  i-2i  ;  R.  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  13-28  ;  Crane  and 
Moses,  Politics,  Chs.  viii,  ix  ;  C.  Ellis  Stevens,  Sources  of  the  Constitu 
tion,  Chs.  i,  iv  ;  Woodrow  Wilson,  The  State,  §§  832-861 ;  William 
Rawle,  View  of  the  Constitution,  Introduction.  E.  Channing,  The 
United  States,  Ch.  i;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  American  Government,  Ch.  ii. 
—  See  §§  98,  99,  105,  108,  117,  124,  130,  133. 

Special.  —  COLONIAL  GOVERNMENT:  Joseph  Story,  Commentaries, 
§§  152-178  ;  Hannis  Taylor,  Origin  and  Growth  of  the  English  Consti 
tution,  I,  Introduction  ;  H.  L.  Osgood,  England  and  the  Colonies,  and 
Political  Ideas  of  the  Puritans  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  II,  440-460; 
VI,  1-28,  201-331);  G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  History ;  C. 
Borgeaud,  Rise  of  Modern  Democracy;  A.  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy 
in  'America,  I,  Chs.  iv,  v  ;  Douglass  Campbell,  Origin  of  American 
Institutions  (American  Historical  Association,  Papers,  V,  165-185),  and 
Puritan  in  Holland,  England,  and  America,  Chs.  xxii,  xxiii ;  C. 
Bishop,  History  of  Elections  in  the  American  Colonies ;  W.  C.  Morey, 
Genesis  of  a  IVritten  Constitution,  and  First  State  Constitutions,  and 
Sources  of  American  Federalism  (American  Academy  of  Political  and 
Social  Science,  Annals,  I,  529-557;  IV,  201-232;  VI,  197-226);  John 
Fiske,  Critical  Period  of  American  History,  Ch.  ii ;  William  Hill, 
Colonial  Tariffs  (Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  VII,  78-100)  and 
First  Stages  of  the  Tariff  Policy  (American  Economic  Association, 
Publications,  VIII).  Several  monographs  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  Uni 
versity,  Studies,  as  follows  :  P.  E.  Lauer,  Church  and  State  in  New 
England  (X,  Nos.  2,  3);  G.  Petrie,  Church  and  State  in  Maryland  (X, 
No.  4);  J.  S.  Bassett,  Constitiitional  Beginnings  in  North  Carolina 
(XII,  No.  3);  G.  H.  Haynes,  Representative  and  Free  Government  in 
Massachusetts  (XII,  Nos.  8-10)  ;  E.  L.  Whitney,  Government  of  the 
Colony  of  South  Carolina  (XIII,  Nos.  i,  2)  ;  J.  F.  Moran,  Bi-cameral 
System  (XIII,  No.  5). 

LOCAL  GOVERNMENT  :  G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  History  ; 
Hopkins  University,  Studies,  as  follows  :  Edward  Channing,  Town  and 
County  Government  (II,  No.  10);  E.  Ingle,  Parish  Instittttions  of  Mary 
land  (I,  No.  6),  and  Virginia  Local  Institutions  (III,  Nos.  2,  3);  J.  H. 
Johnson,  Old  Maryland  Manors  (I,  No.  7);  L.  W.  Wilhelm,  Maryland 
Local  Institutions  (III,  Nos.  5,  7);  I.  Elting,  Dutch  Village  Communities 


314  Genesis  of  the   Union.  [§  147. 

(IV,  No.  i);  W.  E.  Foster,  Town  Government  in  Rhode  Island  (IV, 
Nos.  2,  3);  C.  M.  Andrews,  River  Towns  of  Connecticut  (VII,  Nos. 
8-10);  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  Nos.  6,  7,  and  Puritan  Politics 
(New  England  Society  of  Orange,  Quarter  Century), 

Sources.  —  Records  of  the  colonies  (see  §  29),  especially  Massachu 
setts,  Connecticut,  New  York,  and  Maryland.  Transactions  of  learned 
societies,  especially  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  New  York  His 
torical  Society,  Rhode  Island  Historical  Society.  —  Charters  in  Poore, 
Charters  and  Constitutions  (see  §  31-).  Extracts  in  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases 
on  Constitutional  Law,  I,  Appendix  5  ;  select  charters  in  Old  South 
Leaflets ;  H.  E.  Preston,  Documents  Illustrative  of  American  History  ; 
Win.  Houston,  Documents  illustrative  of  the  Canadian  Constitution ; 
Chalmers,  Opinions. 

Bibliography.  —  G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  History,  I,  495- 
497,  and  notes;  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Colonies,  §  i;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical 
Reference  Lists,  §§  2-5 ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §§  33!},  42  ; 
Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii,  109-117. 

§  148.     Colonial  Social  Institutions  and  Slavery. 

Summary.  —  Race  elements  :  numbers  ;  classes  of  society.  — 
Intellectual  life:  education;  literature;  the  press.  —  Religious 
life  :  churches  ;  theology.  —  Industries  :  agriculture  ;  commerce  ; 
fisheries;  manufactures.  —  Recreations:  social  gatherings ;  amuse 
ments;  fights.  —  Slavery:  whence  derived;  Indian  slave  trade; 
white  indentured  servants  ;  character  of  slavery  by  sections  ; 
manumission  ;  sale  ;  fugitives  ;  insurrections. 

General.  —  (See  Part  II,  especially  §§  99,  101,  105,  107,  no,  in,  125, 
129,  130,  133,  143;  Part  III,  §§  152,  161.)  —  SOCIAL:  H.  C.  Lodge, 
English  Colonies  in  North  America,  Chs.  ii,  iv,  vi,  viii,  x,  xiii,  xv,  xvii, 
xxii ;  A.  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy  in  America,  Chs.  ii,  iii ;  J.  B. 
McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States,  I,  Ch.  i;  Douglass 
Campbell,  Puritan  in  England,  Holland,  and  America,  I,  Introduction; 
Edward  Eggleston,  Household  History  of  the  United  States  ;  C.  C.  Cof 
fin,  Old  Times  in  the  Colonies ;  Earle,  Sabbath  in  Puritan  New  Eng 
land ;  H.  E.  Scudder,  Men  and  Manners  in  America  a  Hundred  Years 
ago.  —  SLAVERY  :  Henry  Wilson,  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power  in 
America,  I,  Ch.  i ;  William  Chambers,  American  Slavery,  17-32  ;  Wm. 
Goodell,  Slavery  and  Anti-slavery,  Chs.  i-vi  (see  §  152). 


§  148.]     Colonial  Social  Institutions  and  Slavery.     3 1 5 

Special.  —  William  B.  Weeden,  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New 
England,  II,  Chs.  xii,  xv,  xxi  ;  R.  A.  Bruce,  Economic  History  of 
Virginia;  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  as  follows:  S.  B.  Weeks, 
Religions  Development  in  North  Carolina,  and  Church  and  State  in  North 
Carolina  (X,  Nos.  5,  6  and  XI,  Nos.  5,  6)  ;  A.  C.  Appelgarth,  Quakers 
in  Pennsylvania  (X,  Nos.  8,  9).  —  SLAVERY  :  J.  C.  Kurd,  Law  of  Free 
dom  and  Bondage,  §§  1^0-230  ;  William  Poole,  Anti-slavery  Opinions 
before  1800 ;  G.  W.  Williams,  History  of  the  Negro  Race,  I,  Chs.  xii- 
xxv  ;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Siippression  of  the  Slave  Trade  (Harvard  His 
torical  Studies,  No.  i);  Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves  (Radcliffe 
Monographs,  No.  3),  Ch.  i ;  S.  M.  Janney,  History  of  the  Religious 
Society  of  Friends,  III,  Chs.  vii,  ix,  xi ;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Historical  Sketch 
of  Slavery,  Ch.  ix  ;  Monographs  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Studies,  as  follows  :  B.  C.  Steiner,  History  of  Slavery  in  Connecticiit  (XI, 
Nos.  9,  10,  pp.  7-23)  ;  J.  C.  Ballagh,  White  Servititde  in  Virginia  (XIII, 
Nos.  6,  7) ;  Jeffrey  R.  Brackett,  Negro  in  Maryland  (Extra  Vol.  VI)  ; 
E.  V.  Morgan,  Slavery  in  New  York  (American  Historical  Association, 
Papers,  V,  No.  4);  Needles,  Slavery  in  Pennsylvania;  [P.  L.  Ford], 
Washington  as  an  Employer  and  Importer  of  Labor  ;  Charles  Deane, 
Letters  and  Documents  relating  to  Slavery  in  Massachusetts ;  G.  H. 
Moore,  History  of  Slavery  in  Massachusetts,  Chs.  i-vii. 

Sources.  —  Statutes,  in  the  various  colonial  collections,  see  §  29. — 
Extracts  from  the  colonial  slave  laws  in  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves, 
Appendix  A,  and  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Slave-Trade,  Apps. — Contem 
porary  account  of  life  in  the  colonies  :  Samuel  Sewall,  Diary  and  Letter 
Books.  —  On  Slavery  :  John  Woolman's  Journal  (edited  by  J.  G.  Whit- 
tier);  Benjamin  Fay,  Treatise  on  Slave-keeping;  Samuel  Sewall,  Joseph 
Sold  by  his  Brethren. 

Bibliography.  —  Footnotes  to  H.  C.  Lodge,  English  Colonies; 
Epochs  of  American  History,  I,  §§  17,  39,  74,  90  ;  II,  §  i;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  2,  62 ;  Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Pt. 
ii,  105-109;  M.  G.  McDougall,  Fiigitive  Slaves,  Appendix  E  ;  W.  E.  B. 
DuBois,  Suppression  of  the  Slave  Trade,  Appendix  E. 


XVI.     CONFEDERATION  AND  CONSTITUTION. 

§  149.     Government  of  the  Confederation,  1781-1788. 

Summary.  —  The  states:  constitutional  government  (§  143); 
relations  with  the  Union  (§§  150,  151,  153).  —  Congress:  places 
of  meeting  ;  length  of  service  ;  procedure  ;  president.  —  Executive 
department :  board  system  ;  superintendents  of  finance  and  foreign 
affairs  ;  boards  resumed.  —  Courts  :  arbitration  ;  piracies  and 
felonies  ;  Court  of  Appeals  in  Cases  of  Capture.  —  Inefficiency  of 
the  system :  lack  of  attendance ;  nine  states  rule  ;  insufficient 
powers  ;  too  much  concentration  in  Congress. 

General.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I,  26-46  ;  S.  F. 
Miller,  Lectures  on  the  Constitution,  35-48  ;  G.  Bancroft,  History  (last 
revision),  VI,  1—23  (History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  1—28)  ;  Winsor, 
America,  VII,  Ch.  iii ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  I,  Ch.  ii ;  James  Kent, 
Commentaries  on  American  Law,  I,  201-219  ;  J.  Sparks,  Life  of  George 
Washington,  Ch*xv;  George  Tucker,  History,  I,  291-347;  J.  Schouler, 
History,  I,  Ch.  i,  Sect,  i;  E.  Channing,  The  United  States,  Ch.  iv; 
W.  A.  Duer,  Constitutional  Jurisprudence >  1—25;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr., 
Thomas  Jefferson,  Ch.  vi,  and  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  I,  Ch.  iv ; 
J.  K.  Hosmer,  Samuel  Adams,  Ch.  xxii ;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison, 
Ch.  iii ;  John  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  Ch.  iii;  William  Sullivan,  Familiar 
Letters,  1-18  ;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  American  Government,  Ch.  vi ;  O.  W.  B. 
Peabody,  Life  of  John  Sullivan,  Ch.  ix;  Abiel  Holmes,  Annals  of 
America,  349-371  ;  J.  N.  Larned,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  V,  3280, 
3289-3296.  —  See  §§  124,  134-137.  H2,  150-154. 

Special. —G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States, 
Chs.  vi,  xii  (History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  142-151,  260-274)  ;  J.  F. 
Jameson,  Essays  on  the  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  Nos. 
i,  iii ;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  II,  Ch.  xxxvi ;  H. 
L.  Carson,  The  Supreme  Court,  I,  Chs.  iii-vii;  Henry  Flanders,  Life 
and  Times  of  the  Chief  Justices,  I,  Rutledge,  Ch.  xii  •  James  T.  Austin, 
Life  of  Elbridge  Gerry,  I,  Chs.  xxii-xxvii. 

316 


§150-]  The  Government.  317 

Sources. — Journals  of  Congress,  VII-XIII;  Secret  Journals  of  Con 
gress,  IV ;  Alexander  Hamilton,  Works  (J.  C.  Hamilton,  editor),  I, 
(Lodge  edition),  I,  203-315;  George  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks 
edition),  VIII,  IX,  passim  ;  James  Madison,  Papers,  I,  II  (especially 
notes  of  debates  in  I,  187-467  ;  II,  581-614)  ;  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  I  ; 
W.  Hickey,  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  129-150  ;  W.  H.  Henry, 
Patrick  Henry,  III,  245-385;  John  Adams,  Defence  of  the  Constitutions 
of  Government.  For  lives  and  writings  of  other  public  men,  see  §§25, 
32,  33- 

Bibliography.  —  Bureau  of  Rolls  and  Library,  Bulletin,  No.  i  (Cat 
alogue  of  the  papers  of  Congress) ;  Footnotes  to  Curtis,  Bancroft,  and 
McMaster  ;  Winsor,  America  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §  44  ; 
Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii,  117-119. 

§  150.     Territorial  Questions  under  the  Confederation, 
1781-1787. 

Summary.  —  1783,  Exterior  boundaries  (see  §  152):  controver 
sies  with  England  and  Spain ;  question  of  frontier  posts.  — 
Acquisitions  of  territory  :  Northwest  cessions  by  New  York 
(1781),  Virginia  (1784),  Massachusetts  (1784),  Connecticut 
(1786,  1800);  Southwest  cessions  by  South  Carolina  (1787), 
North  Carolina  (1790),  and  Georgia  (1802).  —  Administration: 
resolution  of  1780;  Jefferson's  ordinance  of  1784;  question  of 
slavery  (see  §  152);  Grayson's  ordinance  of  1785.  —  Northwest 
ordinance  of  1787:  authors;  occasion;  slavery  clause  (see  §  152). 
—  Western  settlements  to  1782  :  proposed  new  states. 

General.  —  R.  Hildreth,  History,  III,  Chs.  xliv,  xlvi,  xlviii;  G.  Bancroft, 
History  (last  revision),  VI,  14-16,  81,  96,  104,  115-118,  125-135,  165, 
166,  277-291  ;  (History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  16-18,  83,  154-159,  168- 
183,  291-299;  II,  98-118,  225-227)  ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  History  of  the  Con 
stitution,  I,  124-141,  291-311  (Constitutional  History,  I,  Chs.  v,  xiv) ; 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  I,  151-167,  260,  504  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia, 
I,  191;  III,  31-34,  914,  918;  T.  Pitkin,  History,  II,  19-36;  J.  Story, 
Commentaries,  221-228;  John  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  Ch.  v  ;  H.  Gannett, 
Bottndaries  of  the  United  States,  24-38  ;  S.  F.  Miller,  Lectures  on  the 
Constitution,  55-58.  —  See  §§  142,  143,  161,  168. 

Special.  —  LAND  CESSIONS:  Joseph  Blunt,  Historical  Sketch,  Ch. 
iii ;  H.  B.  Adams,  Maryland's  Influence  in  Founding  a  National  Com- 


318  Confederation  and  Constitution.  [§150. 

monwealth  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  III,  No.  i);  B.  A. 
Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  Chs.  ix-xiv  ;  J.  C.  Welling,  State  Rights  Con 
flict  over  the  Public  Lands  (American  Historical  Association,  Papers, 
III,  411,  434);  Kate  M.  Rowland,  Life  of  George  Mason,  I,  Chs.  ix,  x  ; 
J.  C.  Hamilton,  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  II,  Ch.  xxx;  R.  R. 
Howison,  History  of  Virginia,  II,  C4i.  v;  Shosuke  Sato,  History  of  the 
Land  Question,  22-70  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  IV,  Nos. 
7-9)  >  J-  C.  Scharf,  History  of  Maryland,  II,  Ch.  xxvii.  —  NORTHWEST 
ORDINANCE:  W.  P.  Cutler,  Ordinance  0/1787;  C.  R.  King,  Life  and 
Correspondence  of  Rufus  King,  I,  Chs.  ii,  v,  viii,  xv  ;  Edward  Coles, 
History  of  the  Ordinance  (Pennsylvania  Historical  Society);  John 
M.  Merriam,  Legislative  History  of  the  Ordinance  (American  Anti 
quarian  Society);  S.  Dunn,  Indiana,  177-218;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old 
Northwest,  Chs.  xv,  xvi ;  Shosuke  Sato,  Land  Questions  in  the  United 
States,  88-1 20  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  IV,  Nos.  7-9);  H. 
B.  Adams,  Maryland's  Influence,  152-159. —  PROPOSED  NEW  STATES  : 
Theodore  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  III;  W.  L.  Stone,  Poetry 
and  History  of  Wyoming ;  E.  D.  Warfield,  Constitutional  Aspects  of 
Kentucky's  Struggle  for  Autonomy  (American  Historical  Association, 
Papers,  IV,  349-368);  J.  M.  Ramsay,  Annals  of  Tennessee;  F.  J. 
Turner  in  American  Historical  Review,  I,  70-87,  251-269. 

Sources.  —  ACTS  OF  CESSION  AND  ORDINANCES  OF  CONGRESS  : 
Bioren  and  Duane,  Land  Laws  of  the  United  States,  I ;  Journals  of  Con 
gress  and  Secret  Journals ;  Donaldson's  Pitblic  Domain,  87  et  seq.  ; 
Hickey,  United  States  Constitution,  418  ;  American  History  Leaflets, 
Nos.  5,  1 6,  22;  Poore,  Charters  and  Constitutions:  Old  South  Leaflets, 
No.  13;  H.  W.  Preston,  Documents  Illustrative  of  American  History.  — 
CONTEMPORARY  DISCUSSIONS  :  James  Madison,  Papers,  I  ;  George 
Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  edition),  VIII,  IX  ;  Cutlers,  Life  and 
Jotirnals  of  Manasseh  Ctitler  ;  "Connecticut  Farmer,"  Remarks  on  a 
Pamphlet;  Thomas  Paine,  Public  Good;  W.  T.  Smith,  St.  Clair 
Papers,  I,  Ch.  i ;  George  Bancroft,  History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  II, 
Appendices,  passim. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  528-539 ;  J.  J.  Lalor, 
Cyclopaedia,  III,  34,  920  ;  G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  History,  I, 
141,  410  ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  III,  117  ;  H.  B.  Adams,  Maryland's 
Influence,  48  ;  Thomson,  Bibliography  of  Ohio,  No.  933 ;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  .Lists,  §  41.  Notes  to  Bancroft,  Curtis,  McMaster, 
etc.,  and  also  to  special  authorities. 


151.]  Territory  and  Finances.  319 


§  151.     Finances  of  the  Confederation,  1781-1788. 

Summary.  —  System:  boards  (see  §149);  1781-84,  Morris's 
administration;  1781,  May  26,  Bank  of  North  America.  —  Cur 
rency  :  paper  money  ;  1 784,  Jefferson's  plan  of  coinage  ;  ordinance 
of  1 786.  —  Resources  :  post-office  ;  requisitions  ;  failure  of  the 
system.  —  Loans  :  outstanding  in  1783  ;  foreign  ;  Dutch  ;  domes 
tic  ;  depreciation.  —  Expenditures:  half  pay  ;  1783,  March  17, 
Newburg  addresses  ;  running  expenses.  —  Financial  amendments 
(see  §  154)  :  1781,  five-per-cent  scheme  ;  1783,  revenue  scheme  ; 
1 786,  revenue  scheme  revived. 

General.  —  R.  Hildreth,  History,  III,  Chs.  xlv,  xlvi  ;  J.  Pitkin, 
History,  II,  Chs.  xvi,  xvii  ;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Alexander  Hamilton, 
Ch.  viii,  and  History  of  American  Currency,  43-57  ;  Jared  Sparks,  Life 
of  Gouverneur  Morris,  I,  Chs.  xvi,  xvii ;  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Gou- 
verneur  Morris,  99-108  ;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §  254  ;  S.  H.  Gay, 
James  Aladison,  35-49  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  II,  189-208.  —  See 
§§  139,  141,  158. 

Special.  —  W.  G.  Sumner,  Financier  and  Finances  of  the  American 
Revolution,  I,  Chs.  xiii-xv  ;  II,  Chs.  i-xxv  ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional 
History  of  the  United  States,  I,  Chs.  vii-x  (History  of  the  Constitution,  I, 
155-248);  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  I,  Chs.  ii-iv;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Life 
of  Alexander  Hamilton,  I,  Chs.  xi,  xiii,  xv ;  G.  Bancroft,  History  of  the 
United  States  (last  revision),  VI,  24-30,  59-86,  192  ;  (History  of  the  Con 
stitution,  I,  21-45,  76-113,  263);  Chas.  R.  King,  Life  and  Correspond 
ence  of  Rufus  King,  I,  Chs.  vi,  vii ;  J.  Elliot,  Funding  System,  59-61, 
91,  92  ;  W.  C.  Rives,  Life  and  Times  of  James  Madison,  II,  Ch.  xxiv  ; 
A.  S.  Bolles,  Financial  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  267-359;  Wm. 
Hill,  First  Stages  of  the  Tariff  Policy  of  the  United  States;  C.  H.  J. 
Douglass,  Financial  History  of  Massachusetts  ;  W.  Z.  Ripley,  Financial 
History  of  Virginia;  T.  K.  Worthington,  Historical  Sketch  of  the 
Finances  of  Pennsylvania  ;  W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  England  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century,  IV,  95-250. 

Sources.  — American  State  Papers,  Finance,  I  ;  Journals  of  Congress, 
VII-XHI,  passim;  Alexander  Hamilton,  Works  (J.  C.  Hamilton 
edition),  I ;  James  Madison,  Papers,  I  ;  George  Washington,  Writings, 
(Sparks  edition),  VIII,  IX,  passim  ;  James  V.  Varnum,  Case  of  Trevett 
against  Weeden  ;  Samuel  Osgood  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
Proceedings,  V,  470;  Dickeson,  American  Numismatic  Manual,  PI.  xi. 


32O  Confederation  and  Constitution.  [§  151. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  223,  235,  236,  483,  and 
Reader's  Hand-Book,  41,  242,  243,  274  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference 
Lists,  No.  37  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  199.  Notes  to  Curtis,  Ban 
croft,  and  in  special  authorities  above. 


§  152.     Slavery  Questions  under  the  Confederation, 
1774-1787. 

•  Summary.  —  National  questions  :  slaves  as  prizes  ;  fugitives  ; 
Indian  treaties  ;  clause  in  Northwest  ordinance  (§  150).  —  Taxa 
tion  :  1776,  debate;  1777;  unsettled  by  the  Articles.  —  Negro 
troops.  —  Trade:  "Association"  of  1774;  Jefferson's  draft  of 
1776  :  state  prohibitions.  —  Territorial  :  1784,  Jefferson's  proposi 
tion  ;  1785,  King's  proposition  ;  1787,  Northwest  ordinance  (see 
§  150). —  Emancipation  movement :  societies;  Southern  sentiment; 
European  sentiment.  —  Emancipation  accomplished:  1777,  Ver 
mont;  1780,  Massachusetts  and  Pennsylvania;  1783,  New  Hamp 
shire  ;  1784,  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut;  1799,  New  York; 
1804,  New  Jersey. 

General.  —  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I,  273-301;  J.  F. 
Jameson,  Essays  on  the  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  No.  V; 
J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  I,  3  ;  III,  727,  973  ;  Henry  Wilson,  Rise  and 
Fall  of  the  Slave  Power,  I,  Chs.  ii-iv  ;  Horace  Greeley,  American  Con 
flict,  I,  Chs.  iii,  iv  ;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Historical  Sketch  of  Slavery, 
Ch.  xi ;  G.  Bancroft,  History  (last  revision),  VI,  116-118  {History  of 
the  Constitution,  I,  192)  ;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  Chs.  xiv,  xvii ; 
W.  Goodell,  Slavery  and  Anti-slavery,  Chs.  vii-xi ;  James  Schouler, 
Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  Ch.  viii ;  Van  Santvoord,  Chief  Justices,  179- 
195  ;  R.  Hildreth,  United  States,  III,  390-395,  509  ;  IV,  174-177.  — See 
§§  148,  161,  178. 

Special.  —  T.  M.  Cooley,  Story's  Commentaries,  §  1916;  C.  R. 
King,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Rufus  King,  I,  Chs.  vi,  xv ;  William 
F.  Poole,  Anti-slavery  Opinions  before  1800 ;  Samuel  M.  Janney,  His 
tory  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  III,  Ch.  xv  ;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Slave 
Trade  (Harvard  Historical  Studies,  No.  i)  ;  G.  W.  Williams,  History 
of  the  Negro  Race,  I,  Chs.  xxvi-xxxi ;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest, 
Ch.  xviii  ;  Shosuke  Sato,  Public  Land  Questions,  88-99  (Johns  Hopkins 
University,  Studies,  IV,  Nos.  7-9);  Cutlers,  Life  of  Manasseh  Cutler; 


§  1 53-]  Slavery  and  Commerce.  321 

G.  H.  Moore,  Notes  on  Slavery  in  Massachusetts,  Chs.  viii-x;  B.  C. 
Steiner,  Slavery  in  Connecticut,  24-45  ;  Jeffrey  R.  Brackett,  Status  vf 
the  Slave  in  Maryland;  M.  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  §§  13,  14; 
J.  F.  Jameson,  Essays.  —  See  §  148. 

Sources.  —  Ordinances  of  Congress  in  Journals  of  Congress ;  State 
Statutes  in  collections  enumerated  in  §  29  ;  early  state  constitutions  in 
Poore,  Charters  and  Constitutions ;  George  Livermore,  Historical  Re 
search  respecting  the  Opinions  of  the  Founders  of  the  Republic.  —  See 
§  148. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  ¥11,325,  326;  Goodell,  Slavery 
and  Anti-slavery,  90-97;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Story's  Commentaries,  §  1916; 
Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  Appendix  E;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  62,  63  ;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Suppression  of 
the  Slave  Trade,  Appendix  F. 


§  153.    Foreign  and  Commercial  Relations  of  the 
Confederation.     1783-1789. 

Summary.  —  Great  Britain  :  Western  posts  ;  negroes  ;  loyal 
ists  ;  debts  ;  navigation  laws  ;  West  Indian  trade  ;  discrimina 
tions  ;  Adams's  mission.  —  Spain  :  boundary  ;  Mississippi 
navigation  ;  negotiations  of  1786;  threats  of  the  West.  —  France: 
1 778,  treaties  (§  1 39) ;  1 788,  consular  convention.  —  Minor  treaties. 
—  Status  of  states  :  irregular  action  ;  interstate  obstacles  ;  1784, 
commerce  amendment  (§  154);  1785,  Monroe's  proposition. 

General.  —  (See  §§  138,  141,  162.)  HISTORIES:  McMaster,  United 
States,  I,  Chs.  iii,  iv  ;  T.  Pitkin,  United  States,  II,  Ch.  xvii;  R.  Hildreth, 
History,  III,  Ch.  xlvi ;  W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  England  (English  edition),  IV, 
266.  —  BIOGRAPHIES  :  William  Whitelock,  John  Jay,  Ch.  xiv  ;  George 
Pellew,  John  Jay,  Ch.  ix  ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Adams,  Ch.  ix,  and 
Thomas  Jefferson,  Ch.  vii  ;  J.  T.  Austin,  Elbridge  Gerry,  I,  Ch.  xxv ; 
M.  C.  Tyler,  Patrick  Henry,  Ch.  xvii ;  Kate  M.  Rowland,  George  Mason, 
II,  Ch.  iii ;  S.  F.  Miller,  Lectures  on  the  Constitution,  48-55  ;  J.  J.  Lalor, 
Cyclopcedia,  I,  207,  574. 

Special. — HISTORIES:  G.  Bancroft,  History  (last  revision),  VI,  27- 
166,  passim  {History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  33-227,  passim};  J.  C. 
Hamilton,  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  II,  Chs.  xx-xxiii  ;  G.  T.  Curtis, 
Constitutional  History,  I,  Chs.  xi,  xiii  {History  of  the  Constitution, 


322  Confederation  and  Constitution.  [§  153. 

I,  249-290)  ;  John  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  Ch.  iv.  —  DIPLOMATIC 
AUTHORITIES  :  F.  Lyman,  Diplomacy  of  the  United  States,  II,  Ch.  vi ; 
W.  C.  Fisher,  American  Trade  Regulations  before  1789  (American 
Historical  Association,  Papers,  III,  467-496);  F.  Wharton,  Digest  of 
the  International  Law  of  the  United  States,  passim ;  Eugene  Schuyler, 
American  Diplomacy,  265-281.  —  ECONOMIC  AUTHORITIES:  W.  B. 
Weeden,  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New  England,  II,  Chs.  xxii, 
xxiii ;  William  Hill,  First  Stages  of  the  Tariff  Policy  (American 
Economic  Association,  Publications,  VIII,  No.  6,  Chs.  i-iii.  —  BIOG 
RAPHIES  :  Henry  Flanders,  Chief  Justices  (Jay},  I,  Ch.  xiii ;  William 
Jay,  John  Jay,  I,  183-254  ;  W.  C.  Rives,  James  Madison,  II,  Chs.  xxi- 
xxiv,  xxvi ;  C.  R.  King,  tfufus  King,  I,  Chs.  iii,  iv,  ix,  x  ;  H.  S.  Randall, 
Thomas  Jefferson,  I,  Chs.  xi,  xii  ;  C.  F.  Adams,  John  Adams,  II, 
Ch.  viii ;  George  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  I,  Chs.  viii-xi ;  J.  Schouler, 
Thomas  Jefferson,  Ch.  ix  ;  W.  W.  Henry,  Patrick  Henry,  II,  Chs.  xxxiii, 
xxxiv. 

Sources.  —  Instructions  and  ordinances  of  Congress  in  Journals  of 
Congress  and  Secret  Journals  ;  Treaties  and  Conventions  (1778-1788); 
John  Jay,  Correspondence  and  Ptiblic  Papers,  III,  167-224  ;  Alexander 
Hamilton,  Works  (J.  C.  Hamilton  edition),  I,  (Lodge  edition)  I,  203- 
315;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings,  I,  338-607,  II;  James  Madison, 
Writings,  I,  passim,  and  Papers,  I  ;  George  Washington,  Writings 
(Sparks  edition),  VIII,  IX,  passim  (especially  IX,  501-510)  ;  John 
Adams,  Works,  III,  353-406  (Diary,  1783-87),  VIII  (correspondence); 
Benjamin  Franklin,  Works  (Kigelow  edition),  VII-IX,  passim  ;  G.  Ban 
croft,  History  of  the  Constitution,  Appendices  to  I,  II,  passim  ;  Noah 
Webster,  Sketches  of  American  Policy  ;  Pelatiah  Webster,  Dissertation 
on  the  Political  Union. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  199-235,  passim;  E.  E. 
Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  38,  39. 

§  154.     The  Federal  Convention  of  1787. 

Summary.  —  Proposed  amendments  of  the  Confederation  : 
1781,  five  per  cent  (§  151);  1783,  revenue  (§  151);  1784,  com 
merce  (§  1 53) ;  i  785-86,  minor  schemes.  Call :  1785,  Massachusetts 
proposition;  1786,  Annapolis  Convention;  1787,  February  21, 
call  by  Congress.  —  Choice  of  delegates:  principal  members.— 
Convention  :  place  ;  1787,  May  25,  organizes  ;  plans  submitted  ; 


§  X54-]  Federal  Convention  of  Ij8j.  323 

May  30  to  June  13,  first  general  debate;  June  19  to  July  26, 
second  general  debate  ;  August  7  to  September  8,  debate  on 
detail.  —  September  12  to  15,  Committee  on  style;  September  17, 
signatures.  —  Difficulties  :  authority  ;  sources  ;  first  compromise 
(representation  in  Congress) ;  second  compromise  (slave  represen 
tation);  third  compromise  (slave  trade). 

General.  —  HISTORIES  :  R.  Hildreth,  History,  III,  Ch.  xlvii ;  T.  Pitkin, 
United  States,  II,  Ch.  xviii ;  T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger  History,  293-308; 
G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  I,  234-256  (History  of  the  Constitu 
tion,  I,  347-379)  ;  Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  86-103  ; 
J.  K.  Hosmer,  Anglo-Saxon  Freedom,  Ch.  xv;  J.  Schouler,  History,  I, 
Ch.  i,  Sect,  ii  ;  J.  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History,  59-96  ;  F.  A. 
Walker,  Making  of  the  Nation,  Chs.  ii,  iii;  Justin  Winsor,  America,  VII, 
Ch.  iv  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  637-640.  —  BIOGRAPHIES  :  John  T. 
Morse,  Jr.,  Alexander  Hamilton,  I,  Ch.  vi,  and  Benjamin  Franklin, 
Ch.  xv  ;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Financier  and  Finances  of  the  Re-volution,  II, 
Ch.  xxviii ;  Kate  M.  Rowland,  George  Mason,  II,  Chs.  iv,  v;  Wm.  Jay, 
John  Jay,  I,  254-270  ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  IVashington,  II,  Ch.  i ; 
S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  Ch.  iv-viii ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Gouverneur 
Morris,  Ch.  vi  ;  Van  Santvoord,  Chief  Justices,  179-195,  252-262  ; 
W.  W.  Henry,  Patrick  Henry,  II,  Ch.  xxxv.  —  STATE  HISTORIES  (see 
also  §  23)  :  J.  S.  Barry,  Massachusetts,  II,  Chs.  vi,  vii ;  J.  T.  Scharf, 
Maryland,  II,  Ch.  xxxi;  R.  R.  Howison,  Virginia,  II,  Ch.  v.  —  CON 
STITUTIONAL  TREATISES  :  J.  A.  Jameson,  Constitutional  Conventions  ; 
John  Ordronaux,  Constitutional  Legislation,  Ch.  ii ;  J.  I.  C.  Hare, 
American  Constitutional  Law,  I,  Lects.  i,  ii  ;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitu 
tional  Law,  §§79-81;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitutional 
Law,  §§  80,  81  ;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science,  I,  98-108  ;  T.  Farrar, 
Manual  of  the  Constitution,  §§  5-23  ;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  American  Govern 
ment,  Pt.  i,  Chs.  vii-ix  ;  R.  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  Ch.  xii ; 
J.  P.  Thompson,  Lectures  on  the  Centennial  of  American  Independence, 
Lect.  iii ;  J.  N.  Larned,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  V,  3296-3301. — 
See  also  §§  142,  155-157- 

Special.  —  H.  L.  Carson,  History  of  the  Celebration  of  the  One  Hun- 
dreth  Anniversary  of  the  Promulgation  of  the  Constitution  (2  vols.);  J. 
Story,  Commentaries,  §§272-276;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Life  of  Alexander 
Hamilton,  [or  Republic},  III,  Chs.  xlv-xlviii;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King, 
I,  Chs.  xi-xiv  ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  I,  Chs.  xv-xxxii 
(History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  328-488  ;  II,  1-488);  W.  C.  Rives,  James 


324  Confederation  and  Constitution.  [j§  154. 

Madison,  II,  Chs.  xxv-xxxii ;  James  H.  Robinson,  Original  and  Derived 
Features  of  the  Constitution  (American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science,  Annals,  I,  203-243);  O.  G.  Libby,  Geographical  Distribution 
of  the  Vote  of  the  Thirteen  States  (University  of  Wisconsin,  Bulletin,  I, 
No.  i)  ;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision),  VI,  177-276,  292-367 
{History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  242-278;  II,  1-97,  119-222);  J.  B. 
McMaster,  History,  I,  Ch.  iv,  and  Pennsylvania  and  the  Federal  Con 
stitution  ;  John  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  Chs.  v,  vi ;  J.  T.  Austin,  Life  of 
Elbridge  Gerry,  II,  Ch.  i  ;  C.  Ellis  Stevens,  Sources  of  the  Constitution, 
Chs.  ii-iv,  vi ;  Henry  Sumner  Maine,  Popular  Government,  Essay  iv  ; 
Charles  Ingersoll,  Fears  for  Democracy,  Ch.  ii. 

Sources.  — Journal  of  the  Convention,  in  several  editions,  also  in  J. 
Elliot,  Debates,  I,  120-508,  official  reprints  in  Bureau  of  Rolls  and 
Library,  Bulletin,  No.  3  (Journal),  Nos.  i,  3,  5  (Papers).  —  Madison's 
Notes  in  Madison  Papers,  II,  685-1242  ;  J.  Madison,  Letters  and  Other 
Writings,  I,  278-342,  passim  ;  George  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks 
edition),  IX,  219-265,  510-558;  Alex.  Hamilton,  Works  (J.  C.  Hamilton 
edition),  I,  393-456,  (Lodge  edition),  I,  319-409  ;  John  Jay,  Correspond 
ence  and  Public  Papers,  III,  221-259;  Benjamin  Franklin,  Works 
(Bigelow  edition),  IX,  395-484  ;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  (H.  A. 
Washington  edition),  I,  78-82  ;  G.  Bancroft,  History  of  the  Constitution, 
II,  Appendix.  —  REPRINTS  in  Joel  Tiffany,  Treatise  on  Government, 
Appendix,  Nos.  5-12;  W.  Hickey,  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
(1854),  153-189;  P.  L.  Ford,  Essays  on  the  Con  station,  and  Pamphlets 
on  the  Constitution.  —  TEXT  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION  :  Original  engrossed 
copy  in  Department  of  State  ;  verbatim  reprints  from  the  MS.  in  The 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  with  the  Amendments  (Washington, 
Government  Printing  Office,  1891),  and  in  American  History  Leaflets, 
No.  8. 

Bibliography.  —  P.  L.  Ford,  Bibliography  and  Reference  List  of  the 
Constitution;  WTinsor,  America,  VII,  226,  256-263;  W.  E.  Foster, 
References  to  the  Constitution,  14-21;  J.  G.  Barn  well,  Reading  ATotes  on 
the  Constitution;  John  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  351-356;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  42-46  ;  Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Pt. 
ii,  128,  129;  Bureau  of  Rolls  and  Library,  Bulletins  (Calendars  of 
Jefferson  and  Madison  Papers)  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Introduction  to  Federal 
Government,  §§  38,  469,  and  Revised  Suggestions,  §  45. 


§  1 5 5-]  Ratification  of  the  Constitution.  325 


§  155.     Ratification  of  the  Constitution,  1787-1790. 

Summary.  —  Action  of  Congress:  September  18,  1787,  Con 
stitution  transmitted.  —  Popular  feeling  :  objections  ;  arguments 
in  favor  ;  arguments  against  ;  Federalists  organize  ;  Anti-Federal 
ists  organize;  the  "  Foederalist."  —  Stages  of  ratification:  (i) 
calling  conventions  ;  (2)  choosing  delegates  ;  (3)  debates  in  con 
ventions  ;  (4)  acts  of  ratification.  —  Progress  of  ratification  : 
1787,  December  7,  to  1788,  January  9,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersey,  Georgia,  Connecticut  (five  states);  1788,  February 
7  to  June  21,  Massachusetts,  Maryland,  South  Carolina,  New 
Hampshire  (nine  states);  June  26,  Virginia  (tenth);  July  26,  New 
York  (eleventh);  1789,  November  21,  North  Carolina  (twelfth) ; 
1790,  May  29,  Rhode  Island  (thirteenth).  —  Proposed  amend 
ments  :  1 789,  amendments  submitted  by  Congress. 

General.  —  T.  Pitkin,  History,  II,  264-291;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  III, 
Ch.  xlviii;  S.  F.  Miller,  Lectures  on  the  Constitution,  Lect.  i;  J.  I.  C. 
Hare,  American  Constitutional  Law,  I,  Lect.  iii;  M.  C.  Tyler,  Patrick 
Henry,  Chs.  xviii,  xix  ;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  Ch.  ix;  John  T. 
Morse,  Jr.,  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  I,  238-275  ;  George  Van  Sant- 
voord,  Chief  Justices,  I,  37-50,  195-198,  262-264  ;  William  Sullivan, 
Familiar  Letters,  19-35  »  A.  H.  Everett,  Patrick  Henry  (Library  of 
American  Biography,  Second  Series,  I),  Ch.  vii  ;  B.  A.  Hinsdale, 
American  Government,  Pt.  i,  Chs.  x,  xi;  F.  A.  Walker,  Making  of  the 
Nation,  Ch.  iv.  —  See  §§  142,  154,  156,  157. 

Special.  —  H.  B.  Dawson,  The  Federalist,  Introduction  ;  G.  T. 
Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  I,  Chs.  xxxiii-xxxvi  (History  of  the  Consti 
tution,  II,  491-604)  ;  George  Bancroft,  History  (last  revision),  VI,  371- 
462  (History  of  the  Constitution,  II,  225-350)  ;  Joseph  Story,  Com 
mentaries,  §§  277-279  ;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton, 
III,  Chs.  xlix-liv  ;  C.  J.  Stille,/^^  Dickinson,  Ch.  vii ;  J.  B.  McMaster, 
History,  I,  Ch.  v  ;  W.  C.  Rives,  James  Madison,  II,  Chs.  xxxiii-xxxvi ; 
Kate  M.  Rowland,  George  Mason,  II,  Chs.  vi-viii;  Charles  Borgeaud, 
Adoption  and  Amendment  of  Constitutions,  15-20,  131-136,  175-191  ; 
John  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  Ch.  vii  ;  P.  C.  Centz  (pseud.),  Republic  of 
Republics,  74-156;  J.  A.  Jameson,  Constittitional  Conventions;  J.  F. 
Jameson,  Essays,  No.  2.  —  PARTICULAR  STATES  :  J.  B.  McMaster, 
and  F.  D.  Stone,  Pennsylvania  and  the  Federal  Constitiition ;  J.  B. 


326  Confederation  and  Constitution.  [§  155. 

Walker,  Birth  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  A  History  of  the  New  Hamp 
shire  Convention  ;  B.  K.  Peirce  and  C.  Hale,  Debates  in  the  Convention 
of  Massachusetts  (1856)  ;  S.  B.  Harding,  Ratification  of  the  Federal 
Constitution  by  the  State  of  Massachusetts  (Harvard  Historical  Studies, 
II);  Debates  and  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  of  Virginia;  J. 
Elliot,  Debates,  II-IV;  G.  H.  Hollister,  History  of  Connecticut,  II, 
Ch.  xix  (see  also  §  23);  A.  W.  Clason,  Seven  Conventions  ;  J.  T.  Austin, 
Elbridge  Gerry,  II,  Chs.  ii,  iii ;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  I,  Chs.  xvi, 
xix  ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Cabot,  24-33  5  ^.  V.  Wells,  Samuel  Adams, 
III,  248-282  ;  J.  D.  Hammond,  History  of  Political  Parties  in  the  State 
of  New  York,  I,  Ch.  i ;  W.  W.  Henry,  Patrick  Henry,  II,  Chs. 
xxxvi-xxxix. 

Sources.  —  TEXT  OF  RATIFICATION  ORDINANCES  :  Originals  in 
Department  of  State  ;  Official  reprints  in  Bureau  of  Rolls  and  Library, 
Bidletin,  No.  5;  Unofficial  reprints  in  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  I,  319-339; 
H.  Niles,  Weekly  Register,  XLIII,  Supplement,  p.  44;  P.  C.  Centz 
(pseud.),  Republic  of  Republics,  App.  C,  No.  2  ;  W.  O.  Bateman, 
Political  and  Constitutional  Law,  §§  85,  86. — DEBATES:  See  special 
authorities  above,  and  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  II-IV  ;  George  Washington, 
Writings  (Sparks  edition),  IX,  265-492  ;  James  Madison,  Writings,  I, 
342-409,  and  Papers,  II,  615-682  ;  John  Jay,  Correspondence  and  Public 
Papers,  III,  260,  362  ;  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (J.  C.  Hamilton  edition), 
I,  428-491,  (H.  C.  Lodge  edition),  I,  413-535  ;  G.  Bancroft,  History  of 
the  Constitution,  II,  Appendix,  passim  ;  W.  W.  Henry,  Patrick  Henry, 
III,  432-600  ;  P.  C.  Centz  (pseud.),  Republic  of  Republics,  Appendices 
A,  C  ;  Joel  Tiffany,  Treatise  on  Government,  Appendix,  Nos.  13-17; 
E.  B.  Williston,  Eloquence  of  the  United  States,  I  ;  H.  Niles,  Weekly 
Register,  XLIII,  Supplement. 

Bibliography.  —  P.  L.  Ford,  Bibliography  and  Reference  List,  and 
Pamphlets,  437-441;  Winsor,  America,  VII,  257-260;  W.  E.  Foster, 
References  to  the  Constitution,  17,  18  ;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  278, 
279  5  J-  G.  Barnwell,  Reading  Notes  on  the  Constitution,  p.  vi ;  E.  E. 
Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  53,  54 ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopccdia,  I, 
610. 

§  156.     Theories  of  the  Constitution. 

Summary.  —  Theories  of  origin  :  is  the  Union  older  than  the 
states?  (§§  136,  143);  were  the  states  sovereign  under  the  con 
federation  ?  (§§  143,  149);  did  the  states  surrender  sovereignty  in 


§  L56-]  Theories  of  the  Constitution.  327 

ratification?  (§  155).  —  Theories  of  ratification:  (i)  by  states; 
(2)  by  the  people  in  independent  communities  ;  (3)  by  the  people 
in  each  of  the  states  ;  (4)  by  the  people  of  the  United  States  : 
(5)  by  general  assent  ;  (6)  by  the  people  in  their  constitution- 
making  capacity.  —  Theories  of  federal  relations:  (i)  a  league  ; 
(2)  a  compact  ;  (3)  an  instrument  of  government  ;  (4)  an  indis 
soluble  league  of  indestructible  states.  —  Theories  of  dissolution  : 
(i)  interposition  (§  165);  (2)  nullification  (§  184);  (3)  secession 
(§  207);  (4)  revolution  (§§  209,  210). 

General.  —  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  Ch.  ii ;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  History,  I,  47-63,  and  Constitutional  Law,  §§  1-5  ;  Joel 
Tiffany,  J^reatise  on  Government,  Ch.  vi;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War, 
I,  Ch.  xv ;  G.  Bancroft,  History  (last  revision),  VI,  441-451  (History 
of  the  Constitution,  II,  321-335)  ;  James  Bryce,  American  Common 
wealth,  I,  Ch.  ii-iv;  E.  Boutmy,  Studies  in  Constitutional  Law,  Pt. 
ii ;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science,  I,  49-89,  98-108,  142-154  ;  II,  17- 
21;  James  Bayard,  Brief  Exposition  of  the  Constitution,  159-165;  Henry 
Baldwin,  General  View,  passim ;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Consti 
tutional  Law,  §§90-153;  Crane  and  Moses,  Politics,  Ch.  xi  ;  T.  M. 
Cooley,  Treatise  on  Constitutional  Limitations,  Ch.  ii  ;  T.  Farrar, 
Mamial  of  the  Constitution,  §§  48-63  ;  C.  W.  Loring,  Nidlification, 
Secession,  Chs.  ii,  iii ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  III,  788-802  ;  J.  F.  Baker, 
Federal  Constitution,  Chs.  iv,  v  ;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law, 
§§93-95;  F-  Wharton,  Commentaries,  §  371.  — See  §§  154,  155,  157, 
159,  165,  184,  208. 

Special.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  306-372,463;  J.  I.  C.  Hare, 
American  Constitutional  Law,  I,  Lects.  iv-vii  ;  J.  C.  Hurd,  Theory 
of  oiir  National  Existence,  Ch.  iv ;  John  Quincy  Adams,  Jubilee  of  the 
Constitution,  1-70,  116-120  ;  Jefferson  Davis,  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Con 
federate  Government,  I,  Pt.  ii;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States, 
I,  Chs.  iii-ix  ;  P.  C.  Centz  (pseud.),  Republic  of  Republics,  41-69,  159- 
270.  —  QUESTION  OF  RATIFICATION:  State  theories:  P.  C.  Centz 
(pseud.),  Republic  of  Republics,  137-156;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and 
Constitutional  Law,  §§  86a,  102-114,  134;  H.  Baldwin,  General  View, 
18-26.  —  "  People  "  theories  :  The  Federalist  (Dawson  edition),  No.  38; 
Webster,  in  Elliot's  Debates,  IV,  496-509. —  STATUS  OF  NON-RATIFYING 
STATES  :  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §  479,  1849  >  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political 
and  Constitutional  Law,  §  81-86  ;  F.  Wharton,  Commentaries,  §  368;  W. 
R.  Staples,  Rhode  Island  in  the  Continental  Congress ;  H.  Von  Hoist, 


328  Confederation  and  Constitution.  [§  156. 

Constitutional  Law,  §  4;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  III,  695,  792,  793. — 
LEAGUE  AND  COMPACT  THEORIES:  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §  321-330, 
349-372;  Webster,  in  Benton's  Abridgment,  XII,  103;  Tucker,  in  Story's 
Commentaries,  §§  310-319;  P.  C.  Centz  (pseud.),  Republic  of  Republics, 
59-69,  561-571;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  I,  116-120, 
477-485  ;  Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  134-140  ;  E.  A. 
Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  38-41.  —  INSTRUMENT  OF  GOVERNMENT  THEORY  : 
J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  339,  340 ;  J.  Kent,  Commentaries,  I,  201  ; 
A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  I,  17-21  ;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil 
War,  I,  285,  286. —  STATE  SOVEREIGNTY  THEORY  :  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclo 
paedia,  III,  788-800  ;  P.  C.  Centz  (pseud.),  Republic  of  Republics,  325- 
339;  St.  George  Tucker,  Blackstone's  Commentaries,  Appendix,  note  D  ; 
A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  Stafes,  I,  116-147,  465-496  ;  II,  21-24; 
Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  141-156;  J.  C.  Hurd, 
Theory  of  our  National  Existence,  116-141  ;  H.  Baldwin,  General  View. 
—  NATIONAL  SOVEREIGNTY  THEORY  :  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  350- 
363,  380-383  ;  J.  A.  Jameson,  National  Sovereignty  {Political  Science 
Quarterly,  V,  193-213)  ;  Daniel  Webster,  Works  (see  below). 

Sources.  —  Illustrative  cases  in  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases  on  Constitutional 
Law,  I,  especially  Ch.  iii ;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  passim.  —  Discussions, 
in  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II,  262-309;  Webster,  in  Elliot,  Debates,  IV, 
496-509,  516-518,  and  in  Johnston,  Representative  American  Orations, 
I,  228  ;  Hayne,  in  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  IV,  509-516  ;  P.  C.  Centz  (pseud.), 
Republic  of  Repiiblics,  524-527. 

Bibliography. — Justin  Winsor,  America,  VII,  261-266;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §  47;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  III,  800;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §§  45,  46,  49,  50,  57,  62,  66,  68.  —  See  §§  183, 
205. 


XVII.      ORGANIZATION    OF    THE   GOVERNMENT. 

§  157.     Organization  of  the  three  Departments  of  Govern 
ment,  1789-1793. 

Summary.  —  Precedents:  English  (§146);  colonial  govern 
ments  (§  147);  state  governments  (§  143);  Continental  Congress 
(§137);  Confederation  (§  149).  —  Preliminaries:  1 788,  expiration 
of  the  Confederation  ;  1 788-89,  first  national  elections  ;  place 
of  meeting.  —  The  legislative  department :  1 789,  April  i ,  6,  two 
houses  organized  ;  June  I,  first  Act  ;  question  of  instructions  ; 
salaries  ;  relations  with  the  president  ;  relations  with  the  cabinet ; 
speaker  ;  committees  ;  leaders.  —  Executive  department  :  1 789, 
April  30,  inauguration  of  Washington  ;  novelty  of  the  office  ; 
question  of  title  ;  ceremonies  ;  appointments  ;  question  of  removal 
of  officers  ;  1792,  April  5,  first  veto  ;  1795,  question  of  submitting 
papers.  —  Executive  heads  :  practice  of  the  confederation  ;  crea 
tion  of  heads  of  departments  ;  Washington's  cabinet ;  questions 
of  patronage.  —  Judiciary  department  :  previous  federal  courts  ; 
1789,  September  24,  judiciary  act;  supreme  court;  inferior 
courts  ;  attorney  general  ;  appointments  of  judges  ;  question  of 
appeal  jurisdiction;  extra  judicial  opinions;  1793,  first  great 
decision. 

General.  —  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Washington,  II,  40-81;  J.  B.  Mc- 
Master,  History,  I,  525-568  ;  C.  F.  Adams,  John  Adams,  438-458  ; 
T.  Pitkin,  History,  II,  Ch.  xx  ;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  IV,  Chs.  i,  ii,  iv, 
vi;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  I,  Ch.  vii,  and 
John  Adams,  Ch.  x;  J.  Schouler,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Ch.  x,  and  History, 
I,  74-130  ;  G.  Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision),  VI,  463-474 
{History  of  the  Constitution,  II,  351-367);  J.  Sparks,  George  Washington, 
I,  Ch.  xvi ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclop&dia,  I,  587,  804  ;  II,  132,  192,  474,  527, 
567,  648,  660,  663,  992  ;  III,  310,  702,  933,  1087  ;  S.  H.  Gay,  James 
Madison,  Ch.  x  ;  T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger  History,  Ch.  xiii;  George 

329 


33O  Organization.  [§  157. 

Tucker,  History,  Chs.  v,  vi ;  Alden  Bradford,  Federal  Government,  Ch.  i ; 
A.  W.  Young,  The  American  Statesman,  Ch.  v  ;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Jubilee 
of  the  Constitution  ;  H.  E.  Scudder,  George  Washington,  Chs.  xxiii,  xxiv. 

Special.  —  DETAILED  ACCOUNTS  :  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson, 
I,  Chs.  xiv,  xv  ;  W.  C.  Rives,  James  Madison,  III,  Chs.  xxxvii,  xxxviii ; 
J.  Sparks,  George  Washington,  Ch.  xv  ;  William  Whitelock,  John  Jay, 
Chs.  xv-xvii;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Republic,  IV,  Chs.  Ivi-lviii;  C.  W. 
Upham,  Timothy  Pickering,  II,  Ch.  vii ;  III,  Chs.  i,  ii  ;  J.  T.  Austin, 
Elbridge  Gerry,  II,  Ch.  iv  ;  C.  R.  King,  Ruftis  King,  1,  Ch.  xix  ;  H.  C. 
Lodge,  George  Cabot,  Chs.  iii,  iv.  —  LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT:  Samuel 
Oppenheim,  Early  Congressional  Debates  and  Reporters ;  J.  W.  Moore, 
American  Congress,  Chs.  viii-x ;  A.  Lawrence  Lowell,  Essays  on  Govern 
ment,  No.  i;  Mary  P.  Follett,  The  Speaker ;  Clara  II.  Kerr,  Origin  and 
Development  of  the  United  States  Senate.  —  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT  : 
Lives  of  Washington,  Hamilton,  Jefferson,  Edmund  Randolph,  Knox, 
(see  §  25)  ;  R.  W.  Griswold,  Republican  Court ;  Eugene  Schuyler, 
American  Diplomacy,  Nos.  1-3  ;  C.  A.  O'Neil,  American  Electoral 
System,  Chs.  iv,  v  ;  Lucy  M.  Salmon,  Appointing  Power  of  the  President 
(American  Historical  Association,  Papers,  I,  299-419).  —  JUDICIARY 
DEPARTMENT  :  Henry  Flanders,  Lives  and  Times  of  the  Chief  Jiistices, 
I,  Ch.  xiv  (Jay},  Chs.  xv,  xvi  (Rutledge) ;  George  Van  Santvoord,  Lives 
of  the  Chief  Justices  (Jay)  ;  H.  L.  Carson,  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
Stales,  I,  Chs.  xi,  xii  ;  E.  P.  Wheeler,  The  Supreme  Court;  William 
Jay,  Life  of  John  Jay,  I,  Ch.  viii  ;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  S^lpreme  Court 
(Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  Extra  Vol.  VII). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  (House):  Annals  of  Congress,  I-III;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Abridgment  of  Debates,  I  ;  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  IV,  343-443  ; 
Thomas  Lloyd,  Register  of  Debates  (1789-90);  History  of  Congress  from 
1789  to  1791. —  SENATE  TO  1791 :  William  Maclay,/bttr;w/;  John  Adams, 
Works  (Diary),  III,  407-414.  —  DOCUMENTS:  Statutes  at  Large,  I; 
Annals  of  Congress,  Appendices  to  I-III ;  American  State  Papers,  Mis 
cellaneous,  I;  Williams,  Statesman's  Manual,  I.  —  CONTEMPORARY^ 
WRITINGS  :  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  edition),  X,  XII  ;  (W.  C. 
Ford  edition),  XI,  XII ;  Jefferson,  Writings  (H.  A.  Washington  edition), 
III,  (P.  L.  Ford  edition),  V  ;  Hamilton,  Works  (H.  C.  Lodge  edition), 
II  ;  John  Marshall,  Life  of  George  Washington,  V,  Ch.  iii  ;  James 
Madison,  Writings,  I  ;  Fisher  Ames,  Works,  I,  and  Speeches  in  Congress: 
C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  I,  Chs.  xix,  xx  ;  William  Sullivan,  Familiar 
Letters,  Nos.  10,  11  ;  J.  Sparks,  Gcuverneur  Morris,  III,  No.  3;  A, 


§158.]  Three  Departments,   1789-1793.  331 

Johnston,  Representative  American  Orations,  I  ;  John  Jay,  Correspon 
dence  and  Public  Papers,  III,  363-489  ;  W.  W.  Henry,  Patrick  Henry, 
III,  385-422. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  299-309,  323-333;  W.  E. 
Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Administrations,  1-5  ;  J.  J.  Lalor, 
Cyclopedia,  I,  27  ;  Indexes  to  the  Journals  of  Congress,  1789-1805  (see 
§  i6e);  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  48-52,  57;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Formation  of  the  Union,  §  69,  and  Revised  Suggestions ^  §§  33f~33h,  47. 


§  158.     Organization  of  a  Financial  System,  1789-1793. 

Summary.  —  Financial  situation  in  1789  (§§  151,  153):  revenue  ; 
expenditure;  loans;  deficit;  lost  credit. —  Revenue:  1789,  first 
tariff  act  ;  question  of  protection  ;  system  of  collection  ;  tonnage 
duties  ;  excise  ;  proceeds  of  lands  and  post-office  ;  amount  of 
revenue. —  Debt  :  1790,  January  14,  Hamilton's  report  on  public 
credit  ;  question  of  funding  ;  foreign  debt  ;  domestic  debt  ; 
original  holders  ;  funding  system.  —  Assumption  of  state  debts  : 
reasons  for;  1790,  March  and  April,  Congress  uncertain;  ques 
tion  of  site  of  national  seat  of  government  ;  July,  Jefferson's  com 
promise  ;  violent  protests  ;  amounts  assumed.  —  Expenditure  : 
ordinary  expenses  ;  interest  :  military  and  naval.  —  Bank  of  the 
United  States  :  bank  of  North  America  (§  151);  1790,  December 
14,  Hamilton's  report  ;  draft  of  a  bill;  1791,  February,  question 
of  constitutionality  (§  166);  cabinet  opinions;  February  21,  act 
approved;  successful  operation  of  the  bank;  1811,  expires  by 
limitation  (§  172);  1816,  revived  (§  174). —  Financial  progress 
(§§  1 66,  167,  174). 

General.  —  II.  Von  \\v\s,\4ponstitutional  History,  I,  80-107;  J.  B. 
McMaster,  History,  I,  542-561,  568-593;  II,  25-41,  57-82;  T.  Pitkin, 
History,  II,  Ch.  xx ;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  IV,  Chs.  i-v,  vii ;  George 
Tucker,  History,  I,  390-394,  413-431,  436-441,  448-458;  H.  C.  Lodge, 
George  Washington,  II,  103-128  ;  J.  Sparks,  George  Washington,  Ch.  xvii ; 
C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  I,  Chs.  xix-xxii ;  J.  Schouler,  History,  I,  86- 
93,  130-142,  158-165,  186  ;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  151-159;  J.  J. 
Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  1,316,  351,714;  11,127,  I9°i  573;  IH»  856-8159; 
Alden  Bradford,  Federal  Government,  Ch.  ii ;  A.  W.  Young,  American 


332  Organization.  [§  158. 

Statesman,  Chs.  v,  vi ;   W.  A.  Cocke,  Constitutional  History,  I,  Ch.  iii ; 
Judson  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History,  Lect.  v. 

Special. — DETAILED  ACCOUNTS  :  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Life  of  Alex 
ander  Hamilton,  I,  Chs.  vii-xii  ;  II,  Chs.  i,  ii  ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Alexander 
Hamilton,  Chs.  v,  vi ;  Henry  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin,  Book  II  ;  George 
Gibbs,  Memoirs  of  the  Administrations  of  Washington  and  Adams,  I, 
Chs.  ii,  iii,  vii,  x,  xiii ;  A.  S.  Bolles,  Financial  History,  II,  Book  I  ; 
J.  C.  Hamilton,  Republic,  IV,  V  ;  William  Sullivan,  Familiar  Letters, 
Nos.  11-14;  George  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  I,  Chs.  xiii-xvi ;  Martin 
Van  Buren,  Inquiry  into  Political  Parties,  Chs.  iii,  iv ;  Henry  C. 
Adams,  Taxation  in  the  United  States,  14-30;  (Johns  Hopkins  Univer 
sity,  Studies,  II,  No.  5) ;  J.  \V.  Kearny,  Sketch  of  American  Finances, 
Chs.  i,  ii.  — TARIFF  :  William  Hill,  First  Stages  of  the  Tariff  Policy  of 
the  United  States  (American  Economic  Association,  Publications,  VIII, 
No.  6),  Ch.  iv  ;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff 'History  of  the  United  States,  8-17  ; 
W.  G.  Sumner,  Financier  and  Finances  of  the  Revolution,  II,  Chs.  xxxi, 
xxxii;  George  S.  White,  Memoir  of  Samuel  Slater,  Chs.  i-iv  ;  J.  D. 
Goss,  History  of  Tariff  Administration  (Columbia  College,  Publications^ 
I),  81-161  ;  J.  Leander  Bishop,  History  of  American  Manufactures,  II, 
13-17. —  DEBT:  J.  Elliot,  Report  of  the  Funding  System;  Henry  C. 
Adams,  Public  Debts,  Ft.  ii,  Chs.  iii,  v  ;  Ft.  iii,  Ch.  ii ;  J.  A.  Porter, 
City  of  Washington  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Stiidies,  III,  Nos.  ii, 
12).  —  BANK:  W.  G.  Sumner,  History  of  American  Currency,  55-61, 
and  Alexander  Hamilton,  Chs.  x,  xi;  R.  Hildreth,  Banks,  Banking,  and 
Paper  Currencies,  Ch.  xv  ;  Clark  and  Hall,  Legislative  and  Documentary 
History  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  Ch.  ii. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  (House):  Annals  of  Congress,  I-III ;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Abridgment  of  Debates,  I ;  History  of  Congress  from  I'jSg  to 
/79/.  —  Senate  to  1791:  William  Maclay,  Journal.  —  DOCUMENTS: 
Statutes  at  Large,  I  ;  Annals  of  Congress,  Appendices  to  II,  III  ; 
American  State  Papers,  Finance,  I,  Posttf)ffice  Department,  I,  Claims, 
I,  Commerce  and  Navigation,  I  ;  Williams,  Statesman's  Manual,  I;  C.* 
F.  D  unbar,  Laws  Relating  to  Finance.  —  Hamilton's  Reports:  Works 
(see  below);  Annals  of  Congress,  Appendices  to  II,  III  ;  F.  W.  Taus 
sig,  State  Papers  and  Speeches  on  the  Tariff;  American  State  Papers, 
Finance,  I.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (J.  C. 
Hamilton  edition),  III,  IV,  VI,  632-651,  (H.  C.  Lodge  edition),  II,  III; 
Albert  Gallatin,  Writings,  III  (Sketch  of  the.  Finances  of  the  United 
States)-,  William  Maclay,  Journal,  Chs.  ii,  v-xi,  xiv  ;  James  Madison. 


§  r59-]  Finances  and  Implied  Powers.  333 

Writings,  I  ;  Fisher  Ames,  Works ;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  (H.  A. 
Washington  edition),  III  (Letters),  VII  (Official  Papers),  IX  (Anas); 
George  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  edition),  X,  XII  ;  (W.  C.  Ford 
edition),  XI,  XII ;  John  Marshall,  Life  of  George  Washington,  V,  Chs. 
iii-v  ;  J.  Sparks,  Gouverneur  Morris,  III,  No.  5. 

Bibliography.  —  P.  L.  Ford,  Bibliotheca  Hamiltoniana ;  Winsor, 
America,  VII,  308,  328;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  204;  II,  435  (Hamil 
ton);  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Administrations,  2  ;  E. 
E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  58-61,  65;  Allibone,  American 
Autliors,  I,  773  (Hamilton);  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §  33k. 

§  159.    Doctrine  of  Implied  Powers. 

Summary.  —  Before  1789:  under  the  Continental  Congress, 
all  implied  (§  136);  under  the  Confederation  none  implied  (§  142). 
-The  Constitution  (§§  154-156):  general  clauses;  "necessary 
and  proper  "  clause  ;  "  general  welfare  "  clause.  —  Bank  question  : 
1791,  February,  question  of  constitutionality;  first  discussed; 
opinion  of  the  cabinet.  —  Doctrines  of  powers  of  Congress  : 
"implied  powers";  "resulting  powers";  "sovereignty  of  Con 
gress." —  Applications:  1789,  protection  (§  158);  1791,  bank 
(§  158);  1798,  alien  and  sedition  acts  (§  165);  1803,  annexation 
of  Louisiana  (§  168);  1807,  embargo  (§  171);  1816,  bank  and 
internal  improvements  (§  174);  1846-54,  territorial  slavery  (§§  196, 
199);  1861,  war  (§§  210,  215);  1863,  legal  tenders  (§  21 1);  aid 
to  the  distressed  ;  "general  welfare." 

General. — T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  Ch.  iv,  §  15;  John  T. 
Morse,  Jr.,  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  I,  Ch.  xii;  A.  V.  Dicey, 
Lectures  Introductory  to  the  Study  of  the  Law  of  the  Constitution,  Lect. 
iii  ;  John  Ordronaux,  Constitutional  Legislation,  537-561;  James  Bryce, 
American  Commonwealth,  I,  Chs.  xxxiii-xxxv ;  W.  A.  Duer,  Constitu 
tional  Jurisprudence,  309-401 ;  James  Bayard,  Brief  Exposition  of  the 
Constitution,  39-44. 

Special.— J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§430,  497-5°6>  637-660,  907- 
930,  1236-1279,  1329;  J.  Kent,  Commentaries,  I,  Lect.  xii;  S.  F. 
Miller,  Lectures  on  the  Constittttion,  Notes  to  Lect.  ii  ;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
Constitiitional  Law,  §  16  ;  F.  Wharton,  Commentaries,  §§  380,  404,  411, 
468,  596;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §  259-269  ;  C.  S.  Patter- 


334  Organization.  [§  159. 

son,  The  United  States  and  the  States  iinder  the  Constitution,  Ch.  ii;  G. 
Bancroft,  Plea  for  the  Constitution. 

Sources.  — CASES.  Anderson  vs.  Dunn  :  6  Wheaton,  204  ;  5  Curtis, 
61;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  603-610.  —  M'Culloch  vs.  Maryland:  4 
IVhcaton,  316;  4  Curtis,  415;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  271-285;  J.  Marshall, 
Writings,  160-187.  —  Martin  vs.  Hunter's  Lessee:  i  Wheaton,  304  ;  3 
Curtis,  562;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  123-132;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  525- 
554.  —  Gibbons  vs.  Ogden:  9  Wheaton,  I;  6  Ctirtis,  i;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  1799-1819;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  287-314.  —  Legal  Tender 
Cases:  12  Wallace,  457;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2237-2254.  —  United 
States  vs.  Fisher:  2  Cranch,  358;  i  Ciirtis,  496.  —  Osborn  vs.  Bank 
of  the  United  States:  9  Wheaton,  738;  b  Curtis,  251;  J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  1346^;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  315-342.  —  Logan  vs.  the  United 
States :  144  United  States,  263  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  343-348.— 
In  re  Neagle  :  135  United  States,  i;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  335-343-  — 
Juilliard  vs.  Greenman  :  no  United  States,  421;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
2255-2267.  (See  also  §  175.)  —  CONTEMPORARY  DISCUSSIONS  :  A. 
Hamilton,  Works  (J.  C.  Hamilton  edition),  IV,  103-138,  (II.  C. 
Lodge  edition),  III,  179-227  ;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  (H.  A. 
Washington  edition),  VII,  555-561,  (P.  L.  Ford  edition),  V,  284; 
John  Marshall,  Writings  (especially  164-178,  295-307,  313,  314);  John 
Marshall,  Life  of  George  Washington,  V,  Ch.  iv;  Clark  and  Hall,  Legis 
lative  and  Doctimentary  History  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  85-1 14. 

Bibliography.  —  Robert  Desty,  Federal  Constitution,  106-109,  278, 
301,  302  ;  notes  to  the  commentaries,  especially  Story  ;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Revised  Suggestions,  §§  48,  49,  51,  53,  58. 

§  160.     Political  Parties,  1789-1793. 

Summary.  —  Origin  of  parties:  colonial  (§  147);  pre-revolu- 
tionary ;  revolutionary  patriots  and  tories  (§136);  1783-88, 
factions  in  Congress  (§  147);  1787-89,  Federalists  and  Anti- 
Federalists  (§155);  state  parties. —  1788-89,  First  national 
elections  ;  1 789-92,  genesis  of  parties  in  Congress  ;  in  the 
cabinet;  on  financial  measures  (§  151). —  T793?  Republican  and 
Federal  parties  formed  ;  leaders  ;  Jefferson  and  Hamilton  ;  1792, 
second  election  of  Washington  ;  effect  of  the  French  revolution  ; 
"  Democrats  ";  "  British  party  ";  "  monarchical  faction  ";  "corrupt 
treasury  squadron." 


§  i6o.]  Political  Parties,   1789-1793.  335 

General.  —  F.  Wharton,  State  Trials,  1-7  ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George 
Washington,  II,  Ch.  v;  J.  Sparks,  Life  of  George  Washington,  Ch.  xviii; 
W.  G.  Sumner,  Alexander  Hamilton,  Chs.  ix,  xii  ;  II.  C.  Lodge,  Alex 
ander  Hamilton,  80-83,  136-152;  J.  Schouler,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Chs. 
x,  xi  ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Chs.  viii-x  ;  J.  T.  Austin, 
Life  of  Elbridge  Gerry,  II,  Ch.  iv  ;  J.  Schouler,  History,  I,  70-85,  165- 
179,  199-244;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II,  47-58,  85-88;  George 
Tucker,  History,  I,  445-448,  480-498  ;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  IV,  39-46, 
287-301,  331-373,  389-409  ;  S.  II.  Gay,  James  Madison,  Ch.  xii  ;  T. 
Pitkin,  History,  II,  352-366  ;  E.  Stanwood,  Presidential  Elections,  Chs. 
i-iii ;  Alden  Bradford,  History  of  the  Federal  Government,  Ch.  iii  ;  A. 
W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  Ch.  vii ;  Thomas  V.  Cooper,  American 
Politics,  Book  I  ;  J.  Parton,  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  Chs.  xliv,  xlvi- 
xlviii ;  G.  W.  Lawton,  American  Caucus  System,  Ch.  iv  ;  F.  W.  Dai- 
linger,  Nominations  for  Elective  Office  in  the  United  States  (Harvard 
Historical  Studies,  IV). 

Special.  —  PARTY  HISTORIES:  R.  McK.  Ormsby,  History  of  the 
Whig  Party,  Chs.  iii-vi  ;  Martin  Van  Buren,  Inquiry  into  Political 
Parties,  Chs.  i,  ii,  iv  ;  Alexis  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy  in  America,  I, 
Chs.  x— xiii ;  Anson  I).  Morse,  Our  Two  Great  Parties  (Political  Science 
Quarterly,  VI,  VII);  Arthur  Holmes,  Parties  and  their  Principles,  Ch. 
iii;  Winsor,  America,  VII,  Ch.  v.  —  DETAILED  ACCOUNTS:  John  T. 
Morse,  Jr.,  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  II,  Ch.  i  ;  H.  S.  Randall, 
Thomas  Jefferson,  I,  Ch.  xv;  II,  Chs.  i-iii  ;  George  Gibbs,  Memoirs  of 
the  Administrations  of  Washington  and  Adams,  I,  Chs.  i-iv  ;  George 
Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  I,  Chs.  xiv-xvi ;  W.  C.  Rives,  James  Madison, 
III  ;  G.  M.  Dallas,  A.  J.  Dallas,  48-59  ;  Hugh  A.  Garland,  John  Ran 
dolph,  I,  Chs.  ix-xv  ;  Matthew  L.  Davis,  Aaron  Burr,  I,  Chs.  xvi ;  II, 
Chs.  ii,  iii. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Annals  of  Congress  and  T.  II.  Benton's  Abridg 
ment,  passim.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (J.  C. 
Hamilton  edition),  IV,  V,  VII  (An  American  Catullus],  (IT.  C.  Lodge 
edition),  VI,  VIII;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  (IT.  A.  Washington 
edition),  III,  especially  359-365 ;  IX,  87-185,  (P.  L.  Ford  edition),  V 
VI  ;  John  Adams,  Works,  VI,  (Discourses  on  Davila},  XII  ;  William 
Maclay,  Journal ;  George  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  edition),  X, 
especially  Appendices  to  XII,  XIII,  XVI,  (W.  C.  Ford  edition),  XII, 
XIII  ;  James  Madison,  Writings,  I  ;  W.  W.  Henry,  Patrick  Henry,  III, 
387-428  (Letters)  ;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  Chs.  xxiii,  xxiv  ;  J.  C. 


336  Organization.  [§  160. 

Hamilton,    Republic,    IV,    Chs.  Ix,  Ixxi-lxxvi  (especially  525)  ;    James 
Sullivan,  Familiar  Letters ;  Abigail  Adams,  Letters  (2  vols.). 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  294-333;  W.  E.  Foster, 
References  to  Presidential  Administrations,  3-4  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical 
Reference  Lists,  §§  56,  57;  A.  B.  Hart,  Re-vised  Suggestions,  §  330. 

§  161.     Territorial  and  Slavery  Questions,  1789-1802. 

Summary.  —  New  state  constitutions  (§  143):  questions  under 
the  confederation  (§  161).  —  New  states  :  1791,  Vermont  ;  1792, 
Kentucky;  1796,  Tennessee;  1802,  Ohio.  —  Land  questions: 
1790,  North  Carolina  cession;  1794,  Yazoo  grants;  1800, 
Western  Reserve;  1802,  Georgia  cession. —  Territories:  1789, 
Northwest  ordinance  (§  161)  confirmed;  1790,  "  territory  south 
of  the  Ohio";  1798,  Mississippi  territory;  1800,  Northwest 
territory  divided.  —  Slavery  under  the  Confederation  (§  161).— 
Slavery  question  revived  :  1 789,  question  of  a  tax  on  the  trade  ; 
1790,  memorials  ;  1793,  fugitive  slave  act  ;  1794,  regulation  of  the 
trade.  —  1793,  The  cotton  gin.  —  Seat  of  government :  1790,  site 
fixed  by  compromise  (§  158)  ;  selected  by  Washington;  1800, 
first  occupied  ;  laws  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  —  Progress  of 
territorial  questions  (§§  168,  176,  178).  —  Progress  of  slavery 
questions  (§§  177,  186). 

General.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I,  302-325;  J.  J. 
Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  II,  315,  671;  III,  461-469,  735,  891,  1061 ;  J. 
Schouler,  History,  I,  98-101,  142-150,  179-199;  George  Tucker,  His 
tory,  I,  407,  431-434,  447,  459,  499-501  ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II, 
15-22,  144-165,  284-286,  476-489  ;  III,  Ch.  xvi ;  R.  Hildreth,  History, 
IV,  174-206,  225-240,  267-272,  326-330,  384-387,  622-644  ;  Henry 
Wilson,  Slave  Power,  I,  Chs.  v-vii ;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  159- 
171  ;  Winsor,  America,  VII,  Appendix  I  ;  Horace  Greeley,  American 
Conflict,  I,  Ch.  vi ;  R.  McK.  Ormsby,  Whig  Party,  Ch.  viii;  J.  W. 
Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  Ch.  xvi  ;  St.  George  Tucker,  Blackstone's  Com 
mentaries,  II,  Note  E. 

Special.  —  SLAVERY  :  William  Goodell,  Slavery  and  Anti-Slavery, 
Chs.  xix,  xxii ;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Historical  Sketch  of  Slavery,  Ch.  x  ; 
Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  §§  16-35;  George  W.  Williams, 
History  of  the  Negro  Race  in  America,  I,  Ch.  xxxi  ;  II,  Ch.  i;  Mary 


§  1 62.]  Territory  and  Slavery.  337 

Tremain,  Slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia  (University  of  Nebraska, 
Publications}  ;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Suppression  of  the  Slave  Trade 
(Harvard  Historical  Studies,  I). — For  slavery  in  the  states,  see  §  152. — 
TERRITORIAL  QUESTIONS:  Shosuke  Sato,  Public  Land  Question,  121- 
143;  C.  H.  Haskins,  Yazoo  Land  Companies  (American  Historical 
Association,  Papers,  V,  395-437);  Thomas  Donaldson,  Pttblic  Domain, 
Chs.  iii-v  ;  G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  History,  I,  408-425;  B. 
A.  Hinsdale,  The  Old  Northwest,  Chs.  xvi-xix.  —  For  state  histories, 
see  §  23. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  I-XI  ;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment  of  Debates,  I,  II.  —  DOCUMENTS:  Statutes  at  Large,  I  ; 
Annals  of  Congress,  Appendices  to  I-XI ;  Thomas  Donaldson,  Public 
Domain;  American  History  Leajlets,  No.  22;  American  State  Papers, 
Public  Lands,  I,  Miscellaneous,  I;  B.  P.  Poore,  Charters  and  Constitutions. 
—  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  W.  Winterbotham,  Historical,  Geo 
graphical,  Commercial,  and  Philosophical  View  of  the  American  United 
States  (4  vols.);  W.  H.  Smith,  St.  Clair  Papers,  II  ;  Jedidiah  Morse, 
American  Geography ;  John  Pope,  Tour  through  the  Soiithern  and 
Western  Territories ;  La  Rochefoucauld,  Travels  through  the  United 
States.  —  For  other  travels,  see  §  24. 

Bibliography.  —  T.  M.  Cooley,  Story's  Commentaries,  §  1916,  Note 
i  ;  Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  Appendix  E ;  Mary 
Tremain,  Slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  98-100;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  61,  64  ;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Suppression  of 
the  Slave  Trade,  Appendix  D. 

§  162.     Foreign  Relations,  1793-1797. 

Summary.  —  France:  1778,  treaties  (§  139);  1788,  consular 
convention  (§  162);  1 789,  revolution  ;  1793,  neutrality  declared; 
1793,  Genet  episode;  1794,  Monroe  episode;  1796,  Pinckney 
episode.  —  Spain:  1786,  Mississippi  question  (§163);  1795, 
treaty  of  the  Escurial.  —  England  :  1 789,  outstanding  questions 
under  the  treaty  of  1783  (§  162);  1793,  outbreak  of  war  with 
France  ;  1794,  aggressions  on  neutral  trade  ;  impressments  ;  war 
threatened;  1794,  Jay's  treaty;  1795,  Jay's  treaty  opposed; 
"Despatch  No.  10";  1796,  treaty  accepted  by  the  House  ;  posts 
surrendered.  —  Barbary  powers:  treaties  of  tribute  (§  167).— 
Later  controversies  (§§  168,  170-172). 


338  Organization.  [§  162. 

General.  —  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Washington,  II,  Ch.  iv;  George 
Pellew,  John  Jay,  Ch.  x  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I,  107- 
137;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II,  89-144,  165-188,  212-289;  R- 
Hildreth,  History,  IV,  132-137,  411-443,  451-497,  516-520,  539-615;  J. 
Schouler,  History,  I,  Ch.  iii ;  J.  Sparks,  George  Washington,  Chs.  xviii, 
xix  ;  T.  Pitkin,  History,  II,  Ch.  xxi-xxv  ;  George  Tucker,  History,  I, 
Chs.  vii,  viii ;  Henry  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin,  151-189;  J.  A.  Stevens, 
Albert  Gallatin,  104-125,  153-175  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  II,  327-331; 
Hugh  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph,  I,  Chs.  xvi-xviii  :  T.  Roosevelt, 
Gouverneur  Morris,  Chs.  vii-x  ;  D.  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe,  Ch.  iii  ; 
Appendix  II  ;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  Chs.  xiii,  xiv ;  H.  C.  Lodge, 
Alexander  Hamilton,  153-175,  188-194  ;  Justin  Winsor,  America,  VII, 
Ch.  vii ;  Alden  Bradford,  History  of  the  Federal  Government,  Chs.  iii,  iv; 
W.  A.  Cocke,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  Chs.  iii ; 
A.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  Chs.  viii-x  ;  J.  Parton,  Thomas 
Jefferson,  Chs.  xlv,  xlvi,  xlix,  1. 

Special.  —  W.  H.  Trescot,  Diplomatic  History  of  the  Administrations 
of  Washington  and  Adams,  Chs.  ii-iv  ;  Theodore  Lyman,  Diplomacy  of 
the  United  States,  I,  Ch.  vi,  vii ;  George  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  I, 
Chs.  xvii-xxi  ;  Henry  Flanders,  Chief  Justices,  I,  Chs.  xiv,  xv  (Jay);  II, 
Ch.  x  (Ells-worth);  William  Whitelock,/^^/^,  Chs.  xviii-xx;  William 
Jay,  John  Jay,  I,  Chs.  viii-x;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Life  of  Alexander 
Hamilton,  II,  Chs.  iii,  v;  William  Sullivan,  Familiar  Letters,  Nos.  12- 
22  ;  C.  F.  Adams,  John  Adams,  II,  Ch.  ix;  George  Gibbs,  Washington 
and  Adams,  I,  Chs.  iv,  v,  viii-xii ;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Republic,  V,  VI; 
W.  Irving,  Life  of  Washington,  V,  Chs.  xix-xxx  ;  C.  W.  Upham, 
Timothy  Pickering,  III,  Chs.  v-vii  ;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  I,  Chs. 
xxiv-xxxii;  II,  Chs.  ix-xi  ;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  Chs. 
iii-vi  ;  M.  D.  Conway,  Edmund  Randolph  ;  Matthew  L.  Davis,  Alemoirs 
of  Aaron  Burr,  I,  Ch.  xviii  ;  C.  D.  Hazen,  Contemporary  American 
Opinion  of  the  French  Revolution  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies, 
XIII). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Annals  of  Congress,  III-VI;  T.  H.  Benton*, 
Abridgment  of  Debates,  I.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  I  ;  Annals 
of  Congress,  III— VI,  Appendices;  American  State  Papers,  Foreign 
Relations,  I  ;  Annals  of  Congress,  VI,  Appendix  ;  Williams,  Statesman's 
Manual,  I  ;  Treaties  and  Conventions ;  F.  Wharton,  Digest  of  the 
International  Law  of  the  United  States,  §§  78,  79,  84,  1313,  137,  1503  ; 
Matthew  Carey,  Remembrancer.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  George 
Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  edition),  X-XII  ;  (W.  C.  Ford  edition), 


§  163.]  Foreign  Affairs,  1793-1791.  339 

XII,  XIII;  Fisher  Ames,  Works,  I,  II;  Speeches  in  Congress ;  A. 
Johnston,  Representative  American  Orations,  I,  64  (Usher  Ames);  E. 
B.  Williston,  Eloquence  of  the  United  States,  I;  Gouverneur  Morris, 
Diary  and  Letters,  I,  Chs.  xxiii-xxvi ;  II,  Chs.  xxvii-xxx ;  John  Jay, 
Correspondence  and  Public  Papers,  IV  ;  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (J.  C. 
Hamilton  edition),  IV,  especially  355-406  ;  V,  VII  (Pacificus  and 
Camillus],  Works  (H.  C.  Lodge  edition),  IV;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Writ 
ings  (H.  A.  Washington  edition),  III,  IV,  IX,  (P.  L.  Ford  edition),  VI; 
James  Monroe,  View  of  the  Conduct  of  the  Executive ;  John  Trumbull, 
Autobiography,  Chs.  xii-xiv  ;  William  Cobbett,  Porcupine 's  Works,  II ; 
William  Jay,  John  Jay,  I,  Chs.  viii,  x  ;  II,  197-281  ;  John  Marshall, 
George  Washington,  V,  Chs.  vi-viii ;  James  Madison,  Writings,  I 
(Helvidius],  II  ;  J.  Sparks,  Gouverneur  Morris,  II,  III  ;  Edmund  Ran 
dolph,  Vindication  of  Mr.  Randolph'1  s  Resignation;  F.  Wharton,  State 
Trials,  49-89  (Henfield  Case);  G.  M.  Dallas,  A.  J.  Dallas,  160-210.  ' 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  361,  467-471,  514-517; 
W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Administrations,  4  ;  J.  J. 
Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  II,  638;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists. 
§§  66-69;  Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii,  129-131. 

§  163.     Internal  Disturbances,  1790-1794. 

Summary.  —  Causes :  Indian  lands  ;  spread  of  democracy 
(§  1 60);  frontier  life  (§  161)  ;  French  example;  "democratic 
clubs  (§  163).  —  Indian  wars:  1790,  Miami  expedition;  1791, 
St.  Clair  defeated  ;  1793,  1794,  Wayne's  campaign  ;  1795,  Georgia 
wars. —  Whiskey  Rebellion:  1790,  first  excise;  1792,  revision; 
violence  ;  act  for  summoning  militia  ;  1 794,  July,  armed  out 
break  ;  August  7,  President's  proclamation  ;  October,  military 
expedition  ;  1795,  treason  trials  ;  pardons  ;  Washington  on  "self- 
constituted  societies  ";  1795,  second  act  for  summoning  militia. — 
Troubles  with  Georgia:  1793,  Chisholm  case;  1795,  Indians; 
Yazoo  repeal  (§  161).  —  Later  controversies  (§§  165,  169,  171, 
173,  175,  183,  198,  202,  208,  213). 

General.  —  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Washington,  11,81-103,  119-1 28,  and 
Alexander  Hamilton,  175-187;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  IV,  137-147,  244- 
249,  281-287,  304,  310,  373-384,  443-446,  498-53!,  565  ;  J-  B-  McMas- 
ter,  History,  I,  593-604;  II,  42-47,  67-72,  189-206  ;  T.  Pitkin,  History, 


34-O  Organization.  [§  163. 

II,  Ch.  xxiii ;  J.  Schouler,  History,  I,  151-157,  275-285;  S.  H.  Gay, 
Bryant's  History,  IV,  112-122  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History, 
I,  99-104  ;  George  Gibbs,  Washington  and  Adams,  I,  Ch.  vi ;  George 
Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  I,  Ch.  xx,  and  History,  I,  446,  472,  481,  482, 
551-564  ;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Alexander  Hamilton,  Ch.  xiii ;  J.  A.  Stevens, 
Albert  Gallatin,  50-57,  69-99. 

Special.  —  Il£nry  Adams,  Life  of  Albert  Gallatin,  86-1 51 ;  Henry  M. 
Brackinridge,  History  of  the  Western  Insurrection  ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr., 
Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  II,  Ch.  iv  ;  Neville  B.  Craig,  Exposure  of 
Misstatement ;  W.  H.  Egle,  History  of  Pennsylvania,  Ch.  xiv  ;  J.  C. 
Hamilton,  Republic,  VI,  Chs.  ex,  cxi ;  W.  C.  Rives,  James  Madison,  III, 
447-461. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  II-IV;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment  of  Debates,  I.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  I  ; 
American  State  Papers,  Indian  Affairs,  I,  Miscellaneous,  I ;  Annals  of 
Congress,  Appendices  to  II-IV;  Williams,  Statesman 's  Manual,  I. — 
CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  William  Findley,  History  of  the  Insurrec 
tion  in  the  Four  Western  Counties  of  Pennsylvania  ;  Hugh  H.  Bracken- 
ridge,  Incidents  of  the  Insurrection  in  the  Western  Parts  of  Pennsyl 
vania  ;  Albert  Gallatin,  Writings,  I,  III,  No.  i  ;  A.  Hamilton,  Works 
(J.  C.  Hamilton  edition),  IV  (especially  575-604)  ;  V  (especially  1-55) ; 
George  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  edition),  X-XII ;  John  Marshall, 
George  Washington,  V,  Chs.  v,  vii ;  F.  Wharton,  State  Trials  (Treason 
Cases)  ;  Wm.  H.  Smith,  St.  Clair  Papers,  II  ;  G.  M.  Dallas,  A.  J. 
Dallas,  29-48,  149-159. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  330-341,  451,  452  ;  A.  John 
ston,  in  Lalor's  Cyclopedia,  III,  noS  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference 
Lists,  §  65. 

§  164.    Breach  with  France,  1797-1800. 

Summary.  —  Previous  relations  (§  163).  —  Change  of  adminis 
tration  :  1796,  Washington's  farewell  address;  election  of  John 
Adams  ;  trouble  with  the  cabinet.  —  X.  Y.  Z.  episode  ;  1 796, 
Pinckney  not  received  (§  162)  ;  1797,  demand  for  a  bribe  ;  1798, 
June  21,  Adams  on  the  crisis.  —  War  with  France  :  1798,  authori 
zation  to  capture  French  vessels  ;  1798-99,  naval  battles  ; 
captures  by  privateers  ;  question  of  Hamilton's  command.  — 


§  164.]          Internal  Disturbances  and  France.  341 

1 798,  the  Miranda  project.  —  Peace  :     1 799,  French  overtures  ; 
1800,    convention    negotiated  ;     "  French    spoliation    claims."  - 
Effect  on  Adams  (§  166).  —  Subsequent  relations  (§§  168,  170, 
171,  181). 

General.  —  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Adams,  265-287,  and  Thomas 
Jefferson,  173-193  ;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  IV,  685-704  ;  V,  Chs.  x,  xi,  xiii, 
xiv  ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II,  209-416,  429-476  ;  A.  Johnston,  in 
Lalor's  Cyclopedia,  III,  1122-1127;  George  Tucker,  History,  II,  Ch.ix; 
H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Washington,  II,  Ch.  vi ;  J.  Schouler,  History,  I, 
Ch.  iv  ;  C.  A.  O'Neil,  American  Electoral  System,  Ch.  vii ;  E.  Stanwood, 
Presidential  Elections,  Ch.  iv  ;  II.  C.  Lodge,  Alexander  Hamilton,  194- 
221  ;  S.  II.  Gay,  Bryant's  History,  IV,  Ch.  vi ;  Winsor,  America,  VII, 
Ch.  vii ;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Alexander  Hamilton,  Ch.  xv  ;  Arthur  Holmes, 
Parties  and  their  Principles,  Ch.  iv  ;  Alden  Bradford,  federal  Govern 
ment,  Chs.  iv,  v  ;  George  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  Chs.  i-iii  ; 
A.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  Chs.  xi-xiii ;  Samuel  Eliot,  Manual, 
296-325. 

Special.  —  C.  F.  Adams,  John  Adams,  II,  Ch.  x  ;  Hugh  A.  Garland, 
John  Randolph,  I,  Chs.  xviii-xxiii ;  George  Gibbs,  Washington  and 
Adams,  I,  Chs.  xiii-xv  ;  II,  Chs.  i-vi  ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Life  of 
Alexander  Hamilton,  II,  Chs.  vi,  vii ;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson, 
II,  Chs.  vi-x  ;  Henry  Flanders,  Chief  Justices,  II  (Marshall],  Ch.  viii  ; 
John  C.  Hamilton,  Republic,  VI,  Chs.  cxxxii-cxxxv  ;  VII,  Chs.  cxxxvi- 
cxlvii  ;  J.  T.  Austin,  Elbridge  Gerry,  II,  Chs.  v-viii  ;  C.  W.  Upham, 
Timothy  Pickering,  III,  Chs.  viii-xii ;  William  C  ranch,  John  Adams; 
W.  H.  Trescot,  Diplomatic  History  of  the  Administrations  of  Washington 
and  Adams,  Ch.  iii ;  C.  W.  Goldsborough,  United  States  Naval  Chronicle, 
Chs.  iii-ix  ;  David  D.  Porter,  Memoir  of  Commodore  David  Porter ; 
E.  S.  Maclay,  History  of  the  United  States  Navy,  I,  155-213. 

Sources.  —  DERATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  VII-X  ;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment  of  Debates,  II.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Statiites  at  Large,  I  ;  Amer 
ican  State  Papers,  Foreign  Relations,  II,  Military  Affairs,  I,  Naval 
Affairs,  I,  Commerce  and  Navigation,  I ;  Annals  of  Congress,  Appendices 
to  IX,  X  ;  T.  B.  Waite,  State  Papers,  III,  IV  ;  Williams,  Statesman's 
Manual,  I  ;  F.  \Vharton,  Digest  of  the  International  Law  of  the  United 
States,  §§  i48a,  335. — CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  John  Adams,  Works, 
VIII,  IX  (Correspondence  with  Mercy  Warren};  John  Marshall,  Life  of 
George  Washington,  V,  Ch.  ix  ;  George  Washington,  Works  (Sparks 
edition),  XI,  XII,  (W.  C.  Ford  edition),  XIII,  XIV;  A.  Hamilton, 


342  Organisation.  [§  164. 

Works  (J.  C.  Hamilton  edition),  VI ;  Lewis  Goldsmith,  Exposition  of 
the  Conduct  of  France  toward  America  ;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  II ; 
William  Sullivan,  Familiar  Letters,  Nos.  21-28  ;  Thomas  Jefferson, 
Writings  (PI.  A.  Washington  edition),  IV  ;  C.  W.  Upham,  Timothy 
Pickering,  III,  Chs.  ix— xi. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  332-337,  417,  418,  475,  518, 
519;  W.  E.  Foster,  Presidential  Administrations,  5-8  ;  A.  Johnston,  in 
Lalor's  Cyclopedia,  III,  1127;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists, 
§  70  ;  Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii,  134  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Forma 
tion  of  the  Union,  §  81. 


§  165.    Alien  and  Sedition  Acts,  and  Virginia  and  Kentucky 
Resolutions,  1798-1800. 

Summary.  —  The  states  previous  to  1798  (§§  143,  161).— 
The  statutes:  1798,  June  18,  naturalization  act;  June  21,  alien 
act  ;  June  27,  bank  fraud  act  ;  July  6,  alien  enemies  act ;  July  14, 
sedition  act.  —  Principles  involved  :  freedom  of  speech  and  the 
press  ;  common-law  jurisdiction  ;  truth  a  defense  ;  personal  lib 
erty  ;  the  president's  powers  ;  rightful  powers  of  the  states.  — 
State  resolutions  :  1798,  November  19,  first  Kentucky  resolutions; 
1798,  December  21,  Virginia  resolutions;  1799,  November  22, 
second  Kentucky  resolutions  ;  1799,  replies  of  other  states  ;  1800, 
Madison's  report.  —  Principles  involved  :  powers  of  Congress  ; 
arbiter  in  disputes;  "interposition";  "nullification";  ultimate 
use  of  force.  —  Cases  under  the  acts  :  no  aliens  expelled  ;  1 798- 
1800,  Cooper,  Callender,  and  other  sedition  cases.  —  Subsequent 
controversies  (§§  173,  175,  183,  206). 

General.  —  A.  Johnston,  in  Lalor's  Cyclopedia,  I,  56-58;  II,  672- 
677,  720  ;  III,  319-321  ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II,  389-403,  417-427, 
464-474,  495  >  J-  Schouler,  History,  I,  393-427;  George  Tucker,  History, 
II,  73-85;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  V,  Ch.  xii ;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison, 
Ch.  xv  ;  J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert  Gallatin,  152-160  ;  Henry  Adams,  John 
Randolph,  Ch.  ii  ;  Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  185-192. 

Special.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I,  Ch.  iv  ;  Henry 
Adams,  Albert  Gallatin,  189-228  ;  E.  D.  Warfield,  Virginia  and  Kentucky 
Resolutions  (?);  George  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  Chs.  ii,  iii ;  H.  S. 


§  1 66.]         Virginia  and  Kentucky  Resolutions.  343 

Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  Chs.  ix,  x  ;  Griffith  McRee,  Life  and 
Correspondence  of  James  Iredell,  II;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  158, 
1288,  1289,  1885,  1886;  N.  S.  Shaler,  Kentucky,  Ch.  x,  Appendix  A  ; 
J.  C.  Hamilton,  Republic,  VII,  Chs.  cxlvii,  cxlviii ;  R.  R.  Howison, 
History  of  Virginia,  II,  Ch.  vi ;  C.  W.  Loring,  Nullification,  Secession, 
Ch.  iv. 

vSources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  VIII,  IX;  T.  H.  Ben- 
ton,  Abridgment  of  Debates,  II.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  I  ; 
Annals  of  Congress,  Appendix  to  IX  ;  American  History  Leaflets,  No. 
15;  H.  W.  Preston,  Dociiments,  277-298;  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  IV,  528- 
582  ;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  (H.  A.  Washington  edition),  IX, 
Nos.  39,  47  ;  J.  N.  Larned,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  V,  3316-3323. 
—  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  (H.  A. 
Washington  edition),  IX  ;  James  Madison,  Writings,  II;  A.  Hamilton, 
Works  (J.  C.  Hamilton  edition),  VI  ;  William  Sullivan,  Familiar 
Letters,  No.  29  ;  A.  Johnston,  Representative  American  Orations,  I,  83 
(Nicholas)  ;  F.  Wharton,  State  Trials,  322-344,  659-721  ;  W.  W. 
Henry,  Patrick  Henry,  III,  425-428. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  319-334;  A.  Johnston,  in 
Lalor's  Cyclopaedia,  I,  58;  II,  677;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  1288, 
1289, 1886  ;  W.  E.  Foster,  Presidential  Administrations,  6  ;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  71,  72  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §  50. 

§  166.     Fall  of  the  Federalists,  1799-1801 

Summary.  —  Earlier  party  relations  (§§  160,  164,  165).— 
Unpopularity  :  French  war  ;  taxes  ;  Robbins's  case  ;  1 799,  Fries's 
insurrection  ;  1800,  judiciary  act  ;  1801,  judicial  appointments.  — 
Internal  quarrels:  1799,  Cabinet  breaks  up;  1800,  Hamilton's 
attack  on  Adams. —  Election  of  1800:  Adams  and  Jefferson; 
New  York  Republican;  no  electoral  choice.  —  Election  of  1801 : 
Burr  and  Jefferson  ;  deadlock  ;  Jefferson  elected.  —  Subsequent 
history  of  the  Federalists  (§§  168,  169,  173,  176). 

General.  —  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Adams,  287-330;  H.  C.  Lodge, 
Alexander  Hamilton,  221-236,  and  Thomas  Jefferson,  193-208  ;  H.  Von 
Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I,  168-183  ;  George  Tucker,  History,  II, 
Ch.  x ;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  V,  Ch.  xv  ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II, 
489-537;  J.  Schouler,  History,  I,  426-501;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I, 


344  Organisation.  [§  166. 

807;  II,  165-169;  III,  1125;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Alexander  Hamilton, 
Ch.  xvi ;  J.  Schouler,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Ch.  xi ;  J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert 
Gallatin,  160-175;  E.  Stan  wood,  Presidential  Elections,  Ch.  v;  Alden 
Bradford,  Federal  Government,  Ch.  v  ;  W.  A.  Cocke,  Constitutional 
History  I,  Ch.  iv  ;  Hugh  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph,  I,  Ch.  xxvi  ; 
Henry  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  Ch.  i ;  A.  W.  Young,  American  States 
man,  Ch.  xiii ;  C.  A.  O.'Neil,  American  Electoral  System,  Ch.  viii ; 
J.  Parton,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Chs.  Ivii-lx. 

Special.  —  F.  Wharton,  State  Trials,  7-48 ;  C.  F.  Adams,  Life  of 
John  Adams,  II,  Ch.  x;  Henry  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin,  228-266; 
George  Gibbs,  Washington  and  Adams,  II,  Chs.  vi,  vii ;  John  T.  Morse, 
Jr.,  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  II,  Ch.  vii ;  George  Tucker,  Thomas 
Jefferson,  II,  Ch.  iii ;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  Chs.  xi,  xii ; 
Henry  Flanders,  Chief  Justices,  II  (Ellsworth}  Chs.  xii-xiv,  (Marshall} 
Chs.  ix,  x;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Republic,  VII,  Chs.  cxlix-clvii ;  Theodore 
Lyman,  Diplomacy  of  the  United  States,  I,  Ch.  viii  ;  William  Whitelock, 
John  Jay,  Ch.  xxii. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  IX-X  ;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment  of  Debates,  II.  —  DOCUMENTS:  Statutes  at  Large,  II; 
American  State  Papers,  Foreign  Relations,  II,  Finance,  I,  Naval  Affairs, 
I  ;  Annals  of  Congress,  Appendix  to  X  ;  Williams,  Statesman's  Manual, 
I;  Treaties  and  Conventions.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  John 
Adams,  Works,  VIII,  IX  ;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  (H.  A. 
Washington  edition),  IV;  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (J.  C.  Hamilton  edition), 
V,  VII  (especially  Piiblic  Conduct  of  John  Adams}  ;  James  Madison, 
Writings,  II  ;  William  Sullivan,  Familiar  Letters,  Nos.  30,  37;  H.  C. 
Lodge,  George  Cabot,  Chs.  v-viii;  Matthew  L.  Davis,  Aaron  Burr,  II, 
Chs.  iv,  v;  DeWitt  Clinton,  Vindication  of  Thomas  Jefferson  ;  John  Jay, 
Correspondence  and  Pttblic  Papers,  IV  ;  F.  Wharton,  State  Trials,  392- 
648  ;  J.  Sparks,  Gouverneur  Morris,  III,  No.  2 ;  Fisher  Ames,  Works,  I. 
—  ELECTION  OF  1801  :  P.  Linn,  Serious  Considerations  on  the  Election 
of  a  President ;  R.  H.  and  J.  A.  Bayard,  Documents  Relating  to  the 
Presidential  Election  of  1801. 

Bibliography. —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  335-337;  W.  E.  Foster, 
References  to  Presidential  Administrations,  7,  8  ;  A.  Johnston,  in  Lalor's 
Cyclopedia,  I,  809 ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  73,  74. 


XVIII.     FOREIGN    COMPLICATIONS. 

§  167.     Thomas  Jefferson  and  his  Party. 

Summary.  —  Jefferson's  history  :  in  Virginia  ;  in  the  Con 
tinental  Congress  (§137);  as  a  diplomat  (§  153);  1790-93, 
secretary  of  state  (§§  157-160);  1797-1801,  vice-president  — 
Jefferson's  principles:  "Republican  simplicity";  reduction  of 
expenses  ;  reduction  of  the  debt  ;  opposition  to  coercion  ;  faith  in 
popular  government ;  reduction  of  national  functions  ;  concilia 
tion  of  the  Federalists.  —  Civil  service  :  cabinet  ;  Gallatin  ; 
"  midnight  appointments "  disavowed  ;  removals  ;  principle  of 
equalization.  —  Contest  with  the  judges  :  1802,  March  8,  judiciary 
act  repealed  ;  1803,  case  of  Marbury  vs.  Madison  ;  1804,  Judge 
Pickering  impeached  ;  1805,  impeachment  of  Judge  Chase  fails  ; 
Jefferson's  judicial  appointments.  —  Foreign  policy  :  question  of 
withdrawing  ministers  ;  Tripolitan  war  ;  gunboat  system. —  Broad 
spirit :  Jefferson  on  internal  improvements  ;  education  and  coloni 
zation  ;  effect  of  a  surplus.  —  Subsequent  career  (§§  168-171). 

General.  —  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy  Adams,  24-37,  57-68, 
and  Thomas  Jefferson,  Chs.  xiii,  xv ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  His 
tory,  I,  Ch.  v;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II,  583-620;  III,  146-215; 
Henry  Adams,  John  Randolph,  Chs.  iii,  v-vii ;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  V, 
Chs.  xvi-xviii;  J.  Schouler,  History,  II,  Ch.  v,  and  Thomas  Jefferson,  Ch. 
xii;  George  Tucker,  History,  II,  Chs.  xi,  xii ;  J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert 
Gallatin,  if  6-205,  289-311  ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Gouverneiir  Morris,  Chs. 
xii,  xiii ;  S.  H.  Gay,  fames  Madison,  Ch.  xvi ;  T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger 
History,  Ch.  xiv;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  History,  IV,  Chs.  vi,  vii ;  Alden 
Bradford,  Federal  Government,  Ch.  vi ;  Henry  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades, 
Ch.  ii  ;  J.  A.  Spencer,  History,  III,  Book  V,  Chs.  i,  iii,  iv;  R.  H.  Gillet, 
Democracy  in  the  United  States,  §§  1-17  ;  J.  W.  Moore,  American  Con 
gress,  Ch.  xiv;  W.  A.  Cocke,  Constitutional  History,  I,  Ch.  v;  A.  W. 
Young,  American  Statesman,  Chs.  xiv,  xv ;  Arthur  Holmes,  Parties  and 
their  Principles,  Ch.  v;  J.  Parton,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Chs.  Ixi-lxv ; 
Samuel  Eliot,  Manual,  329-352. 

345 


346  Foreign  Complications,  [§  167. 

Special.  —  Henry  Adams,  History  of  the  Administrations  of  Jefferson 
and  Madison,  I,  Chs.  i-xii  ;  II,  Chs.  vii,  ix-xviii ;  III,  Chs.  i-ix,  and 
Albert  Gallatin,  Book  III  ;  Hugh  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph,  I,  Chs. 
xxvii-xxxi ;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  Chs.  xii,  xiii ;  III, 
Chs.  i-iii  ;  Cornells  DeWitt,  Jefferson  and  the  American  Democracy  ; 
George  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  Chs.  iv,  v  ;  Josiah  Quincy,  John 
Quincy  Adams,  Ch.  ii ;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Republic,  VII,  Chs.  clviii-clxvii ; 
J.  T.  Austin,  Elbridge  Gerry,  II,  Chs.  ix,  x  ;  Lucy  M.  Salmon,  Appoint 
ing  Power  of  the  President  (American  Historical  Association,  Papers, 

I,  299-419);    E.  Stanwood,  Presidential  Elections,  Chs.  v,  vi ;    Wm. 
Plumer,  Jr.,  William  Phimer,  Chs.  vii,  viii  ;    Edmund  Quincy,  Josiah 
Quincy,  Ch.  v;  Henry  C.  Adams,  Taxation  in  the  United  States ;  Mar 
tin  Van  Buren,  Inquiry  into  Political  Parties,  Ch.  vi;  C.  A.  O'Neil, 
American  Electoral  System,  Chs.  ix,  x  ;    E.  S.  Maclay,   United  States 
Navy,  I,  214-302. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Annals  of  Congress,  XI-XV;  T.  H.  Benton,' 
Abridgment  of  Debates,  II,  III.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large, 
II;  Annals  of  Congress,  Appendices  to  XI-XIV;  American  State 
Papers,  Finance,  II;  Williams,  Statesman's  Manual,  I.  —  CONTEM 
PORARY  WRITINGS  :  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  I  ;  Thomas  Jefferson, 
Writings  (H.  A.  Washington  edition),  IV,  VIII  (Inaugural  Addresses 
and  Messages);  William  Sullivan,  Familiar  Letters,  Nos.  14,  32,  34-44, 
53~55»  Sarah  N.  Randolph,  Domestic  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson;  T. 
Dwight,  Character  of  Thomas  Jefferson  as  Exhibited  in  his  Writings  ; 
James  Madison,  Letters  and  Other  Writings,  II  ;  Albert  Gallatin, 
Writings,  I  ;  Henry  Adams,  Documents  relating  to  New  England 
Federalism ;  Matthew  L.  Davis,  Memoirs  of  Aaron  Burr,  II,  Chs. 
vi-xvii ;  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (J.  C.  Hamilton  edition),  VI  (Corre 
spondence),  VII  (Examination  of  Jeffersoii's  Message];  E.  B.  Williston, 
Eloquence  of  the  United  States,  II,  76-370;  IV,  261-373;  S.  G.  Good 
rich,  Recollections  of  a  Lifetime,  I,  Letters  9,  10,  17,  19;.  J.  Sparks, 
Gouverneur  Morris,  III,  No.  2;  Gouverneur  Morris,  Diary  and  Letters, 

II,  Chs.  xli-xlv  ;    J.  M.  Merriam  on  removals,  in  American  Historical 
Association,  Papers,  II,  47-52;  Isaac  Weld,  Jr.,    Travels   Through  the 
States  of  North  America  ;  Adam  Seybert,  Statistical  Annals ;  Thomas 
Ashe,    Travels  in  America  in  1806;    John   Bradbury,    Travels  in  the 
Interior  of  America  ;  John  Davis,  Travels  of  Four  Years  and  a  Half ; 
T.  Dwight,  Travels;    R.   Parkinson,  A  Tour  in  America.  —  For  other 
travels,  see  §  24. 


§  i68.]  Jefferson  and  his  Policy.  347 

Bibliography.  —  H.  B.  Tompkins,  Bibliotheca  Jeffersonania  ;  W.  E. 
Foster,  Presidential  Administrations,  8-12  ;  Winsor,  America,  VII, 
300-307,  337,  338,  418  ;  A.  Johnston,  in  Lalor's  Cyclopcedia,  I,  788  ;  II, 
639  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  75,  76  ;  Gordy  and 
Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Ft.  ii,  135-137  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the 
Union,  §  93. 

§  168.     Annexation  of  Louisiana,  West  Florida,  and  Oregon, 
1800-1812. 

Summary.  —  Previous  territorial  history  (see  §§91,  141,  153, 
161):  1512-41,  Spanish  claims;  1699,  French  settlement; 
1712,  Crozat's  grant;  1762,  West  side  to  Spain;  1763,  East 
side  to  England  ;  1 800,  October,  transfer  to  France.  —  American 
negotiations:  1802,  October,  "deposit"  withdrawn;  1803,  Mon 
roe  sent  out ;  Napoleon's  offer  of  the  whole.  —  The  treaty  :  1803, 
April  10,  treaty  signed  ;  October  9,  ratified  ;  boundaries  ;  pay 
ment  ;  claims  ;  expediency ;  objection  of  New  England.  — 
Constitutional  questions:  implied  powers  (§159);  Federalist 
partnership  theory  ;  Jefferson's  amendment.  —  Boundary  ques 
tions  :  Southeastern  ;  Southwestern  ;  Northern  ;  later  adjustments 
(§  176).  —  Organization  :  1803,  December  20,  the  territory  trans 
ferred  ;  1804,  territory  of  Orleans  ;  1805,  territorial  government  ; 
1812,  state  of  Louisiana.  —  West  Florida  question  :  French  refuse 
a  definition  ;  difficulties  with  Spain  ;  1808,  revolution  ;  f8io, 
western  part  annexed  ;  1812,  remainder  annexed.  —  Oregon  ques 
tion  :  1792,  discovery  of  River  Columbia;  1803-06,  Lewis  and 
Clark's  expedition;  1811,  Astoria  founded;  1812,  taken  by  the 
British.  —  Later  adjustment  (§  192). 

General. — J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II,  620-633;  R.  Hildreth,  His 
tory,  V,  448,  478-498,  506,  536,  546,  568-576  ;  VI,  143-148,  223-228  ;  J. 
Schouler,  History,  II,  36-52,  72,  117,  130,  198,  224,  266;  John  T. 
Morse,  Jr.,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Ch.  xiv  ;  D.  C.  Oilman,  James  Monroe, 
74-93;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I,  183-199;  J.  J.  Lalor, 
Cyclopedia,  I,  93  ;  III,  1045  ;  George  Tucker,  History,  II,  177-218,  235, 
256,  267-275,  389,  416;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  History,  IV,  145-149; 
Winsor,  America,  VII,  Ch.  vii,  Appendix  I  ;  J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert 
Gallatin,  201-205,  294-296;  Henry  Adams,  John  Randolph,  Ch.  iv ; 


348  Foreign  Complications.  [§  168. 

Alden  Bradford,  Federal  Government,  Ch.  vi  ;   J.  A.  Spencer,  History, 
III,  Book  V,  Ch.  ii. 

Special.  —  Henry  Adams,  Administrations  of  Jefferson  and  Madison, 

I,  Chs.  xiii-xvii ;    II,  Chs.  v-vii,  ix  ;  III,  Chs.  i,  v-vii ;  V,  Ch.  xv,  and 
Albert  Gallatin,  Book  III ;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  III,  Ch.  ii ; 
J.  Story,   Commentaries,  §§  1277-1283,  1317-1321  ;    Theodore  Lyman, 
Diplomacy  of  the  United  States,  Ch.  ix  ;    C.  F.  Robertson,  Louisiana 
Purchase  (American  Historical  Association,  Papers,  I,  253-290)  ;  T.  M. 
Cooley,  Acquisition  of  Louisiana  ;    George  Tucker,    Thomas  Jefferson, 

II,  Ch.  vi  ;  J.  W.   Monette,  History  of  the    Valley  of  the  Mississippi ; 
Thomas  Donaldson,  Public  Domain,  Ch.  iv  ;    Henry  Gannett,  Boun 
daries  of  the   United  States ;    H.   H.   Bancroft,  History  of  Northwest 
Coast;  William  Barrows,  Oregon,  Chs.  i-viii.  —  Histories  of  Louisiana, 
Arkansas,  Missouri,  Oregon,  Washington  (see  §  23). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Annals  of  Congress,  XII-XIII  ;  T.  H.  Ben- 
ton,  Abridgment  of  Debates,  II,  III.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  American  State 
Papers,  Foreign  Relations,  II,  Public  Lands,  I  ;  Annals  of  Con 
gress,  Appendix  to  XII;  Treaties  and  Conventions;  F.  Wharton, 
Digest  of  the  International  Law  of  the  United  States,  §  148!);  Thomas 
Donaldson,  Piiblic  Domain,  89-105;  Williams,  Statesman's  Manual, 
I.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  (H.  A. 
Washington  edition),  IV,  VIII  (Inaugural  Addresses  and  Messages); 
Albert  Gallatin,  Writings,  I,  passim  ;  Barbe-Marbois,  Histoire  de  la 
Louisiane,  and  History  of  Louisiana  Cession  ;  Paul  Allen,  editor,  History 
of  Me  Expedition  of  Lewis  and  Clark  ;  Edwin  James,  Accoiint  of  an 
Expeditioji  under  Major  Long  ;  Z.  M.  Pike,  Account  of  Expeditions. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  546-562  ;  W.  E.  Foster, 
Monthly  Reference  Lists,  IV,  No.  103,  and  Presidential  Administrations, 
n,  12  ;  D.  C.  Gilman,  James  MonroS,  262-264  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical 
Reference  Lists,  §  77;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §§  331,  51. 


§  169.     The  Burr  Conspiracy,  1803-1807. 

Summary.  —  Burr's  previous  history  (§  1 60) ;  1801,  vice-presi 
dent  (§  1 66);  1804,  read  out  of  the  party  ;  murder  of  Hamilton. 
—  Plans:  1805,  trip  to  the  west;  intrigues  in  Washington.— 
The  expedition  :  1806,  December,  descent  of  the  Ohio  ;  in  Ken 
tucky  ;  connection  with  Jackson  and  Clay  ;  Wilkinson  at  New 


§  169.]  Louisiana  and  Burr.  349 

Orleans  ;  Jefferson's  proclamation  ;  1807,  January,  Burr  captured. 
-Treason  trial  :  1806,  December,  arrest  of  Bollman  and  Swart- 
wout  ;  habeas  corpus  denied  ;  1807,  January,  Jefferson  asks  sus 
pension  of  habeas  corpus;  1807,  February,  Bollman  and  Swart- 
wout  released  ;  October,  Burr's  treason  trial  ;  definition  of  legal 
proof  of  treason  ;  Jefferson's  part  in  the  trial  ;  Burr  released.  — 
Effect  on  the  Federalists  (§  173). 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  III,  Ch.  xv  ;  George  Tucker, 
History,  II,  221-223,  272-280,  294-297;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  V,  517- 
529,  594-627,  668-674  ;  J.  Schouler,  History,  II,  59-66,  118-124  ;  John 
T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Ch.  xvi ;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  History, 
IV,  149-153  ;  Hugh  A.  Garland,  Life  of  John  Randolph,  I,  Ch.  xxxii; 
Allan  B.  Magruder,  John  Marshall,  Ch.  xi ;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew 
Jackson,  Ch.  i ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Alexander  Hamilton,  237-271. 

Special. —  Henry  Adams,  Administrations  of  Jefferson  and  Madison, 
II,  Chs.  viii-xvii ;  III,  Chs.  x-xiv,  xix  ;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas 
Jefferson,  III,  Chs.  iv,  v  ;  George  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  Chs.  ix, 
x  ;  John  C.  Hamilton,  Republic,  VII,  Chs.  clxvii,  clxviii ;  John  T. 
Morse,  Jr.,  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  II,  Chs.  vii,  ix  ;  W.  G.  Sumner, 
Alexander  Hamilton,  Ch.  xvii ;  Henry  Flanders,  Chief  Justices,  II 
(Marshall],  Ch.  xi ;  W.  H.  Safford,  Life  of  Harman  Blennerhassett ; 
J.  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson,  I,  Chs.  xxviii-xxx,  and  Aaron  Burr. 

Sources.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  American  State  Papers,  Miscellaneous,  I ; 
John  Marshall,  Writings,  33-111  ;  William  Wirt,  Two  Principal  Argu 
ments  in  the  Trial  of  A.  Burr  ;  T.  Carpenter,  Trial  of  Aaron  Biirr  ; 
E.  B.  Williston,  Eloquence  of  the  United  States,  IV,  384-441.  —  CON 
TEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  Matthew  L.  Davis,  Memoirs  of  Aaron  Burr, 
II,  Chs.  xviii,  xix  ;  William  Sullivan,  Familiar  Letters,  Nos.  xlv-xlix  ; 
Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  (II.  A.  Washington  edition),  IV,  V  ; 
William  Coleman,  Collection  of  Facts  and  Documents  Relative  to  the 
Death  of  General  Hamilton ;  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (J.  C.  Hamilton 
edition),  VI,  VII,  851-853  ;  James  Wilkinson,  Memoirs  of  My  Own- 
Times  ;  Annals  of  Congress,  Appendices  to  XVI,  XVII ;  W.  H.  Safford, 
Blennerhassett  Papers. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  220,  338-340  ;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §  78. 


35°  Foreign  Complications.  [§  170. 


§  170.     Neutral  Trade,  1789-1807. 

Summary.  —  Previous  difficulties  (§§  162,  164).  —  Four  limita 
tions  on  neutral  trade,  viz.,  blockade,  contraband,  free  ships,  and 
free  goods ;  "  Rule  of  1 756." —  Early  difficulties  :  1 793,  English  and 
French  aggression  (§  162);  1794,  Jay  treaty  (§  162);  1800,  1803, 
treaties  with  France  (§§  164,  168);  value  of  the  neutral  trade; 
impressments  ;  aggressions  renewed  ;  1803,  war  between  England 
and  France  ;  partisan  decisions  of  English  admiralty  courts  ; 

1806,  Jay  treaty  expires.  —  British  orders  in  council  and  French 
decrees:  Napoleon's  "continental  system  ";  1805,  Trafalgar;  1806, 
May  1 6,  British  blockade  order  ;  November  21,  Berlin  Decree; 

1807,  January,  March,  both  sides  prohibit  coasting  trade  ;  Novem 
ber  n,  general  blockade  order;  December  17,  Milan  Decree.— 
Jefferson's    policy:    "gunboat   system";    1806,   April  18,    condi 
tional  non-importation  act;  1807,  Pinckney  treaty  with  England 
withheld  ;    June,    Leopard-Chesapeake    affair ;    negotiations    for 
West  Florida.  —  Damage  done  to  the  United  States  :  number  of 
impressments  ;  English  captures  ;  French  captures.  —  Subsequent 
difficulties  (§  171). 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  III,  215-278  ;  R.  Hildreth,  His 
tory,  V,  546-548,  562-594,  645-665,  674-686  ;  J.  Schouler,  History,  II, 
Ch.  vi,  §  i ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Ch.  xvii  ;  A.  John 
ston,  in  Lalor's  Cyclopedia,  II,  80  ;  George  Tucker,  History,  II,  209, 
282,  301-307  ;  W.  A.  Cocke,  Constitutional  History,  I,  Ch.  vi. 

Special.  —  Henry  Adams,  Administrations  of  Jefferson  and  Madison, 
III,  Chs.  xv-xviii ;  IV,  Chs.  i-vi ;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson, 
III,  Chs.  iv,  v;  George  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  Chs.  viii-x  ; 
C.  W.  Upham,  Timothy  Pickering,  IV,  Ch.  iii ;  Eugene  Schuyler, 
American  Diplomacy,  No.  7  ;  Theodore  Lyman,  Diplomacy  of  the 
United  States,  I,  Ch.  x;  T.  H.  Dyer,  History  of  Modern  Europe,  V Y 
J.  Stephen,  War  in  Disguise,  or  the  Fratids  of  the  ATentral  Flags ;  Henry 
C.  Adams,  Taxation  in  the  United  States,  70-75. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  XIV-XVI  ;  T.  H.  Ben- 
ton,  Abridgment  of  Debates,  II,  III.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large, 
II;  American  State  Papers,  Foreign  Relations,  II,  III,  Commerce  and 
Navigation,  I  ;  Annals  of  Congress,  Appendices  to  XV,  XVI ;  Wil- 


§  lyi-]  Neutral  Trade  and  Embargo.  351 

Hams,  Statesman^  Manual,  I ;  Tench  Coxe,  An  Examination  of  the 
Conduct  of  Great  Britain  ;  T.  Dwight,  Hartford  Convention  ;  M.  Carey, 
77^i?  Olive  Branch  ;  F.  Wharton,  Digest  of  the  International  Law  of  the 
United  States,  §§  325-331,  359-363,  368~375>  388~394>  405-  — CONTEM 
PORARY  WRITINGS  :  Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  (H.  A.  Washington 
edition),  IV  (see  Index);  Albert  Gallatin,  Writings,  I;  James  Madison, 
Letters  and  Other  Writings,  II  (see  Contents);  J.  Sparks,  Life  of 
Gouverneur  Morris,  III,  No.  2  ;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  I  ;  Basil  Hall, 
Voyages  and  Travels,  Ch.  xi. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  457,  519,  520  ;  J.  B.  Mc- 
Master,  United  States,  III,  235;  A.  Johnston,  in  Lalor's  Cyclopcedia,  II, 
428  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §  79. 

§  171.     The  Embargo  and  Non-Intercourse,  1807-1811. 

Summary.  —  Previous  difficulties  (§§  162,  164,  170).  —  Em 
bargo  act :  1807,  December,  Jefferson's  recommendation  ;  Decem 
ber  22,  act  passed  ;  1808,  supplementary  acts  ;  question  of  con 
stitutionality.  —  Enforcement :  evasions  by  New  England  ship 
owners  ;  overland  trade  ;  collisions  with  troops  ;  treason  trials ; 
1809,  January, Giles's  enforcement  acts.  —  Repeal  of  the  embargo: 
ruinous  effects  ;  1809,  Henry's  mission  ;  question  of  New  England 
loyalty  ;  1809,  February  3,  repeal  act.  —  Non-intercourse  :  1809, 
February  26,  first  act ;  March  4,  Madison  becomes  president  ; 
April,  Erskine  treaty  (disavowed  by  England);  June  10,  inter 
course  with  England  renewed  (withdrawn);  1810,  French  decrees 
of  Rambouillet  and  Trianon;  May  i,  "  Macon  Bill  No.  2  ";  unsuc 
cessful  missions  of  Jackson  and  Rose  ;  1811,  March  2,  non-inter 
course  renewed.  —  Pinckney  mission  to  England  :  question  whether 
the  French  decrees  were  withdrawn;  1811,  February,  Pinckney 
demands  passports  ;  Foster's  mission  to  Washington. 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  III,  Chs.  xix,  xx ;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  History,  I,  200-224;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  VI,  Chs.  xx- 
xxiii ;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  Chs.  xvii,  xviii ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr., 
John  Quincy  Adams,  37-57;  J.  Schouler,  History,  II,  Ch.  vi,  §  2  ;  Ch. 
viii,  §  i;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  Ch.  iv ;  George  Tucker,  History, 
II,  307-420;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopcedia,  II,  79-85;  Alden  Bradford,  His 
tory  of  the  Federal  Government,  Chs.  vii,  viii ;  R.  McK.  Ormsby,  History 


352  Foreign  Complications.  [§  171. 

of  the  Whig  Party,  Chs.  vii,  ix,  x ;  A.  W.  Young,  The  American  States 
man,  Ch.  xvi;  J.  A.  Spencer,  History,  III,  Book  V,  Chs.  v,  vi;  Arthur 
Holmes,  Parties  and  their  Principles,  Chs.  v,  vi. 

Special.  —  Henry  Adams,  Administrations  of  Jefferson  and  Madison, 
IV,  Chs.  vii-xx;  V,  Chs.  i-xix  ;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  516,  1064, 
1075,  1289-1292  ;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  III,  Chs.  vi-ix  ; 
George  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  Chs.  x-xiii  ;  Henry  Adams, 
Albert  Gallatin,  355-443;  Edmund  Quincy,  Josiah  Quincy,  Chs.  vi-viii ; 
Hugh  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph,  I,  Chs.  xxxiii,  xxxiv;  C.  W.  Upham, 
Timothy  Pickering,  IV,  Chs.  iv,  v  ;  E.  Stanwood,  Presidential  Elections, 
Ch.  viii. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  XVII-XXII  ;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Abridgment  of  Debates,  III,  IV.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at 
Large,  II  ;  American  State  Papers,  Foreign  Relations,  III,  Commerce 
and  Navigation,  I  ;  Annals  of  Congress,  Appendices  to  XVIII-XXII  ; 
Williams,  Statesman's  Manual,  I  ;  M.  Carey,  The  Olive  Branch  ;  F. 
Wharton,  Digest  of  the  International  Law  of  the  United  States,  131, 
i5oa,  1500,  319,  320,  331,  359-363. —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS: 
William  Sullivan,  Familiar  Letters,  Nos.  51-59  ;  Thomas  Jefferson, 
Writings  (H.  A.  Washington  edition),  V,  VIII  (Inaugural  Addresses 
and  Messages);  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  I,  491-535;  Albert  Gallatin, 
Writings,  I  ;  James  Madison,  Letters  and  Other  Writings,  II  ;  W.  W. 
Story,  Life  and  Letters  of  Joseph  Story. 

Bibliography. —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  340-342,  520-522;  W.  E. 
Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Administrations,  10-15  ;  A.  Johnston, 
in  Lalor's  Cyclopaedia,  II,  85  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists, 
§§  80,  8 1  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §  52. 

§  172.     The  War  of  1812. 

Summary.  —  Causes  :  neutral  trade  (§  1 70) ;  impressments 
(§  171);  supposed  intrigues  with  Indians;  indemnity  refused; 
party  advantage  ;  hope  of  conquest  of  Canada  ;  "  young  republic 
ans  " ;  Henry  Clay.  —  1812,"  Orders  "  withdrawn  ;  war  continues  on 
impressments.  —  Strength  of  parties  :  population;  military  strength ; 
naval  strength  ;  unity  (§  1 73) ;  finances  ;  theatre  of  war.  —  Land 
war:  1811,  Indian  war.  —  1812,  Detroit  taken  ;  fiasco  at  Niagara  ; 
1813,  failure  at  Niagara  ;  success  on  Lake  Erie  ;  invasion  of 


§  172.]  War  of  1812.  353 

Canada  fails. — 1814,  Brown  at  Niagara;  Plattsburg  ;  Washing 
ton  burned;  Eastern  Maine  taken;  1815,  January  8,  New 
Orleans.  —  War  at  sea  :  1812,  capture  of  Guerriere,  Macedonian, 
Java;  1813,  capture  of  Peacock,  Argus,  Boxer;  Chesapeake 
taken  ;  Essex  in  the  Pacific  ;  blockade  ;  prowess  of  the  priva 
teers. —  Peace:  1812,  Russian  mediation;  1813,  commissioners 
sent ;  1814,  meeting  at  Ghent ;  impressment  question  not  pressed. 
December  24,  treaty  signed.  —  Later  diplomacy  (§§  174,  175). 

General.  — J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  III,  Chs.  xxi,  xxiii ;  IV,  Chs. 
xxiv-xxvii,  xxix ;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  Chs.  v,  vi ;  R.  Hildreth, 
History,  VI,  Chs.  xxiv-xxix  ;  J.  Schouler,  History,  Ch.  viii,  Sect,  ii ; 
Ch.  ix  ;  S.  H.  Gay,  fames  Madison,  Chs.  xix,  xx  ;  J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert 
Gallatin,  211-224,  238-245,  260-274,  312-337;  George  Tucker,  History, 
II,  Ch.  xvi;  III,  Chs.  xvii,  xviii;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  History,  IV, 
Chs.  viii,  ix  ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy  Adams,  68-101;  W.  G. 
Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  Ch.  ii ;  D.  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe,  Ch.  v  ; 
A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  Ch.  iii ;  Alden  Bradford,  Federal  Govern 
ment,  Chs.  viii,  ix;  T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger  History,  Ch.  xv  ;  R.  H. 
Gillet,  Democracy  in  the  United  States,  §§  20-41,  48-50  ;  W.  A.  Cocke, 
Constitutional  History,  I,  Chs.  vii-ix  ;  J.  A.  Spencer,  History  of  the 
United  States,  III,  Book  V,  Chs.  vii-xiii ;  A.  W.  Young,  The  American 
Statesman,  Chs.  xvii,  xviii ;  Arthur  Holmes,  Parties  and  their  Principles, 
Ch.  vi ;  George  Bryce,  Short  History  of  the  Canadian  People,  Ch.  viii, 
Sect,  v  ;  J.  Parton,  Life  of  Andrew  Jackson,  I,  II  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclo 
pedia,  III,  961-965  ;  Samuel  Eliot,  Manual,  353-378. 

Special.  —  DETAILED  ACCOUNTS  :  Henry  Adams,  Administrations  of 
Jefferson  and  Madison,  VI,  Chs.  vi-xvii,  VII,  VIII,  IX,  Chs.  i-iii,  and 
Albert  Gallatin,  443-555  5  George  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  Chs.  xiv, 
xv  ;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  III,  Chs.  ix,  x  ;  Winsor,  America, 
VII,  Ch.  vi  ;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Life  of  James  Madison;  John  Armstrong, 
Notices  of  the  War  of  1812  (2  vols.).  —  MILITARY  HISTORY  :  B.  J.  Los- 
sing,  The  Empire  State,  Chs.  xxvii-xxxi,  and  Pictorial  Field-Book  of  the 
War  of  1812  ;  P.  M.  Davis,  Authentic  History  of  the  Late  War  ;  Charles 
J.  Ingersoll,  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Second  War  (two  series,  4  vols.); 
William  James,  Full  and  Correct  Account  of  the  Military  Occurrences. 
—  NAVAL  HISTORY  :  T.  Roosevelt,  Naval  War  of  1812  ;  E.  S.  Maclay, 
History  of  the  United  States  Navy,  I,  305-577;  II,  1-52;  George  Cog- 
geshall,  History  of  the  American  Privateers ;  J.  Fenimore  Cooper, 
History  of  the  Navy  of  the  United  States,  Chs.  xiii-xlix  ;  William  James, 


354  Foreign  Complications.  [§  172. 

Naval  History  of  Great  Britain,  VI,  and  Ftdl  and  Correct  Account  of 
the  Naval  Occurrences.  —  FINANCES:  Henry  C.  Adams,  Public  Debts, 
Pt.  ii,  Ch.  i,  and  Taxation  in  the  United  States ;  G.  M.  Dallas,  Life  and 
Writings  of  A.J.  Dallas  ;  A.  S.  Bolles,  Financial  History,  II,  Book  II; 
J.  W.  Kearny,  Sketch  of  American  Finances,  Ch.  iii.  —  PEACE  :  Theodore 
Lyman,  Diplomacy  of  the  United  States,  II,  Chs.  i,  ii;  Josiah  Quincy, 
Memoir  of 'John  Quincy  Adams,  Chs.  iii,  iv  ;  W.  H.  Seward,  Life  of  John 
Quincy  Adams,  Ch.  v  ;  Charles  Isham,  The  Fishery  Qtiestion. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  XXIII-XXVIII  ;  T. 
H.  Benton,  Abridgment  of  Debates,  IV,  V.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes 
at  Large,  II,  III  ;  American  State  Papers,  Foreign  Relations,  III, 
Finance,  II,  Commerce  and  Navigation,  I,  Military  Affairs,  I,  Naval 
Affairs,  I;  Annals  of  Congress,  Appendices  to  XXIV-XXVIII;  F. 
Wharton,  Digest  of  the  International  Law  of  the  United  States,  §§  i5od, 
303,  304  ;  Williams,  Statesman's  Manual,  I;  Treaties  and  Conventions  ; 
John  Brannan,  Official  Letters  of  the  Military  and  Naval  Officers,  and 
The  War;  T.  H.  Palmer,  Historical  Register  of  the  United States ;  H.  Niles, 
Weekly  Register,  I-VIII.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  J.  Q.  Adams, 
Memoirs,  II,  III  (on  the  Peace);  Albert  Gallatin,  Writings,  I ;  Thomas 
Jefferson,  Writings  (H.  A.  Washington  edition),  VI ;  James  Madison, 
Letters  and  Other  Writings,  II  ;  G.  M.  Dallas,  Life  and  Writings  of  A. 
J.  Dallas,  234—400;  Calvin  Colton,  Life,  Correspondence  and  Speeches 
of  Henry  Clay,  I,  Ch.  ix,  and  Private  Correspondence  of  Henry  Clay, 
Ch.  i ;  Henry  Clay,  Works,  IV,  Ch.  i ;  D.  Mallory,  Life  and  Speeches 
of  Henry  Clay,  I;  A.  Johnston,  Representative  American  Orations  (Clay) 
I,  170;  E.  B.  Williston,  Eloquence  of  the  United  States,  II;  John  C. 
Calhoun,  Works,  II;  V,  1-7;  M.  Carey,  The  Olive  Branch. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  420-437,  457-459,  485,  486, 
521-524;  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Administrations,  1 5;  A. 
Johnston,  in  Lalor's  Cyclopedia,  III,  1092  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Refer 
ence  Lists,  §§  82-85  ;  Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii,  138-146 ; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  §  106. 

§  173.     Opposition  to  the  War,  1811-1815. 

Summary,  —  Party  opposition  (§§  160,  166,  171):  John  Ran 
dolph  (§  1 68);  Federalists  ;  New  England  ;  peace  Republicans  ; 
election  of  1812;  DeWitt  Clinton  bolts.  —  Militia  question:  1812, 
detachment  refused  ;  service  out  of  the  United  States  forbidden  ; 


§i73-]  Opposition  to  the  War,  1811-181$.  355 

claim  of  the  New  England  States  to  decide  the  exigency.  —  Trade: 
British  at  first  respect  New  England  trade  ;  West  India  trade  cut 
off  ;  blockade  ;  overland  trade  from  North  to  South  ;  dealings 
with  the  enemy.  —  Hartford  convention:  1814,  October,  called 
by  Massachusetts;  delegates;  December  15,  assembles;  1815, 
January  5,  "Report"  of  the  convention  ;  demand  to  retain  Federal 
taxes.  —  Collapse  on  news  of  the  peace  (§  172). 

General. — H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I,  235-272;  R. 
Hildreth,  History,  VI,  464-477,  544-554;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  IV, 
Ch.  xxviii ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  45-71;  J.  Schouler,  History, 
11,417-430;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  624;  George  Tucker,  History, 

II,  466,  513  ;    III,  36-42,   128-132  ;    Alden  Bradford,  Federal  Govern 
ment,  Ch.  ix  ;  R.  A.  Gillet,  Democracy  in  the  United  States,  §§  42-47. 

Special.  —  Henry  Adams,  Administrations  of  Jefferson  and  Madison, 
VI,  Chs.  vii,  xviii-xx  ;  VII,  Chs.  viii-xi ;  Hugh  A.  Garland,  John  Ran 
dolph,  I,  Chs.  xxxv-xxxvii ;  Edmund  Quincy,  Josiah  Qiiincy,  Chs.  ix— 
xiv  ;  C.  W.  Upham,  Timothy  Pickering,  IV,  Ch.  vi ;  H.  C.  Lodge, 
George  Cabot,  Chs.  x-xiii ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  Chs.  iv-vi ; 
R.  McK.  Ormsby,  Whig  Party,  Chs.  xi-xiii ;  J.  S.  Barry,  Massachusetts, 

III,  Ch.  ix  ;    G.  H.  Hollister,  Connecticut,  II,  Ch.  xxi.     For  other  his 
tories  of  New  England  States,  see  §  23. 

Sources.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Annals  of  Congress,  Appendices  to  XXIV, 
XXV,  XXVIII  ;  H.  Niles,  Weekly  Register,  II-VIII  ;  T.  Dwight,  Hart 
ford  Convention  ;  Henry  Adams,  Dociiments  relating  to  New  England 
Federalism;  M.  Carey,  The  Olive  Branch.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRIT 
INGS  :  James  Madison,  Letters  and  Other  Writings,  II  ;  J.  Sparks,  Life 
of  Gouverneur  Morris,  III,  No.  2  ;  William  Sullivan,  Familiar  Letters, 
Ix-lxx  ;  S.  G.  Goodrich,  Recollections  of  a  Lifetime,  I,  Letters  27-30  ; 
II,  Letter  31  ;  A.  Johnston,  Representative  American  Orations,  I,  129 
(Randolph),  145  (Quincy). 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  320-322,  343,  522;  A.  John 
ston,  in  Lalor,  Cyclopcedia,  I,  626 ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference 
Lists,  §  83. 


XIX.     REORGANIZATION. 

§  174.     Financial  and  Commercial  Organization,  1816-1820. 

Summary.  —  Condition  of  the  country  :  territory  ;  finances  ; 
state  banking  ;  roads  ;  shipping  ;  foreign  trade  ;  manufactures  ; 
parties  dissolving ;  Supreme  Court  emancipated  ;  the  West  ; 
national  spirit.  —  The  United  States  Bank:  181 1,  recharter  lost 
(§  158);  1814,  Calhoun's'bill  ;  1815,  January,  Madison's  veto; 
1816,  April  10,  bank  chartered  ;  1817,  specie  payment  restored; 
1819,  commercial  crisis;  later  history  (§  182). —  The  tariff: 
1812,  early  tariff  bills  (§§  153,  158);  1812,  July  i,  tariff  rates 
doubled  ;  manufactures  spring  up  ;  1815,  deluge  of  British  goods  ; 
December,  Madison's  recommendation  ;  1816,  April,  protective 
tariff  act;  1818,  iron  act;  1820,  tariff  bill  fails;  later  history 
(§  183). —  Internal  improvements:  1806,  Cumberland  Road; 
1808,  Gallatin's  report;  1817,  March  3,  Madison's  veto  of  the 
Bonus  bill;  1817-18,  House  claims  the  constitutional  power; 
1822,  May  4,  Monroe's  veto  of  the  Cumberland  Road  act  ;  later 
history  (§  185).  —  Foreign  commerce  :  1815,  Algerine  war  ;  com 
mercial  convention  with  England  ;  1818,  fishery  convention  ;  ques 
tion  of  West  India  trade  ;  retaliatory  legislation  ;  later  relations 
(§§  189,  182). 

General.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  Ch.  x  ;  J.  B.  McMas- 
ter,  'History,  IV,  Chs.  xxx,  xxxi ;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  VI,  Ch.  xxx  ; 
J.  Schouler,  History,  II,  Ch.  ix,  sect,  ii ;  III,  Ch.  x,  sect,  i;  Carl  Schurz, 
Henry  Clay,  I,  126-146  ;  J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert  Gallatin,  205-288;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  I,  Chs.  i-xiv  ;  H.  Von  Holst,/0//«  C.  Cal- 
houn,  Ch.  ii;  George  Tucker,  History,  III,  Ch.  xix  ;  Alden  Bradford, 
History  of  the  Federal  Government,  Chs.  ix,  x  ;  D.  Mallory,  Life  of 
Henry  Clay,  87-105  ;  W.  A.  Cocke,  Constitutional  History,  I,  Ch.  ix ; 
A.  W.  Young,  The  American  Statesman,  Ch.  xix  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclo 
pedia,  I,  55,  201,  711  ;  II,  568  ;  III,  889,  942;  E.  Stanwood,  Presiden 
tial  Elections,  Chs.  ix,  x. 

356 


§i74-]  Financial  and  Commercial  Reorganization.    357 

Special.  —  Henry  Adams,  Administrations  of  Jefferson  and  Madison, 
IX,  Chs.  iv-x  ;  ATS.  Bolles,  Financial  History  of  the  United  States,  II, 
Book  III,  Chs.  i-iii;  E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power,  §§  56, 84, 85;  J.  W.  Kearny, 
Sketch  of  American  Finances,  Ch.  iv  ;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff  History  of 
the  United  States,  17-67;  R.  Hildreth,  Banks,  Banking,  and  Paper  Cur 
rencies,  Chs.  xvi-xix  ;  W.  G.  Sumner,  History  of  American  Currency, 
61-94  ;  John  Jay  Knox,  United  States  Notes,  Ch.  v  ;  H.  V.  Poor,  Sketch 
of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Internal  Improvements  ;  E.  H.  Roberts, 
Government  Revemie ;  J.  Leander  Bishop,  History  of  American  Manu 
factures,  II,  117-298;  N.  M.  Butler,  Influence  of  the  War  0/1812 
(Johns  Hopkins  University,  Stiidies,  V,  No.  7);  Calvin  Colton,  Life, 
Correspondence,  and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,  II,  Chs.  i,  vi. 

Sources.  — DEBATES:  Annals  of  Congress,  XXIX-XXXVI  ;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Abridgment  of  Debates,  V,  VI.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  In  Statutes  at 
Large,  III ;  C.  F.  Dunbar,  Laws  Relating  to  Finance ;  American  State 
Papers,  Finance,  III,  Commerce  and  Navigation,  II,  Naval  Affairs, 
I,  Public  Lands,  II,  III,  (Accessions) ;  Annals  of  Congress,  Appen 
dices  to  XXIX-XXXVI  ;  Williams,  Statesman's  Manual,  I;  H.  Niles, 
Weekly  Register,  I-X.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  E.  B.  Williston, 
Eloquence  of  the  United  States,  III ;  Calvin  Colton,  Life,  Correspondence, 
and  Public  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,  I,  Ch.  xix  ;  Henry  Clay,  Works,  IV, 
Ch.  ii;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II;  Albert  Gallatin,  Writings,  I,  690; 
II ;  James  Madison,  Letters  and  Other  Writings,  III ;  D.  Mallory,  Life 
and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,  I  ;  Clark  and  Hall,  Legislative  and  Docu 
mentary  History  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  Chs.  iii-vi ;  Nathan 
Sargent,  Public  Men  and  Events,  I,  17-56;  Adam  Seybert,  Statistical 
Annals  ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Life  of  Daniel  Webster,  I,  Ch.  vii;  John  Bristed, 
Resotirces  of  the  United  States  ;  Edward  Young,  Customs  Tariff  Legis 
lation  in  the  United  States ;  Supreme  Court  Cases  (§  175);  [W.  N. 
Blane],  Excursion  through  the  United  States  ;  Wm.  Cobbett,  A  Year's 
Residence  in  the  United  States. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  278  ;  W.  E.  Foster,  Refer 
ences  to  Presidential  Administrations,  19  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Refer 
ence  Lists,  §§  86-89  >  A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  §  118. 


358  Reorganization.  [§  175. 


§  175.     The  Great  Constitutional  Decisions. 

Summary.  —  The  Supreme  Court  :  under  Washington  and 
Adams  (§  157)  ;  under  Jefferson  (§  167)  ;  federalization  of  the 
new  judges.  —  Declaring  acts  of  Congress  void  :  1792,  Hayburn's 
Case;  1794,  Yale  Todd  case;  1803,  Marbury  vs.  Madison.— 
Limiting  the  states  :  1793,  Chisholm  vs.  Georgia  ;  1794,  eleventh 
amendment  forbids  suits  against  states  ;  1809,  United  States  vs. 
Judge  Peters  ;  1810,  Fletcher  vs.  Peck  (Yazoo  Land  Case);  1816, 
Martin  vs.  Hunter's  Lessee  (state  act  unconstitutional);  1819, 
Sturges  vs.  Crowninshield;  1819,  Dartmouth  College  Case  (impair 
ment  of  contracts);  1821,  Cohens  vs.  Virginia  (appeals  sustained); 
1827,  Brown  et  al.  vs.  Maryland  (commerce);  1832,  Worcester 
vs.  Georgia.  —  Implied  powers  of  Congress  asserted  (§  159): 
1796,  Hylton  vs.  The  United  States  (carriage  tax);  1819,  M'Cul- 
loch  vs.  Maryland  (bank);  1826,  Houston  vs.  Moore  (militia); 
1821,  Anderson  vs.  Dunn  ;  1824,  Gibbons  vs.  Ogden  (commerce); 
i&24,  Osborn  TAT. 'The  Bank  of  the  United  States  (bank);  1827, 
Martin  vs.  Mott  (militia).  —  Later  cases  (§§  181,  202,  213). 

General.  —  H.  W.  Rogers  (editor),  Constitutional  History  of  the  United 
States  as  seen  in  the  Development  of  American  Law,  Lects.  i,  ii ;  R.  Hil- 
dreth,  History,  VI,  155-164  ;  A.  B.  Magruder,  John  Marshall,  Ch.  x; 
John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Ch.  xviii;  George  Pellew,  John 
Jay,  Ch.  x;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  Ch.  iii;  Martin  Van  Buren, 
Inquiry  into  Political  Parties,  Ch.  vi ;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  The  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  ;  Judson  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History, 
Lects.  x,  xi,  264-271  ;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  Ch.  vi. 

Special.  —  Henry  Flanders,  Lives  and  Times  of  the  Chief  Justices,  I 
(Jay),  Ch.  xiv;  (Rutledge)  Chs.  xv,  xvi ;  II  (Ellsworth}  Ch.  xi;  (Mar 
shall)  Ch.  xi ;  George  Van  Santvoord,  Sketches  of  the  Chief  Justices  ; 
H.  L.  Carson,  Supreme  Cottrt  of  the  United  States,  I,  Chs.  xii-xiv  ;  II 
(addresses  of  Butler,  Hitchcock,  Phelps);  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  1033- 
1044,  1259-1281,  1374-1397,  1685-1688;  W.  W.  Story,  Life  and  Letters 
of  Joseph  Story,  I,  Chs.  vii-xv ;  John  Jay,  Correspondence  and  Public 
Papers,  III  ;  G.  J.  McRee,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  James  Iredell,  II, 
Chs.  xxvi-xxix;  John  Taylor,  Construction  Construed;  Thomas  Ser 
geant,  Constitutional  Law,  Chs.  i-xi;  J.  P.  Kennedy,  Life  of  William 
Wirt,  II,  Chs.  v,  ix,  xv;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  Ch.  viii ; 


§  176.]         Constitutional  Decisions,  1792-1824.  359 

Hugh  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph,  II,  Ch.  xxiv;    Amos  Kendall,  Auto 
biography,  Ch.  vii. 

Sources.  — Daniel  Webster,  Works,  V,  462-501;  VI;  G.  M.  Dallas, 
Life  of  A.  J.  Dallas,  59-146. —  Hayburn's  Case  (1792):  2  Dallas,  409.  — 
Chisholm  vs.  Georgia  (1793):  2  Dallas,  419;  i  Ciirtis,  16.  —  Yale  Todd 
Case  (1794),  note  to  13  Howard,  52.  —  Marbury  vs.  Madison  (1803): 
i  Cranch,  137;  i  Curtis,  368;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  107-114;  John 
Marshall,  Writings,  1-28.  —  United  States  vs.  Judge  Peters  (1809)  : 

5  Cranch,  115  ;    John  Marshall,  Writings,  119-125.  —  Fletcher  vs.  Peck 
(1810)  :    6  Cranch,  87;    2  Curtis,  328;    J.  B.  Thayer,   Cases,   114-123; 
John  Marshall,  Writings,  126-141.  —  Martin  vs.  Hunter's  Lessee  (1816): 
i   Wheaton,  304;    3  Curtis,  562;    J.  B.  Thayer,   Cases,  123-132;    John 
Marshall,     Writings,    525-555.  —  Sturges    vs.    Crowninshield    (1819)  : 
4  Wheaton,  122;    4  Curtis,  362  ;    John  Marshall,  Writings,  147-159.— 
Dartmouth  College  vs.  Woodward  (1819)  :    4  Wheaton,  518  ;   4  Cttrtis, 
463;    John   Marshall,    Writings,    188-210. —  M'Culloch   vs.   Maryland 
(1819)  :    4  Wheaton,  316  ;    4  Cttrtis,  415  ;    J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  271-285, 
1340-1346;    John  Marshall,  Writings,   160-187.  —  Cohens  vs.  Virginia 
(1821)  :    6  Wheaton,  264  ;    5  Curtis,  82  ;    J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  285-292; 
John    Marshall,    Writings,    221-261.  —  Anderson    vs.    Dunn    (1821): 

6  Wheaton,  204  ;    5  Curtis,  61  ;    John  Marshall,  Writings,  603-610.  — 
Gibbons  vs.  Ogden  (1824)  :    9  Wheaton,  i  ;    6  Curtis,  i  ;    J.  B.  Thayer, 
Cases,  1799-1819;    John  Marshall,  Writings,  287-314.  —  Osborn  et  al. 
vs.  The  Bank  of  the  United  States  (1824)  :    9  Wheaton,  738  ;   6  Curtis, 
251;    John   Marshall,    Writings,    315-342.  —  Martin  vs.  Mott    (1827): 
12  Wheaton,  19;    7  Curtis,  10  ;    J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2290-2294;    John 
Marshall,  Writings,  611-623. 

Bibliography.  —  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  90-93  ; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §§  33!,  52,  54,  58. 

§  176.     Era  of  Good  Feeling,  1817-1825. 

Summary.  —  Previous  political  conditions  (§§  167,  173,  174). 
—  Monroe's  presidency  :  election  of  1816  ;  cabinet  ;  civil  service; 
opposition  of  Clay  ;  disappearance  of  Federalists  ;  1820,  unop 
posed  reelection  ;  four  years'  tenure  act.  —  East  Florida  question: 
1810,  1812,  annexation  of  West  Florida  ;  1814,  Jackson  in  Pensa- 
cola  ;  1816,  Seminole  war  ;  1818,  Jackson  in  St.  Marks  and  Pen- 
sacola  ;  Arbuthnot  affair  ;  Jackson  exonerated.  —  Negotiations 


360  Reorganization.  [§  176. 

with  Spain:  West  Florida;  East  Florida;  Texas;  1819,  Febru 
ary  22,  treaty  signed  ;  line  to  the  Pacific  ;  Floridas  ceded  ;  ratifica 
tion  delayed  ;  Jackson  governor  of  Florida.  —  New  states  :  1802, 
Ohio  (§  161);  1812,  Louisiana  (§  i68)>  1816,  Indiana;  1817, 
Mississippi;  1818,  Illinois;  1819,  Alabama;  balance  between  free 
and  slave  states  (§  177). 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  IV,  Chs.  xxxii-xxxviii ;  D.  C. 
Oilman,  James  Monroe,  Ch.  vi,  and  Appendix  iii ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr., 
John  Quincy  Adams,  102-164;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  VI,  Ch.  xxxi ; 
J.  Schouler,  History,  III,  1-133,  189-270  ;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I, 
146-171;  H.  Von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun,Qh.  iii  ;  George  Tucker,  His 
tory,  III,  Chs.  xx,  xxii;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  IV,  Chs. 
x,  xi;  Henry  Adams,  John  Randolph,  Ch.  xi;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew 
Jackson,  Ch.  iii;  Edward  M.  Shepard,  Martin  Van  Bnren,  75-84; 
T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger  History  of  the  United  States,  Chs.  xvi,  xvii ; 
Winsor,  America,  VII,  Ch.  v  ;  Alden  Bradford,  History  of  the  Federal 
Government,  Chs.  x,  xi ;  D.  Mallory,  Life  of  Henry  Clay,  93-128; 
R.  H.  Gillet,  Democracy  in  the  United  States,  §§  51-59  ;  J-  A.  Spencer, 
History  of  the  United  States,  III,  Book  VI,  Chs.  i-iv;  Henry  A.  Wise, 
Seven  Decades  of  the  Union,  Chs.  iii,  iv  ;  A.  W.  Young,  American 
Statesman,  Chs.  xx-xxii ;  Arthur  Holmes,  Parties  and  their  Principles, 
Ch.  vii ;  James  Parton,  Life  of  Andrew  Jackson,  ii. 

Special.  —  Josiah  Quincy,  John  Qiiincy  Adams,  Chs.  v,  vi ;  W.  H. 
Seward,  John  Quincy  Adams,  Ch.  vi ;  George  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson, 
II,  Chs.  xvi-xxi ;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  III,  Chs.  xi-xiii ; 
Hugh  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph,  II,  Chs.  xxii-xxv  ;  Theodore  Lyman, 
Diplomacy  of  the  United  States,  I,  Ch.  ix ;  II,  Chs.  i-viii.  —  DEVELOP 
MENT  OF  THE  WEST  :  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  Chs.  ii,  iv  ; 
T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  47-59 ;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I, 
Ch.  ix  to  p.  221  ;  S.  A.  Drake,  Making  of  the  Great  West. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  XXXI-XLII ;  Register  of 
Debates,  I ;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment  of  Debates,  VI.  —  DOCUMENTS,: 
Statutes  at  Large,  III,  IV;  American  State  Papers ;  Annals  of  Congress, 
Appendices  to  XXXII,  XXXIV,  XXXVI,  XXXVII;  Williams,  States 
man^  s  Manual,  I ;  H.  Niles,  Weekly  Register,  passim ;  Treaties  and 
Conventions.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  John  Quincy  AdamSf 
Memoirs,  IV-VI  ;  Henry  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin,  Book  IV  ;  John 
Quincy  Adams,  James  Monroe ;  Calvin  Colton,  Life,  Correspondence, 
and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,  I,  Ch.  xii,  and  Private  Correspondence  of 


§  1 77-]     Good  Feeling  and  Missouri  Compromise.       361 

Henry  Clay,  Ch.  ii ;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  (H.  A.  Washington 
edition),  VII  ;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  V  ;  James  Madison,  Letters 
and  Other  Writings,  III,  and  Selections  from  the  Private  Correspondence ; 
S.  G.  Goodrich,  Recollections  of  a  Lifetime,  II,  Letter  Iv. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  344,  524,  438  ;  W.  E.  Foster, 
Presidential  Administrations,  15-19;  A.  Johnston,  in  Lalor's  Cyclopedia, 
II,  108  ;  J.  F.  Jameson,  Appendix  to  D.  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe; 
E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  94-96;  Gordy  and  Twitchell, 
Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii,  146,  147. 

§  177.     The  Missouri  Compromise. 

Summary.  —  Questions  before  1800  (§  161).  —  Slavery  since 
1800:  1803,  slavery  in  Louisiana  ;  1807,  slave  trade  prohibited  ; 
1815,  slaves  carried  away  by  the  British  ;  1818,  movement  for 
new  fugitive  act;  1820,  piracy  act.  —  Anti-slavery:  old  societies 
decay  ;  1816,  Colonization  Society  ;  1819,  government  aid  ;  1820, 
Liberia.  —  First  Missouri  debate:  1805-18,  status  of  Missouri 
territory;  1818,  March,  Missouri  applies  for  admission  ;  1819, 
February,  Tallmadge  amendment ;  deadlock  ;  November  2,  Ar 
kansas  territorial  act.  —  Second  Missouri  debate:  1820,  Decem 
ber  30,  House  Maine  bill  ;  1820,  February  i,  Senate  couples  with 
Missouri;  March  i,  House  votes  for  free  Missouri;  March  3, 
great  compromise;  cabinet  discussion;  March  15,  enabling  act 
approved.  —  Third  Missouri  debate:  1820,  state  constitution; 
December,  House  refuses  to  accept  it;  1821,  February,  Clay 
compromise.  —  Questions  raised  :  constitutionality  of  restriction  ; 
danger  to  the  Union  ;  expediency  ;  unchallenged  operation  till 
1854  (§  199). 

General.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I,  324-38  r;  Carl 
Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  Ch.  viii;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  IV,  Ch. 
xxxix;  J.  Schouler,  History,  III,  133-189;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  V, 
498-506,  627-644;  VI,  613-686;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton, 
Chs.  i,  ii ;  George  Tucker,  History,  III,  Ch.  xxi ;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryants 
History,  IV,  Ch.  xi ;  Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  Ch.  vii,  and 
Struggle  for  Slavery  Extension,  Chs.  v-ix  ;  J.  W.  Draper,  American 
Civil  War,  I,  Chs.  xvii,  xix  ;  George  W.  Williams,  Negro  Race  in 
America,  II,  Ch.  i ;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Historical  Sketch  of  Slavery,  Chs. 


362  Reorganization. 


177- 


xvii,  xviii  ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy  Adams,  120-126;  A.  C. 
McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  Ch.  iv ;  R.  McK.  Ormsby,  History  of  the 
Whig  Party,  Chs.  xv,  xvi ;  A.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  Ch. 
xxiii;  Charles  Ingersoll,  Fears  for  Democracy,  148-171  ;  James  G. 
Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  I,  Ch.  i  ;  William  Chambers, 
American  Slavery,  33-46. 

Special.  —  John  Taylor,  Construction  construed  and  Constitutions 
vindicated,  §15;  A.  C.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II,  Colloquy 
15  ;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  I,  Chs.  viii-xi ;  J.  Story,  Commentaries, 
§§  1318-1321  (Cooley's  edition,  also  §  1917);  Hugh  A.  Garland,  Life  of 
John  Randolph,  II,  Chs.  xi-xiii ;  William  Jay,  Miscellaneous  Writings 
on  Slavery  (American  Colonization  Society)  ;  J.  H.  T.  McPherson, 
Liberia  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  IX),  487-539;  state  his 
tories  of  Maine  and  Missouri  (see  §  23). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  XXXVI,  XXXVII ;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Abridgment  of  Debates,  VI ;  E.  B.  Williston,  Eloquence  of  the 
United  States,  III.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  III  ;  Annals  of 
Congress,  Appendices  toXXXVI,XXXVII;  H.  Niles,  Weekly  Register. 
—  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  V,  VI,  XII  (see 
Index);  Calvin  Colton,  Life,  Correspondence,  and  Ptiblic  Speeches  of 
Henry  Clay,  I,  Chs.  x,  xiii ;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  (H.  A.  Wash 
ington  edition),  VII. 

Bibliography.  —  T.  M.  Cooley,  Story's  Commentaries  (fourth  edition), 
§  1917;  Winsor,  America,  VII,  325;  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presi 
dential  Administrations,  17,  18;  A.  Johnston,  in  Lalor's  Cyclopedia,  I, 
6,  554  ;  III,  737;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §  97. 

§  178.     The  Monroe  Doctrine. 

Summary.  —  The  Spanish  colonies;  previous  status  (§§  153, 
162,  176);  1809,  first  revolts;  1814,  Bourbons  restored;  1818, 
second  series  of  revolts.  —  "  European  system  ":  tradition  of  non 
interference  of  the  United  States;  1815,  Holy  Alliance;  1820, 
Congress  of  Verona.  —  "  Intervention  ":  Spain  asks  for  it ;  Clay's 
interest  ;  commercial  interest  ;  1823,  Spain  asks  for  a  Congress  ; 
August,  September,  English  proposition  of  a  joint  declaration.  — 
"Colonization":  1790,  Nootka  Sound  convention;  1821,  Russia 
claims  the  Northwest  coast  and  sea  ;  1823,  J.  Q.  Adams's  protest. 


§  178.]  The  Monroe  Doctrine.  363 

—  1823,  November,  Monroe's  message:  "colonization";  "inter 
vention";  "political  system."  -  Effects:  1824,  intervention 
abandoned  ;  recognition  of  the  Latin  American  states  ;  1824, 
treaty  with  Russia.  —  Later  applications:  1824,  December  7, 
Monroe's  second  message;  1826,  Panama  Congress  (§179); 
1845,  Oregon  (§  192);  1850,  the  Isthmus  ;  1854,  Cuba  (§  199); 
1865,  Mexico  (§  ooo)  ;  1881,  Peru  ;  1895,  Venezuela. 

General.  —  D.  C.  Oilman,  James  Monroe,  Ch.  vii ;  J.  Schouler,  His 
tory,  III,  277-293  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constittitional  History,  I,  409-421, 
532  ;  Winsor,  America,  VII,  Ch.  vii  ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy 
Adams,  126-138  ;  Alden  Bradford,  Federal  Government,  Ch.  xi. 

Special.  —  George  F.  Tucker,  Monroe  Doctrine;  R.  H.  Dana, 
Wheaton's  International  Law,  Notes  to  §§  67,  76;  F.  Wharton,  Com 
mentaries,  §§  174,  175  ;  Winsor,  America,  VIII,  Ch.  v  (Spanish 
Colonies];  A  Citizen  of  the  United  States  [Alex.  H.  Everett],  America, 
or  a  General  Survey  of  the  Western  Continent ;  "A  South  American," 
Outline  of  the  Revolution  in  Spanish  America  ;  Theodore  Lyman, 
Diplomacy  of  the  United  States,  II,  Chs.  ix-xiv  ;  Anonymous,  The  Inter- 
oceanic  Canal  and  the  Monroe  Doctrine;  Joshua  Leavitt,  Monroe 
Doctrine ;  Freeman  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics  in  American  Diplomacy, 
Pt.  ii;  Political  Science  Qarterly,  XI  (March,  1896).  — Periodicals  and 
newspapers  of  1895-96. 

Sources.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  American  State  Papers,  Foreign  Rela 
tions,  IV,  V;  American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  4,  5;  Annals  of  Congress, 
Appendices  to  XXXII,  XXXIX  ;  Francis  Wharton,  Digest  of  the 
International  Law  of  the  United  States,  passim,  §  57 ;  Williams,  States 
man's  Manual,  I,  II;  H.  Niles,  Weekly  Register ;  Treaties  and  Conven 
tions. —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  IV,  V,  VI 
(see  Index);  D.  Mallory,  Life  and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,  I;  Calvin 
Colton,  Life,  Correspondence,  and  Public  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,  I,  Ch. 
xi ;  Richard  Rush,  Narrative  of  a  Residence  at  the  Court  of  London  ; 
Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  (II.  A.  Washington  edition)  VII  (especially 
315);  James  Madison,  Letters  and  Other  Writings,  III;  Daniel  Webster, 
Works,  III. 

Bibliography.  —  D.  C.  Oilman,  James  Monroe,  Appendix,  269-272; 
Dana's  Wheaton,  Note  36 ;  Providence  Public  Library,  Bulletin,  II, 
No.  I  ;  Wrinsor,  America,  VII,  524,  525  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Refer 
ence  Lists,  §  98  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §  55  ;  Poole,  Index 
(Supplement  for  1896). 


364  Reorganization.  [§  179. 


§  179.     Administration  of  John  Quincy  Adams. 

Summary.  —  Previous  history  (§§167,  176).  —  Election  of 
1824:  candidates;  personal  followings  ;  no  electoral  choice.— 
Election  of  1825  :  Adams  chosen  by  the  House  over  Jackson; 
charges  of  a  "  corrupt  bargain."  —  Adams's  presidency  :  personal 
character;  cabinet ;  civil  service  ;  opposition  in  Congress  ;  Jack 
son's  opposition.  —  Panama  Congress  (§  178):  1823,  invitation; 
1825,  special  envoys  nominated;  1826,  opposition  in  the  House  ; 
June,  the  Congress  fails.  —  Internal  improvements  :  previous 
attempts  (§  174);  Adams's  policy;  1824,  survey  act ;  1825,  sub 
scription  to  canal  stock;  later  developments  (§  185). —  Indian 
question:  previous  status  (§§  161,  168);  1825,  fraudulent  treaty 
of  Indian  Springs  ;  July,  conflict  of  authority  between  the  United 
States  and  Georgia  ;  1826,  new  Indian  treaty  ;  1827,  Georgia 
defies  the  United  States  ;  Adams  obliged  to  yield  ;  1829,  Jackson 
sides  with  Georgia  (§  181). —  Tariff:  previous  status  (§  174); 
1824,  revised  act ;  1827,  January,  Mallary's  woolens  bill;  1828, 
tariff  bill;  Southern  opposition  ;  "tariff  of  abominations";  May 
20,  act  passes. 

General.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I,  421-458;  II, 
i-io,  and  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Ch.  iii ;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  Chs. 
ix-xi;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  129-171;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew 
Jackson,  Chs.  iv,  v  ;  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy  Adams,  164-225; 
J.  Schouler,  History,  III,  293-450  ;  Edward  M.  Shepard,  Martin  Van 
Buren,  84-130;  T.  Roosevelt,  77iomas  H.  Benton,  Ch.  iii;  George 
Tucker,  History,  III,  Chs.  xxiii-xxv;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  History,  IV, 
283-292;  D.  Mallory,  Life  of  Henry  Clay,  128-154;  Alden  Bradford, 
Federal  Government,  Ch.  xii ;  R.  McK.  Ormsby,  Whig  Party,  Ch.  xvii ; 
J.  W.  Moore,  American  Congress,  Chs.  xvii-xix  ;  J.  A.  Spencer,  History, 
III,  Book  VI,  Ch.  v  ;  Henry  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  Chs.  iv,  v  ; 
A.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  Chs.  xxiv-xxix  ;  J.  Parton,  Andrew 
Jackson,  III,  Chs.  i-viii. 

Special.  —  Josiah  Quincy,  John  Quincy  Adams,  Ch.  vii  ;  W.  H. 
Seward,  John  Quincy  Adams,  Chs.  vii-x  ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster, 
I,  Chs.  x-xiv,  and  James  Buchanan,  I,  Chs.  ii-v  ;  C.  H.  Hunt,  Edward 
Livingston,  Ch.  xiv ;  Hugh  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph,  II,  Chs.  xxvii, 


§  1 79-]  John   Quincy  Adams.  365 

xxix  ;  A.  S.  Bolles,  Financial  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  Book  III, 
Ch.  iv;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff  History  of  the  United  States,  68-108  ; 
C.  A.  O'Neill,  American  Electoral  System,  Ch.  xii ;  E.  Stanwood, 
Presidential  Elections,  Ch.  xi. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Register  of  Debates,  I-V;  Benton's  Abridgment 
of  Debates,  VIII,  IX.  — DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  IV;  American 
State  Papers,  especially  Foreign  Relations,  VI  (Panama),  Finance,  V 
(Tariff  of  1828),  Indian  Affairs,  II ;  Register  of  Debates,  Appendices  to 
I-V  ;  Williams,  Statesman's  Manual,  II  ;  Executive  Proceedings  of  the 
Senate  on  the  Mission  to  the  Congress  of  Panama ;  H.  Niles,  Weekly 
Register.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  VI, 
VII;  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'1  View,  I,  Chs.  xvii-xxxvii ;  Calvin 
Colton,  Private  Correspondence  of  Henry  Clay,  Chs.  iii-v,  and  Life, 
Correspondence,  and  Public  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,  Chs.  xiv— xviii ; 
Henry  Adams,  Life  of  Albert  Gallatin,  Book  IV;  F.  W.  Taussig,  State 
Papers  and  Speeches  on  the  Tariff,  252-385  (Clay  and  Webster);  E.  B. 
Williston,  Eloquence  of  the  United  States,  IV  ;  B.  P.  Poore,  Perley's 
Reminiscences,  I,  Chs.  i-v;  Josiah  Quincy,  Figures  of  the  Past,  188-301  ; 
Daniel  Webster,  Works,  III  ;  Levi  Woodbury,  Writings,  I ;  Basil  Hall, 
Travels  in  North  America  ;  Albert  Gallatin,  Writings,  II. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  346-348,  503,  525;  W.  E. 
Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Administrations,  20-26;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  99-101  ;  Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder, 
Pt.  ii,  148-150  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  §  130. 


XX.     JACKSON'S    ADMINISTRATION. 

§  180.     The  United  States  in  1830. 

Summary.  —  Geography:  accessions  since  1789;  status  of 
Oregon  ;  status  of  Maine  boundary  ;  1818,  northern  boundary 
treaty;  status  of  Texas  ;  new  states  since  1789  (see  §§  161,  177); 
existing  territories.  — •  People  :  population  in  1830  ;  immigration  ; 
western  movement ;  cities.  —  Means  of  transportation  :  turnpikes  ; 
canals  ;  Erie  Canal  ;  steam  river  navigation  ;  beginnings  of  rail 
roads.  —  Intellectual  life  :  education  ;  colleges  ;  beginnings  of 
literature  ;  newspapers.  —  Social  life  :  Tocqueville's  view  ;  Mrs. 
Trollope's  view  ;  Dickens's  view.  —  Religious  life  :  national 
churches  ;  sects  ;  intemperance  ;  duelling  ;  philanthropic  move 
ment.  —  Slavery  (see  §  iSS).  —  Political  life  :  parties  ;  caucuses  ; 
conventions  ;  city  government ;  democratization  ;  elements  of 
reorganization. 

General.  —  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  Chs.  i-iii ; 
Theodore  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Chs.  i-iii;  Ellis  H.  Roberts, 
New  York,  II,  Chs.  xxx-xxxvi ;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History 
IV,  311-315  ;  T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger  History,  398-422  ;  J.  W. 
Draper,  History  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  174-183. 

Special.  —  James  Bryce,  Predictions  of  Hamilton  and  De  Tocqueville 
(Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  V,  No.  9);  W.  W.  Story,  Joseph 
Story,  II  ;  Edmund  Quincy,  Josiah  Quincy,  Ch.  xvii ;  Edward  L.  Pierce, 
Charles  Sumner,  I,  Chs.  iv-viii ;  Hay  and  Nicolay,  Abraham  Lincoln, 
I,  Chs.  i-xii  ;  Charles  H.  Hunt,  Ed-ward  Livingston,  Chs.  xiv,  xv  ; 
James  Schouler,  History,  III,  507-531  ;  IV,  Ch.  xiii,  Sect,  ii;  Calvin 
Colton,  Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Clay,  I,  Ch.  xxi;  George  Van  Sant- 
voord,  Chief  Justices,  490-520  ;  R.  Hildreth,  Banks,  Banking,  and  Paper 
Currency,  Pt.  i,  Ch.  xx  ;  John  McGregor,  Progress  of  America,  II, 
613-670  ;  W.  G.  Sumner,  History  of  American  Currency,  84-94  ;  Charles 
Francis  Adams,  Railroads,  Pt.  i  ;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Michigan,  Chs.  viii- 
xiv ;  Jabez  D.  Hammond,  History  of  Political  Parties  in  the  State  of 

366 


§  i8i.]  United  States  in  1830.  367 

New  York,  II,  Chs.  xxxiii-xlii ;  Lewis  Tappan,  Arthur  Tappan,  Chs. 
i-vii ;  George  Tucker,  History,  IV,  Ch.  xxxii ;  James  Grant  Wilson, 
Memorial  History  of  the  City  of  New  York,  III,  Chs.  ix,  x  ;  J.  T.  Scharf, 
Maryland,  III,  Ch.  xxxvii.  See  also  biographies  (§  25),  state  histories 
(§  23).  —  HISTORICAL  MAPS:  Alex.  Johnston,  History  of  the  United 
States  for  Schools,  218;  T.  MacCoun,  Historical  Geography  of  the  United 
States ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  No.  5  (Epoch  Maps 
No.  10);  Tenth  Census,  Population. 

Sources.  —  Tenth  Census,  Population  ;  Josiah  Quincy,  Figures  of  the 
Past;  John  Quincy  Adams,  Memoirs,  VIII,  Ch.  xv ;  Henry  Clay, 
Private  Correspondence,  Chs.  vi-viii ;  Alexis  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy 
in  America ;  George  Tucker,  Progress  of  the  United  States  in  Fifty 
Years;  John  Trumbull,  Autobiography,  Chs.  xix-xxi ;  Mrs.  Chapman 
Coleman,  Life  of  John  J.  Crittenden,  Chs.  iv-xi  ;  Basil  Hall,  Travels  in 
North  America  ;  [James  Fenimore  Cooper],  Notions  of  the  Americans ; 
J.  Finch,  Travels  in  the  United  States  (1833);  S.  G.  Goodrich,  Recollec 
tions  of  a  Lifetime,  Letters  46-63;  Frances  A.  Kemble,  Recollections  of 
a  Girlhood,  533-590,  and  Records  of  Later  Days,  I;  E.  D.  Keyes,  Fifty 
Years1  Observations,  Chs.  i-x  ;  Hugh  McCullough,  Men  and  Measures 
of  Half  a  Century,  Chs.  i-vi ;  Achille  Murat,  America  and  the  Ameri 
cans ;  Nathan  Sargent,  Piiblic  Men  and  Events,  I,  Chs.  iii,  iv  ;  Amos 
Kendall,  Autobiography  ;  James  Stuart,  Three  Years  in  North  America; 
Mrs.  Trollope,  Domestic  Manners  of  the  Americans.  —  See  autobiog 
raphies  (§  33);  works  of  statesmen  (§  32). 

Bibliography.  —  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  46;  II,  788;  III,  1108; 
Winsor,  America,  VIII,  489;  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential 
Administrations,  26. 

§  181.     Andrew  Jackson  and  his  Policy. 

Summary.  —  Life:  1790-1804,  public  offices;  1797-98,  U.S. 
senator;  1804-14,  Indian  fighter;  1815,  battle  of  New  Orleans 
(§172);  1818,  Seminole  War  (§  174);  1824-25,  defeated  for 
presidency  (§  179);  1828,  elected.  —  Character  :  self-confidence  ; 
insubordination  ;  uprightness  ;  hatred  of  opponents  ;  "  task  of 
reform";  "retrenchment."  —  Friends  :  Major  Lewis  ;  Van  Buren; 
cabinet;  "kitchen  cabinet ";  Eaton  episode ;  popularity;  Eastern 
journey.  —  Enemies  :  Clay  ;  Adams  ;  Calhoun  ;  Webster  ; 
coalition.  —  Civil  service:  inaugural;  "task  of  reform";  condi- 


368  Jackson  s  Administration.  [§  181. 

tion  of  the  service  (§§167,  179);  dismissals;  appointments; 
number  of  changes.  —  Foreign  policy:  French  spoliation  claims; 
Maine  and  Oregon  boundaries  (§  192);  Texas  (§  193).  — 
Judiciary:  previous  status  (§175);  1831,  Peck  impeachment; 
Worcester  vs.  Georgia;  new  appointments;  1834,  Taney,  chief 
justice  ;  1837,  Bristol  case.  —  Parties  :  "Democratic";  "Whig"; 
"  Anti-Masonic." 

General.  —  E.  M.  Shepard,  Martin  Van  Buren,  Chs.  vi,  vii;  H.  C. 
Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  Ch.  vii  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun, 
Ch.  v  ;  Josiah  Quincy,  J.  Q.  Adams,  Chs.  viii,  ix ;  Justin  Winsor, 
America,  VII,  281-290  ;  T.  W.  Higginson,  Larger  History,  431-455  ; 
S.  H.  Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular  History,  IV,  296-311,  Ch.  xii ;  Theodore 
Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Ch.  iv;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass, 
Chs.  v,  vi  ;  James  Schouler,  History  III,  Ch.  xiii,  Sect,  i ;  George 
Tucker,  History,  IV,  Ch.  xxvi ;  C.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman, 
Chs.  xxxviii,  xlii-xlv  ;  Alden  Bradford,  Federal  Gwernment,  Chs.  xiii, 
xiv  ;  R.  McK.  Ormsby,  Whig  Party,  Chs.  xvii,  xviii  ;  R.  H.  Gillet, 
Democracy  in  the  United  States,  §§  62-80  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  45, 
100,  312;  II,  625,  781;  III,  996,  1061,  1101;  Henry  A.  Wise,  Seven 
Decades,  97-118. 

Special.  —  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  Chs.  vii,  viii,  xv,  xvi ; 
Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  Chs.  xii,  xiii ;  George  T.  Curtis,  Daniel 
Webster,  I,  Chs.  xv-xvii,  and  James  Buchanan,  I,  Chs.  v,  vi,  ix,  xii ; 
H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  II,  11-31  ;  Calvin  Colton,  Henry 
Clay,  II,  Chs.  vii-x  ;  Lucy  M.  Salmon,  Appointing  Power,  54-66;  James 
Parton,  Andrew  Jackson  ;  A.  D.  Morse,  Political  Influence  of  Andrew 
Jackson  {Political  Science  Quarterly,  I,  153-162);  Jabez  D.  Hammond, 
Political  History  of  the  State  of  New  York,  II. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Register  of  Debates  in  Congress,  VI-XIV  ; 
Congressional  Globe,  I-III  (1833-37)  ;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  X- 
XIII.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Appendices  to  Register  of  Debates  ;  Statesman's 
Manual,  II ;  Congressional  Documents  (1829-1837).  —  CONTEMPORARY 
WRITINGS:  John  Quincy  Adams,  Memoirs;  J.  A.  Hamilton,  Remi 
niscences;  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years  View,  Chs.  xxxviii-lxviii ; 
Daniel  Webster,  Works,  IV,  148,  179;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II, 
III,  V;  Calvin  Colton,  Private  Correspondence  of  Henry  Clay,  (Henry 
Clay,  Works,  IV),  Chs.  vii-xi,  and  Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Clay,  I, 
II;  Martin  Van  Buren,  Inquiry  into  Political  Parties,  Ch.  vii ;  Amos 


§  1 8z.]  Jackson  and  the  Bank.  369 

Kendall,  Autobiography,  Chs.  x-xiv;  Nathan  Sargent,  Public  Men  and 
Events,  I,  162-169,  277-293;  Ben.  Perley  Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences, 
Chs.  vi,  vii,  x-xiii ;  Seba  Smith,  Letters  of  Major  Jack  Downing ;  Josiah 
Quincy,  Figures  of  the  Past,  352-375. 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Adminis 
trations,  22-26  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopcedia,  I,  46,  101  ;  II,  626,  627,  677, 
782,  788;  III,  1061,  1108;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists, 
§§104-106;  Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii,  150-152;  James 
Parton,  Life  of  Andrew  Jackson,  I,  Introduction ;  Justin  Winsor, 
America,  VII,  287-289,  348-351;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson, 
387-392. 

§  182.     Jackson's  War  on  the  Bank,  1829-1833. 

Summary.  —  Status  of  the  bank  :  previous  history  (§  1 74) ; 
President  Biddle  ;  amount  of  government  deposits.  —  Jackson's 
prejudice;  1829,  June,  Portsmouth  Branch  affair;  Hill's  influ 
ence  ;  Ingham's  correspondence  ;  December,  Jackson's  attack.  — 
Recharter  controversy  :  1829-30,  report ;  1832,  January,  petition 
of  the  bank;  July  2,  recharter  bill  passes.  —  Jackson's  veto: 
1832,  July  10,  message  ;  question  of  constitutionality  ;  expediency; 
management. —  Election  of  1832:  1831,  December,  Clay  nomi 
nated  ;  1832,  May,  first  national  convention  ;  bank  an  issue  ; 
November,  Jackson  reflected. —  Doctrine  of  a  popular  mandate. 

General.  —  Edward  Stanwood,  Presidential  Elections,  Ch.xiii ;  James 
Schouler,  History,  IV,  Ch.  xiii,  §  3 ;  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H. 
Benton,  Ch.  vi ;  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  Ch.  vii ;  A.  W.  Young, 
American  Statesman,  Chs.  xl,  xlvi ;  Samuel  Tyler,  Memoir  of  Roger  B. 
Taney,  I,  Ch.  iii ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  201. 

Special.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  II,  31-52;  George 
T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  \,  Ch.  xviii,  and  James  Buchanan,  I,  Chs. 
x,  xi;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  Chs.  xi-xiii ;  Carl  Schurz, 
Henry  Clay,  I,  Ch.  xiii;  George  Tucker,  History,  IV,  Ch.  xxvi  ;  Calvin 
Colton,  Henry  Clay,  II,  Ch.  i ;  James  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson,  III, 
Chs.  xxix-xxxi  ;  C.  H.  Hunt,  Edward  Livingston,  Ch.  xvi  ;  E.  C. 
Mason,  Veto  Power,  §§  55-59  ;  A.  S.  Bolles,  Financial  History,  II,  317- 
335  5  Win.  M.  Gouge,  Short  History  of  Paper  Money  ;  Wm.  L.  Royall, 
Andrew  Jackson  and  the  Bank ;  Joseph  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  1374- 
'399- 


370  Jackson  s  Administration.  [§  182. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Register  of  Debates,  VI,  VII ;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,  X,  XL  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Appendices  to  Register  of  Debates  ; 
Statesman's  Manual,  II  ;  Niles,  Register,  XXXV-XLIV;  Congressional 
Documents,  especially  House  Reports,  22  Cong,  i  sess.  No.  460  ; 
House  Executive  Dociiments,  23  Cong.  I  sess.  No.  523  ;  American 
History  Leaflets,  No.  24  ;  C.  F.  Dunbar,  Laws  Relating  to  finance. 
—  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  John  Quincy  Adams,  Memoirs,  VIII; 
Thomas  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  I,  Chs.  xl,  xli,  Ixvi-lxviii ; 
D.  Mallory,  Life  and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,  II  ;  Henry  Clay,  Works, 
II  (IV),  and  Private  Correspondence  (IV),  Chs.  vii,  viii ;  Daniel  Webster, 
Works,  III,  391-447;  Clark  and  Hall,  Legislative  and  Documentary 
History  of  the  United  States  Bank,  Ch.  vi.  —  REMINISCENCES:  J.  A. 
Hamilton,  Reminiscences,  Chs.  vi-viii  ;  Nathan  Sargent,  Public  Men 
and  Events,  I,  185-205,  213-229;  Martin  Van  Buren,  Political  Parties, 
311-362. 

Bibliography.  —  C.  F.  Dunbar,  Topics  and  References,  §  v ;  Justin 
Winsor,  America,  VII,  348-351  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists, 
§§113,  114;  J.J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  204;  W.  E.  Foster,  References 
to  Presidential  Administrations,  25  ;  footnotes  to  Von  Hoist. 


§  183.     Tariff  and  Nullification,  1828-1832. 

Summary.  —  Previous  status  :  tariff  of  1824  (§  179).  —  Early 
threats  of  nullification  (§§  153,  165,  179);  1825-28,  South  Carolina 
protest.  —  Nullification  stated:  1828,  tariff  act  (§179);  1828, 
Calhoun's  "Exposition";  Madison's  opposition;  1828,  1829,  act 
declared  unconstitutional  by  Georgia  and  South  Carolina. — 
Nullification  developed  :  1830,  January,  Webster-Hayne  debate  ; 
Andrew  Jackson's  Union  toast  ;  May,  breach  with  Calhoun.  — 
1831,  July,  "Address"  of  South  Carolina  legislature.  —  Tariff  of 
1832:  June,  Gallatin's  memorial  ;  debates  ;  July  14,  act  passed. 

—  Nullification    accomplished:    1832,   October,  convention  sum 
moned  in  South  Carolina  ;  November  24,  ordinance    of  nullifica 
tion  ;  "  Exposition  "  and  "  Address  ";  December,  Calhoun  resigns. 

—  Coercion  :  1832,  December  1 1,  Jackson's  proclamation;  Decem 
ber    20,    South    Carolina    statutes:    military    preparation;    1833, 
January    6,  nullification  message  ;  January-February,  force  bill  ; 
Webster-Calhoun  debate.  —  Compromise  of  1833  :    February  12, 


§183.]  Tariff  and  Nullification.  371 

Clay's  proposition  ;  March  2,  force  act  passed  and  compromise 
tariff  passed  ;  March  16,  Nullification  Ordinance  repealed  ;  later 
development  :  fate  of  the  tariff  (§§  191.  195);  secession  (§  206). 

General.  —  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  II,  Ch.  xiv  ;  A.  C.  McLaughlin, 
Lewis  Cass,  139-149  ;  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Ch.  v  ; 
James  Schouler,  History,  IV,  Ch.  xiii,  Sect,  iii;  J.  W.  Draper,  History 
of  the  Civil  War,  I,  Ch.  xxi ;  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  Ch.  vi ; 
Samuel  Eliot,  Manual,  Pt.  iv,  Ch.  v ;  A.  W.  Young,  American  States 
man,  Chs.  xxxi,  xlvi,  xlvii  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  III,  861. 

Special.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I,  Ch.  xii,  and /<?/;» 
C.  Calkoun,  Ch.  iv  ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  Chs.  vi,  vii ;  Caleb 
W.  Loring,  Nullification,  Secession,  Webster* s  Argument ;  D.  F.  Houston, 
Critical  Study  of  Nullification  (Harvard  Historical  Studies,  III)  ;  Geo. 
T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  Chs.  xvi-xix,  and  James  Buchanan,  I, 
Ch.  ix  ;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  Chs.  x,  xiii;  Calvin  Colton, 
Henry  Clay,  II,  Chs.  v-xii ;  Charles  H.  Hunt,  Edward  Livingston,  Ch. 
xvi ;  James  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson,  III,  Chs.  xxxii-xxxiv  ;  Alexander 
H.  Stephens,  Constitutional  View  of  the  War  between  the  States,  I, 
Colloquies  vii-x ;  George  Tucker,  History,  IV,  Chs.  xxvi,  xxvii; 
R.  McK.  Ormsby,  Whig  Party,  Chs.  xix-xxiii  ;  J.  Leander  Bishop, 
History  of  American  Manufactures,  II,  298-381  ;  Edward  Young, 
Special  Report  on  Customs,  Tariff  Legislation,  1-xciii  (House  Exectitive 
Documents,  42  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  109);  A.  S.  Bolles,  Financial  History, 
II,  282-433  ;  J.  D.  Goss,  History  of  Tariff  Administration  (Columbia 
College,  Studies,  I),  Ch.  iii ;  F.  W.  Taussig,  History  of  the  Tariff,  68- 
112  ;  see  also  §  184. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS  :  Register  of  Debates,  VI-IX 
(especially  IX,  Pt.  ii,  Appendix);  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XI,  XII  ; 
Statesman's  Manual,  II;  Niles,  Register,  XXXV-XLIV;  Congressional 
Documents  (especially  Senate  Documents,  22  Cong.  2  sess.  Vol.  I)  ; 
General  Court  of  Massachusetts,  State  Papers  on  Nullification  ;  Alex 
ander  Johnston,  Representative  American  Orations,  I,  Pt.  iv,  196 ; 
Albert  Gallatin,  Memorial ;  F.  W.  Taussig,  State  Papers  and  Speeches 
on  the  Tariff;  P.  C.  Centz,  Republic  of  Republics,  Appendix  F.  — CON 
TEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  John  Quincy  Adams,  Memoirs,  VIII  ;  John 
C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II,  VI  ;  Daniel  Webster,  Works,  III,  248-355, 
448—505  ;  Henry  Clay,  Private  Correspondence,  Chs.  viii,  ix,  and  Works, 
I,  II  (V,  VI);  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  I,  Chs.  xlvi, 
Ixix,  Ixxviii  ;  Levi  Woodbury,  Writings,  I,  85-125;  D.  Mallory,  Life 


372  Jackson  s  Administration.  [§  183. 

and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,  I,  II ;  James  Madison,  Selections  from 
Private  Correspondence.  —  REMINISCENCES  :  Nathan  Sargent,  Public 
Men  and  Events,  I,  169-185,  229-243  ;  Ben.  Parley  Poore,  Perley's 
Reminiscences,  I,  Chs.  vii-ix. 

Bibliography.  —  D.  F.  Houston,  Critical  Study  of  Ntdlification, 
Appendix  G  ;  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Administrations, 
23,  24  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  II,  1055  ;  C.  F.  Dunbar,  Topics  and 
References;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  102,  103,  107-111; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Stiggestions,  §  57  ;  footnotes  to  Von  Hoist. 


§  184.     Removal  of  the  Deposits,  1833-1834. 

Summary. — Status:  181 6,  clause  in  the  Bank  Act  (§  174);  1832, 
bank  recharter  vetoed  (§  182);  House  resolution  affirming  safety. 
—  Removal  accomplished:  1833,  July,  plan  for  deposit  in  state 
banks  ;  September  18,  paper  read  to  the  cabinet ;  September  23, 
Secretary  Duane  removed  ;  September  26,  Secretary  Taney  gives 
the  order.  —  The  issue  :  question  of  a  contract ;  secretary's  discre 
tion  ;  presidential  responsibility.  —  Controversy  with  the  Senate  : 

1833,  December  3,  Jackson's  defence  ;   December  10,  26,  Clay's 
resolution  of  censure;  1834,  March  28,  modified  resolution  passed  ; 
April  15,  Jackson's  protest;  May  12,  Senate's  counter  protest; 
1837,  January  16,  expunging   resolutions.  —  Fate  of   the  bank  : 
1836,  charter  expires  ;  Pennsylvania  charter  ;  1837,  1839,  failure 
(§  :79)-  —  Currency  questions  :  state  banks  ;  government  deposits  ; 

1834,  June  28,  1 6  to  i  ratio  act  ;   "hard  money";  1836,  July  n, 
"  Specie  Circular." 

General.  —  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  II,  Chs.  xv,  xviii ;  James 
Schouler,  History,  IV,  Ch.  xiv,  Sect,  i  ;  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Thomas 
H.  Benton,  Ch.  vi;  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  Ch.  vii;  Samuel  Eliot, 
Manual,  Pt.  iv,  Ch.  vi  ;  A.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  Chss 
xlviii,  xlix  ;  R.  Hildreth,  Banks,  Banking,  and  Paper  Cttrrency,  Ch.  xxi ; 
J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  199,  798. 

Special.  —  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  Chs.  xiii,  xiv;  George  T. 
Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  Chs.  xx-xxiii,  and  James  Btichanan,  I,  Chs. 
xii,  xiii  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  II,  52-79  ;  George 
Tucker,  History,  IV,  Chs.  xxviii,  xxix  ;  Calvin  Colton,  Henry  Clay,  II, 


§185.]  Deposits  and  Surplus.  373 

Chs.  iii-v  ;  James  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson,  III,  Chs.  xxxvi-xxxix; 
Samuel  Tyler,  A'.  B.  Taney ;  George  Van  Santvoord,  Chief  Justices, 
552,  566;  A.  S.  Bolles,  Financial  History,  II,  335-358;  R.  Hildreth, 
Banks  and  Banking;  Goddard,  Bank  of  the  United  States;  W.  M. 
Gouge,  Short  History  of  Money  and  Banking. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Register  of  Debates,  IX-XII  (1833-39);  Con 
gressional  Globe,  I  (1833-35);  T.  H-  Benton,  Abridgment,  XII,  XIII.— 
DOCUMENTS  :  Congressional  Documents  (especially  Senate  Documents, 
23  Cong,  i  sess.  Vol.  V);  Statesman's  Manual,  II  ;  American  History 
Leaflets,  No.  24  ;  Niles,  Register,  XLVI-L  ;  Appendices  to  Register  of 
Debates ;  John  Quincy  Adams,  Memoirs ;  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Thirty 
Years'  View,  I,  Chs.  xcii-cxi ;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II,  III;  Henry 
Clay,  Private  Correspondence,  Chs.  ix,  x,  and  Works,  II  (IV);  D.  Mallory, 
Life  and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,  II;  Daniel  Webster,  Works,  III,  506- 
551;  IV,  3-147,  200,  235,  297-300.  —  REMINISCENCES  :  Amos  Kendall, 
Autobiography,  Ch.  xiv  ;  Nathan  Sargent,  Public  Men  and  Events,  I, 
253-277,  332-349- 

Bibliography.  —  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  799;  C.  F.  Dunbar, 
Topics  and  References,  §  v  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  List,  §115; 
footnotes  to  Von  Hoist. 


§  185.     Territorial  Questions  and  Surplus  Revenue, 
1829-1841. 

Summary.  —  Indians  :  Creek  conflict  (§  179);  1826-29,  Chero 
kee  conflict;  1830,  December,  Tassel's  case;  1831,  March, 
Cherokee  Nation  vs.  Georgia  ;  1832,  March,  Worcester  vs. 
Georgia;  Black  Hawk  war;  1834,  Indian  Territory  created; 
1835,  removal;  Seminole  war  begins.  —  Internal  improvements: 
previous  status  (§  179)  ;  1830,  May  27,  Jackson's  Maysville 
Road  veto  ;  1831-32,  increased  expenditure.  —  Territorial  bound 
aries  :  1836,  Arkansas  admitted  ;  Texas  independent  (§  193). 
—  Public  lands:  previous  status  (§  179);  1830,  Foot  reso 
lution  (§  183)  ;  1832-36,  great  speculative  sales  ;  connection 
with  wild-cat  banks  ;  1836,  specie  circular  (§  184)  ;  1841,  pre 
emption  act. — -Surplus:  of  1806  (§  167);  of  1819  (§  176);  of 
1836-37;  connection  with  the  tariff  (§  183);  1833,  pocket  veto 
of  Clay's  act.  —  Distribution  :  Clay's  policy  ;  Calhoun's  status  ; 


3/4  Jackson  s  Administration.  [§  185. 

1836,   June,    "deposit   act";     1837,   Calhoun's   bill;    payment  of 
three  installments  ;  financial  crisis  (§  192). 

General.  —  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Ch.  vii ;  G.  T.  Curtis, 
Life  of  Daniel  Webster,  I,  Ch.  xxiv  ;  James  Schouler,  History,  IV, 
Ch.  xiv,  Sect,  ii  ;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  IV,  291-296, 
311-313;  A.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  Chs.  xli,  xlv,  liii ;  J.  J. 
Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  390  ;  II,  570  ;  III,  471,  1032. 

Special.  —  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  Chs.  ix,  xiv;  George 
Tucker,  History,  IV,  40-69,  105,  215,  Ch.  xxix  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Con 
stitutional  History,  II,  177-194  ;  J.  W.  Kearny,  Sketch  of  American 
Finances,  Ch.  IV  ;  E.  G.  Bourne,  Siirplus  Revenue  of  1837 ;  W.  G. 
Sumner,  American  Ciirrency,  115-131  ;  Calvin  Colton,  Life  and  Times 
of  Henry  Clay,  I,  Chs.  xix,  xx  ;  Emory  R.  Johnson,  River  and  Harbor 
Bills  (American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science,  Annals,  II, 
782)  ;  E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power,  §§  83-94 ;  Shosuke  Sato,  Land  Ques 
tion  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  IV,  Nos.  7-9). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Register  of  Debates,  VI-XIV  (1829-1837); 
Congressional  Globe,  I-VIII  (1833-1841);  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment, 
X-XIV.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Statesman's  Manual,  I-III  (especially  I,  492; 
II,  719)  ;  American  State  Papers,  Indian  Affairs,  II  ;  Pttblic  Lands, 
VI-VIII;  Congressional  Documents;  Niles,  Register ;  Appendices  to 
Register  of  Debates.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  Thomas  H.  Ben- 
ton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  I,  Chs.  xliv,  li,  Ixx,  Ixxi,  xc,  cxxii-cxxviii,  cxxxvi- 
cxliii,  cxlvi,  cliv— clxi ;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II,  III,  V  ;  Henry 
Clay,  Works,  II,  VI,  and  Private  Correspondence;  Daniel  Webster, 
Works,  IV,  238-258;  John  Quincy  Adams,  Memoirs,  VIII-X;  D.  Mal- 
lory,  Life  and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,  II;  Nathan  Sargent,  Public  Men 
and  Events,  I,  177,  188,  205-250. 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Adminis 
trations,  24;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  394;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical 
Reference  Lists,  §§  112,  118-120;  Winsor,  America,  VII,  322  ;  E.  G. 
Bourne,  Stirplus  Revemie,  151—161;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Stiggestions] 
§59- 


XXL    SLAVERY  AND  TEXAS. 

§  186.     Negro  Slavery  from  1830  to  1860. 

Summary.  —  The  masters  :  large  slaveholders  ;  small  slave 
holders  ;  non-slaveholders  ;  poor  whites  ;  immigrant  laborers.  — 
The  negro  :  races  ;  physical,  intellectual,  religious  ;  character; 
associations  with  whites.  —  Free  negroes  :  status  in  the  North  ; 
status  in  the  South  ;  political  and  social  discriminations.  —  Slave 
life  :  appearance  ;  clothing  ;  houses  ;  food  ;  cost  of  maintenance  ; 
families  ;  recreations  ;  old  age  ;  sickness  and  death  ;  slave  codes  ; 
slaves  at  work  ;  variety  of  employment  ;  hiring  out ;  supervision  ; 
tasks  ;  punishments  ;  privileges.  —  Sale  :  private  ;  auction  ;  hard 
ships  ;  for  jail  fees  ;  market  value.  —  Freedom  :  laws  regulating  ; 
for  services  ;  by  will  ;  buying  freedom.  —  Fugitives  (§§  189,  198). 
—  Trade  (see  §  189).  —  Insurrections:  colonial  (§  148);  1800, 
Gabriel's;  1822,  Denmark  Vesey's  ;  1831,  Nat  Turner's;  1859, 
John  Brown  (§  202)  ;  terror  produced  by  fear  of  insurrections. 

General.  —  Comte  de  Paris,  Civil  War,  I,  76-89;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil 
War,  I,  Chs.  xvi,  xxv  ;  Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I, 
Ch.  i  ;  A.  G.  de  Gurowski,  America  and  Europe,  Ch.  v  ;  Sidney  G. 
Fisher,  Trial  of  the  Constitution,  Ch.  iv ;  Friedrich  Kapp,  Die  Sklaven- 
frage  in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten ;  James  Spence,  American  Union, 
Ch.  iv  ;  R.  McK.  Ormsby,  Whig  Party,  Chs.  xv,  xvi  ;  J.  F.  Scharf, 
Maryland,  III,  Ch.  xli.  —  See  also  pp.  204,  214. 

Special.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  Ch.  iv  ; 
Samuel  Seabury,  American  Slavery  Justified ;  William  Jay,  Miscellaneous 
Writings  on  Slavery,  7-206,  371-395;  William  Goodell,  American 
Slave  Code ;  Richard  Hildreth,  Despotism  in  America ;  Thomas  R.  R. 
Cobb,  Inquiry  into  the  Law  of  Negro  Slavery,  I  ;  H.  Sherman,  Slavery 
in  the  United  States ;  Jeffrey  R.  Brackett,  The  Negro  in  Maryland; 
Albert  T.  Bledsoe,  Essay  on  Liberty  and  Slavery  ;  William  Chambers, 
American  Slavery  and  Labor,  115-181,  and  Appendix  I  ;  Albert  Barnes, 
Inquiry  into  the  Scriptural  Views  of  Slavery  ;  George  B.  Cheever.  The 

375 


376  Slavery  and  Texas.  [§  186. 

Guilt  of  Slavery ;  Lydia  Maria  Child,  The  Oasis ;  Augustus  Cochin, 
Results  of  Slavery  ;  George  Fitzhugh,  Cannibals  all,  or  Slaves  without 
Masters  ;  Daniel  R.  Goodwin,  Soiithern  Slavery  in  its  Present  Aspects  ; 
John  Henry  Hopkins,  Views  of  Slavery ;  Luther  R.  Marsh,  Writings 
and  Speeches  of  Abram  Stewart ;  Samuel  Nott,  Slavery  and  the  Remedy; 
Henry  Shannon,  Slavery  in  the  United  States ;  Joshua  Coffin,  Account 
of  Some  of  the  Principal  Slave  Insurrections. 

Sources.  —  Frederick  Law  Olmsted,  Journey  in  the  Seaboard  Slave 
States,  and  Texas  Journey,  and  Back  Country  (extracts  from  the  above 
three  books  republished  as  Cotton  Kingdom}',  Frederick  Douglass,  My 
Bondage  and  my  Freedom,  and  Life  and  Times,  Written  by  Himself; 
Hinton  R.  Helper,  The  Impending  Crisis;  Frances  Anne  Kemble, 
Journal  of  a  Residence  on  a  Georgia  Plantation  ;  William  Birney,  James 
G.  Birney  and  his  Times,  Chs.  i-xi;  Nehemiah  Adams,  South  Side 
View  of  Slavery ;  F.  C.  Adams,  Uncle  Tom  at  Home ;  Thomas  H. 
Benton,  Thirty  Years'1  View,  II,  Chs.  xxxii ;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Works, 
II-VI;  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  Selections  from  Writings  and  Speeches  ; 
James  Stuart,  Three  Years  in  North  America,  II,  Chs.  iii-ix  ;  William 
Harper,  The  Pro-Slavery  Argument;  Mrs.  K.  E.  R.  Pickard,  The 
Kidnapped  and  the  Ransomed  [Peter  Still];  Solomon  Northrup,  Twelve 
Years  a  Slave;  E.  H.  Botume,  First  Days  among  the  Contrabands ; 
Susan  D.  Smedes,  Memorials  of  a  Southern  Planter. 

Bibliography.  —  Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  Appendix 
E ;  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Administrations,  28,  30, 
33>  36.  39,  42  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §  60  ;  S.  May,  Jr., 
Catalogue  of  Anti-Slavery  Ptiblications,  1756-1830. 

§  187.     The  Abolition  Movement,  1830-1840. 

Summary.  —  Argument  for  slavery  :  scripture  ;  ancient  prece 
dents  ;  inferiority  of  the  negro ;  good  of  the  negro ;  good  of  the 
whites  ;  good  of  mankind  ;  economic  advantages.  —  Argument 
against  slavery :  unproductive  ;  limited  to  agriculture ;  exhausted 
land  ;  against  improvements  ;  degrading  ;  hard  for  the  masters  ; 
inhuman;  political  oligarchies  ;  sectional.  —  Rise  of  abolitionists: 
colonial  (§  148);  before  1808  (§  161);  after  1808  (§  177);  foreign 
movement ;  Benjamin  Lundy  ;  1831,  Wm.  Lloyd  Garrison,  Liber 
ator;  1837,  Wendell  Phillips;  1843,  Oberlin  and  tne  Western 
movement;  1830,  Southern  abolitionists,  James  G.  Birney. — 


§  1 87.]  Tlie  Abolition  Movement.  377 

Organization:  1832,  societies  organized;  1840,  breach  in  the 
national  society;  "Liberty  Party." -— Northern  opposition: 
1831-34,  negro  schools  destroyed  ;  1834-38,  riots,  especially 
Garrison  mob  (1835)  ;  Lovejoy  (1837)  ;  Pennsylvania  Hall 
(1838);  public  meetings. —  Southern  sentiment:  abolitionists; 
legislation  ;  demands  on  the  North  for  restrictions. 

General.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  United  States,  I,  38-75;  Horace  Greeley, 
American  Conflict,  I,  Chs.  ix-xi ;  J.  W.  Draper,  American  Civil  War, 
I,  Ch.  xvii;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  IV,  Ch.  xiii ; 
R.  McK.  Ormsby,  History  of  the  Whig  Party,  Ch.  xxiv;  Goldwin 
Smith,  United  States,  221-233. —  See  also  pp.  204,  214. 

Special. —  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  II,  80-120,  219- 
235 ;  Thomas  R.  R.  Cobb,  Inquiry  into  the  Law  of  Negro  Slavery, 
Historical  Sketch  of  Slavery,  Chs.  xv,  xvii ;  Wm.  Birney,  James  G. 
Birney  and  his  Times,  Chs.  xii-xviii;  George  W.  Julian,  Joshua  R. 
Giddings,  Chs.  i-iii;  Lewis  Toppati,  Arthur  Toppan,  Chs.  viii-xx ; 
Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  I,  Chs.  xiii-xxi,  xxii,  xxix,  xl ;  Oliver 
Johnson,  William  Lloyd  Garrison  and  his  Times ;  William  Goodell, 
Slavery  and  Anti-Slavery  ;  Augustus  Cochin,  Results  of  Emancipation  ; 
James  W.  Massie,  America,  the  Origin  of  her  Present  Conflict; 
John  Weiss,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Theodore  Parker ;  O.  B. 
Frothingham,  Theodore  Parker,  and  Ger'rit  Smith;  W.  W.  Story, 
Joseph  Story,  I,  Ch.  xi. 

Sources.  —  DOCUMENTS:  The  Liberator;  The  Anti-Slavery  Stand 
ard;  The  Emancipator ;  Annual  Reports  of  the  American  Anti-Slavery 
Society,  American  and  Foreign  Anti-Slavery  Society,  and  the  State 
Societies ;  Anti-Slavery  Conventions,  Reports.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRIT 
INGS  :  Garrisons,  William  Lloyd  Garrison ;  Catherine  H.  Birney,  The 
Grimke  Sisters  ;  John  Quincy  Adams,  Memoirs,  IX,  X;  F.  B.  Sanborn, 
Life  and  Letters  of  John  Brown,  Chs.  i-vi ;  Henry  Clay,  Works,  II 
(VI);  D.  Mallory,  Henry  Clay,  II;  Joshua  R.  Giddings,  Speeches  in 
Congress ;  Lydia  M.  Child,  Isaac  T.  Hopper ;  Anna  Davis  Hallowell, 
James  and  Lucretia  Mott ;  Wendell  Phillips,  in  Alexander  Johnston, 
Representative  American  Orators,  I,  228-282. —  REMINISCENCES:  Ben. 
Perley  Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences,  I,  Ch.  xv ;  George  Thompson, 
Prison  Life  and  Reflections ;  Levi  Coffin,  Reminiscences  ;  James  Freeman 
Clarke,  Anti-Slavery  Days  ;  Samuel  J.  May,  Recollections  of  Our  Anti- 
Slavery  Conflict;  Parker  Pillsbury,  Acts  of  the  Anti-Slavery  Apostles ; 
Cassius  M.  Clay,  Life  Written  by  Himself,  I,  Chs.  i-iv. 


378  Slavery  and  Texas.  [§  187. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  325,  and  Memorial  History 
of  Boston,  III,  395  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  6;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical 
Reference  Lists,  §  121  ;  Library  of  Cornell  University,  Btilletins,  I,  229- 
231  (January,  1884);  Henry  Matson,  References,  87. 


§  188.     Public  Controversy  as  to  Slavery,  1835-1844. 

Summary.  —  Abolition  movement  (§  187).  —  Anti-slavery  men 
in  Congress  :  Miner,  Slade,  J.  Q.  Adams,  Giddings.  —  District  of 
Columbia  :  status  of  slavery  ;  1801-25,  movements  for  emancipa 
tion  ;  fugitives  (§  189);  sales  for  jail  fees  ;  interstate  trade  (§  189). 
—  Question  of  the  mails  :  "incendiary  publications  ";  1835,  August, 
Postmaster-General  Kendall's  letter;  1836,  Calhoun's  bill ;  "free 
dom  of  the  press."  —  Abolition  petitions  :  former  objections 
(§  161);  1820-30,  on  District  of  Columbia;  J.  Q.  Adams's  atti 
tude;  1836,  Calhoun's  proposition;  Buchanan's  compromise.— 
"  Gag  resolutions  "  in  the  House:  1836,  May,  Pinckney's  ;  1837, 
January,  Hawes's;  1837,  December,  Patton's  ;  1838,  December, 
Atherton's ;  1840,  Johnson's;  1844,  repeal.  —  Attempted  censures  : 
1837,  February,  John  Quincy  Adams;  1842,  January,  Adams; 
1842,  March,  Giddings. 

General.  —  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  II,  Chs.  xvii,  xxi ;  George 
Tucker,  History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  Ch.  xxix  ;  James  Schouler, 
History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  Ch.  xiv,  Lect.  ii ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas 
H.  Benton,  Ch.  viii ;  W.  Whiting,  War  Powers,  Ch.  viii;  A.  W.  Young, 
American  Statesman,  Chs.  Hi,  Ixii ;  Alexander  Harris,  Review  of  the 
Political  Conflict  in  America,  Chs.  v— vii. 

Special.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States, 
II,  120-146  ;  Henry  Wilson,  History  of  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave 
Power,  I,  Chs.  xxii-xxvi,  xxx,  xxxvi ;  Mary  Tremain,  Slavery  in  the 
District  of  Columbia  (University  of  Nebraska,  Seminary  Papers, 
No.  2)  ;  William  Goodell,  Slavery  and  Anti-Slavery,  Chs.  x-xviii, 
xxii-xxxvi,  and  Views  of  American  Constittitional  Law;  William  Jay, 
Miscellaneous  Writings  on  Slavery,  217,  369,  397-400;  George  T. 
Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  Ch.  xxii,  and  Life  of  James  Buchanan, 
I,  Ch.  xiii  ;  Wm.  H.  Seward,  Life  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Chs.  xii- 
xiv;  Josiah  Quincy,  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Chs. 


§  189.]  National  Controversies.  379 

ix-xii;  Adam  Gurowski,  Slavery  in  History;  Charles  Elliott,  Sinfulness 
of  American  Slavery ;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Memoir  and  Letters  of  Charles 
Sunnier,  III,  Ch.  xxx. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Register  of  Debates,  XII-XIV  (1835-37); 
Congressional  Globe  (especially),  II-XII  (1835-44),  XXI  (1849-50),  and 
LIV-LVI  (1860-61);  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XIII-XVI  (1835-50). 
-  DOCUMENTS  :  Appendices  to  Register  of  Debates ;  newspapers  of  the 
day  (8),  especially  Niles,  Register,  XLI1I-LXVI ;  National  Era,  New 
York  Tribune,  Liberator,  Richmond  Whig,  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRIT 
INGS  :  John  Quincy  Adams,  Memoirs,  IX,  X  ;  Thomas  H.  Benton, 
Thirty  Years1  View,  I,  Chs.  cxxix-cxxxi ;  II,  Chs.  xxxiii,  xxxvi,  xxxvii ; 
Martin  Van  Buren,  Inquiry  into  Political  Parties  ;  John  C.  Calhoun, 
Works,  II-VI  ;  Daniel  Webster,  Works,  IV.  230  ;  James  Buchanan, 
Mr.  Buchanan's  Administration,  Ch.  i;  Henry  Clay,  Works,  II  (VI), 
355'  595)»  and  Private  Correspondence ;  Nathan  Sargent,  Public  Men 
and  Events,  I,  294,  306,  323-332;  Charles  Sumner,  Works;  L.  G. 
Tyler,  Letters  and  Times  of  the  Tylers  ;  Joseph  Hodgson,  Cradle  of  the 
Confederacy,  Chs.  ix,  x. 

Bibliography. —  Justin  Winsor,  America,  VII,  322-324;  Joseph 
Story,  Commentaries  (Cooley's  edition),  §§  1915-1923  ;  J.  E.  Cairnes, 
Slave  Power,  21,  22  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  III,  169,737;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  122-124;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions, 
§61. 

§  189.     International  and  Interstate  Status  of  Slavery, 
1830-1860. 

Summary.  —  The  national  government  involved  :  District  of 
Columbia  (§  188);  fugitives;  extradition;  interstate  commerce; 
foreign  relations.  —  Fugitives  (§  186):  usual  methods;  adver 
tisements  ;  "underground  railroad";  important  cases  (1842,  Van 
Zandt  ;  1842,  Prigg  ;  1847,  Kennedy);  "personal  liberty"  bills; 
question  of  Mexico  and  Canada.  —  Interstate  extradition:  1835, 
Williams  ;  1840,  Isaac  Gansey  ;  Schooner  Boston  ;  1859,  Ken 
tucky  vs.  Denison.  —  Free  negroes  :  South  Carolina  negro  sea 
man  act ;  1844,  Hoar's  mission  ;  question  of  transit  of  slaves  over 
free  states  (§  202).  —  Foreign  relations  :  Hayti  ;  Liberia  (§  176); 
negroes  carried  away  by  troops  (§  173);  fugitives  to  Mexico  and 


380  Slavery  and  Texas.  [§  189. 

Canada  ;  slave-trade  regulations  ;  1841,  Quintuple  treaty.  —  Slave 
vessel  cases:  1830,  Comet ;  1834,  Encomium  and  Enterprise  ;  1839, 
L'Amistad  ;  1840,  British  indemnity  ;  1841,  Creole. 

General.  —  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Historical  Sketch  of  Slavery.  Ch.  x  ;  Hor 
ace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  Ch.  xiii ;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular 
History,  IV,  340-349 ;  A.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  Ch.  lix  ; 
J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia  I,  87,  709;  Lawrence's  Wheaton,  Note  42; 
E.  Schuyler,  American  Diplomacy,  234-264. 

Special.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  II,  312-329;  John 
C.  Hurd,  Law  of  Freedom  and  Bondage,  Chs.  ii,  vii-xiii ;  E.  L.  Pierce, 
Charles  Sumner,  II,  xxiv  ;  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the 
States,  II,  Colloquy  xiv  ;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  I,  Chs.  xxviii, 
xxx-xxxv,  xli ;  William  Jay,  Miscellaneous  Writings  on  Slavery,  207- 
363  ;  George  W.  Julian,  Joshua  R.  Giddings,  Chs.  iv-vi ;  Marion  G. 
McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  Ch.  ii ;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Stippression  of 
the  African  Slave  Trade,  Chs.  ix-xi ;  H.  C.  Carey,  The  Slave  Trade  ; 
Francis  Wharton,  Commentaries,  §§  181,  182,  194. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Register  of  Debates,  XII-XIV  (1835-37); 
Congressional  Globe  (especially  1835-37,  1841-43,  1847-50,  1859-60).— 
DOCUMENTS  :  Appendices  to  Register  of  Debates  ;  Wharton,  Digest  of 
the  International  Law  of  the  United  States,  §§  327,  350  ;  Congressional 
Documents,  especially  Senate  Docs.,  27  Cong.  3  sess.  I  ;  House  Exec. 
Docs.,  27  Cong.  2  sess.  II,  No.  116;  V,  No.  242;  28  Cong,  i  sess. 
IV,  No.  83;  Senate  Reports,  35  Cong.  I  sess.  Ill,  No.  36;  Niles, 
Register;  contemporary  newspapers  (§  27);  Opinions  of  the  Attorneys- 
General,  I,  659;  II,  426. —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  John  Quincy 
Adams,  Memoirs,  VI1I-X  ;  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View, 
II,  xlix,  xcviii ;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  III-V  ;  Daniel  Webster, 
Works,  VI,  290,  303-318,  391-405;  Levi  Woodbury,  Writings,  II,  400- 
413;  William  Still,  The  Underground  Railroad. 

Bibliography.  —  Justin  Winsor,  America,  VII,  494;  J.  J.  Lalor, 
Cyclopedia,  I,  88,  710;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  129- 
131;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Suppression  of  the  Slave  Trade,  Appendix  C  ; 
Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  Appendix  D. 


§190.  International  and  Interstate.  381 


§  190.     Van  Buren's  Administration. 

Summary.  —  Election  of  1836:  no  Whig  nomination;  Jack 
son's  influence.  —  Parties:  Whig  opposition;  1839,  November, 
Jersey  contested  elections. —  Foreign  policy:  1836,  question  of 
Texas;  1837,  Carolina  affair.  —  Finances:  1837,  panic;  1837, 
October,  "deposit  act"  suspended  (§  185);  1839,  second  crisis; 
1840,  independent  treasury  established  ;  1841,  August  1 7,  repealed  ; 
1846,  reestablished  (§  195). —  Slavery  questions  (§§  187-189).— 
State  finances  :  internal  improvements  ;  repudiations. 

General.  —  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  II,  Chs.  xix,  xx  ;  E.  Stanwood, 
Presidential  Elections,  Chs.  xiv,  xv  ;  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  Ch.  viii ; 
H.  Von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun,  Ch.  vii;  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Thomas 
H.  Benton,  Chs.  ix,  x ;  Alden  Bradford,  Federal  Government,  Ch.  xv ; 
R.  McK.  Ormsby,  Whig  Party,  Ch.  xxv  ;  J.  A.  Spencer,  United  States, 
III,  Book  VII,  Ch.  iii ;  A.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  Chs.  Iv- 
Ivi ;  R.  H.  Gillet,  Democracy,  §§  81,  82  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  II, 
493-496. 

Special.  —  Edward  M.  Shepard,  Martin  Van  Buren,  Chs.  viii-x; 
H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  II,  146-177,  194-217  ;  James 
Schouler,  History,  IV,  Ch.  xv;  George  Tucker,  History,  IV,  Chs.  xxx, 
xxxi ;  W.  G.  Sumner,  American  Currency,  131-161;  R.  Hildreth, 
Banks,  Banking,  and  Paper  Ctirrency,  Chs.  xxii— xxv ;  George  T. 
C urtis,  Ja mes  Buchanan,  I,  Chs.  xiii-xv  ;  W.  L.  Mackenzie,  Martin  Van 
Buren;  Jabez  D.  Hammond,  Political  Parties  in  New  York,  II,  Chs. 
xl,  xli. 

Sources. — DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS  :  Congressional  Globe,  25  Cong., 
26  Cong.  (1837-41);  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XIII,  XIV;  Congress 
ional  Documents  (Indexes,  §  i6e)  :  Niles,  Register,  LI— LVIII  ;  con 
temporary  newspapers  (§  27);  Williams,  Statesman's  Manual,  III. — 
CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  John  Quincy  Adams,  Memoirs,  IX,  X  ; 
Martin  Van  Buren,  Inquiry  into  Political  Parties,  Ch.  ix  ;  Thomas  H. 
Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  II,  Chs.  i-lix;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Works, 
III ;  Henry  Clay,  Works,  II  (VI)  and  Private  Correspondence,  Chs.  x, 
xi ;  D.  Mallory,  Life  and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,  II ;  Daniel  Webster, 
Works,  V,  3-54  ;  Levi  Woodbury,  Writings,  I,  126-211,  425-453;  Ben. 
Perley  Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences,  I,  Chs.  xiv,  xvi;  Nathan  Sargent, 


382  Slavery  and  Texas.  [§  190. 

Public  Men   and  Events,  II,  Ch.  v  ;    Amos  Kendall,  Autobiography; 
James  A.  Hamilton,  Reminiscences,  Ch.  viii. 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Adminis 
trations,  26,  27;  Justin  Winsor,  A.nerica,  VII,  352,  353;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  116,  117;  Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder, 
Pt.  ii,  155;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  II,  496. 

§  191.     The  Whigs  and  Tyler,  1840-1844. 

Summary.  —  Election  of  1840:  Van  Buren  ;  "Tippecanoe  and 
Tyler  too."-— 1841,  Harrison  administration;  1841,  April  4, 
death.  —  1841,  Breach  with  the  Whigs  ;  Clay's  schemes  ;  August 
17,  sub-treasury  repeal  (§  190);  August  16,  "Fiscal  Bank"  veto  ; 
September  9,  "  Fiscal  Corporation "  veto  ;  resignation  of  the 
Cabinet  ;  Webster  remains.  —  Tyler's  policy  ;  Cabinet  changes  : 
1843,  Webster  retires.  —  Tariff  of  1842;  1833-41,  effect  of  the 
Compromise  of  1833  (§  183);  lack  of  revenue  ;  1841,  temporary 
tariff  ;  1842,  June,  first  tariff  veto  ;  August,  second  veto  ;  August 
20,  tariff  act  passed  ;  effect  (§  195). —  Slavery  questions  (§§  187- 
189).  —  Foreign  affairs  (§  192).  —  State  questions:  1842,  Dorr 
rebellion  in  Rhode  Island  ;  1839-46,  anti-rent  agitation  in  New 
York. 

General.  —  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  IV,  Ch.  xiv  ;  J. 
Winsor,  America,  VII,  290-294 ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Ch. 
xi  ;  R.  McK.  Ormsby,  Whig  Party,  Ch.  xxvi ;  J.  A.  Spencer,  United 
States,  III,  Book  VII,  Ch.  iv  ;  A.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  Chs. 
Iviii,  Ix,  Ixi,  Ixiii  ;  R.  H.  Gillet,  Democracy  in  the  United  States,  pp. 
83-90;  Geo.  T.  Curtis,  James  Buchanan  I,  Ch.  xvi ;  J.  J.  Lalor, 
Cyclopedia  I,  203,  776;  III,  1105. 

Special.  —  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  Chs.  viii-xii ;  Lyon  G. 
Tyler,  Tylers,  I,  Ch.  xx  ;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  II,  Chs.  xxii,  xxiii  ; 
George  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  II,  Chs.  xxvi,  xxvii ;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  History,  II,  Chs.  v,  vi  ;  James  Schouler,  History,  IV,  Chs. 
xvi,  xvii ;  Calvin  Colton,  Henry  Clay,  II,  Chs.  xiv-xvi  ;  Jenkins,  Silas 
Wright,  179-226;  D.  King,  Thomas  W.  Dorr ;  E.  R.  Potter,  Considera 
tions  on  Questions  on  Rhode  Island ;  E.  P.  Cheyney,  Anti-Rent  Agitation 
in  New  York  ;  Jay  Gould,  History  of  Delaware  County. 


§  192.]  Whigs  and  Tyler.  383 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  26-28 
Cong.  (1836-45);  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XIV,  XV;  Congres 
sional  Documents,  especially  Senate  Documents,  27  Cong.  I  sess.; 
Niles,  Register  ;  Case  of  Luther  vs.  Borden.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRIT 
INGS  :  Daniel  Webster,  Works,  II,  VI,  247-269;  Henry  Clay,  Works, 
II  (VI),  and  Private  Correspondence,  Ch.  xi ;  D.  Mallory,  Henry 
Clay,  II.,  384-436,  482-562  ;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  III,  IV ; 
Thomas  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  II,  Chs.  Iviii-cxxxiv  ;  J.  Q. 
Adams,  Memoirs,  X,  XI;  Levi  Woodbury,  Writings,  I,  212-353;  Mrs. 
Chapman  Coleman,  John  J.  Crittenden,  Chs.  xii-xvii ;  Ben  Perley 
Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences,  I,  Chs.  xvii-xxiii;  Nathan  Sargent, 
Public  Men  and  Events,  II,  Chs.  v,  vi;  Peter  Harvey,  Reminiscences 
of  Webster,  160-163. 

Bibliography.  —  Justin  Winsor,  America,  VII,  353-355;  W.  E. 
Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Administrations,  28—31;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  125-128;  Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder, 
Pt.  ii,  156;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopcedia,  I,  835. 

§  192.    Northeastern  and  Northwestern  Boundaries, 
1783-1846. 

Summary.  —  Northern  boundary  :  1783,  in  the  treaty  (§  141); 
"Northwest  angle";  "St.  Croix";  "Source";  "Highlands"; 
1794,  in  the  Jay  treaty  (§  162);  1798,  St.  Croix  established; 
1814,  boundary  in  the  treaty  (§  173);  1818,  boundary  west  of  the 
Lake  of  the  Woods  ;  1813,  lower  lake  boundary  completed  ;  1827- 
31,  arbitration  by  the  King  of  the  Netherlands  ;  1838-39,  hostile 
attitude  on  the  border.  —  Ashburton  treaty  :  1842,  special  British 
mission;  Webster  negotiations  (§191);  November  10,  treaty 
proclaimed  ;  slave-trade  ;  extradition  ;  impressment ;  "  battle  of  the 
maps."  —  Oregon  controversy:  claims  to  Oregon  (§  168);  1818, 
joint  occupation  ;  1829,  Spanish  claims  extinguished  ;  1824, 
Russian  claims  extinguished  ;  1832,  Willamette  settlement ;  1842, 
question  in  Ashburton  negotiation  ;  1843,  overland  emigration  ; 
1 844,  "  fifty-four  forty  or  fight  "  (§  1 93) ;  1 845,  arbitration  declined  ; 
1846,  treaty  negotiated  ;  connection  with  Mexican  war  (§  194). 

General.  —  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular  History,  IV,  77-90,  364-366; 
Justin  Winsor,  America,  VII,  510,  511,  550-561;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel 


384  Slavery  and  Texas.  [§  192. 

Webster,  Ch.  viii ;  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Ch,  xii ; 
A.  W.  Young,  American  Statesmen,  Chs.  Ixiii,  Ixviii;  J.  Donaldson, 
Public  Domain,  3-10;  Henry  Gannett,  Boundaries  of  the  United  States, 
10,  19,  128;  Schuyler,  American  Diplomacy,  292-304;  J.  J.  Lalor, 
Cyclopcedia,  II,  1045-1048. 

Special.  —  NORTHEASTERN  :  Albert  Gallatin,  Right  of  the  United 
States  of  America  to  the  North  Eastern  Boundary  ;  J.  Winsor,  America, 
VII,  553-562;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  III,  Ch.  ii,  vi ;  W. 
P.  Preble,  Decision  of  the  King  of  the  Netherlands  ;  George  T.  Curtis, 
Daniel  Webster,  II,  Chs.  xxviii,  xxix,  xxxii,  and  James  Buchanan,  I, 
Ch.  xx  ;  L.  G.  Tyler,  Tylers,  II,  Ch.  xv  ;  Scribner's  Statistical  Atlas 
of  the  United  States ;  J.  C.  Dent,  Last  Forty  Years  of  Canada ;  Sir 
Francis  Hincks,  The  Boundaries  formerly  hi  Dispute;  Israel  Wash- 
burn,  The  Northern  Boundary  ;  A.  Stuart,  Succinct  Account ;  Histories 
of  Maine  (§23).  —  NORTHWESTERN:  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional 
History,  III,  Ch.  ii ;  William  Barrows,  Oregon,  Chs.  ix,  xxi-xxiii,  xxvii- 
xxx  ;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Oregon,  I,  II,  and  Northwest  Coast,  I,  II,  and 
British  Columbia,  and  Washington,  Idaho,  and  Montana;  R.  Grsenhow, 
Oregon  and  California  ;  Wyndham  Robertson,  Oregon,  Right  and  Title ; 
W.  H.  Gray,  History  of  Oregon  ;  Travers  Twiss,  The  Oregon  Territory  ; 
Thomas  Falconer,  Oregon  Question ;  Wm.  Sturgis,  The  Oregon  Ques 
tion. —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  Daniel  Webster,  Works,  II,  141- 
154;  V,  60-150;  V,  270-390,  and  Private  Correspondence,  II,  148; 
Thomas  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'1  View,  II,  Chs.  ci-civ,  cxliii ;  John 
C.  Calhoun  Works,  IV,  V;  John  Quincy  Adams,  Memoirs,  XII;  Nathan 
Sargent,  Piiblic  Men  and  Events,  II,  Ch.  vii ;  Lewis  and  Clark,  Travels 
(1809),  and  Expedition  to  the  Pacific  (Coues's  ed.,  1893)  5  John  A-  Dix» 
Speeches  and  Addresses,  I;  Rufus  Choate,  Works,  II  ;  Histories  of 
Oregon  (§  23). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Annals  of  Congress,  1817-1823;  Register  of 
Debates,  IV,  V  (1827-1829);  Congressional  Globe,  especially  26,  27, 
28  Congs.  (1839-1843,  1845-1847);  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XV. 
—  DOCUMENTS:  Appendices  to  Annals  of  Congress,  and  Register  of 
Debates.  —  CONGRESSIONAL  DOCUMENTS:  Statiites  at  Large,  VIII; 
Northeastern  Treaties  and  Controversies  ;  Niles,  Register,  LXIV-LXVI  ; 
Statesman's  Manual ;  Senate  Documents,  20  Cong,  i  sess.  No.  171, 
25  Cong.  2  sess.  VI,  502,  26  Cong,  i  sess.  Nos.  107,  174,  382,  26  Cong. 
2  sess.  No.  237,  27  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  84,  27  Cong.  2  sess.  II,  IV,  27 
Cong.  3  sess.  No.  2,  29  Cong,  i  sess.  No.  274,  44  Cong,  i  sess.  No. 
41;  House  Executive  Documents,  26  Cong,  i  sess.  Ill,  Nos.  189, 


§i93-]  Boundary   Controversies.  385 

223,  245,  27  Cong.  3  sess.  Ill,  IV,  VII,  No.  134  ;  Massachusetts,  Docu 
ments  relating  to  the  Northeastern  Boundary ;  American  State  Papers, 
Foreign  Relations,  I,  91-99;  III,  89,  97,  162,  700-734;  VI,  643, 
676. — ENGLISH  STATEMENTS  :  Remarks  upon  the  Disputed  Points  (1838) ; 
Parliamentary  Blue  Books  (Accounts  and  Papers),  1837-38,  XXXIX, 
North  American  Boundary  ;  1840,  XXXII,  North  American  Boundary, 
1845,  LII,  North  American  Boundary.  —  NORTHWESTERN  QUESTION: 
Senate  Executive  Documents,  35  Cong,  i  sess.  No.  29;  House  Executive 
Documents,  42  Cong.  3  sess.  V;  Parliamentary  Blue  Books,  1846,  LII, 
Oregon  Territory;  1873,  LXXIV,  North  West  Water  Boundary. 

Bibliography. — Justin  Winsor,  America,  VII,  172-182,  525,  555, 
562;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopcedia,  II,  1048;  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to 
Presidential  Administrations,  31,  34  ;  Magazine  of  Western  History, 
September,  1885,  p.  423;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,\%  131, 
J35>  J36-  —  ^ee  also  indexes  to  public  documents  (§  16). 

MAPS  :  Albert  Gallatin,  Right  of  the  United  States  to  the  Northeast 
Boundary,  Senate  Documents,  25  Cong.  2  sess.  VI,  No.  502;  Parlia 
mentary  Blue  Book,  1843,  LXI,  170;  Dominion  Atlas,  Plates  28,  42,  48, 
50;  Epoch  Maps,  No.  n;  reprints  in  Winsor,  America,  VII,  172- 
183;  Mitchells  Map  (1705). 


§  193.     Annexation  of  Texas,  1836-1846. 

Summary.  —  Territorial  history:  French  claim;  Spanish  claim; 
Louisiana  cession  (§  168);  1819,  treaty  with  Spain  (§  176);  1825- 
29,  attempts  to  purchase  ;  1832,  confirmatory  treaty  with  Mexico. 
—  Independence:  1827,  Texas  united  with  Coahuila  ;  1829, 
slavery  abolished  in  Mexico  ;  1836,  March,  Lone  Star  republic  ; 
Mexico  protests  ;  Texas  asks  admission  into  the  Union  ;  1837, 
Texas  recognized.  —  Agitation  for  annexation:  reasons;  1838, 
resolutions  ;  1842,  October,  occupation  of  Monterey  ;  1843, 
March,  Adams's  address  of  warning.  —  Annexation  treaty.  1843, 
October,  proposed  to  Texas  ;  1844,  promise  of  military  aid  ; 
March  29,  Calhoun  secretary  of  state  ;  Pakenham  correspondence 
on  England's  position;  April  12,  treaty  signed;  June  8,  treaty 
rejected;  June  10,  Benton's  bill.  —  Election  of  1844:  Tyler's 
hopes;  Liberty  party;  Oregon  question  (§192);  annexation 
questions  ;  Clay  committed  ;  Van  Buren  set  aside.  —  Annexation 


386  Slavery  and  Texas.  [§  193. 

resolution:  1844,  December,  Tyler  plan;  1845,  March  i,  joint 
resolution  passes  ;  March  3,  Tyler  offers  annexation  ;  December 
3,  annexation  act.  —  Effect  on  Mexico  (§  194). 

General.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  I,  75-87  ;  Horace  Greeley,  Ameri 
can  Conflict,  I,  Ch.  xii ;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  Ch.  xxii;  S.  H. 
Gay,  Bryants  Popular  History,  IV,  367-371;  James  Schouler,  History, 
IV,  Ch.  xvii,  Sect,  ii ;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  Ch.  xiii ; 
George  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  Ch.  xxiv;  II,  Chs.  xxx-xxxii ; 
Edward  M.  Shepard,  Martin  Van  Buren,  Ch.  xi  ;  Theodore  Roosevelt, 
Thomas  H.  Benton,  Ch.  xiii ;  H.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  Ch.  vii ; 
R.  McK.  Ormsby,  Whig  Party,  Ch.  xxvii  ;  R.  S.  Ripley,  War  with 
Mexico,  I,  Ch.  i ;  E.  Stanwood,  Presidential  Elections,  Ch.  xvi  ;  George 
W.  Julian,  Joshua  R.  Giddings,  Chs.  vi,  vii  ;  James  C.  Elaine,  Twenty 
Years,  I,  Ch.  ii ;  Samuel  Eliot,  Manual,  Pt.  iv,  Ch.  vii ;  A.  W.  Young, 
American  Statesman,  Chs.  Ivii,  Ixiv-lxvi ;  William  Chambers,  American 
Slavery,  47-61. 

Special.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  II,  513-714,  and 
John  C.  Calhoun,  Ch.  viii ;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  II,  Chs.  xxiv, 
xxv  ;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  I,  Chs.  xlii-xlv  ;  J.  Winsor,  America, 
VII,  550-553;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Texas,  and  Mexico,  V,  Ch.  vii;  C.  E. 
Lester,  Houston  and  His  Republic ;  P.  K.  Bruce,  General  Houston ; 
William  Jay,  Review  of  the  Mexican  War;  L.  G.  Tyler,  Tylers,  II, 
250-364  ;  Calvin  Colton,  Henry  Clay,  II,  Chs.  xviii,  xix,  III,  Chs.  i,  ii  ; 
Garrisons,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  III,  Ch.  v  ;  Josiah  Quincy,  J.  Q. 
Adams,  Chs.  xiii,  xiv  ;  A.  M.  Williams,  Sam  Houston,  Chs.  i-xv ; 
George  T.  Curtis,  James  Buchanan,  I,  Chs.  xvii,  xix  ;  H.  Yoakum,  His 
tory  of  Texas.  —  See  §  23. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Register  of  Debates,  XII-XIV  (1835-37); 
Congressional  Globe,  27  Cong.,  28  Cong.  (1841-45);  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,  XIV,  XV  ;  contemporary  newspapers.  —  DOCUMENTS  : 
Appendices  to  Register  of  Debates,  XIV,  176-250;  Congressional  Docu 
ments,  especially  Senate  Documents  and  House  Executive  Documents, ,'24 
Cong.  2  sess.,  28  Cong,  i  sess.,  28  Cong.  2  sess.,  29  Cong,  i  sess. 
No.  2;  Niles,  Register.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  John  Quincy 
Adams,  Memoirs,  XI,  XII  ;  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View, 
I,  Chs.  cxliv,  cxlv,  II,  Chs.  xxiv,  cxxxv-cxlii,  cxlviii  ;  John  C.  Calhoun, 
Works,  IV,  V;  Henry  Clay,  Private  Correspondence,  Chs.  xi,  xii; 
Daniel  Webster,  Works,  I,  Ch.  ix,  II,  422-462  ;  Levi  Woodbury, 
Writings,  I,  355-421;  Horace  Greeley,  History  of  the  Struggle  for 


§  1 94-]  Annexation  of  Texas.  387 

Slavery  Extension,  Ch.  x  ;  Ben  Perley  Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences,  I, 
Ch.  xxiv;  Nathan  Sargent,  Public  Men  and  Events,  II,  Ch.  vi  ;  David 
Crockett,  Life  and  Adventures ;  H.  S.  Foote,  Texas  and  the  Texans  ; 
W.  Kennedy,  Rise  and  Prospects  of  7"exas ;  W.  C.  Crane,  Life  and 
Select  Literary  Remains  of  Sam.  Houston. 

Bibliography.  —  Justin  Winsor,  America,  VII,  550-552;  W.  E. 
Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Administrations,  30  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclo 
paedia,  I,  99;  II,  289;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  132, 
133;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §  51. 


§  194.     The  Mexican  War,  1846-1848. 

Summary.  —  Causes:  1826-44,  claims;  1836-44,  encourage 
ment  to  Texas  ;  1845,  annexation  of  Texas  (§  193)  ;  1846,  boun 
daries  ;  1846,  designs  on  California  ;  extension  of  slave-territory. 
—  Outbreak:  1845,  Juty>  Taylor's  advance  to  Corpus  Christi  ; 
September  to  December,  Slidell  mission  ;  1846,  January,  Taylor 
ordered  forward  ;  March,  Slidell  not  recognized  ;  Polk  determines 
on  war  ;  Oregon  question  settled  (§  192);  May  r  i,  Folk's  war  mes 
sage  ;  May  13,  war  declared.  —  Campaigns:  1846-47,  Taylor's 
northern  campaign;  1846-47,  California  taken;  1846,  New 
Mexico  taken  ;  March,  August,  Scott's  central  campaign  ;  August 
27,  City  of  Mexico  taken.  —  Treaty  of  peace  :  1846,  March,  "Two 
million  bill";  1848,  February  2,  treaty  of  Guadeloupe  Hidalgo 
(Texas,  California,  New  Mexico,  indemnity  to  Mexico).  —  1853, 
Gadsden  purchase. 

General.  —  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  II,  Ch.  xxv ;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
John  C.  Calhoun,  Ch.  ix  ;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  IV,  371- 
385;  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  408-412,  505-507;  James  G.  Blaine, 
Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  I,  Ch.  iv  ;  Samuel  Eliot,  Manual,  Pt.  iv,  Ch. 
viii  ;  A.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  Chs.  Ixvi,  Ixvii;  J.  A.  Spencer, 
History,  III,  Book  VII,  Chs.  v,  vi. 

V 

Special.  —  William  Jay,  Mexican  War;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitu 
tional  History,  III,  Chs.  iii-xii  ;  R.  S.  Ripley,  War  with  Mexico; 
Comte  de  Paris,  Civil  War,  I,  30-58  ;  James  Schouler,  History,  IV, 
V,  Ch.  xviii;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  Chs.  ii,  iii;  H.  H.  Ban 
croft,  Pacific  States,  VIII  (Mexico,  V);  Theodore  H.  Hittell,  History 


3 88  Slavery  and  Texas.  .   [§  194. 

of  California,  II,  435-468,  569-681;  Calvin  Colton,  Henry  Clay,  III, 
Ch.  iii ;  George  T.  Curtis,  James  Buchanan,  I,  Chs.  xx-xxii. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Congressional  Globe,  29  Cong.,  30  Cong. 
(1845-49);  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XV,  XVI;  contemporary  news 
papers.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Congressional  Documents,  especially  Senate 
Documents,  29  Cong,  i  sess.,  29  Cong.  2  sess.  Ill,  No.  107,  30 
Cong,  i  sess.  VII,  Nos.  52,  60  ;  House  Executive  Docs.,  29  Cong,  i 
sess.  VI,  No.  196,  29  Cong.  2  sess.  Ill,  No.  19,  30  Cong,  i  sess. 
II,  No.  8,  VIII,  No.  69;  Treaties  and  Conventions.  —  CONTEMPORARY 
WRITINGS  :  John  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  IV  ;  Daniel  Webster,  Works, 
V,  151,  253-301  ;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Charles  Sumner,  III,  Ch.  xxxii; 
Thomas  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years1  View,  II,  Chs.  cxlix,  clxi ;  John 
Quincy  Adams,  Memoirs,  XII;  U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I, 
Chs.  iii-xiii;  Chapman  Coleman,  John  J.  Crittenden,  Chs.  xix-xxii ; 
Ben  Perley  Poore,  Perley*s  Reminiscences,  I,  Ch.  xxv  ;  Nathan  Sargent, 
Public  Men  and  Events,  II,  Ch.  vii. 

Bibliography.  —  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §  134;  Gordy 
and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii,  157. 


§  195.     Financial  and  Commercial  Questions,  1845-1849. 

Summary.  —  Financial  conditions  in  1845:  revenue;  currency; 
banks  ;  tariff  ;  commercial  prosperity.  —  Treasury  :  1846,  August 
6,  independent  treasury  (§  181)  revived.  —  Tariff  :  1845,  December 
3,  Walker's  report ;  specific  and  ad  valorem  duties  ;  question  of 
revenue  ;  1846,  July  31,  act  passed  ;  August  6,  warehouse  act.  — 
Internal  improvements:  earlier  status  (§  174);  1829-37,  Jack 
son's  opposition  ;  1837-45,  poverty  of  the  Treasury  ;  1829-45, 
Jackson's  and  Tyler's  vetoes  ;  1846-47,  Folk's  vetoes  ;  1847, 
December  21,  House  resolutions  affirming  the  right.  —  State 
finances  :  debts  and  repudiations  ;  canals  ;  railroads  ;  state  banks  ; 
1844,  anti-rent  agitation  in  New  York. 

General.  —  A.  W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  Ch.  Ixix  ;  James 
Schouler,  History,  III,  IV,  passim;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  His 
tory,  II,  529-535,  III,  277-280. 

Special.  —  Calvin  Colton,  Henry  Clay,  III,  Ch.  xi ;  Chapman  Cole 
man,  John  J.  Crittenden,  2  vols.  (in  one),  I,  Ch.  xix  ;  W.  G.  Sumner, 


§  1 95-]  Mexican  War  and  Finance.  389 

History  of  Banking,  and  American  Currency,  I,  161-169;  John  Jay 
Knox,  United  States  Notes,  Chs.  vi,  vii  ;  J.  L.  Bishop,  American  Manu 
factures,  II,  381-482;  A.  S.  Bolles,  Financial  History,  II,  434-466; 
J.  D.  Goss,  Tariff  Administration  ;  Edward  Young,  Special  Report  on 
Customs- Tariff  Legislation  {House  Exec.  Docs.,  42  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  109), 
pp.  xciii-cxiv  ;  W.  M.  Grosvenor,  Does  Protection  Protect?;  David 
Kinley,  Independent  Treasury  System  ;  William  A.  Scott,  Repudiation 
of  State  Debts. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  29 
Cong.,  30  Cong.  (1845-49)  ;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XV,  XVI  ; 
DeBow's  Review ;  Congressional  Documents,  especially  Senate  Docu 
ments,  29  Cong,  i  sess.  II,  Nos.  2,  6,  III,  No.  5,  VIII,  No.  437,  IX, 
No.  444,  29  Cong.  2  sess.  I,  No.  2,  III,  No.  105  ;  \House  Exec.'}  Docs., 
29  Cong,  i  sess.  No.  5,  29  Cong.  2  sess.  Ill,  No.  25  ;  Niles,  Register, 
LXIX,  233  ;  F.  W.  Taussig,  State  Papers  and  Speeches  on  the  7^ariff,  214 
(Walker's  Report).  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  John  C.  Calhoun, 
Works,  IV;  John  Quincy  Adams,  Memoirs,  XII  ;  Daniel  Webster, 
Works,  V,  161-252  ;  Amos  Kendall,  Autobiography,  Chs.  xv,  xvi ;  John 
McGregor,  Progress  of  America  ;  B.  R.  Curtis,  Works,  II,  93. 

Bibliography.  —  [F.  W.  Taussig],  Topics  and  References,  Nos.  xvii, 
xviii ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  II,  571. 


XXII.    THE  SLAVERY  CRISIS. 

§  196.     The  Territorial  Crisis,  1846-1849. 

Summary.  —  Wilmot  proviso  :  1846,  August  8,  fails  in  Senate; 
1847,  February  13,  added  to  the  "three  million  bill"  ;  advocated 
by  Northern  legislatures  ;  1847,  December,  Robert  C.  Winthrop 
chosen  Speaker;  1848,  February  28,  tabled  by  the  House. — 
Abolition  activity;  Giddings  in  the  House  (§  188);  John  P. 
Hale  in  the  Senate;  1848,  resolution  against  slave  trade  in  the 
District  of  Columbia;  1849,  Abraham  Lincoln's  emancipation 
bill;  fugitive-slave  cases  (§198).  —  Election  of  1848:  "Barn 
burner"  split  in  New  York;  May,  Cass  nominated;  June,  Taylor 
nominated ;  August,  Van  Buren  nominated  by  Free  Soilers  ; 
November,  Taylor  chosen.  —  1848-49,  theories  of  control  of  the 
territories:  (i)  complete  power  of  Congress;  (2)  "popular 
sovereignty";  (3)  application  of  the  constitution;  (4)  decision 
by  the  Supreme  Court.  —  Specific  questions :  Oregon,  New 
Mexico,  California,  Texan  claims  ;  deadlock  between  Taylor  and 
Whigs.  —  California  organizes  itself:  1848,  January,  gold  dis 
covered;  1849,  "Forty-niners";  September,  constitutional  con 
vention  (anti-slavery);  December,  provisional  state  government. 

General.  —  Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  Ch.  xiv  ;  A.  C. 
McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  Chs.  viii,  ix  ;  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Thomas 
H.  Benton,  Ch.  xiv;  Henry  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  Ch.  xii ;  J.  C.  Nicolay 
and  John  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  Chs.  xiii-xviii ;  E.  Stanwood, 
Presidential  Elections,  Ch.  xvii ;  James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years,  I, 
Ch.  iv  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopccdia,  III,  1114-1118  ;  George  Lunt,  Origin 
of  the  Late  War,  Ch.  vi  ;  George  W.  Julian,  Joshua  R.  Giddings,  Chs. 
viii,  ix  ;  Andrew  Young,  American  Statesman,  Chs.  Ixx,  Ixxi. 

Special.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  III,  Chs.  xi-xiv  ; 
Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  Ch.  xxv  ;  William  Jay,  Miscellaneous  Writ 
ings  on  Slavery,  491-620  ;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Works,  XXIII  (California, 
VI)  ;  and  Pacific  States,  XI,  and  Texas,  II,  and  Arizona  and  New 


§  1 97-]  Territorial  Crisis.  391 

Mexico;  James  Schouler,  History,  V,  Ch.  xviii,  Sect,  iii ;  George  T. 
Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  II,  Chs.  xxxiii-xxxv  ;  Theodore  H.  Hittell, 
California,  II,  682-790;  R.  D.  Hunt,  Genesis  of  California's  First 
Constitution  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  XIII,  No.  8);  Alex 
ander  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II,  Colloquy  xiv;  Henry 
Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  Chs.  ii-xvii ;  John  C.  Hurd,  Freedom  and 
Bondage,  I,  Ch.  xvi ;  Josiah  Royce,  California;  Mary  P.  Follett,  The 
Speaker,  §§  34,  51. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS  :  Congressional  Globe,  29 
Cong.,  30  Cong.  (1845-49);  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XVI  ;  Congres 
sional  Doc^lments,  29  Cong.,  30  Cong.,  especially  Senate  Documents,  29 
Cong,  i  sess.  Ill,  No.  25;  [House]  Exec.  Docs.,  30  Cong.  I  sess.  VIII, 
No.  70,  30  Cong.  2  sess.  I,  No.  i.  —  CONTEMPORARY  NEWSPAPERS, 
especially  National  Era  (Washington),  New  York  Tribune,  New 
York  Times,  New  York  Evening  Post,  Liberator.  —  CONTEMPORARY 
WRITINGS:  John  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  IV,  303-541;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Thirty  Years'  View,  II,  Chs.  clxvi-clxxxii ;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Charles 
Sumner,  III,  Ch.  xxxiii ;  Horace  Greeley,  Slavery  Extension,  Chs.  xi, 
xii;  Nathan  Sargent,  Piiblic  Men  and  Events,  II,  Ch.  vii ;  Mrs. 
Chapman  Coleman,  John  J.  Crittenden,  Chs.  xxi,  xxiv-xxviii. 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Adminis 
trations,  33  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  III,  1118  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical 
Reference  Lists,  §  139;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §§  62,  63. 

§  197.     Compromise  of  1850. 

Summary.  —  The  administration:  1849,  March  5,  President 
Taylor  ;  1850,  July  20,  President  Fillmore  ;  influence  of  Clay, 
Webster,  Calhoun.  —  The  issue  :  demands  of  the  South  ;  demands 
of  the  North  ;  attempt  to  settle  by  separate  bills.  —  Compromise 
proposed:  1849-50,  speakership  contest,  1850  ;  January  29,  Clay's 
plan  and  speech  ;  Jefferson  Davis's  speech  ;  March  4,  Calhoun's 
speech  ;  March  7,  Webster's  speech  ;  March  11,  Seward's  speech  ; 
February  4,  the  House  yields  ;  May  8,  the  "  Omnibus  Bill  ";  Taylor 
holds  out.  —  Compromise  accepted:  1850,  July  19,  death  of 
Taylor;  (i)  August  9,  Texas  bill  ;  (2)  August  15,  New  Mexico 
bill  ;  (3)  September  7,  California  bill  ;  (4)  September  9,  Utah 
bill;  (5)  September  12,  fugitive-slave  bill;  (6)  September  14,  Dis- 


3Q2  Slavery   Crisis.  [§197- 

trict  of  Columbia  slave-trade  bill.  —  Compromise  discussed  :  South 
ern  friends  ;  Northern  friends  ;  "  question  of  sentiment "  and  "  ques 
tion  of  principle  ".  —  Question  of  danger  to  the  Union  :  Calhoun's 
attitude;  Southern  legislatures;  1850,  Nashville  convention; 
threats  in  the  debate  ;  Northern  apprehensions. 

General.  —  H.  Von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun,  Ch.  ix  ;  A.  C.  McLaugh- 
lin,  Lewis  Cass,  Chs.  viii,  ix  ;  Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I, 
Ch.  xv ;  George  T.  Curtis,  James  Buchanan,  II,  Ch.  i;  James  G. 
Elaine,  Twenty  Years,  I,  Ch.  v;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History, 
IV,  Ch.  xv  ;  George  Lunt,  Origin  of  the  Late  War,  Chs.  vii,  viii ; 
Stanwood,  Presidential  Elections,  Ch.  xviii  ;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abra 
ham  Lincoln,  I,  Chs.  xiii-xviii;  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  Ch.  xiii; 
J.  A.  Spencer,  History,  III,  Book  VII,  Ch.  vii ;  Samuel  Eliot,  Manual, 
Pt.  iv,  Ch.  ix  ;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  Ch.  xxiii. 

Special.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  I,  Chs.  ii,  iii ;  John  C.  Hurd,  Free 
dom  and  Bondage,  I,  Ch.  xvi ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History, 

III,  Chs.  xv,  xvi;  George  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  II,  Chs.  xxxvi, 
xxxvii ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster,  Ch.  ix  ;  Alexander  H.  Stephens, 
War  between   the   States,  II,  Colloquies,  xv,  xvi;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry 
Clay,    Ch.    xxvi ;  James    Schouler,    History,    V,    Chs.  xix,  xx  ;  Henry 
Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  Chs.  xviii-xxiv ;  Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugi 
tive   Slaves,  §§  29-32.      Lives  of  Clay,  Webster,    Calhoun,    Jefferson 
Davis,  Seward,  Chase  (see  §  25). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS  :  Congressional  Globe,  31 
Cong,  i  sess.;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XVI  ;  Senate  Documents,  31 
Cong,  i  sess.  IX,  No.  18,  XIII,  Nos.  55,  56,  60,  XIV,  Nos.  67,  74, 
76;  Senate  Miscellaneous,  31  Cong,  i  sess.  (resolutions  of  state  legisla 
tures,  etc.);  Senate  Reports,  31  Cong,  i  sess.  I,  No.  123;  [House]  Exec. 
Docs.,  31  Cong,  i  sess.  Pt.  i,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  5,  Vol.  V,  No.  17,  Vol. 
VII,  No.  39.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  Thomas  H.  Benton, 
Thirty  Years'  View,  II,  Chs.  clxxxiii-cxcvii ;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Works, 

IV,  542-577;     Henry    Clay,    Private    Correspondence,    Chs.    xiii,   xiv; 
Daniel  Webster,  Works,  V,  302-438;  Henry  Clay,  Works,  II  (VI),  601- 
634  ;  Jefferson  Davis,    Confederate  Government,  I,  Chs.  ii,  iii ;  James 
S.  Pike,  First  Blows  of  the  Civil  War,  1-120  ;  Horace  Greeley,  Slavery 
Extension,  Ch.  XIII  ;  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Orations,  II,  46- 
134;  E.   D.   Keyes,  Fifty   Years'   Observation,   Gh.  xiii;  E.  L.   Pierce, 
Charles  Sumner,  III,  Chs.  xxxiv,  xxxv;  Charles  Sumner,  Speeches,  III  ; 
Nathan  Sargent,  Public  Men  and  Events,  II,  Ch.  viii ;  Peter  Harvey, 


§  198.]  Compromise  of  l8$O.  393 

Reminiscences  of  Webster ;  Ben  Perley  Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences, 
Chs.  xxvii-xxx  ;  U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I,  Chs.  xiv,  xv;  G.  W. 
Julian,  Political  Recollections  ;  Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves t 
Appendix  B. 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  Foster,  Presidential  Administrations,  34-38  ; 
J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  I,  554  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists, 
§§  137-143;  Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Part  ii,  159-161. 

§  198.     Fugitive  Slaves,  1850-1860. 

Summary.  —  Legal  status  of  runaway  slaves  :  causes  (§  186); 
in  slave  states  (§  182);  in  free  states  (§  182);  in  territories 
(§  196);  in  foreign  countries  (§  196).  —  National  action:  act  of 
1793  (§  161);  negotiations  of  1825  (§  129);  act  of  1850  (§  197); 
question  of  constitutionality.  —  Personal  liberty  acts  :  state  stat 
utes  before  1850  ;  statutes  from  1850  to  1854  ;  statutes  after  1854; 
Southern  complaints.  —  "  Underground  Railroad  "  :  southern 
termini  ;  colored  agents  ;  white  agents  ;  crossing  to  Canada  ; 
prosecutions;  "the  Higher  Law";  number  aided.  —  Famous 
cases:  before  1850  (§§189,  196);  1850,  Hamlet;  1851,  Shad- 
rach  rescue,  Sims,  Christiana  (Castner  Hanway  trial),  Jerry 
McHenry  rescue;  1854,  Burns;  1855,  Passmore  Williamson; 
1856,  Garner;  1858,  Oberlin-Wellington  rescue;  1858,  John 
Brown  in  Kansas  (§200).  —  1855-59,  Wisconsin  decision 
(Ableman  vs.  Booth);  1861,  "Contrabands"  (§214). 

General.  —  Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  Ch.  xvi ;  S.  H. 
Gay,  Bryan? s  Popular  History,  IV,  389-401  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia, 
II,  315-317,  HI,  162,  163;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States, 
II,  44-53  ;  J.  Schouler,  History,  V,  Ch.  xx. 

Special.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History  since  1850,  I,  192-227,  294;  Henry 
Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  Chs.  v-viii,  xxv-xxviii,  xxxiii,  xxxiv  ;  Marion 
G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  Chs.  iii-vi ;  W.  H.  Siebert,  Light  on  the 
Underground  Railroad  (American  Historical  Review,  I,  455-63)  ; 
H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  IV,  Ch.  i  ;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb, 
Inquiry  into  the  Laws  of  Slavery,  Chs.  vii-xi;  William  Still,  The 
Underground  Railroad ;  S.  G.  Howe,  Refugees  from  Slavery  in  Canada; 
A.  Wilcox,  Powers  of  the  Federal  Government  over  Slavery ;  Joel 
Parker,  Personal  Liberty  Laws ;  J.  C.  Hurd,  Law  of  Freedom  and 


394  Slavery  Crisis.  [§  198. 

Bondage  ;  R.  C.  Hurd,  Treatise  on  Personal  Liberty  and  Habeas  Corpus  ; 
Charles  Francis  Adams,  Richard  H.  Dana,  II  ;  G.  W.  Williams,  Negro 
Race,  II,  Chs.  x,  xi  ;  J.  W.  Schuckers,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  Chs.  ix,  xv, 
xxi  ;  R.  B.  Warden,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  Chs.  xx,  xxi.  —  See  biographies 
of  anti-slavery  men  in  §§  25,  187. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS  :  Congressional  Globe,  31 
Cong.  2  sess.,  32  Cong.,  33  Cong.  ;  especially  31  Cong.  2  sess.  App. 
pp.  292-326,  33  Cong,  i  sess.  1472,  1513-1518,  1552-1559;  contem 
porary  newspapers,  especially  the  Liberator.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRIT 
INGS  :  Frederick  Douglass,  Life  and  Times,  II,  Chs.  i,  vii,  ix,  and  My 
Bondage  and  Freedom  ;  Garrisons,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  III,  Ch.  xv  ; 
James  S.  Pike,  First  Blows  of  the  Civil  War,  241-260;  Levi  Wood- 
bury,  Writings,  I,  533;  II,  345-367;  Benjamin  Drew,  The  Refugee; 
Mrs.  Chapman  Coleman,  Life  of  John  J.  Crittenden,  I,  Ch.  xxv  ; 
Samuel  J.  May,  Recollections  of  the  Anti-Slavery  Conflict ;  Levi  Coffin, 
Reminiscences  ;  Stevens,  History  of  Anthony  Burns  ;  Parker  Pillsbury, 
Acts  of  the  Anti-Slavery  Apostles ;  W.  G.  Eliot,  Story  of  Archer 
Alexander  ;  Charles  Stearns,  Narrative  of  Henry  Box  Brown ;  W. 
G.  Hawkins,  Lunsford  Lane;  Narrative  of  Solomon  Northrup. — 
CASES:  Prigg  vs.  Pennsylvania,  16  Peters,  539;  Ableman  vs.  Booth,  21 
Howard,  506  ;  Kentucky  vs.  Denison,  24  Howard,  66  ;  United  States 
vs.  Castner  Hanway,  2  Wallace,  Jr. ;  Trial  of  Castner  Hanway,  by  a 
Member  of  the  Philadelphia  Bar.  —  See  §§  187,  188. 

Bibliography.  —  Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  footnotes 
and  App.  E  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  II,  317  ;  III,  163;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §  144;  W.  H.  Siebert,  Underground  Railroad 
(in  preparation,  1896). 


§  199.     Cuba  and  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Act,  1854. 

Summary.  —  Cuba:  1807,  Jefferson  suggests  annexation; 
1814-22,  revolt  of  the  Spanish  colonies  (§  178);  1826,  Panama 
Congress  (§  179);  1849-51,  filibustering  expeditions  ;  1850,  Tay 
lor's  proclamation  ;  1850,  Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty  ;  1854,  Black 
Warrior  episode;  1854,  October  18,  "Ostend  Manifesto." - 
Western  territory:  1820,  left  without  organization  (§177); 
1834,  "Indian  Country";  1836,  corner  added  to  Missouri  ;  1851- 
53,  bills  for  organizing  as  a  territory.  —  "Popular  Sovereignty": 


§  T99-J  Fugitives  and  Kansas-Nebraska.  395 

1847,  suggested  by  Leake  and  Cass  (§  196);  1850,  not  stated  in 
the  Compromise  (§  197);  1854,  Douglas's  new  version.  —  Ne 
braska  bill  :  1853,  December,  House  bill ;  1851-54,  three  forms 
of  Douglas's  bill;  1854,  Pierce's  attitude;  January  16,  Dixon 
amendment;  January  19,  "Appeal  of  the  Independent  Demo 
crats";  March  2,  Chase's  amendment  ;  March  3,  passes  Senate  ; 
May  20,  passes  House.  —  Issues  :  question  of  previous  repeal  in 
1850;  demands  of  the  South  ;  extent  of  "squatter  sovereignty"  ; 
principle  of  non-intervention.  —  Effects  :  Cuba  impossible  ;  Re 
publican  party  formed  (§  201);  Kansas  struggle  (§  200);  contest 
accelerated  (§  204). 

General.  —  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  Chs.  xix-xxi  ; 
Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  Ch.  xvii ;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil 
War,  I,  Ch.  xxiv ;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  IV,  405-409; 
T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Ch.  xv  ;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis 
Cass,  Ch.  x;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopcedia,  II,  667-670,  III,  36,  281-284; 
James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  I,  Ch.  vi ;  L.  W.  Spring, 
Kansas,  Chs.  i,  ii  ;  William  Chambers,  American  Slavery,  62-74  ;  A. 
W.  Young,  American  Statesman,  Ch.  Ixxv;  Jefferson  Davis,  Con 
federate  Government,  I,  26-29;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  Ch.  iv;  A. 
H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II,  240-257. 

Special.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History  since  1850,  I,  Ch.  v ;  H.  Von 
Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  IV,  Chs.  iii-viii ;  V,  Ch.  i;  Henry  Wil 
son,  Slave  Power,  II,  Chs.  xxx,  xxxv  ;  Friedrich  Kapp,  Geschichte  der 
Sklaverei,  Ch.  xii;  James  Schouler,  History,  V,  Ch.  xxi,  Sect,  i ;  George 
T.  Curtis,  Life  of  James  Buchanan,  II,  Chs.  iv-vi ;  Reverdy  Johnson, 
Remarks  on  Popular  Sovereignty.  —  See  also  histories  of  Kansas, 
Nebraska,  and  Colorado  (§  23),  and  biographies  of  Douglas,  Chase, 
Seward,  Hale,  Sumner  (§  25). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS  :  Congressional  Globe,  33 
Cong,  i  sess.  (see  indexes  on  pp.  xxi,  Ivii,  App.  p.  vi);  Senate  Reports, 
33  Cong,  i  sess.  I,  No.  15,  II,  394;  House  Reports,  33  Cong,  i  sess. 
I,  No.  80;  House  Exec.  Docs.,  33  Cong.  2  sess.  X;  American  History 
Leaflets,  Nos.  2,  17  (Reprints);  Alexander  Johnston,  Representative 
American  Orations,  II,  183-255  ;  Horace  Greeley,  Slavery  Extension, 
Ch.  xiv ;  Martin  Van  Buren,  Political  Parties,  Ch.  viii ;  [James 
Buchanan],  Mr.  Btichanarfs  Administration,  Ch.  ii ;  James  S.  Pike, 
First  Blows  of  the  Civil  War,  108-240  ;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Charles  Sumner, 


396  Slavery   Crisis.  [§  199. 

Ill,  Ch.  xxxviii  ;  Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  Pt.  i, 
Ch.  v  ;  Garrisons,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  III,  Ch.  xiv  ;  J.  M.  Cutts, 
Treatise  on  Party  Questions,  91  ;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  IV,  339, 
535;  R.  B  Warden,  Life  of  Salmon  P.  Chase  ;  Robert  Toombs,  in  A.  H. 
Stephens's  War  between  the  States,  I,  625  ;  J.  W.  Schuckers,  Life  of 
Salmon  P.  Chase ;  Theodore  Parker,  Speeches,  297. 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  Foster,  Presidential  Administrations,  37,  39  ; 
E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §  145;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia, 
II,  670;  III,  37,  284;  Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii,  162; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §  64  ;  notes  to  Von  Hoist  and  Rhodes. 


§  200.     The  Kansas  Struggle,  1854-1861. 

Summary.  —  Status  of  the  territories  :  Kansas  west  of  Mis 
souri  ;  scanty  population  ;  interest  of  Missouri.  —  Emigration  : 
1854-55,  Massachusetts  and  New  England  Emigrant  Aid  Socie 
ties  ;  August,  Lawrence  founded  ;  "Border  Ruffians";  Southern 
emigrants  ;  pro-slavery  towns  founded  ;  instances  of  slaves  ; 
1856,  Buford's  Company;  John  Brown.  —  Territorial  govern 
ment  :  1854,  October,  Gov.  Reeder  (i);  1855,  March,  fraudulent 
election  ;  July,  Shawnee  legislature,  slave  code  ;  July,  Gov. 
Shannon  (2);  1856,  Gov.  Geary  (3);  1857,  November,  Gov. 
Walker  (4);  1858,  Gov.  Denver  (5).  —  Free  state  movement: 
1855,  November,  Topeka  Convention;  1856,  March,  state 
officers  ;  July  4,  legislature  dispersed  by  troops.  —  Civil  war  : 
1855,  " Wakarusa  War";  1856,  May,  sack  of  Lawrence;  John 
Brown's  fights;  August,  "  treaty  of  Lawrence";  1859,  Brown's 
aid  to  fugitives  (§198).  —  Lecompton  Constitution:  1855-57, 
Republican  majority  in  the  House  (§  201);  1857,  Buchanan  presi 
dent  ;  November,  Lecompton  Convention  ;  December,  pretence 
of  a  popular  vote  ;  1858,  Douglas  refuses  to  vote  for  it ;  April, 
"English  Bill";  August,  Kansas  refuses;  November,  Lincoln- 
Douglas  debate  (§203).  —  Admission  as  a  free  state:  1859, 
July,  Wyandotte  Convention;  1861,  January  21,  state  admitted. 

General.  —  Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  224-251  ;  Nicolay 
and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  Chs.  xxii-xxvi ;  II,  Ch.  i;  S.  H.  Gay, 
Bryant's  Popular  History,  IV,  Ch.  xvi ;  J.  E.  Cairnes,  Slave  Power, 


§  2oi.]  Kansas  Struggle.  397 

195-201  ;  Friedrich  Kapp,  Geschichte  der  Sklaverei ;  George  T.  Curtis, 
James  Buchanan,  II,  197-210;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  67-70;  J.  G. 
Elaine,  Twenty  Years,  I,  119-123  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  II,  664-666  ; 
Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  Chs.  xxii-xxv. 

Special. — H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  V,  Chs.  iii,  v,  vi, 
viii ;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  Chs.  xxxv-xxxvii,  xl-xlii ;  Alex 
ander  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II,  Colloquy  xvii ;  James 
Schouler,  History,  V,  Ch.  xxi,  Sect,  ii,  Ch.  xxii,  Sect,  i ;  L.  W.  Spring, 
Kansas,  Chs.  iii-xii ;  James  Redpath,  Public  Life  of  John  Brown,  75- 
228  ;  J.  N.  Holloway,  History  of  Kansas  ;  Eli  Thayer,  Kansas  Crusade  ; 
Jameson,  Constitutional  Convention,  §§  211-216;  Kansas  Historical  Col 
lections,  I,  II  (see  §  31)  ;  D.  W.  Wilder,  Annals  of  Kansas ;  J.  H. 
Gihon,  Geary  and  Kansas.  —  See  state  histories,  §  23. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  33 
Cong.  2  sess.,  34  Cong.,  35  Cong,  (see  indexes  under  Kansas); 
House  Exec.  Docs.,  34  and  35  Cong. ;  House  Reports,  34  and  35  Cong, 
(see  indexes),  especially  34  Cong.,  i  sess.,  II,  No.  200  (special  com 
mittee)  ;  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  34  and  35  Cong,  (see  indexes)  ;  Senate 
Reports,  34  and  35  Cong,  (see  indexes).  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS: 
Charles  Sumner,  Works,  IV;  Wendell  Phillips,  Conquest  of  Kansas ; 
F.  B.  Sanborn,  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Brown,  Chs.  vii-xi ;  Sarah 
T.  L.  Robinson,  Kansas :  Its  Exterior  and  Its  Interior  Life ;  T.  H. 
Gladstone,  Englishman  in  Kansas;  contemporary  newspapers,  espe 
cially  New  York  Tribune. 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Administra 
tions,  39,  43;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  146-149;  J.  J. 
Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  296;  II,  667  ;  Notes  to  Von  Hoist  and  Rhodes. 

§  201.     Rise  of  the  Republican  Party. 

Summary.  —  Breaking  up  of  the  Whigs:  1850-52,  "Finality 
Resolutions";  1852,  Scott's  candidacy;  1852,  Pierce  elected 
president ;  Free-Soil  vote  reduced. —  The  Know  Nothings  :  1835- 
44,  "American  Republican"  movement;  1852,  Native  American 
organization ;  anti-foreign  principles  ;  anti-Catholic  principles ; 
1854-55,  great  successes  ;  1855,  June,  split  on  slavery ;  1857-60, 
slow  absorption.  —  Republican  party  formed :  first  use  of  the 
name  ;  elements  of  membership  ;  1854,  May  23,  Anti-Nebraska 


39^  Slavery  Crisis.  [§  201. 

conference;  January-November,  organization;  state  successes; 
1855,  December,  a  majority  in  the  House  ;  1856,  February,  Banks 
chosen  speaker;  investigation  of  Kansas  (§  200).  —  Election  of 
1856:  Know  Nothings  divided;  May  22,  assault  on  Charles 
Sumner;  June,  Buchanan  nominated;  Fremont  nominated  by 
the  Republicans  ;  August,  deadlock  over  Kansas  ;  November, 
Buchanan  elected.  —  Later  policy  :  1857,  on  Dred  Scott  decision 
(§  202)  ;  on  Lecompton  Constitution  (§  200)  ;  losses  in  election 
of  1858  ;  success  in  1860  (§  203). 

General.  —  E.  Stanwood,  Presidential  Elections,  Ch.  xix  ;  H.  A.  Wise, 
Seven  Decades,  Ch.  xiii;  Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  Chs. 
xvii-xxi ;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  IV,  416-420;  E.  A. 
Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  Ch.  iv  ;  George  W.  Julian,  Joshua  R.  Giddings, 
Ch.  xi ;  George  Lunt,  Origin  of  the  Late  War,  Chs.  ix-xiii ;  R.  McK. 
Ormsby,  History  of  the  Whig  Party,  Chs.  xxviii-xxxi;  J.  A.  Spencer, 
History,  III,  Book  VII,  Chs.  viii,  ix  ;  William  Chambers,  American 
Slavery,  95-114;  A.  Johnston,  in  Lalor's  Cyclopaedia,  III,  597-598. 

Special. —J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  II,  Chs.  vii,  viii;  H.  Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  History,  V,  Chs.  hi,  iv,  v,  vii,  ix,  VI,  Chs.  ii-vii ;  Nicolay 
and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  Chs.  xviii-xxi ;  Alex.  H.  Stephens,  War 
between  the  States,  II,  Colloquy  xvii;  George  T.  Curtis,  Life  of  James 
Buchanan,  II,  Chs.  vi,  viii-xi;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  Chs. 
xxxi,  xxxii,  xxxv,  xxxviii ;  James  Schouler,  History,  V,  Ch.  xxi,  Sect, 
ii,  Ch.  xxii,  Sect,  i ;  William  Birney,  James  G,  Birney  and  His  Times, 
Chs.  xxviii,  xxix  ;  A.  G.  Riddle,  Benjamin  F.  Wade ;  James  G.  Elaine, 
Twenty  Years,  I,  Chs.  vi,  vii;  O.  A.  Brownson,  Essays  and  Reviews. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  34  and 
35  Cong.  (1855-59)  (indexes,  especially  under  names  of  J.  P.  Hale,  B.  F. 
Wade,  John  Sherman,  Charles  Sumner,  W.  H.  Seward,  etc.).  —  CON 
TEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  E.  L.  Pierce,  Charles  Sumner,  III,  Chs.  xxxix, 
xl  ;  Garrisons,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  III,  Chs.  xvi-xviii ;  James  S. 
Pike,  First  Blows,  260-420  ;  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Orations, 
II,  256-314  ;  Mrs.  Chapman  Coleman,  John  J.  Crittenden,  II,  Chs. 
vi-x  ;  [James  Buchanan],  Mr.  Buchanan's  Administration ;  Edward 
Quincy,  Josiah  Quincy,  Ch.  xx  ;  Charles  Sumner,  Works  ;  George  W. 
Curtis,  Works;  Ben  Perley  Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences,  I,  Chs. 
xxxvi-xliv;  Nathan  Sargent,  Ptiblic  Men  and  Events,  II,  Ch.  ix ;  W. 
H.  Seward,  Works  ;  R.  B.  Warden,  S.  P.  Chase,  Chs.  xxiii,  xxiv. 


§  202.]  Republicans  and  Dred  Scott.  399 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Adminis 
trations,  38 ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  67,  87  ;  II,  788  ;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  150,  151,  153,  155;  Gordy  and  Twitch  ell, 
Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii,  163-165  ;  Notes  to  Von  Hoist  and  Rhodes. 

§  202.     Dred  Scott  Decision  and  John  Brown's  Raid. 

Summary.  —  Status  of  the  Supreme  Court :  early  decisions 
(§  175)  ;  changes  under  Jackson  (§  185)  ;  desire  to  settle  the 
controversy;  1857,  March  4,  Buchanan's  announcement.  —  The 
Dred  Scott  case  ;  1834-38,  Scott  taken  to  Illinois  and  the  Indian 
country;  1847-53,  Scott's  three  suits  against  his  owner;  1856, 
suit  before  the  Supreme  Court;  1857,  March  10,  decision. — 
Principles  of  the  Dred  Scott  decision  :  negro  citizenship  denied  ; 
effect  of  residence  in  free  territory  ;  constitutionality  of  the  Mis 
souri  Compromise  denied.  —  Effect  of  the  decision  :  popular  sov 
ereignty  denied  (§  196)  ;  Douglas  in  bad  favor  (§  203);  1858, 
Lincoln's  disavowal  (§  203)  ;  1862,  decision  ignored  by  Congress 
(§  214).  —  John  Brown's  raid  :  John  Brown  in  Kansas  (§  200); 
his  character  ;  early  plans  for  inciting  a  slave  insurrection  ;  sup 
port  in  New  England  ;  1859,  October,  capture  of  Harper's  Ferry  ; 
October-December,  trial  and  execution  ;  Republican  disavowals  ; 
effect  on  the  South. 

General.  —  Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  Chs.  xviii,  xx ; 
S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popular  History,  IV,  424-432  ;  J.  J  Lalor,  Cyclo- 
pcedia,  I,  838-841  ;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  70-74  ;  G.  W.  Williams, 
Negro  Race,  II,  227. 

Special.  —  On  DRED  SCOTT  CASE:  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  II,  242- 
277  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  VI,  Ch.  i ;  Samuel  Tyler, 
Memoir  of  R.  B.  Taney,  359-438 ;  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Historical  and 
Legal  Examination;  S.  A.  Foot,  Examination  of  the  Case  of  Dred 
Scott ;  Gray  and  Lowell,  Legal  Review  of  the  Case  of  Dred  Scott ;  Joel 
Parker,  Personal  Liberty  Laws  and  Slavery  in  the  Territories ;  J.  C. 
Hurd,  Law  of  Freedom  and  Bondage,  §§  489-539  ;  Nicolay  and  Hay, 
Abraham  Lincoln,  II,  Chs.  iv,  v  ;  H.  L.Carson,  Supreme  Court,  II, 
Ch.  xv  ;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  Ch.  xxxix ;  Martin  Van 
Buren,  Inquiry  into  Political  Parties,  Ch.  viii.  —  On  JOHN  BROWN: 
James  Redpath,  The  Public  Life  of  Captain  John  Brown,  229-407; 


4OO  Slavery  Crisis.  [§  202. 

H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  VI,  Ch.  i,  a.ndfo/tn  Brown  ;  J.  F. 
Rhodes,  History,  II,  384-416;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  Chs. 
xxxix,  xlv,  xlvi. 

Sources.  —  TEXT  OF  THE  DECISION  in  19  Howard,  399,  and  2  Miller, 
i  ;  extracts  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  23  ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
480.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong. 
i  sess.  (see  indexes,  "  Harper's  Ferry");  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  36  Cong, 
i  sess.  II,  No.  2.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  F.  B.  Sanborn,  Life 
and  Letters  of  John  Brown,  Chs.  xii-xvii ;  James  Redpath,  Echoes  of 
Harper's  Ferry;  James  S.  Pike,  First  Blows  of  the  Civil  War,  420-480; 
Frederick  Douglass,  Life  and  Times,  Pt.  ii,  Chs.  viii-x  ;  Garrisons,  Wil 
liam  Lloyd  Garrison,  III,  Ch.  xix  ;  Ben  Perley  Poore,  Perley's  Remi 
niscences,  II,  Ch.  iii;  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Orations,  III,  28. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  841  ;  W.  E.  Foster,  Refer 
ences  to  Presidential  Administrations,  42  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Refer 
ence  Lists,  §§  152,  154;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Siiggestions,  §§  33  i,  33  j, 
63,  65  ;  H.  Matson,  References,  Nos.  45-47  ;  notes  to  Rhodes  and  Von 
Hoist. 

§  203.     Election  of  1860. 

Summary.  —  Parties  in  1857  and  1858:  Buchanan's  presi 
dency;  1857,  new  tariff;  question  of  homesteads;  revival  of 
the  slave-trade  threatened  ;  Kansas  question  (§  200).  —  Lincoln- 
Douglas  debate :  Douglas  against  the  Lecompton  Constitution 
(§  200)  ;  Lincoln  as  the  Republican  candidate  for  the  senator- 
ship  ;  1858,  June  1 6,  "House  divided"  speech;  joint  debates; 
August  27,  Douglas's  "Freeport  Doctrine"  ;  Douglass  successful. 
—  Congress  :  1859-60,  parties  ;  Douglas  out  of  favor  ;  "  Impending 
Crisis  "  debate  ;  "  Covode  investigation."  —  Nominations  of  1860  : 
April  23-May  3,  Charleston  Convention  :  May  16,  Republican 
convention;  hopes  of  Seward,  Cameron,  and  Chase;  May  17, 
Lincoln  nominated;  May  24,  Jefferson  Davis's  slavery  resolutions; 
June  22,  Baltimore  convention  nominates  Douglas  ;  June  28, 
Seceders'  convention  nominates  Breckinridge.  —  Campaign 
issues:  Kansas  (§200);  territorial  slavery  (§§196,  199,  220); 
abolition  ;  disunion  (§  205).  —  The  result  :  November  6,  Lincoln 
elected  ;  November  20,  South  Carolina  secedes  (§  206). 


§203.]  Election  of  1860.  401 

General.  —  E.  Stan  wood,  Presidential  Elections,  Ch.  xx  ;  Horace 
Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  Ch.  xxi ;  James  Schouler,  History,  V, 
Ch.  xxii,  Sect,  ii;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  Ch.  iv  ;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bry- 
anfs  History,  IV,  432-434  ;  George  Lunt,  Origin  of  the  Late  War,  Chs. 
xiv,  xv  ;  Comte  de  Paris,  History  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  107-132  ;  J.  J. 
Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  III,  599,  997  ;  J.  E.  Cairnes,  Slave  Power,  128  (203). 

Special.  —  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  II,  Chs.  x-xvi;  J. 
F.  Rhodes,  History,  II,  Chs.  x,  xi;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  His 
tory,  VI,  Ch.  vii,  VII,  Chs.  ii-vi ;  George  T.  Curtis,  Life  of  James 
Buchanan,  II,  Chs.  xii,  xiii ;  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the 
States,  II,  Colloquy  xviii ;  John  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  Ch.  vi  ; 
Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  Chs.  xliii,  xliv,  xlvii-lv  ;  J.  W.  Draper, 
History  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  Ch.  xxx  ;  James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years 
of  Congress,  I,  Chs.  viii-x ;  D.  W.  Bartlett,  Presidential  Candidates  in 
1860 ;  Lives  of  Lincoln,  Douglas,  Breckinridge,  Bell,  Chase,  Seward, 
etc.  (§  25). 

Sources.  —  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong.  2  sess.-  (see  Davis,  Doug 
las,  Wade,  Seward,  Hale,  etc.);  Lincoln  and  Douglas,  Debates ;  Abra 
ham  Lincoln,  Works,  I  ;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Memoir  and  Letters  of  Charles 
Sumner,  III,  Ch.  xliii ;  Alexander  Johnston,  Representative  American 
Orations,  III,  3-48  ;  Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  Pt.  i, 
Chs.  vi,  vii ;  [James  Buchanan],  Mr.  Buchanans  Administration,  Chs.  iii, 
xii,  xiii ;  Mrs.  Chapman  Coleman,  Life  of  John  J.  Crittenden,  II,  Chs. 
xi,  xii ;  Garrisons,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  III,  Ch.  xx  ;  James  S.  Pike, 
First  Blows  of  the  Civil  War,  480-526 ;  Ben  Perley  Poore,  Perley^s 
Reminiscences,  II,  Ch.  iv  ;  J.  M.  Cutts,  Brief  Treatise ;  E.  McPherson, 
History  of  the  Rebellion;  American  Anmtal  Cyclopedia,  1861,  pp. 
46-420. 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Adminis 
trations,  44;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  156,  157  ;  notes 
to  Von  Hoist,  Rhodes,  Schouler,  etc. 


XXIII.    THE   CIVIL   WAR    PERIOD. 

§  204.     The  Sections  Compared. 

Summary.  —  Geography :  areas  of  free  states,  border  states, 
and  seceding  states  ;  status  of  territories  ;  status  of  Pacific  states. 

—  New  states  admitted  :   1858,  Minnesota  ;   1859,  Oregon;  1861, 
Kansas    (34th).  —  Military    conditions  :     distances  ;     coast   line  ; 
Appalachian  range  ;  inside  lines  ;   the  South  on  the  defensive.  — 
Economic  comparison  :  agriculture  ;  wealth  ;  manufactures  ;  com 
merce  ;  means  of  communication.  —  Social  comparison  :    popula 
tion,  Northern,  border  states,  Confederacy  ;  negroes  and  whites ; 
cities  ;    education  ;    intelligence.  —  Military  comparison  :   number 
of  troops,  Northern  and  Southern  ;  regular  army  ;  military  admin 
istration  ;  military  aptitude  ;  officers  ;  the  Northern  and  Southern 
volunteer  ;  military  supplies  ;  military  preparation  ;  use  of  negroes. 

—  Expectation    of    foreign   aid  :    "  King   Cotton "  ;    sympathy  of 
England  and  France  ;    effect  of  the  blockade  (§  212).  —  Slavery 
the  chief  cause  of  difference  (see  §§  186-189,  203). 

General.  —  NORTHERN  ACCOUNTS  :  John  C.  Ropes,  Story  of  the 
Civil  War,  I,  Chs.  vii,  viii ;  Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  Ch. 
xxi;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  Ch.  v;  James  Redpath,  Echoes  from 
Harper's  Ferry,  App.;  James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  I, 
Ch.  xiv  ;  Albert  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  No.  xi ;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Trial 
of  the  Constitution,  Ch.  v.  —  SOUTHERN  ACCOUNTS  :  Jefferson  Davis, 
Confederate  Government,  I,  Pt.  iv,  301-311,  471-483,  II,  Pt.  iv,  705- 
717;  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  I,  446,  646 
(Toombs's  Lecture),  II,  396;  F.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  49-53.— 
FOREIGN  ACCOUNTS  :  James  Spence,  American  Union,  248-314  ; 
William  Chambers,  American  Slavery  and  Colour,  Ch.  xiv. 

Special.  —  NORTHERN  ACCOUNTS:  James  F.  Rhodes,  History,  III, 
Ch.  xii  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  VII,  Chs.  vii,  viii; 
Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  III,  Chs.  i,  ii ;  J.  W.  Draper, 


§  204-]  The  Sections  Compared.  403 

American  Civil  War,  I,  Chs.  xxvi,  xix,  II,  Chs.  xxxix,  xli-xlv,  III, 
Ch.  xcv  ;  T.  S.  Goodwin,  Natural  History  of  Secession  ;  Richard  Hil- 
dreth,  Despotism  in  America ;  Century  Co.,  Battles  and  Leaders  of 
the  Civil  War,  I,  74-98  ;  F.  Phisterer,  Statistical  Record  of  the  Armies 
of  the  United  States;  G.  W.  Williams,  Negro  Troops  in  the  Rebellion. 
—  SOUTHERN  ACCOUNTS  :  J.  D.  B.  De  Bow,  Industrial  Resources  of 
the  Southern  and  Western  States ;  R.  L.  Dabney,  Defence  of  Virginia, 
Ch.  viii ;  see  also  personal  narratives  in  §§  209,  210  ;  James  Williams, 
The  South  Vindicated,  and  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Model  Republic.— 
FOREIGN  ACCOUNTS  :  Comte  de  Paris,  History  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  6, 
16-29,  76-106,  172-217,  257-316;  H.  C.  Fletcher,  American  War,  I, 
Ch.  iii ;  Adam  Gurowski,  America  and  Europe ;  J.  E.  Cairnes,  The 
Slave  Power ;  A.  E.  De  Gasparin,  Uprising  of  a  Great  People  (Booth's 
translation);  F.  Laboulaye, Separation  :  War  without  end. 

Sources. — DEBATES:  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong.  2  sess.  (1860- 
61),  passim,  especially  624  (Winslow),  721  (Slidell),  134  (Lane),  13,  72 
(Wigfall),  1467  (Breckinridge),  943  (De  Jarnette).  —  DOCUMENTS  : 
Eighth  Census  of  the  United  States  (1860),  volume  "  Population  ";  Tenth 
Census  of  the  United  States  (1880),  Compendium,  I,  4,  333  ;  Senate  Exec. 
Docs.,  36  Cong.  2  sess.  II  (Army  in  1860),  III  (Navy  in  1860),  VIII 
(importation  by  districts);  37  Cong,  i  sess.  Nos.  i,  19,  85  (Secretary 
of  War,  July  i,  1861),  No.  2  (Secretary  of  the  Treasury);  House  Exec. 
Docs.,  36  Cong.  2  sess.  II  (finances  in  1860),  IX,  No.  53  (militia),  X, 
No.  77  (banks) ;  37  Cong,  i  sess.  No.  i  (treasury),  No.  14  (Indians 
and  Negroes);  Senate  Reports,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  2  (militia);  House 
Reports,  37  Cong,  i  sess.  No.  i  (volunteers);  American  Annual  Cyclo 
pedia,  1861,  passim,  especially  26  (Army),  490  (Navy),  s86j,  pp.  268, 
361  (draft).  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  W.  T.  Sherman,  Memoirs, 
II,  Ch.  xxv ;  F.  L.  Olmsted,  Cotton  Kingdom  (or  Seaboard  Slave  States, 
and  Back  Country,  and  Texas  Journey);  H.  R.  Helper,  The  Impending 
Crisis  ;  G.  M.  Weston,  Progress  of  Slavery  in  the  United  States  ;  "  Bar- 
barossa,"  The  Lost  Principle  (slave-trade) ;  Augustin  Cochin,  Results 
of  Slavery. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  III,  737;  E.  C.  Lunt,  Key 
to  the  Publications  of  the  United  States  Census  (American  Statistical 
Association,  Publications,  New  Series,  Nos.  2,  3) ;  Gordy  and  Twitchell, 
Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii,  p.  164;  J.  R.  Bartlett,  Literature  of  the  Rebellion. 


404  Civil  War  Period.  [§  205. 

§  205.     Theory  of  Secession. 

Summary.  —  Status  of  the  states  before  1789  (§§  137,  142, 
143,  149).  —  Ratifications  of  the  Constitution  (§§  155,  156). — 
Threats  of  secession  :  1795,  Connecticut  Courant ;  1798,  Virginia 
and  Kentucky  (§  165)  ;  1803,  1811,  1814,  New  England  (§  173); 
1832,  sentiment  in  South  Carolina  (§  183);  1850,  threats  in  the 
Compromise  Debate  (§  197);  1856,  meeting  of  the  governors  at 
Raleigh;  1860,  threats  in  the  presidential  election  (§  203).— 
Enunciations  of  secession  :  1 798-99,  Virginia  and  Kentucky  doc 
trine  (§  165);  1803,  Tucker's  Blackstone  ;  1811,  January  14, 
Josiah  Quincy's  speech  ;  1832,  South  Carolina  resolutions  (§  183); 
1850,  Calhoun's  speech  (§  197);  1845,  William  Lloyd  Garrison's 
doctrine  (§  187);  1860,  May  24,  Jefferson  Davis's  resolutions.— 
Status  of  the  doctrine  in  1860:  question  of  constitutionality; 
question  of  expediency  ;  question  of  probable  effectiveness  ;  legal 
effect  of  ordinances  of  secession  (§  206). 

General.  —  BRIEF  LEGAL  DISCUSSIONS  (chiefly  adverse)  :  T.  M. 
Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  Ch.  ii,  and  Story's  Commentaries,  II, 
§§915-922;  Joseph  Story,  Commentaries,  §§178,  207-215,  311-322, 
467-481 ;  R.  H.  Dana,  Wheatorfs  International  Law,  note  32  ;  J.  N. 
Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§25-42,  1200;  George  S.  Boutwell, 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  §§  58-71  ;  Francis  Wharton,  Commen 
taries,  374«,  594«  ;  J-  L  C.  Hare,  American  Constitutional  Law,  Index, 
under  title  "  State  Rights"  ;  John  Ordronaux,  Constitutional  Legislation, 
84-91,  111-175,  2I°  5  Bump,  Notes  on  Constitutional  Decisions,  327-333  ; 
Joel  Tiffany,  Treatise  on  Government,  §§  41-65  ;  C.  G.  Tiedeman,  Un 
written  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Ch.  ix;  John  King,  Commentaries 
on  the  Constitution,  Ch.  xii  ;  Timothy  Farrar,  Manual  of  the  Constitution, 
64,  71,  in,  1 86,  386,  503;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Consti 
tutional  Law,  §§  54,  90,  138-146  ;  Timothy  Walker,  Introduction  to 
American  Law,  67-77.  —  BRIEF  NARRATIVE  DISCUSSIONS  :.  John  C. 
Ropes,  Story  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  12-16;  J.  W.  Draper,  American  Civil 
War,  I,  Chs.  xxvii,  xxviii ;  L.  G.  Tyler,  Letters  and  Times  of  the  Tylers, 
II,  Ch.  xix  ;  H.  C.  Fletcher,  History  of  the  American  War,  I,  Ch.  i; 
Comte  de  Paris,  History  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  113-116;  Alexander 
Johnston,  in  Lalor's  Cyclopcedia,  I,  61,  III,  693-702,  788-800,  and  in  his 
American  Orations,  111,49-67  ;  N.  S.  Shaler,  Kentucky;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three 
Decades,  Ch.  vi;  Charles  Ingersoll,  Fears  for  Democracy,  Ch.  viii. 


§  2o6.]  Theory  of  Secession.  405 

Special.  —  THE  DOCTRINE  DEFENDED:  Jefferson  Davis,  Confeder 
ate  Government,  I,  Ft.  i,  especially  70-77,  157-168,  185-192  ;  Alexander 
H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  I,  17-49,  408-418,  441-452  ;  459- 
539,  II,  5-15,  26-34,  261-271;  W.  W.  Handlin,  American  Politics, 
Causes  of  the  Civil  War  (New  Orleans,  1864)  ;  C.  S.  Farrar,  The  War, 
Its  Causes  and  Consequences  ;  Abel  P.  Upshur,  Brief  Enquiry  into  the 
Nature  of  the  Federal  Government;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  Ch.  i; 
A.  T.  Bledsoe,  Is  Davis  a  Traitor? ;  J.  W.  Du  Bose,  Life  of  Yancey, 
Chs.  viii-xxi. — ADVERSE  TO  THE  DOCTRINE:  John  C.  Hurd,  Theory 
of  Our  National  Existence,  and  The  Union-State ;  William  Whiting, 
War  Powers  undfr  the  Constitution  ;  T.  S.  Goodwin,  Natural  History 
of  Secession  ;  Henry  Baldwin,  General  View  of  the  Constitution  ;  C.  S. 
Patterson,  The  United  States  and  the  States,  Chs.  i,  xii;  J.  M.  Cutts, 
Brief  Treatise  (Douglas's  views)  ;  J.  Parker,  Constitutional  Law ;  C.  W. 
Loring,  Nullification,  Secession  ;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Trial  of  the  Constitution. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong.  2  sess.  ;  37 
Cong,  i  sess.,  2  sess.  (especially  debate  on  Davis  resolutions,  January, 
May,  1860).  —  DOCUMENTS.  —  Ordinances  of  Secession  and  accompany 
ing  documents  (see  §  206).  —  Lincoln's  inaugural  address  and  message  of 
July  4,  1861,  in  Abraham  Lincoln,  Complete  Works,  II,  1-7,  55,  56  ; 
Congressional  Globe ;  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  i  ;  Ameri 
can  History  Leaflets,  No.  18.  —  Select  speeches,  in  Johnston,  American 
Orations,  II,  46-125  ;  III,  49-124.  —  Buchanan's  doctrine  :  his  message 
of  December  3,  1861,  in  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong.  2  sess.  ;  Mr. 
Buchanan's  Administration.  —  Southern  Documents  :  Southern  His 
torical  Society,  Papers,  I,  i,  VI,  54,  190,  X,  433.  —  SUPREME  COURT 
CASES  :  Texas  vs.  White,  7  Wallace,  700,  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  302  ; 
White  vs.  Hart,  13  Wallace,  646,  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  259;  Keith  vs. 
Clark,  92  United  States,  461  ;  Sprott  vs.  United  States,  20  Wallace,  419. 

Bibliography.  —  Robert  Desty,  Federal  Constitution,  116,  117,273; 
J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopcedia,  I,  62  ;  III,  788 ;  Albert  B.  Hart,  Revised  Sug 
gestions,  §  66. 

§  206.     Process  of  Secession,  1860-1861. 

Summary.  —  Previous  threats  (see  §  205).  —  Causes  of  seces 
sion  :  conventional  views  ;  ambition  ;  desire  for  independence  ; 
political  supremacy  ;  self-government  ;  slavery.  —  Grievances  of 
the  South  :  general  discontent ;  unfriendliness  ;  wrong  interpre 
tation  of  the  Constitution  ;  political  apprehension  ;  opposition  to 


406  Civil  War  Period.  [§  206. 

slavery.  —  Movement  in  South  Carolina:  1860,  October  5,  Gov 
ernor  Gist's  letter  ;  November  5,  legislature  called ;  November  6, 
election  day  ;  November  7,  resignation  of  Federal  officials  ; 
November  12,  act  for  calling  a  convention  ;  December  17-20, 
Secession  Convention  ;  December  20,  Secession  Ordinance  ; 
December  24,  accompanying  papers  ;  effect  on  the  Union.  — 
The  other  cotton  states  :  movement  for  secession  ;  November  14, 
Stephens's  Union  speech  ;  1861,  January  5,  resolutions  of  seces 
sion  congressmen  ;  January  9,  Mississippi  secedes  ;  January  10, 
Florida  secedes;  January  10.  Alabama  secedes;  January  u, 
Georgia  secedes  ;  January  26,  Louisiana  secedes  ;  January  28, 
Texas  secedes.  —  February  4-18,  Southern  Confederacy  formed 
(§  209). 

General. — John  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  Ch.vii;  Horace  Greeley, 
American  Conflict,  I,  Chs.  xxii,  xxvi ;  George  Lunt,  Origin  of  the  Late 
War,  Chs.  xvi,  xvii ;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popidar  History,  IV,  437-444  ; 
James  Schouler,  History,  V,  469-491  ;  J.  N.  Larned,  History  for  Ready 
Reference,  V,  3405-3416;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  Chs.  ii-v  ;  J.  J. 
Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  296  ;  American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861,  696- 
708  ;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  Ch.  vi ;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis 
Cass,  Ch.  x  ;  James  Spence,  American  Union,  Chs.  iii,  v,  vi ;  Montague 
Bernard,  Neiitrality  of  Great  Britain,  40-53  ;  J.  E.  Cairnes,  Slave  Power, 
17-32,  128-132;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  III,  Ch.  i. 

Special. — NORTHERN  VIEW  :  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  III,  Chs.  xiii, 
xiv  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  VII,  Chs.  vii,  viii  ;  John  C. 
Ropes,  Story  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  Chs.  ii-iv  ;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abra 
ham  Lincoln,  II,  Chs.  xvii-xxv,  III,  Chs.  i,  iii-xiii ;  J.  W.  Draper, 
History  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  Chs.  xxxi,  xxxiii  ;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave 
Power,  II,  Ch.  li,  III,  Chs.  i,  ix-xli  ;  James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years 
of  Congress,  I,  Ch.  xi ;  James  Russell  Lowell,  Political  Essays,  45-74, 
118-152  ;  Century  Co.,  Battles  and  Leaders  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  26-49, 
99-110.  —  SOUTHERN  VIEW  :  Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate  Government, 
I,  57-85,  199-226;  Mrs.  Davis,  Jefferson  Davis,  I,  Ch.  xlv  ;  II,  Ch.  i; 
George  T.  Curtis,  Life  of  James  Buchanan,  Chs.  xiii-xx  ;  A.  H.  Ste 
phens,  War  between  the  States,  I,  Colloquies  xi,  xii,  II,  Colloquies  xix, 
xxi ;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  Ch.  v  ;  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades, 
Ch.  xiv;  Horatio  King,  Tttrning  on  the  Light;  Robert  Toombs,  in 
A.  H.  Stephens's  War  between  the  States,  II,  109-130  ;  Alfred  Roman, 
Military  Operations  of  General  Beauregard,  I,  Chs.  i,  ii ;  A.  L.  Long, 


§  2o;.]  Process  of  Secession.  407 

Robert  E.  Lee,  Ch.  v;  R.  L.  Dabney,  Stonewall  Jackson,  125-196; 
J.  W.  Du  Bose,  Wm.  L.  Yancey,  Chs.  xxiii,  xxiv.  —  BIOGRAPHIES  OF 
CONTEMPORARIES  :  especially  lives  of  Lincoln,  Seward,  Chase,  Bucha 
nan,  Jefferson  Davis,  Stephens,  Toombs,  Cobb,  Tyler  (§  25).  —  STATE 
HISTORIES  :  J.  T.  Scharf,  Maryland,  III,  Ch.  xlii ;  N.  S.  Shaler, 
Kentucky,  Ch.  xv  ;  see  also  histories  of  the  seceding  states  (§  23). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong.  2  sess.  passim. 
—  DOCUMENTS  :  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Orations,  III,  Pt.  vi  ; 
Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  36  Cong.  2  sess.  I,  No.  I  (Message  of  December  3, 
1860);  IV,  No.  5  (Message  of  January  31,  1861)  ;  38  Cong,  i  sess.  I, 
No.  3  (resignation)  ;  House  Exec.  Docs.,  36  Cong.  2  sess.  VI,  No.  26 
(Message  of  January  9,  1861),  IX,  No.  61  (Message  of  February  8, 
1861),  No.  72  (Dix's  report),  37  Cong.  3  sess.,  Ill,  No.  i,  p.  532  ; 
House  Reports,  36  Cong.  2  sess.  I,  No.  50,  II,  79,  87,  88,  91  ;  Ameri 
can  Anmtal  Cyclopaedia,  1861,  see  index  under  "  Confederate  States  " 
and  each  seceding  state  ;  also  pp.  594-600,  666  (Message  of  Decem 
ber  3)  ;  T.  V.  Cooper,  American  Politics,  Book  I,  87-120  ;  J.  Buchanan 
Henry,  Messages  of  President  Buchanan  ;  War  of  the  Rebellion,  Official 
Records,  Series  I,  Vol.  I,  passim  (secession  and  Fort  Sumter),  Series  IV, 
Vol.  I,  passim  (messages  and  papers  of  seceding  states)  ;  Frank  Moore, 
Rebellion  Record,  I,  Pt.  ii,  1-28 ;  Edward  McPherson,  History  of  the 
Rebellion,  1-47,  389-400  ;  Southern  Historical  Society,  Papers,  XIV, 
359,  XVI,  319.  —  PROCEEDINGS  OF  SECESSION  CONVENTIONS  : 
especially  Journal  of  the  Convention  of  the  People  of  South  Carolina. — 
CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  James  Buchanan,  Mr.  Buchanan's  Admin 
istration,  Chs.  iv-vi,  ix-xi ;  W.  T.  Sherman,  Memoirs,  I,  172-204  ;  Mor 
gan  Dix,  Memoirs  of  John  A.  Dix,  I,  333-388  ;  John  Sherman,  Recol 
lections,  I,  Ch.  ix  ;  E.  D.  Keyes,  Fifty  Year's  Observation,  Chs.  17-19; 
Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  Pt.  i,  Chs.  vii,  ix,  x,  Pt.  ii, 
Pt.  iii,  Chs.  i-vii ;  Pleasant  A.  Stovall,  Robert  Toombs,  Chs.  xix,  xx. 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  Foster,  Presidential  Administrations,  43  ; 
E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  158,  159,  161  ;  Albert  B. 
Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §  67. 

§  207.     Coercion  and  Compromise,  1860-1861. 

Summary.  —  Possible  policies  of  the  North  :  (i)  " let  the  erring 
sisters  go  in  peace"  ;  (2)  resistance  ;  (3)  compromise  ;  temper  of 
the  North.  —  Buchanan's  attitude:  1860,  October  29,  "  General 
Scott's  Views "  ;  November  7-9,  question  of  reinforcements  ; 


408  Civil  War  Period.  [§  207. 

November  20,  opinion  of  Attorney-General  Black  ;  December  3, 
Buchanan's  message  ;  December  9,  "  Memorandum "  of  South 
Carolina  members  ;  December  11,  instructions  to  Major  Ander 
son  ;  December  15,  resignation  of  Secretary  Cass.  —  First  period 
of  compromise  :  precedent  of  earlier  compromises  of  1820,  1833, 
and  1850  (§§  177,  183,  197);  interest  of  the  border  states;  in 
clination  of  the  Republicans  ;  December  6  to  January  14,  House 
Committee  of  33  ;  December  14,  Southern  address  against  com 
promise  ;  December  20-28,  Senate  Committee  of  33  ;  compromise 
defeated  by  Lincoln.  —  First  Sumter  episode  :  December  20,  se 
cession  of  South  Carolina  (§  206)  ;  December  22-26,  commission 
to  Buchanan  ;  December  26,  Anderson  occupies  Fort  Sumter ; 
December  27-29,  cabinet  crisis,  Floyd  resigns  ;  December  29, 
Buchanan  yields  to  Black;  December  31,  decision  to  hold  Sum 
ter  ;  January  9,  Star  of  the  West  fired  upon  ;  January  14  to 
February  6,  correspondence  with  South  Carolina  commission.  — 
Second  period  of  compromise  :  attitude  of  Seward  ;  January  14, 
Crittenden  compromise  defeated  ;  February  7,  Vallandigham's 
plan  ;  February  4-27,  peace  conference  ;  March  2,  all  compro 
mises  fail  ;  March  2,  Corwin  amendment  submitted  ;  why  did 
compromise  fail?  —  Question  of  coercion:  apathy  of  Congress; 
probable  effect  on  border  states  ;  effect  on  "  Union  men  "  in  the 
South.  —  Principles  of  coercion  :  (i)  protection  of  national  prop 
erty;  (2)  "execution  of  the  laws";  (3)  "suppressing  insurrec 
tion  "  ;  (4)  "  war  on  a  state." 

General.  —  John  C.  Ropes,  Story  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  10-60  ;  George 
Lunt,  Origin  of  the  Late  War,  Chs.  xvi-xix  ;  Horace  Greeley,  Ameri 
can  Conflict,  I,  Chs.  xxiii-xxv ;  James  Schouler,  History,  V,  Ch.  xxii, 
Sect,  ii;  John  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  189-220  ;  E.  A.  Pollard, 
Lost  Cause,  Ch.  v  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  I,  553,  578 ;  III,  932 ;  T.  M. 
Cooley,  Story 's  Commentaries,  §1922;  Lawrence,  Wheatorfs  Interna 
tional  Law,  §43;  Charles  Ingersoll,  Fears  for  Democracy,  178-221; 
S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  Ch.  iv. 

Special. — NORTHERN  VIEW:  James  F.  Rhodes,  History,  III,  Ch. 
xiv ;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  II,  Chs.  xxvi-xxviii,  III, 
Chs.  i,  x-xv  ;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  VII,  Ch.  xi ;  Fred 
eric  Bancroft,  The  Final  Efforts  at  Compromise  (Political  Science 


§  207-]  Coercion  and  Compromise.  409 

Quarterly,  VI,  401-423)  ;  John  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  Ch.  vii ; 
J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  Chs.  xxvi-xxix,  xxxiii;  Henry  Wilson, 
Slave  Power,  III,  Chs.  ii-viii ;  James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Con 
gress,  I,  Chs.  xii,  xiii ;  F.  W.  Seward,  Seward  at  Washington,  Chs.  li- 
liv. —  SOUTHERN  VIEW:  Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I, 
247-258;  L.  G.  Tyler,  Letters  and  Times  of  the  Tylers,  II,  Ch.  xx  ; 
H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  Ch.  xv  ;  George  T.  Curtis,  James  Buchanan, 
II,  Chs.  xxi,  xxii.  —  See  also  lives  of  Lincoln,  Seward,  Chase,  Critten- 
den,  Toombs,  Jefferson  Davis  (§  25). 

Sources. — OFFICIAL  RECORDS:  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong. 
2  sess.  passim,  especially  1114  (Crittenden  plan),  794  (Vallandigham's), 
1254  (Peace  Conference),  690  (Kellog's),  283,  379  (Clark's);  Senate 
Exec.  Docs.,  36  Cong.  2  sess.  IV,  No.  2  (Message  of  February  19)  ; 
Senate  Reports,  36  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  288  (Committee  of  13)  ;  House 
Miscellaneous,  36  Cong.  2  sess.  (resolutions  of  legislatures  and 
public  meetings)  ;  House  Reports,  36  Cong.  2  sess.  I,  No.  31  (Com 
mittee  of  33),  II,  Nos.  87,  88  (coercion)  ;  Opinions  of  Attorneys-Generals, 
IX,  522-526  (Black).  —  COLLECTIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS:  American 
Anmial  Cyclopedia,  1861,  pp.  166-225  (Congress),  562-568  (Peace  Con 
ference),  575  (Personal  Liberty  Laws)  ;  War  of  the  Rebellion,  Official 
Records,  Series  IV,  Vol.  J,  passim  (messages  and  letters) ;  Edward 
McPherson,  History  of  the  Rebellion,  48-91  ;  Frank  Moore,  Rebellion 
Records,  I,  Pt.  li,  pp.  35,  36  ;  Southern  Historical  Society,  Papers, 
XII,  60  ;  James  B.  Thayer,  Cases  on  Constitutional  Law,  2274-2420  ; 
L.  E.  Chittenden,  Report  of  the  Debates  and  Proceedings  of  the  Confer 
ence  Convention  ;  Official  Journal  of  the  Conference  Convention  ;  Horace 
Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  passim.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  : 
James  Buchanan,  Mr.  Buchanan's  Administration,  Chs.  vii,  viii ;  The 
Sherman  Letters,  76-104;  Abraham  Lincoln,  Complete  Works,  I,  635- 
694;  Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  Pt.  i,  Ch.  viii,  Pt.  iii, 
Chs.  viii-xi;  Chapman  Coleman,  Life  of  John  J.  Crittenden,  II,  Chs. 
xiii-xvii ;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Memoir  and  Letters  of  Charles  Sumner,  IV,  Ch. 
xliv  ;  Amos  Kendall,  Autobiography,  Ch.  xix  ;  Charles  Sumner,  Works, 
V,  293-484  ;  William  H.  Seward,  Works,  IV,  223-692. 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  Presidential  Adminis 
tration,  43  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  554,  III,  933  ;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §169;  Ben  Perley  Poore,  Catalogue  of  Govern 
ment  Publications,  783-791  ;  Indexes  to  Public  Documents  (see  §  i6e)  ; 
Albert  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §  67  ;  footnotes  to  Rhodes  and 
Von  Hoist. 


4io  Civil  War  Period.  [§208. 


§  208.     Abraham  Lincoln  and  his  Policy. 

Summary.  —  Lincoln's  life  :  1809,  birth  ;  1847-49,  in  Congress 
(§  196)  ;  1858,  Douglas  debate  (§  201)  ;  1860,  November  6, 
elected  President ;  characteristics.  —  Interregnum:  December  22, 
letter  to  Stephens  ;  December,  opposes  compromise  (§  207)  ; 
influence  on  Greeley  and  Seward  ;  February  11-23,  journey  to 
Washington.  —  Status  of  the  country  :  secessions  (§  206)  ;  South 
ern  Confederacy  (§  209)  ;  the  forts  (§  207)  ;  uncertainty  of  pub 
lic  feeling.  —  Fort  Sumter  crisis:  March  4,  inaugural  address; 
March  5,  cabinet  nominated;  March  12,  commission  of  the 
C.  S.  A.  ;  March  13-22,  Campbell's  intervention  ;  March  29, 
Lincoln  decides  to  reinforce  ;  April  i,  Seward's  suggestion  of 
foreign  war;  April  6,  notice  to  South  Carolina  ;  April  12,  attack 
on  Fort  Sumter;  April  13,  the  fort  surrendered.  —  Outbreak  of 
war  :  April  15,  call  for  volunteers  ;  April  19,  Sixth  Massachusetts 
in  Baltimore;  April  19-29,  blockade  proclamations.  —  Border 
states:  April  17,  Virginia  secedes;  May  6,  Arkansas  secedes; 
May  7,  Tennessee  secedes  ;  May  20,  North  Carolina  secedes  ; 
Maryland,  Kentucky,  and  Missouri  retained  ;  status  of  East  Ten 
nessee,  West  Virginia,  and  the  eastern  shore  of  Virginia. 

General.  —  NORTHERN  VIEW:  Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict, 
I,  Chs.  xxvi-xxx  ;  James  Schouler,  History,  V,  497-511  ;  George  Lunt, 
Origin  of  the  War,  Ch.  xx  ;  James  Russell  Lowell,  Political  Essays,  75- 
91 ;  Rossiter  Johnson,  Short  History  of  the  War,  Chs.  iii,  v;  American 
Annual  Cyclopcedia,  1861,  pp.  708-720  ;  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryanfs  Popular 
History,  IV,  444-450;  John  Bigelow,  Life  of  S.  J.  Tildcn,  I,  Ch.  vii; 
S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  Ch.  viii ;  R.  H.  Gillet,  Democracy  in  the 
United  States,  §§  100-104  ;  Geo.  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  214-226;  Joshua  R.  Giddings,  History  of  the  Rebellion,  —  FOR 
EIGN  VIEWS  :  Montague  Bernard,  Neutrality  of  Great  Britain,  65-105  ; 
H.  C.  Fletcher,  American  War,  I,  Chs.  ii,  iii;  Goldwin  Smith,  United 
States,  233-253. 

Special. — NORTHERN  VIEW:  James  F.  Rhodes,  History,  III,  300- 
354;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  II,  Ch.  xxix,  III,  Chs. 
xvi-xxvi,  IV,  Chs.  i-iv  ;  John  C.  Ropes,  Story  of  the  Civil  War,  I, 
Chs.  v,  vi ;  Century  Co.,  Battles  and  Leaders  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  1-73  ; 


§  2o8.]  Abraham  Lincoln  and  his  Policy.  411 

J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  II,  Chs.  xxxiv-xxxviii ;  J.  G.  Nicolay, 
Outbreak  of  Rebellion  (Campaign  series)  ;  George  T.  Curtis,  James 
Buchanan,  II,  Chs.  xxiv-xxvii ;  James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of 
Congress,  I,  Chs.  xiii,  xiv  ;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  III,  Chs.  x-xvi; 
Samuel  T.  Crawford,  Genesis  of  the  Civil  War.  —  BIOGRAPHIES  OF 
LINCOLN  (see  §  25)  :  especially  John  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I, 
Ch.  viii,  220-302  ;  Henry  J.  Raymond,  Administration  of  Lincoln  ; 
A.  R.  McClure,  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Men  of  War  Times ;  Lamon, 
Herndon,  Arnold.  —  SOUTHERN  VIEW:  Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate 
Government,  I,  263-300,  319-329;  Alex.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the 
States,  II,  Colloquies,  xviii,  xx  ;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  Chs.  v,  vi ; 
Alfred  Roman,  Military  Operations  of  General  Beauregard,  I,  Chs.  iii, 
v  ;  George  Lunt,  Origin  of  the  Late  War,  Chs.  xx,  xxi ;  see  also  biog 
raphies  of  Jefferson  Davis,  Stephens,  Toombs,  Yancey,  Lee,  Stonewall 
Jackson  (§  25).  —  BIOGRAPHIES  OF  NORTHERN  STATESMEN  (§  25), 
especially  Chase,  Seward,  Scott,  Douglas,  B.  F.  Wade,  Crittenden ; 
F.  W.  Seward,  Seward  in  Washington,  I,  Chs.  liv-lvii ;  E.  D.  Keyes, 
Fifty  Years'  Observation,  Chs.  xx,  xxi  (Scott);  Thurlow  Weed  Barnes, 
Memoir  of  Thurlow  Weed,  291-348.  —  FOREIGN  VIEW:  Comte  de 
Paris,  Civil  War,  I,  107-171;  Agenor  de  Gasparin,  Uprising  of  a  Great 
People. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  SPEECHES:  Congressional  Globe,  36 Cong. 
2  sess.,  37  Cong,  i  sess.,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  (1860-62);  Alexander  Johnston, 
American  Orations,  III,  141-263.  —  DOCUMENTS:  House  Exec.  Docs., 
37  Cong,  i  sess.  No.  20  ;  Senate  Miscellaneous,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  (state 
resolution);  American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861,  pp.  225-250  (Con 
gress),  315-323  (forts),  416-420  (Lincoln),  601-612  (inaugural  and 
message  of  July  4,  1861);  War  of  the  Rebellion,  Official  Records,  Series 
I,  Vol.  I,  190-317  (Fort  Sumter),  474-488  (North  Carolina);  Series  IV, 
Vol.  I,  passim;  American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  18,  26;  Edward 
McPherson,  History  of  the  Rebellion,  105-150  ;  Frank  Moore,  Rebellion 
Record,  I,  Pt.  ii,  pp.  36-73  ;  J.  N.  Larned,  History  for  Ready  Reference, 
V,  3417-3420.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  Abraham  Lincoln,  Com 
plete  Works,  II,  1-66;  William  H.  Seward,  Works,  IV;  R.  B.  Warden, 
Life  of  Salmon  P.  Chase;  L.  E.  Chittenden,  Recollections  of  Lincoln, 
Chs.  xlii-xlvi  ;  Charles  Sumner,  Works,  V,  481-508;  G.  W.  Julian, 
Political  Recollections  ;  A.  G.  Riddle,  Recollections  of  War  Times,  Chs. 
ii-vii;  Thurlow  Weed,  Autobiography,  602-620;  Hugh  McCullough, 
Men  and  Measures,  Ch.  xiv  ;  Horace  Greeley,  Recollections,  Chs.  xlix-lii ; 
The  Sherman  Letters,  104-124;  E.  D.  Keyes,  Fifty  Years'  Observation, 


4 1 2  Civil  War  Period.  [§  208. 

Chs.  xvii-xxi  ;  John  Sherman,  Recollections,  I,  Chs.  x,  xi ;  E.  L.  Pierce, 
Memoir  and  Letters  of  Charles  Sumner,  IV;  Ben  Perley  Poore,  Perley's 
Reminiscences,  II,  Ch.  v  ;  Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I, 
Pt.  iii,  Chs.  xi-xiii,  Pt.  iv,  Ch.  i,  Appendices  G-I,  L  ;  A.  Doubleday, 
Reminiscences  of  Fort  Sumter ;  F.  B.  Carpenter,  Six  Months  at  the 
White  House  ;  Gideon  Welles,  Lincoln. 

Bibliography.  —  Andrew  Boyd,  Memorial  Lincoln  Bibliography; 
Sabin,  Dictionary  of  Books  Relating  to  America,  title  Lincoln  ;  J.  R.  Bart- 
lett,  Literattire  of  the  Rebellion  ;  W.  E.  Foster,  Presidential  Administra 
tions,  45,  and  Providence  Monthly  Reference  Lists,  I,  21;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
Topical  Reference  Lists,  §  162  ;  Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii, 
pp.  169-172  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §  68;  Indexes  to  Public 
Documents  (see  §  i6e);  footnotes  to  Rhodes,  History,  and  Nicolay  and 
Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln. 

§  209.     The  Southern  Confederacy,  1861-1865. 

Summary.  —  Formation  :  1798-1860,  suggestions  ;  1836,  "The 
Partisan  Leader";  1861,  January  7,  call  by  Alabama  ;  February 
4,  Congress  at  Montgomery  ;  February  8,  provisional  constitu 
tion  ;  February  18,  Davis  inaugurated  president  ;  March  n,  per 
manent  Constitution  adopted  ;  1862,  February  18,  permanent 
Constitution  in  force.  —  The  Constitution  :  modelled  on  the  fed 
eral  Constitution;  "delegated  powers";  cabinet  ministers  in 
Congress  ;  no  protective  tariffs  or  internal  improvements  ;  veto 
of  appropriation  items  ;  two-thirds  vote  for  export  tax  and  new 
states.  —  Slavery  in  the  Constitution  :  woid  "slaves";  slave  trade 
prohibited  :  right  of  transit  acknowledged  ;  territorial  slavery 
acknowledged  ;  November  21,  Vice-President  Stephens's  "corner 
stone"  speech.  —  Administration  of  the  Confederacy:  cabinet 
ministers  ;  civil  officials  ;  Davis's  predominance  ;  rivalry  of 
Stephens  ;  secret  sessions.  —  Finances  :  loans  ;  foreign  loans, 
paper  money  ;  requisition  ;  taxes.  —  Conscription  :  difficulty  with 
Georgia.  —  Foreign  relations  :  friends  abroad  ;  missions  (see  also 
§  212);  recognition  of  belligerency;  no  recognition  of  inde 
pendence  ;  the  Pope's  letter.  —  Collapse  in  1865  :  military  defeat 
(§  210);  exhaustion  of  the  country;  effect  of  the  blockade. — 
Legal  status  :  a  government  de  facto ;  acts  legally  void  ;  effect 
of  Fourteenth  Amendment. 


§209.]  Southern   Confederacy.  413 

General.  —  Woodrow  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  §§  117-123; 
A.  Johnston,  in  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  I,  566-571;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History, 
III,  291-296,  320-325,  381-394,  543-553  ;  Horace  Greeley,  American 
Conflict,  I,  403-408,  414-418  ;  F.  Wharton,  Commentaries,  §§  140,  141, 
165,  217-228,  233,  374«  ;  Montague  Bernard,  Neutrality  of  Great 
Britain,  53-65  ;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  Ch.  xv  ;  James  G.  Elaine, 
Twenty  Years,  I,  Ch.xiii ;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  III,  Ch.  ix. 

Special.  —  NORTHERN  VIEW  :  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  Ch.  xxxii, 
II,  Ch.  xlii,  III,  Chs.  Ixxiv-lxxxv  ;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lin 
coln,  III,  Chs.  xii,  xiii,  IV,  Chs.  ix-xiii,  V-X,  passim  ;  American 
Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861,  pp.  121-165,  27&>  279»  1862,  pp.  235-255, 
1863,  PP-  2O3-2I9>  1864,  pp.  193-203,  1865,  PP-  187-202  ;  Magazine  of 
American  History,  II,  259,  XVI,  387;  Galaxy,  VI,  749-758,  XVII, 
399  ;  Eraser's  Magazine,  LXVI,  443.  —  SOUTHERN  VIEW  :  Jefferson 
Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  229-246,  258-281,  339-352,  484- 
520,  II,  1-17,  245-265,  343-350,  367-381,  608-624  ;  Joseph  Hodgson, 
Cradle  of  the  Confederacy,  Chs.  xvii-xix  ;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause, 
passim,  especially  Chs.  v,  vii,  x  ;  P.  C.  Centz,  Republic  of  Republics, 
497-512  ;  Southern  Historical  Society  Papers,  VII,  99,  333.  —  BIOGRA 
PHIES  :  Mrs.  Davis,  Jefferson  Davis,  II ;  F.  H.  Alfriend,  Jefferson  Davis, 
Chs.  viii-xxi;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Jeff"erson  Davis  (unreliable);  Henry  Cleve 
land,  Alexander  H.  Stephens  ;  Alfred  Roman,  General  Beauregard,  II, 
Ch.  1  ;  J.  W.  Jones,  Robert  E.  Lee;  J.  W.  Du  Bose,  William  L.  Yancey, 
Chs.  xxv-xxvii ;  H.  D.  Capers,  C.  G.  Memminger.  —  FOREIGN  VIEW  :  H. 
C.  Fletcher,  American  War,  I,  Chs.  iv,  v,  vii,  x,  II,  Chs.  i,  ix,  xi,  III, 
Chs.  xvii,  xxiv.  —  FOREIGN  AFFAIRS  AND  NAVY  :  J.  T.  Scharf,  History 
of  the  Confederate  Navy ;  John  Bigelow,  France  and  the  Confederate 
Navy  ;  J.  D.  Bullock,  Secret  Service  of  the  Confederate  States  in  Europe 
(see  also  §§  210,  212).  —  MILITARY  AFFAIRS  (see  §  210).  —  FINANCES  : 
J.  C.  Schwab,  Finances  of  the  Southern  Confederacy  {Political  Science 
Quarterly  VII,  i);  Banker's  Magazine,  XXIV,  934-941,  1089-1095; 
Horace  White,  Money  and  Banking,  166-174. 

Sources.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS  :  Provisional  and  permanent  con 
stitutions,  in  American  Annual  Cyclopaedia,  1861,  pp.  627-631 ;  Jefferson 
Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  640-675;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War 
between  the  States,  II,  714-735;  War  of  the  Rebellion,  Official  Records, 
Series  IV,  Vol.1,  134-141,  256-267;  Confederate  Statutes  ;  Echoes  from 
the  South  ;  E.  McPherson,  History  of  the  Rebellion,  98-104  ;  British 
and  Foreign  State  Papers,  LI,  672,  879.  —  MESSAGES  AND  DOCUMENTS  : 
The  archives  of  the  Confederate  government  (including  the  MS. 


4 1 4  Civil  War  Period.  [§  209. 

Journals  of  Congress)  are  in  the  War  Department  in  Washington. 
Many  documents  are  published  in  rare  original  pamphlets  (no  consecu 
tive  numbers);  Echoes  from  the  South;  American  Annual  Cyclopedia, 

1861,  pp.   121-165  (legislation),  278  (diplomacy),  612-624   (messages), 

1862,  pp.  12-15  (army)>  256-274  (Congress),  599-604  (navy),  732-738 
(messages),  1863,  PP-  T^  (army),  226-233  (Congress),  659  (navy),  782- 
799  (messages),  1864,  PP-  3°  (army)>  206-219  (Congress),  556  (navy), 
691-698  (messages),  707   (navy),  710-714  (peace   negotiations),    1865, 
pp.  717-719  (messages),  1861-1863,  passim,  under  heads"  Army,"  "  Con 
federate  States,"  "  Congress,  Confederate,"  and  the  seceded  states  by 
name  ;  Edward  McPherson,  Rebellion,  400-403,  41 7-62 2,  passim ;  [United 
States]  House  Exec.  Docs.,  39  Cong,  i   sess.  XII,  No.  3  (state  laws); 
War  of  the  Rebellion,   Official  Records,   Series    I,    serial    Nos.    i-ioo, 
Series  IV  (Confederate);  Frank   Moore,  Rebellion  Record,  I-XI,  and 
supplement,  Vol.   I,  passim  ;    British  and  Foreign  State  Papers,  LV; 
Staatsarchiv,  IV,  239-335  ;  Southern  Historical  Society,  Papers,  I,  23 ; 
II,  56,  104  ;  V,  288  ;  VI,  353  ;  VII,  99,  127,  333,  353  ;  IX,  542  ;  X,  137, 
154,  560;  E.  C.  Mason,   Veto  Power,  Appendix  C. —  STATUTES:  Con 
federate  States  of  America,  Statutes  at  Large  of  the  Provisional  Govern 
ment,  and  Public  Laws,  and  Private  Laws. —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  : 
Jefferson   Davis    (see   above,    under   Special);    A.  H.    Stephens,   War 
between  the  States,  passim  ;  George  Gary  Eggleston,  A  Rebel's  Recollec 
tions ;  J.  B.  Jones,  A  Rebel  War  Clerk's  Diary  ;  "A  Lady  of  Virginia," 
Diary  of  a  Southern  Refugee ;   J.  L.   Peyton,  The  American   Crisis  I, 
Chs.  i-v ;    J.  H.  Gilmer,  Southern  Politics,  and  Argument  in  the  Case  of 
the  Confederate  States  vs.  Gilmer  ;  Daniel,  Richmond  Examiner  during 
the  War  ;  R.   L.  Dabney,  Defence  of  Virginia  and  the  Sotith  ;  Heros 
Von    Borcke,    Memoirs    of  the    Confederate    War  for    Independence ; 
Raphael   Semmes,  Cruise  of  the  Alabama  ;   The  Index  (a  review  pub 
lished  in  London  at  the  expense  of  the  Confederacy);  C.  Girard,  Les 
Etats  Confcderes  d'Amerique,  Visites  en  1863.  —  There  are  also  numer 
ous  narratives  and  diaries  of  civilians  within  the  Confederate  lines.  — 
PERIODICALS  :  Articles  on  the  Confederacy  are  few  (see  §  26a),  but  they 
may  be  found  by  using  the  indexes  (§  i6c).    Of  the  Southern  newspapers 
the  most  important    are    the    Richmond  Whig,  Richmond  Examiner, 
Charleston  Mercury ;  files  are  very  rare. 

Bibliography.  —  Sabin,  Dictionary  of  American  Bibliography,  title 
Confederate  States  ;  Bartlett,  Literature  of  the  Rebellion  ;  J.  J.  Lalor, 
Cyclopedia,  I,  571,721;  Boston  Public  Library,  Catalogue,  Bates  Hall 
Supplement,  654-656;  R.  Desty,  Federal  Constitution,  116,  117;  John  O. 


§210.]  Military  Events.  415 

Sumner,  in  American  Historical  Association,  Papers,  IV,  332 ;  W.  E. 
Foster,  Presidential  Administrations,  48 ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Federal  Govern 
ment,  §  40. 

§  210.    Military  Events  of  the  Civil  War,  1861-1865. 

Summary.  —  Preparations  :  regular  army  ;  regular  navy  ;  resig 
nations  of  officers  ;  military  stores  ;  fortifications  ;  theatre  of  war 
(§  204);  effect  of  Fort  Sumter  episode  (§  208). —  Eastern  cam 
paigns  :  1861,  July  21,  Bull  Run;  1862,  May-July,  Peninsula 
campaign  ;  August  24,  second  Bull  Run  ;  Sept.  16,  17,  Antietam  ; 
December  13,  Fredericksburg  ;  1863,  May  3-5,  Chancellorsville  ; 
July  1-4,  Gettysburg;  1864,  May  5-9,  Wilderness;  May-July, 
Grant's  Virginia  campaign  ;  August-November,  Sheridan's  Valley 
campaigns.  —  Western  campaigns  :  1861,  Missouri  saved  ;  Novem 
ber  7,  Belmont  ;  1862,  February  6,  8,  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson  ; 
April  6,  7,  Pittsburg  Landing  ;  October  8,  Perryville  ;  December 
31,  Stone  River  ;  July  4,  Vicksburg  ;  September  19,  20,  Chicka- 
mauga  ;  November  23-25,  Chattanooga;  1864,  May-July,  Sher 
man's  Georgia  campaign  ;  September  2,  Atlanta  ;  November- 
December,  "March  to  the  sea";  December  15,  16,  Nashville.— 
Naval  warfare  :  1861-65,  blockade  ;  1862,  March  9,  10,  Merrimac 
and  Monitor;  April  23,  New  Orleans;  1863,  July,  Mississippi 
opened  ;  1864,  June  19,  Kearsarge  and  Alabama  ;  August  4-22, 
Mobile. —  Finale:  1865,  January-April,  Sherman's  northward 
march  ;  April  2,  3,  Richmond  abandoned  ;  April  9,  Lee  surrenders 
at  Appomattox  ;  April  26,  Johnston  surrenders  ;  dissolution  of 
Southern  organization  ;  1865-66,  disbandment  of  Northern  armies. 

General.  —  S.  H.  Gay,  Bryant's  Popidar  History,  IV,  Chs.  xvii-xxiii; 
J.  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  303-367,  II,  passim  ;  James  G. 
Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  I,  Chs.  xv-xvii,  xxiii-xxv ;  Goldwin 
Smith,  The  United  States,  241-294  ;  E.  Channing,  The  United  States, 
258-300  ;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  Ch.  ix,  x  ;  J.  N.  Larned,  History 
for  Ready  Reference,  V,  3420-3560. 

Special.  —  SINGLE- VOLUME  HISTORIES  :  Theodore  A.  Dodge,  Bird's- 
Eye  View  of  Otir  Civil  War ;  Rossiter  Johnson,  Short  History  of  the 
War  of  Secession  ;  John  M.  Botts,  The  Great  Rebellion  ;  Wm.  Swinton, 


416  Civil  War  Period.  [§210. 

Twelve  Decisive  Battles  of  the  War;  Heinrich  Blankenburg,  Die  innern 
Kampfe  der  nord-amerikanischen  Union,  71-205. —  EXTENDED  HIS 
TORIES  :  John  C.  Ropes,  Story  of  the  Civil  War  (3  vols.);  Comte  de 
Paris,  History  of  the  Civil  War  (4  vols.);  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History  of  the 
United  States,  III-V;  Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  Chs.  xxix, 
xxx,  xxxiii,  xxxv-xxxviii,  II,  Chs.  i-ix,  xiii-xx,  xxiii-xxix,  xxxi-xxxv  ; 
Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  IV— X,  passim  ;  Charles  H. 
Fletcher,  History  of  the  American  War  (3  vols.);  Century  Company, 
Battles  and  Leaders  of  the  Civil  War  (4  vols.);  Massachusetts  Military 
Historical  Society,  Papers  (10  vols.);  Southern  Historical  Society, 
Papers  (1876-1895);  J.  W.  Draper,  American  Civil  War,  II,  Chs.  xl, 
xlvi-lix,  III,  Chs.  Ixv-lxxxiii,  Ixxxviii-xciv  ;  Jefferson  Davis,  Confed 
erate  Government,  I,  352-483,  II,  18-157,  194-265,  311-342,  351-366, 
382-449,  504-704;  A.  Mahan,  Critical  History  of  the  American  War; 
O.  J.  Victor,  History  of  the  Southern  Rebellion  (2  vols.);  J.  T.  Headley, 
Great  Rebellion  (2  vols.);  Ferdinand  Le  Comte,  Guerre  de  la  Secession 
(3  vols.);  Benson  J.  Lossing,  Pictorial  Field  Book  of  the  Civil  War 
(3  vols.);  Harpers,  Pictorial  History  of  the  Great  Rebellion  ;  C.  C.  Coffin, 
Drum-Beat  of  the  Nation,  and  Redeeming  the  Republic,  and  Marching  to 
Victory,  and  Freedom  Triumphant  ;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Southern  History  of 
the  War  (4  vols.),  and  Lost  Cause,  Chs.  vii-xliii  (both  unreliable).  —  THE 
NAVY  :  Wilson,  Iron-Clads  in  Action,  I;  Charles  B.  Boynton,  History 
of  the  Navy  during  the  Rebellion ;  J.  R.  Soley,  The  Blockade  and 
the  Cridsers  ;  D.  Ammen,  Atlantic  Coast ;  A.  T.  Mahan,  Gulf  and 
Inland  Waters;  David  D.  Porter,  Naval  History  of  tJie  Civil  War; 
Lewis  R.  Hamersley,  Records  of  the  Officers  of  the  Navy,  with  a 
History  of  Naval  Operations;  J.  T.  Scharf,  Confederate  Navy;  A. 
Roberts,  Never  Caught  (blockade-running).  —  SPECIAL  ARMIES  AND 
CAMPAIGNS  :  Wm.  Swinton,  Campaigns  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac; 
T.  B.  Van  Home,  History  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  (2  vols.); 
John  Fitch,  Annals  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland ;  H.  V.  Boynton, 
Chattanooga  and  Chickamauga,  and  Sherman*  s  Historical  Raid; 
(Scribner's)  Campaigns  of  the  Civil  War  (13  vols.);  George  H.  Gor 
don,  Campaign  of  the  Army  of  Virginia  under  Pope;  Massachusetts 
Military  Historical  Society,  Papers  (10  vols.);  J.  H.  Stine,  Army  of  the 
Potomac.  —  MILITARY  BIOGRAPHIES  :  James  Grant  Wilson  (editor), 
Great  Commanders  (  vols.) ;  Adam  Badeau,  Military  History  of  U.  S. 
Grant  (3  vols.) ;  T.  B.  Van  Home,  George  H.  Thomas  ;  Mrs.  Hancock, 
Reminiscences  of  W.  S,  Hancock  ;  Henry  Coppee,  U.  S.  Grant  and  his 
Campaigns;  Loyall  Farragut,  David  G.  Farragut ;  A.  T.  Mahan,  David 
G.  Farragtit ;  Alfred  Roman,  Military  Operations  of  General  Beauregard 


[§2io.  Military  Events.  417 

(2  vols.);  John  Esten  Cooke,  Robert  E.  Lee  and  Stonewall  Jackson; 
A.  L.  Long,  Memoirs  of  Robert  E.  Lee;  R.  L.  Dabney,  Thomas  J. 
\Stoneivall}  Jackson  ;  Robert  M.  Hughes,  General  \_Joseph  £.~\  Johnston  ; 
Wm.  Preston  Johnson,  Albert  Sidney  Johnson  ;  H.  B.  McClellan,  J.  E.  B. 
Stuart.  —  In  addition  there  are  numerous  state  military  histories  (see 
§  23),  and  histories  of  army  corps,  regiments,  and  particular  battles  and 
movements. —  MILITARY  MAPS:  Theodore  A.  Dodge,  Bird's-Eye  View 
of  the  Civil  War  (sketches);  John  E.  Ropes,  Story  of  the  Civil  War; 
Comte  de  Paris,  Atlas  to  the  History  of  the  Civil  War  (very  beautiful), 
War  of  the  Rebellion;  Official  Records,  Atlas  (official  and  very  elaborate). 
—  Most  of  the  military  histories  and  biographies  contain  maps  of 
greater  or  less  value. 

Sources. — DEBATES:  Congressional  Globe,  37  Cong.,  38  Cong., 
passim. —  CONGRESSIONAL  INVESTIGATION:  Report  on  the  Condttct  of 
the  War  (3  vols.,  1863),  being  Senate  Reports,  37  Cong.  3  sess.  No.  108  ; 
Report  on  the  Conduct  of  the  War  (3  vols.,  1865),  being  Senate  Reports, 
38  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  142  ;  Siipplemental  Report  on  the  Conduct  of  the 
War  (2  vols.,  1866).  —  REPORTS  OF  THE  SECRETARIES  OF  WAR  AND 
OF  THE  NAVY:  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  II-V  (1861), 
38  Cong.,  special  session  of  March,  1863,  38  Cong.  2  sess.  passim  ; 
House  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.  3  sess.  IV-VIII  (1862);  38  Cong, 
i  sess.  IV,  V,  VII,  IX,  XIII,  XV  (1863);  38  Cong.  2  sess.  VI, 
VII,  XII-XIV  (1864);  39  Cong,  i  sess.  Ill,  V,  XII-XVI  (1865).— 
DOCUMENTS:  Senate  Reports,  38  Cong,  i  sess.  passim,  38  Cong.  2 
sess.  passim  ;  House  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  I,  V,  VII,  IX,  X, 
37  Cong.  3  sess.  IV;  House  Miscellaneous,  38  Cong.  2  sess.  I,  No.  39; 
House  Reports,  38  Cong,  i  sess.  I,  Nos.  65,  67,  38  Cong.  2  sess.,  39 
Cong,  i  sess.  Ill,  XII,  XIII  ;  American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861  to 
1866,  under  titles  "  Army,"  "  Army  Operations,"  "  Navy,"  "  Navy  Opera 
tions,"  "  Prisoners,"  and  names  of  engagements  ;  Edward  McPherson, 
History  of  the  Rebellion,  417-602,  passim  ;  Frank  Moore,  Rebellion 
Record,  I-XI,  and  Suppl.  I  ;  George  B.  McClellan,  Report  on  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac ;  U.  S.  Grant,  Report  of  July  2,  1865  (in  American 
Anmtal  Cyclopedia,  1865,  719-742);  [United  States]  The  War  of  the 
Rebellion  ;  A  Compilation  of  the  Official  Records  of  the  Union  and  Con 
federate  Armies,  Series  I  (serials  Nos.  i-ioo),  100  vols. — WORKS  OF 
COMMANDERS  :  Abraham  Lincoln,  Complete  Works,  I,  Chs.  xvii-xxxix  ; 
II  ;  U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs  ;  W.  T.  Sherman,  Memoirs,  I,  176- 
405;  11,1-380;  P.H.Sheridan,  Personal  Memoirs  :  Geo.  B.  McClellan, 
McClellan'' s  Own  Story  ;  The  Sherman  Letters,  125-145  ;  Joseph  E. 


41 8  Civil  War  Period.  [  §210. 

Johnston,  Narrative  of  Military  Operations  ;  George  H.  Gordon,  A  War 
Diary  ;  ].  B.  Hood,  Advance  and  Retreat ;  J.  S.  Mosby,  War  Reminis 
cences ;  Raphael  Semmes,  Service  Afloat;  Ambrose  E.  Burnside,  The 
Burnside  Expedition.  —  NARRATIVES  OF  PARTICIPANTS:  T.  W.  Hig- 
ginson,  Army  Life  in  a  Black  Regiment ;  P.  R.  de  Trobriand,  Four 
Years  -with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  ;  S.  D.  Townsend,  Anecdotes  of  the 
Civil  War ;  Carlton  McCarthy,  Detailed  Minutice  of  a  Soldier's  Life; 
David  D.  Porter,  Incidents  and  Anecdotes  of  the  Civil  War ;  George 
Alfred  Townsend,  Campaigns  of  a  Non-Combatant ;  Junius  H.  Browne, 
Four  Years  in  Secession  ;  W.  B.  Hazen,  Narrative  of  Military  ^Service  ; 
George  Gary  Eggleston,  A  Rebel's  Recollections ;  Arthur  Sinclair,  Two 
Years  in  the  Alabama  ;  C.  E.  Hunt,  The  Shenandoah  ;  Frank  Wilkeson, 
Recollections  of  a  Private  Soldier ;  John  Wilkinson,  Narrative  of  a 
Blockade-Runner.  —  FOREIGN  OBSERVERS:  William  H.  Russell,  My 
Diary  North  and  South  ;  Samuel  P.  Day,  Down  South  ;  Edward  Dicey, 
Six  Months  in  the  Federal  States;  Lieut.-Col.  A.  J.  Fremantle,  Three 
Months  in  the  Southern  States.  —  ILLUSTRATIVE  MATERIAL  :  Pictures  in 
Harper's  Weekly  (many  republished  in  Harper's  Pictorial  History  of  the 
War),  and  in  Frank  Leslie's  Weekly  ;  Richard  Grant  White,  Poetry  of 
the  Civil  War ;  W.  L.  Fagan,  Southern  War  Songs ;  Geo.  H.  Boker, 
Poems  on  the  War  (see  §  213).  —  PERIODICALS  :  There  is  an  immense 
periodical  literature,  which  can  be  reached  through  the  indexes  enumer 
ated  in  §  i6c.  Of  the  newspapers  (§  27)  the  most  useful  are  the  New 
York  Tribune,  Times,  World,  Evening  Post,  Springfield  Republican, 
Boston  Advertiser,  Chicago  Tribune,  Cincinnati  Commercial. 

Bibliography.  —John  C.  Ropes,  Story  of  the  Civil  War,  I,  Chs.  ix-xii ; 
W.  E.  Foster,  Presidential  Administrations,  46-48  ;  Ben  Perley  Poore, 
Catalogue  of  Government  Publications,  790-842  ;  F.  Leypoldt,  American 
Catalogue,  see  indexes  under  "  United  States  — history  —  Civil  War"; 
J.  R.  Bartlett,  Literature  of  the  Rebellion  ;  J.  N.  Larned,  History  for  Ready 
Reference,  V,  3905  ;  Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii,  173,  180- 
189,  191-198  ;  H.  Matson,  References  for  Literary  Workers,  85  ;  Sabin, 
Dictionary  of  American  Bibliography ;  Boston  Public  Library,  Cata 
logue  Bates  Hall  Supplement,  under  title  "United  States";  library 
catalogues  enumerated  in  §  i6d  ;  footnotes  to  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History; 
Robert  Clarke  &  Co.,  List  of  Books  on  the  Rebellion. 


§2ii.]  Financial  Measures.  419 


§  211.     Financial  Measures  of  the  Civil  War,  1861-1865. 

Summary.  —  Financial  status  in  1861 :  taxes,  debt,  estimates.  — 
Financial  administration  :  1861,  March  5,  Secretary  Chase  ;  1864, 
Secretary  Fessenden.  —  Taxes  :  import  duties  raised  ;  gold  duties  ; 
1862,  July  i,  1863,  March  3,  1864,  June  30,  1865,  March  3,  inter 
nal  revenue  acts  ;  direct  tax  ;  miscellaneous  taxes  ;  income  tax ; 
proceeds  of  the  taxes.  —  Legal  tenders:  Chase's  policy;  1862, 
February  25,  July  n,  1863,  March  3,  legal  tender  acts  ;  amount 
issued  ;  1862-79,  gold  speculation;  1869-70,  and  1884,  Supreme 
Court  decisions.  —  Loans:  "seven-thirties,"  "six-forties,"  "five- 
twenties";  amount  of  loans;  proceeds  of  loans.  —  National 
banks:  old  state  banks;  1863,  February  25,  1864,  June  3, 
National  Bank  acts  ;  number  of  banks  ;  services  to  the  govern 
ment  ;  circulation.  —  Expenditures  :  military  ;  civil ;  methods. 

General.  —  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  215-222,  II,  488-490,  III, 
972-981;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  II,  Ch.  Ixiii,  III,  Chs.  Ixxxiv-lxxxvi ; 
Horace  White,  Money  and  Banking,  148-165,  406-419,  465  ;  W.  G. 
Sumner,  American  Currency,  189-215  ;  Rossiter  Johnson,  Short  History 
of  the  Civil  War,  Ch.  xxx  ;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  Ch.  vi. 

Special.  —  John  Jay  Knox,  United  States  Notes,  Chs.  ix-xi ;  J.  F. 
Rhodes,  History,  III,  464,  559-578,  IV,  passim  ;  Comte  de  Paris,  Civil 
War,  II,  654-706,  III,  403-450;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln, 
VI,  Chs.  xi,  xii,  IX,  Ch.  iv  ;  H.  C.  Adams,  Public  Debts,  Ft.  ii ; 
George  Bancroft,  Plea  for  the  Constitution;  C.  J.  Stille,  How  a  Free 
People  Conduct  a  Long  War  ;  James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress, 
I,  Chs.  xviii,  xix,  xxii ;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Plistory  of  the  Tariff.  Many 
articles  in  periodicals  (§§  26,  26a),  especially  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Economics;  Political  Science  Quarterly  ;  Galaxy;  Atlantic;  Harper's; 
Scribner's  ;  Century  ;  Banker's  Magazine. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Congressional  Globe,  37  Cong.,  38  Cong.,  39 
Cong,  i  sess.  passim.  —  FINANCE  REPORTS  :  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  37 
Cong.  2  sess.  No.  2  (1861);  37  Cong.  3  sess.  No.  i  (1862);  House 
Exec.  Docs.,  38  Cong,  i  sess.  VI,  No.  3  (1863),  VII,  No.  8,  and 
XV,  No.  84  (receipts  and  expenditures),  VII,  No.  4,  and  IX,  No.  36 
(treasurer's  reports);  38  Cong.  2  sess.  VII  (1864),  VIII,  XIII,  No.  73; 
39  Cong,  i  sess.  VI,  XII,  No.  74  (1865).  —  DOCUMENTS:  Senate 
Exec.  Docs.,  38  Cong.,  i  sess.  I,  No.  35  (direct  taxes),  No.  52 


42 o  Civil  War  Period.  [§211. 

(debt),  No.  50  (banks)  ;  Senate  Miscellaneous,  39  Cong,  i  sess.  Nos. 
100,  112,  117;  Senate  Reports,  51  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  2130  (import 
duties);  Hoiisc  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  I,  III,  Nos.  36,  44, 
IX,  No.  122  ;  37  Cong.  3  sess.  V,  No.  25  (banks);  38  Cong,  i  sess. 
XIII,  No.  66  (Jay  Cooke);  38  Cong.  2  sess.  VIII,  No.  16  (cotton); 
39  Cong,  i  sess.  VII,  No.  26  (deposits),  XII,  No.  95  (rebel  cotton  loan); 
48  Cong.  2  sess.  XVII,  No.  4,  Table  E  (proceeds  of  taxes);  House  Mis 
cellaneous,  38  Cong,  i  sess.  Ill,  No  28  ;  House  Reports,  38  Cong,  i  sess.  II, 
No.  140 ;  American  Annual  Cyclopcedia,  1861,  pp.  295-314;  1862,  pp.  452— 
474  (finances);  s86j,  pp.  290-304  (National  Bank  Act),  394-412  (finances); 
1864,  PP-  37:-377  (finances),  219-352,  passim  (Congress);  1865,  PP-  2O 5~ 
301,  passim  (Congress),  335-350  (finances);  Edward  McPherson,  His 
tory  of  the  Rebellion,  358-374.  —  STATUTES  :  Statutes  at  Large,  XII, 
XIII  ;  C.  F.  D unbar,  Laws  Relating  to  Currency  and  Banking,  155- 
198  ;  American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  as  above;  Congressional  Globe,  37 
Cong.,  38  Cong.,  Appendices.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  Hugh 
McCulloch,  Men  and  Measures.  Chs.  xv-xvii ;  John  Sherman,  Recollec 
tions,  I,  Chs.  xii,  xiii,  and  Selected  Speeches  ;  R.  B.  Warden,  Life  of  Salmon 
P.  Chase  ;  J.  W.  Schuckers,  Salmon  P.  Chase  ;  Abraham  Lincoln,  Com 
plete  Works,  II  ;  L.  E.  Chittenden,  Personal  Recollections,  Chs.  xxxiii, 
xxxiv  ;  Charles  Sumner,  Works,  VI,  319,  VII,  84-109,  148,  166,  VIII, 
419,  471,  IX,  26,  229,  336.  Other  collections  of  speeches,  see  §§  32- 
34.  —  COURT  DECISIONS  ON  LEGAL  TENDER:  Hepburn  vs.  Griswold, 
8  Wallace,  603,  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2222;  Knox  vs.  Lee,  12  Wallace, 
457,  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2237;  Juillard  vs.  Greenman,  no  United  States, 
421,  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2255. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia;  II,  490,  III,  986;  W.  E. 
Foster,  Providence  Monthly  Reference  Lists,  II,  Nos.  53,  60  ;  indexes  to 
public  documents  (see  §  i6e);  Bowker  and  lies,  Reader's  Guide,  35-43, 
66-72;  C.  F.  Dunbar,  Topics  and  References,  Financial  Legislation. 

§  212.     International  Complications  of  the  War, 
1861-1865. 

Summary.  —  Administration  of  foreign  affairs  :  Secretary  Sew- 
ard  ;  Charles  Sumner;  Lincoln.  —  Question  of  blockade:  1861, 
April  19,  27,  Lincoln's  proclamations  ;  blockade-runners  (§  209); 
captures  (§  210);  effect  on  foreign  cotton-spinning.  —  Recogni 
tion  of  belligerency:  1861,  May  13,  English  neutrality  proclama 
tion  ;  other  foreign  neutrality  proclamations.  —  Trent  affair: 


§2i2.]  International  Complications .  421 

1861,  November  8,  seizure  of  Slidell  and  Mason  by  Wilkes  ; 
December  23,  English  ultimatum  presented  ;  December  25,  cab 
inet  agrees  to  surrender  Mason  and  Slidell.  —  Alabama  question  : 

1861,  May  I,  Minister  C.  F.  Adams  in  London  ;  Confederate  sym 
pathies  of  the  governing  class  ;  Union  sympathies  of  the  working 
class  ;    Confederate   sympathies  of   the   English  colonies  ;  1862, 
February  :  8  to  March  22,  Adams's  protests  against  the  Oreto  (Flor 
ida);  June   23  to  July   29,  Adams's  protests    against  the  "290" 
(Alabama);    1863,   the    Japan   (Georgia);    1864,   the    Sea    King 
(Shenandoah) ;  depredations  of  the  cruisers  (§§  209,  210);  ques 
tion  of  indirect  damages  ;  effect  on  American  merchant  marine. 
—  Captures  of    English  vessels  :    blockade-runners  (see  above) ; 
"continuous  voyages."  —  Mexico:    1861,    English,   French,    and 
Spanish  convention  ;   1862,  French  invasion  ;   1863,  September  20, 
Seward's  protest  ;  1864,  April  4,  House  resolution  on  monarchical 
governments  ;  Maximilian's  empire  ;  1865-66,  Napoleon  III  com 
pelled  to  withdraw. 

General.  —  John  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  368-387;  Freeman 
Snow,  Lectures  at  the  Naval  War  College,  §§  57-69;  Sidney  Buxton, 
Finance  and  Politics,  I,  Ch.  xiv;  H.  C.  Fletcher,  American  War,  I, 
Ch.  ix;  Rossiter  Johnson,  Short  History  of  the  War,  Chs.  v,  xxiv;  S.  S. 
Cox,  Three  Decades,  Chs.  xiii,  xiv. 

Special.  —  NARRATIVES  :  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  IV, 
Ch.  xv,  V,  Ch.  ii,  VI,  Chs.  ii,  iv,  VII,  Ch.  xiv,  VIII,  Ch.  x;  J.  F. 
Rhodes,  History,  III,  417-435,  519-543,  IV,  V  (in  preparation);  F.  W. 
Seward,  Seward  at  Washington,  I,  Chs.  Ix,  Ixi,  Ixv-lxvii,  II,  Chs.  i- 
xi,  xx,  xxiii,  xxv,  xxviii,  xxix,  xxxiv  ;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Charles  Sumner,  IV, 
Chs.  xliv-xlviii ;  Charles  F.  Adams,  Jr.,  Charles  Francis  Adams  (in 
preparation);  Pleasant  A.  Stovall,  Robert  Toombs,  Ch.  xxi;  Montague 
Bernard,  Neutrality  of  Great  Britain,  Chs.  v-xviii ;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil 
War,  II,  Chs.  Ix-lxii ;  III,  Ch.  Ixxxiv;  Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate 
Government,  II,  245-250,  266-284,367-381;  James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty 
Years  of  Congress,  I,  Ch.  xxvi ;  Thurlow  Weed  Barnes,  Memoir  of 
Thurlow  Weed,  348-417;  Century  Company,  Battles  and  Leaders  of  the 
Civil  War,  IV,  595-614  (Confederate  cruisers);  John  Bigelow,  France 
and  the  Confederate  Navy  ;  J.  R.  Soley,  The  Blockade  and  the  Cruisers  ; 
American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861,  pp.  70  (blockade),  693  (Trent); 

1862,  pp.  193  (blockade),  738  (mediation),  741  (slave  trade).  —  DISCUS 
SIONS  :  Henry  Wheaton,  Elements  of  International  Law  (Boyd  edition), 


422  Civil  War  Period.  [§212. 

§§  412-537,  and  Appendices  ;  C.  C.  Beaman,  National  and  Private  Ala 
bama  Claims;  Theodore  Woolsey,  International  Law,  §§  163-203; 
Travers  Twiss,  Law  of  ATations,  War,  I,  Chs.  vi,  x-xii;  J.  N.  Pomeroy, 
International  Law,  Ch.  vii.  —  PERIODICALS  :  See  list  in  §  26a,  and 
indexes  in  §  :6c.  The  English  reviews  devoted  much  space  to  the 
war,  especially  Spectator,  London  Times. 

Sources.  —  DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE  :  Papers  Relating  to  For 
eign  Affairs,  years  1861, 1862,  1863  (2  vols.),  1864  (4  vols.),  reprints  from 
Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  I  (1861);  37  Cong.  3  sess.  I  (1862); 
House  Exec.  Docs.,  38  Cong,  i  sess.  I,  II  (1863) ;  38  Cong.  2  sess.  I-IV 
(1864) ;  39  Cong,  i  sess.  I  (1865).  —  OTHER  DOCUMENTS  :  House  Exec. 
Docs.,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  Ill,  No.  46  (Trent),  VIII,  No.  104  (privateers),  VIII, 
No.  100  (Mexico) ;  37  Cong.  3  sess.  V,  No.  23,  and  VI,  No.  54  (Mexico) ; 
38  Cong,  i  sess.  VII,  No.  10  (diplomatic  system);  XV,  No.  92 
(Mexico) ;  39  Cong,  i  sess.  VII,  No.  36  (Shenandoah) ;  House  Reports, 
37  Cong.  2  sess.  Ill,  No.  122  (reciprocity);  39  Cong,  i  sess.  I,  No.  100 
(neutral  relations) ;  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  IV,  Nos.  8,  14, 
18  (Trent);  I,  No.  100,  and  V,  No.  57  (slave  trade);  37  Cong.  3  sess. 
No.  27  (contraband),  Nos.  49,  50  (English  workingmen) ;  38  Cong,  i 
sess.  I,  No.  30  (monarchical  governments),  No.  47  (Mexico),  No.  54 
(foreign  enlistments) ;  38  Cong.  2  sess.  I,  No.  2  (aid  by  British  subjects), 
No.  33  (Mexico) ;  39  Cong,  i  sess.  I,  No.  5  (Mexico);  Case  of  the  United 
States  before  the  \_Geneva~\  Tribunal  of  Arbitration  ;  Edward  McPherson, 
History  of  the  Rebellion,  150-153,  338-356;  Frank  Moore,  Rebellion 
Record,  Suppl.  I,  passim  ;  Francis  Wharton,  Digest  of  the  International 
Law  of  the  United  States  (see  index  under  "  Blockade,"  "  Neutrals," 
"  Privateers");  American  Animal  Cyclopedia,  1861,  pp.  258-277  (corre 
spondence),  70  (blockade),  252  (cotton),  462  (Mexico),  584-593  (pri 
vateering),  624-627  (neutrality  proclamations);  1862,  pp.  378-393  (cor 
respondence);  1863,  PP-  34o-345  (correspondence),  636  (Mexico);  1864, 
360-366  (correspondence);  1865,  pp.  335-350  (finances);  Pitt  Cobbett, 
Leading  Cases  and  Opinions  in  International  Law.  —  CONTEMPORARY 
WRITINGS  :  Abraham  Lincoln,  Complete  Works,  II  ;  William  H.  Seward, 
Works,  V  ("Diplomatic  History  of  the  War  for  the  Union"};  John 
Bright,  Speeches  on  the  American  Question  ;  Gideon  Welles,  Lincoln  and 
Seward ;  C.  G.  Loring  and  E.  W.  Field,  Correspondence  on  the  Present 
Relations  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States ;  Samuel  A 
Goddard,  Letters  on  the  Rebellion  ;  J.  L.  Peyton,  The  American  Crisis, 
II,  Chs.  i-v  ;  Charles  Sumner,  Works,  VI,  153-243,  474-487,  VII-IX, 
passim. 


§213.]  Administration  and  People.  423 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  Foster,  Providence  Monthly  Reference  Lists, 
IV,  No.  90  (Mexico);  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  45  ;  Gordy  and 
Twitchell,  Pathfinder,  Pt.  ii,  173-179  ;  Indexes  to  Public  Documents 
(§  i6e);  footnotes  to  treatises  on  international  law,  cited  above. 

§  213.     Administration  and  People  during  the  War, 
1861-1865. 

Summary.  —  Administration  :  President  (§  208);  cabinet  ;  Sec 
retary  Stanton  ;  generals  ;  war  governors  ;  civil  service.  —  Rais 
ing  troops  :  regulars  ;  volunteers  ;  terms  of  enlistment  ;  officers' 
commissions;  recruiting;  bounties;  drafts;  1863,  draft  riots; 
Sanitary  Commission  ;  fairs.  —  Parties  :  Republicans  ;  War  Demo 
crats  ;  Peace  Democrats  ;  unfavorable  elections  of  1862  ;  Repub 
lican  opposition  to  Lincoln ;  cabinet  troubles  ;  election  of  1 864. 
—  Arbitrary  government  :  1861,  April  27,  Lincoln  suspends  habeas 
corpus;  May,  Merriman  case  ;  indemnity  act ;  1863,  act  author 
izing  suspensions  ;  1863,  May,  Vallandigham  tried  by  a  military 
tribunal  ;  Vallandigham  sent  south  ;  erection  of  provost  marshal- 
ships  in  Northern  states  ;  Milligan  case.  —  Popular  sentiment :  com 
mercial  prosperity  ;  excitement  of  the  war ;  sacrifices  of  soldiers  ; 
sacrifices  of  those  who  stayed  at  home  ;  the  women. 

General.  —  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Politics,  Ch.  xx  ;  Woodrow 
Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  §§  104-116;  John  T.  Morse,  Abraham 
Lincoln,  II,  passim  ;  Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  Chs.  xxxii, 
xxxiv  ;  II,  Chs.  xxi,  xxx  ;  James  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress, 
I,  Chs.  xvii,  xx,  xxi,  xxiii ;  Rossiter  Johnson,  Short  History  of  the  War, 
Chs.  xxi,  xxii,  xxix  ;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Trial  of  the  Constitution,  Chs.  i,  iii ; 
J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  642,  836,  11,432,  III,  532-537,  1099-1101; 
W.  R.  Houghton,  History  of  American  Politics,  Ch.  xviii ;  E.  Stan  wood, 
Presidential  Elections,  Ch.  xxi  ;  R.  H.  Gillett,  Democracy  in  the  United 
States,  270-283,  291;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  Chs.  xi,  xii ;  Mrs.  Chap 
man  Coleman,  Life  of  J.  J.  Crittenden,  II,  Ch.  xviii ;  E.  B.  Callender, 
Thaddeus  Stevens,  Ch.  vi ;  Thurlow  Weed  Barnes,  Memoir  of  Thurlow 
Weed,  418-448;  Geo.  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
§§  243-261,  413-426  ;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  662-668, 
703-710;  Joel  Tiffany,  Treatise  on  Government,  244—266. 

Special.  —  NARRATIVES  :  W.  A.  Dunning,  Constitution  in  Civil  War 
{Political  Science  Quarterly,  I,  163-198);  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham 


424  Civil  War  Period.  [§2I3- 

Lincoln,  IV,  Chs.  vi-viii,  VI,  Chs.  xv,  xvi,  VII,  Chs.  ii,  xii,  xiii,  VIII, 
Chs.  i,  ii;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  III,  Chs.  Ixxxv,  Ixxxvii ;  H.  C. 
Fletcher,  American  War,  I,  Chs.  iv,  x,  xvii,  II,  Chs.  v,  ix,  xv,  III, 
Chs.  i,  xx,  xxiv  ;  Henry  Wilson,  Military  Measures  of  the  United  States 
Congress  ;  Jefferson  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  II,  1—17,  343— 350, 
450-503  ;  F.  W.  Seward,  Seward  at  Washington,  II.  —  HABEAS  CORPUS 
AND  MARTIAL  LAW  :  Joel  Parker,  Constitiitional  Law,  and  Habeas 
Corpus  and  Martial  Law,  and  Three  Powers  of  Government ;  William 
Whiting,  War  Powers  under  the  Constitution  ;  Rollin  C.  Hurd,  Treatise 
on  Habeas  Corpus  ;  L.  G.  Tyler,  Suspension  of  Habeas  Corpus  {Political 
Science  Quarterly,  III,  454-488);  Samuel  Tyler,  Memoirs  of  Taney, 
Ch.  vi ;  John  A.  Marshall,  American  Bastile  ;  Horace  Binney,  Privilege 
of  the  Writ  of  Habeas  Corpus ;  Lives  of  Abraham  Lincoln  (see  §  25): 
North  American  Review,  XCIII,  453.  —  PERIODICALS  :  List  in  §  26a ; 
indexes,  §  i6c  ;  especially  New  York  Tribune,  New  York  Times,  New 
York  Evening  Post,  New  York  Herald,  Boston  Advertiser,  Springfield 
Republican,  Albany  Evening  Journal. 

Sources.  —  PRESIDENTS'  MESSAGES  :  Congressional  Globe,  37  and  38 
Cong.;  Annual  Cyclopczdia,  1861  to  1865  (under  "  Public  Documents")  ; 
Abraham  Lincoln,  Complete  Works  ;  contemporary  newspapers ;  American 
History  Leaflets,  Nos.  18,  26.  —  DEBATES  :  Congressional  Globe,  37  Cong., 
38  Cong.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  V,  Nos.  42, 
50,  51  ;  Senate  Miscellaneous,  38  Cong,  i  sess.  Ill,  No.  71  (draft  riots); 
House  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong,  i  sess.  Nos.  5,  6,  16,  17  (habeas  corpus);  38 
Cong,  i  sess.  V,  No.  i  (provost  marshal  general);  38  Cong.  2  sess. 
XIII,  No.  56  (election),  No.  59  (peace);  39  Cong,  i  sess.  IV,  No.  i 
(provost  marshal  general) ;  House  Reports,  39  Cong,  i  sess.  I,  No.  93 
(Fry);  House  Miscellaneous,  39  Cong.  I  sess.  Ill,  No.  70  ;  American 
Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861,  pp.  328  (press),  354  (habeas  corpus],  439  (mar 
tial  law);  1862,  pp.  275-376  (Congress),  508-515  (habeas  corpus],  726- 
732  (message  of  December,  1862);  1863,  PP-  233~258  (debates  on 
habeas  corpus],  268-328  (debates),  469-491  (habeas  corpus],  606  (martial 
law),  811-818  (riots),  831-842  (general);  1864,  PP-  2I9~352  (Congress), 
389-394  (press),  421-425  (habeas  corpus},  778-801  (general);  1863, 
pp.  205-301  (Congress),  414-421  (habeas  corpus};  Official  Opinions  of 
Attorneys-General,  X,  XI,  passim  ;  Edward  McPherson,  History  of  the 
Rebellion,  153-195  (habeas  corpus],  261-338,  374-389  (general),  403-417 
(conventions  of  1864),  617-622  ;  Frank  Moore,  Rebellion  Record,  I-XI, 
and  Supplement,  passim.  —  WTRITINGS  OF  CONTEMPORARIES  :  John 
Sherman,  Recollections,  I,  Ch.  xv  ;  Abraham  Lincoln,  Complete  Works  ; 


§2i4-]  Abolition  of  Slavery.  425 

Alexander  Johnston,  American  Orations,  III,  187-198  ;  Clement  L. 
Vallandigham,  Record  on  Abolition,  the  Union,  and  the  Civil  War ; 
W.  H.  Seward,  Works,  V  (Diary);  Charles  Sumner,  Works,  V-IX, 
passim  ;  Henry  Winter  Davis,  Speeches  and  Addresses  ;  Geo.  W.  Julian, 
Political  Recollections,  Chs.  ix-xi  ;  A.  G.  Riddle,  Recollections  of  War 
Times;  Noah  Brooks,  Washington  in  Lincoln's  Time.  —  HUMORISTS: 
Richard  Grant  White,  New  Gospel  of  Peace ;  R.  H.  Newell,  Orpheus 
C.  Kerr  Papers ;  Charles  F.  Browne,  Artemus  Ward,  His  Book,  and 
His  Travels. 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  the  Constitution,  26,  and 
References  to  Presidential  Administrations,  45-49  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclo 
pedia,  I,  838,  II,  434,  III,  537,  noi  ;  Woodrow  Wilson,  Division  and 
Reunion,  §  95 ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Revised  Suggestions,  §  68. 

§  214.     Abolition  of  Slavery,  1861-1865. 

Summary.  —  Status  in  1861 :  free  states  ;  border  slaves  states  ; 
territories;  District  of  Columbia;  1861,  February  n,  House 
unanimous  resolution  ;  1861,  March  2,  Corwin  amendment  (§  207); 
1 86 1,  July,  House  on  the  purpose  of  the  war. —  Question  of  slaves 
of  combatants:  1861,  May,  Butler's  "contrabands  of  war"; 
August  6,  confiscation  act  ;  1862,  March  13,  return  by  officers 
forbidden  ;  July  2.  second  confiscation  act.  —  District  of  Colum 
bia  :  1862,  April  26,  compensated  emancipation  act.  —  Terri 
tories:  June  19,  prohibition  act. —  Negro  troops:  1861,  De 
cember,  Cameron's  message  ;  1862,  Hunter's  regiment  ;  July 
17,  act  authorizing  enlistments;  1862-64,  enlistments.  —  Slave 
trade  :  1862,  June  7,  treaty  with  England  ;  1864,  July  7,  domestic 
trade  forbidden.  —  Emancipation  proclamations:  1861-62,  pres 
sure  on  Lincoln  ;  influence  of  the  border  states  ;  1861,  August  30, 
Fremont's  order  ;  1862,  May  9,  Hunter's  order;  1862,  August  19, 
Lincoln's  letter  on  saving  the  Union  ;  September  22,  preliminary 
proclamation;  1863,  January  i,  final  proclamation;  legal  effect; 
political  effect.  —  State  emancipations  :  Lincoln's  scheme  of  com 
pensation  ;  1862,  April  10,  joint  resolution  favoring;  1862-63, 
border  states  refuse  ;  1862,  March  21,  West  Virginia  abolishes  ; 
1863,  June  24,  Missouri  emancipates;  1864,  October  13,  Mary 
land  abolishes  ;  1865,  December,  abolition  in  Kentucky  and 


426  Civil  War  Period.  [§214. 

Delaware  by  Thirteenth  Amendment.  —  Fugitive  slaves:  1864, 
June  28,  act  of  1850  repealed.  —  Thirteenth  Amendment:  Lin 
coln's  influence  ;  1864,  June  15,  fails  in  the  House  ;  question  in 
the  campaign  of  1864  ;  1865,  Jan.  31,  passes  the  House  ;  Decem 
ber  1 8,  declared  in  force. 

General.  —  Horace  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  II,  Chs.  xi,  xii,  xxii ; 
J.  W.  Draper,  American  Civil  War,  II,  Ch.  Ixiv ;  James  G.  Elaine, 
Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  I,  Chs.  xx,  xxi ;  Geo.  S.  Boutwell,  Constitii- 
tion  of  the  United  States,  §§  706-716  ;  Rossiter  Johnson,  Short  History 
of  the  War,  Ch.  xiii ;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  Ch.  xvi  ;  American 
Annual  Cyclopcedia,  1862,  pp.  786-796  ;  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  II,  76- 
78,  280  ;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  109-1 19  ;  Wm.  Whiting, 
War  Powers,  Chs.  iii,  viii. 

Special.  —  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  IV,  Chs.  xxii,  xxiv, 
V,  Ch.  xii,  VI,  Chs.  vi,  viii,  xvii,  xix,  xx,  VIII,  Chs.  xvi,  xx,  X,  Ch. 
iv  ;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Charles  Sumner,  IV,  Chs.  xlviii-1 :  Garrisons,  Life  of 
William  Lloyd  Garrison,  IV,  Chs.  i-vi ;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power, 
III,  Chs.  xvii-xli ;  Comte  de  Paris,  Civil  War,  II,  706-747;  Isaac  N. 
Arnold,  History  of  Lincoln  and  the  Overthrow  of  Slavery  ;  F.  Wharton, 
Commentaries,  §§  20,  360,  400,  584-593 ;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional 
Law,  §§  116-118;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Story's  Commentaries,  II,  §§  1923- 
1927;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  III,  446-476,  IV  [in  preparation];  A. 
Wilcox,  Powers  of  the  Federal  Government  over  Slavery ;  Jefferson 
Davis,  Confederate  Government,  II,  158-193,  460-476;  S.  G.  Fisher, 
Trial  of  the  Constitution,  Ch.  iv ;  Augustin  Cochin,  Results  of  Emanci 
pation  ;  J.  E.  Cairnes,  Slave  Power,  Ch.  ix  ;  G.  W.  Williams,  Negro 
Race,  II,  Chs.  xiv-xviii;  Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  §§  85- 
105,  Appendix  C  ;  Mary  Tremain,  Slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia  ; 
biographies  of  Lincoln  (see  §§  25,  208),  Chase,  Sumner,  Ben  WTade, 
Thaddeus  Stevens,  W.  L.  Garrison,  Seward  (§  25). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Congressional  Globe,  37  Cong.,  38  Cong.,  39 
Cong,  i  sess.;  daily  newspapers,  especially  New  York  Tribune,  Times, 
Herald,  Boston  Advertiser,  Chicago  Tribune  (see  §  27).  —  DOCUMENTS  : 
Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  V,  No.  42,  VI,  No.  68  ;  39  Cong. 
I  sess.  II,  No.  55;  Senate  Reports,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  12;  38 
Cong,  i  sess.  Nos.  8,  17,  24,  25  ;  38  Cong.  2  sess.  I,  No.  137;  House 
Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.  2  sess.  V,  No.  69  (emancipation);  X,  Nos.  133, 
143  (black  troops);  38  Cong,  i  sess.  IX,  No.  42  (District  of  Columbia); 
38  Cong.  2  sess.  VIII,  No.  38  (troops);  House  Reports,  37  Cong.  2  sess. 


§  2i4-]  Abolition  of  Slavery.  427 

III,  No.  58,  IV,  Nos.  120,  148;  38  Cong,  i  sess.  I,  No.  2  ;  38  Cong. 
2  sess.  No.  9  ;  House  Miscellaneous,  38  Cong.  2  sess.  (state  resolutions).  — 
American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  s86i,pp.  641-645  (slaves);  1862,  pp. 720- 
726  (Lincoln's  plans),  752-759  (slaves),  736  (emancipation  proclama 
tion);  s86j,  pp.  268  (negro  troops),  304-321  (emancipation  in  states), 
425-431  (freedmen),  831-835  (Lincoln  on  emancipation);  1864,  pp.  219- 
353,  passim,  (Congress),  387;  1865,  PP-  205-217  (Thirteenth  Amendment), 
370-378  (freedmen).  —  Edward  McPherson,  History  of  the  Rebellion,  195- 
261 ;  Frank  Moore,  Rebellion  Record,  V-XI,  and  Supplement  I,  passim.  — 
CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  Abraham  Lincoln,  Complete  Works,  II ; 
Charles  Sumner,  Works,  VI-IX,  passim  ;  John  Sherman,  Recollections, 
I,  Ch.  xiv;  A.  G.  Riddle,  Reminiscences,  129-163;  Geo.  S.  Boutwell, 
Speeches  and  Papers ;  Garrisons,  Life  of  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  IV, 
Chs.  i-vi ;  Frederick  Douglass,  Life  and  Times,  Chs.  xi,  xii;  Samuel  A. 
Goddard,  Letters  on  the  American  Rebellion  ;  Noah  Brooks,  Washington 
in  Lincoln's  Time,  Ch.  vi  ;  A.  K.  McClure,  Lincoln  and  Men  of  War 
Time,  88-104;  F.  B.  Carpenter,  Six  Months  at  the  White  House; 
Elizabeth  H.  Botume,  First  Days  Among  the  Contrabands.  —  PERIODI 
CALS  :  List  in  §  26a  ;  indexes  in  §  i6c  ;  especially  Liberator,  Inde 
pendent,  New  York  Tribune. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopcedia,  II,  78,  280;  Marion  G. 
McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  Appendix  E ;  Indexes  to  Public  Docu 
ments  (see  §  i6e)  ;  Bartlett,  Literature  of  the  Rebellion;  Robert  Desty, 
Federal  Constitution,  277,  278,  326. 


INDEX. 


[In  this  index  will  be  found  references  to  subjects,  persons,  and  books,  in  one 
alphabet.  An  asterisk  indicates  a  page  on  which  the  title  of  the  work  is  cited  in  full, 
with  the  place  and  date  of  publication.  Titles  are  commonly  entered  only  on  the  page 
in  which  they  first  appear]. 


ABBOTT,  B.  V.,  United  States  Digest, 
*ii7. 

Abbott,  C.,  Primitive  Industry,  231. 

Abdy,  E.  S.,  Residence  and  Tour,* ft. 

Ableman  vs.  Booth,  case  of,  393,  394. 

Abolition  movement,  376;  anti-abolition 
mobs,  377  ;  societies,  377  ;  petitions,  378  ; 
in  Civil  War,  425.  —  See  Annexation, 
Emancipation,  Free-Soil  Party,  Fugi 
tives,  Liberty  Party,  Petitions,  Slavery, 
Slave-Trade . 

Aborigines.  —  See  Indians. 

Acadia,  settlement  of,  242  ;  ceded  to 
England,  242,  281. 

Acadians,  removal  of,  281. 

Acrelius,  New  Sweden,  262. 

Adair,  J.,  American  Indians,  233. 

Adams,  Abigail  (with  John),  Letters,  336. 

Adams,  Brooks,  Emancipation  of  Massa 
chusetts,  *62. 

Adams,  C.  F.  [ist],  biography,  *87 ;  (with 
J.  Q.  Adams)  John  Adams,  *87 ;  min 
ister  to  England,  421. 

Adams,  C.  F.  [ad],  Braintree  and  Quincy 
(Mass.),  %3  ;  Massachusetts  Historians, 
*62,  273  ;  Three  Episodes,  %2,  146,  269  ; 
Charles  Francis  Adams  [ist],  *$7  ;  R. 
H.  Dana,  *8g ;  (with  H.  Adams)  Es 
says,  251;  Old  Planters,  269;  Massa 
chusetts  Towns,  271  ;  Welders  Slwrt 
History,  273  ;  Railroads,  366. 

Adams,  C.  K.,  Manual  of  Historical  Lit 
erature,  *3o,  35  ;  on  methods,  23. 

Adams,  D.,  English  Party  Leaders,  301. 

Adams,  F.  C.,  Uncle  Tom  at  Home,  376. 

Adams,  Hannah,  Memoir,  *i2j. 

Adams,  Henry,  History,  34,  *$6 ;  Albert 
Gallatin,  *go ;  John  Randolph,  *gj ; 
New  England  Federalism,  *i32  ;  (with 
C.  F.  Adams  2d)  Essays,  251. 

Adams,  Henry  C.,  Public  Debts,  332; 
Taxation,  332. 

Adams,  Herbert  B.,  Study  of  History, 
*3o  ;  History  in  Colleges,  32  ;  Methods, 
32  ;  Jared  Sparks,  *g8  ;  Germanic  Ori 
gin,  271  ;  Maryland's  hiflnence,  305. 

Adams,  John,  biographies,  *8_7  ;  Works, 
*i24;  (with  Abigail)  Familiar  Letters, 


*i27  ;  selected  biography  of,  291  ;  Presi 
dent,  340  ;  in  French  crisis,  340  ;  trouble 
with  cabinet,  340 ;  Hamilton's  attack 
on,  343  ;  defeated  in  1800,  343. 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  biographies,  ^87 ; 
(with  C,  F.  ist)  John  Adams,  *§7 ; 
Madison  and  Monroe,  *gs  ;  Memoirs, 
107,  *  12  j  ;  Jubilee  of  the  Constitution, 
327  :  President,  364  ;  opposition  to,  364  ; 
contest  with  Georgia,  364  ;  and  Jackson, 
367;  anti-slavery  leader,  378;  attempts 
to  censure,  378  ;  against  Texan  annexa 
tion,  385. 

Adams,  N.,  Portsmouth,  *6$ 

Adams,  Nehemiah,  South  Side  View,  376. 

Adams,  Samuel,  biographies,  *87  ;  writ 
ings,  289,  290. 

Adolphus,  John,  England,  *$6,  284. 

Agassiz,  E.  C.,  Louis  Agassiz,  *8j. 

Agassiz,  Louis,  biography,  *87- 

Agnew,  D.,  Pennsylvania,  *J2. 

Agreement  of  the  People,  The,  290. 

Agriculture  of  North  America,  227.  —  See 
Cotton,  North,  South. 

Aid  to  Students,  195. 

Akins,  T.  B.,  Selections  from  the  Public 
Documents,  *io<). 

Alabama,  histories,  *e,j  ;  admitted,  360 ; 
secedes,  406  ;  suggests  Confederacy, 
421. 

Alabama,  The,  sunk  by  Kearsarge,  415  ; 
Confederate  cruiser,  421  ;  resulting 
claims,  421. 

Alabama  Historical  Society,  publications, 

*I22. 

Alaska,  histories,  *$j  ;  annexation  of,  309. 
Albach,  J.  R.,  Annals  of  the  West,  *^. 
Albany,  Annals,  *ii3  :  Congress  of,  see 

Congress  of  Albany. 
Albany  Institute,  Transactions,  123. 
Albemarle,   Lord,   Marquis  of  Rocking- 

ham,  *97,  235. 

Alcott,  L.  M.,  Hospital  Sketches,  *IT>-J. 
Aldrich,    P.    E.,   New  England  Towns, 

271. 

Aldrich,  T.  B.,  Prudence  Palfrey,  *i3;. 
Alexander  VI,  Bull  of  1493,  235,  246. 
Alexander,  Sir  Wm.,  patent,  242. 


430 


Index. 


Alfriend,  Frank  H.,  Jefferson  Davis,  *go. 

Algerians,  war  with,  356. 

Alien  Act  (1798),  333,  342. 

Alien  Enemies  Act  (1798),  342. 

Allen,  A.  V.  G.,  Jonathan  Edwards,  *9o. 

Allen,  Ethan,  biography,  *8j  ;  Narrative, 
296. 

Allen,  E.  A.,  Prehistoric  World,  231. 

Allen,  G.,  Reminiscences,  *iz7. 

Allen,  I.,  Vermont,  *75. 

Allen,  ].  G.,  Topical  References,  33,  *3&. 

Allen,  Paul,  Expedition  of  Lewis  &> 
Clark,  *S3,  348. 

Allen,  William,  Biographical  Dictionary, 
*4o. 

Allen,  W.  F.,  History  Topics,  n,  *3& ; 
Reader's  Grtide,  *i37  ;  Essays,  271. 

Allibone,  S.  A.,  Dictionary  of  Authors, 
*4o. 

Allison,  Samuel,  Acts  of  New  Jersey, 
*"3. 

Almon,  John,  William  Pitt,  *g6  ;  Collec 
tion  of  Papers  or  Prior  Documents, 
*io8  ;  Charters,  *io9  ;  Remembrancer, 
299. 

Amadas,  Voyage  of,  248. 

Amendments  to  Articles  of  Confederation, 
proposed,  304,  319,  321,  322  ;  to  Consti 
tution,  325,  358;  compromises  (1861) 
408 ;  Thirteenth,  426. 

America.  —  See  North  America. 

"America,"  name  of,  237. 

American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science,  Annals,  *io2. 

American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  *4O,  132. 

American  Antiquarian  Society,  publica 
tions,  *I23. 

American  Anti-Slavery  Society,  377  —  See 
Abolition,  Slavery. 

American  Colonization  Society,  361. 

American  Commonwealth  (Series),  57. 

American  Cyclopedia,  *4i. 

A  inerican  Geologist,  50. 

American  Historical  Association,  publi 
cations,  55,  *I22. 

American  history,  standing  of,  i;  laborers 
in,  i  ;  teaching  of,  2  ;  material  chiefly  in 
English,  2,  8,  26;  extent  of,  3;  begin 
ning  of,  3  ;  connection  with  the  history 
of  other  countries,  4  ;  adjuncts  to,  4,  21  ; 
proper  position  in  a  curriculum,  6  ;  edu 
cative  value,  7 ;  proportion  for  teach 
ing,  7  ;  historical  basis,  9  ;  convenient 
sub-divisions,  n,  18 :  preparation  for 
teaching,  21;  school  work,  23;  college 
work,  24  ;  investigation,  25  ;  study  with 
out  a  teacher,  27  ;  collateral  subjects,  29  ; 
bibliography,  30,  142  ;  cheap  libraries, 
144,  147;  working  libraries,  147;  public 
libraries,  148;  great  libraries,  149-151; 
systems  of  teaching,  152-225.  —  See 
TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

American  History  Leaflets,  *i33,  145. 

American  History  (Series),  44,  *44. 

American  institutions,  source  in  England, 
4,  10. 

American  literature,  essential,  29. 

A  merican  State  Papers,  *i2o. 


American  Statesmen  (Series),  146. 

American  and  Foreign  Anti-Slavery  So 
ciety,  377. — See  Abolition,  Slavery. 

Ames,  E.  and  Goodell,  A.  C.,  Province 
Laws,  *in. 

Ames,    Fisher,   biography,   *87 ;     Works, 

*I24. 

Ames,  John  G.,  Finding  List,  34,  *$8; 
Comprehensive  Index,  *38 ;  List  of 
Congressional  Documents,  *38. 

Ames,  Mrs.  M.  C.,  Ten  Years  in  Wash 
ington,  *I28. 

Ames,  Seth,  Fisher  Ames,  *87. 

Amesbury  (Mass.),  history,  *63. 

Ammen,  D.,  Atlantic  Coast,  416. 

Amory,  T.  C.,  James  Sullivan,  *gg  ;John 
Sullivan,  *99,  298. 

Ampere,  J.  J.,  Promenade  en  Ameriqiie, 

Anburey,  Thomas,  Interior  Parts  of 
A  merica,  ^78. 

Anderson  vs.  Dunn,  case  of,  334,  359. 

Anderson,  A.,  Origin  of  Commerce,  285. 

Anderson,  Major,  in  Charlestown  harbor 
408  ;  defends  Fort  Sumter,  410. 

Andre,  John,  biography,  *87  ;  case  of,  300. 

Andreas,  A.  T.,  Chicago,  *6o. 

Andrew,  J.  A.,  biography,  *87_ 

Andrews,  C.  M.,  River  Towns  of  Connec 
ticut,  271. 

j    Andrews,  E.  B.,  Constitutional  History, 
*3& ;  History,  *44- 

Andros  Tracts,  The,  279. 

Annals  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Political  and  Social  Science,  *io2. 

A  nnals  of  Congress,  *i  19. 

Annapolis  (Md.),  history,  *62 ;  Conven 
tion,  322. 

Annapolis  (N.  S.),  founded,  281. 

Annexation  of  territory  to  the  United 
States,  309  ;  constitutionality  of,  333  ; 
under  Jefferson,  347 ;  of  Oregon,  383  ; 
of  Texas,  386  ;  from  Mexico  (1848),  387  ; 
Gadsden  Purchase  (1853),  387  ;  desire 
for  Cuba,  394.  —  See  England,  Spain, 
Slavery,  Territory. 

Anson,  Sir  W.  R.,  Constitution,  312 

Antietam,  battle,  415. 

Anti-federalists,  oppose  ratification  of 
Constitution,  325  ;  party  of  the,  334. 

Antillia,  legend  of,  234. 

Anti-masonic  party,  368. 

Anti-Nebraska.  —  See  Republican. 

Antinomian  controversy,  272. 

Anti-rent,  in  New  York,  388. 

Anti-slavery.  —  See  Abolition,  Slavery. 

Appeal,  jurisdiction,  329.  —  See  Courts. 

Appelgarth,  A.  C.,  Quakers  in  Pennsyl 
vania.  315. 

Appletoti's  Annual  Cyclopaedia,  *i32. 

Appletoti's  Cyclopaedia,  *4i. 

Appletoti's  Cyclopaedia  of  A  merican  Biog 
raphy,  *4i 

Appointments.  —  See  Civil  Service. 

Appomattox,  surrender  at,  415. 

Arber,  E.,  First  Three  English  B'ooks, 
236  ;  Henry  Hudson,  258. 

Arbitration,  iu  1827,  383  ;  declined  in  Ore- 


A  If  ri end  —  Bates. 


431 


¥>n,  383.  —  See   Annexations,    Foreign 
reaties. 

Arbuthnot,  359. 

ArchcBologia  Americana,  *i23. 
Archaeological   Institute  of  America,  pub 
lications,  *I22. 
Arfwedson,    C.    D.,    United  States  and 

Canada,  *78. 
Arizona,  histories,  *6-j. 
Arkansas,  admitted,  373  ;  secedes,  410. 
Armada,  Spanish,  249. 
Armstrong,  John,  War  of  '1812,  353. 
Army,  half-pay  question,  319;  in  War  of 

1812,  352;  in   1860,  402  ;  in  Civil  War, 

415,  423.  —  See  Wars. 
Arnold,  Benedict,  biographies,  *87,  296 ; 

treason  of,  298,  300. 
Arnold,  Sir  E.,  Seas  and  Land,  *?<). 
Arnold,    I.    N.,    Benedict    Arnold,    *8j ; 

Abraham  Lincoln,  *94. 
Arnold,  S.  G.,  Rhode  Island,  *-JT,. 
Articles  of   Confederation,  formation   of, 

304  ;  proposed  amendments  to,  304,  319, 

321,  322  ;  extracts  from,  163  ;  texts,  305. 

—  See  Confederation,  Constitution. 
Ashburton  Treaty  (1842),  383. 
Ashe,  Thomas,  Travels  in  America,  *-j<). 
Asher,  Henry  Hiidson,  258. 
Assembly,  first  American,  250;  Records, 

*ii5 ;  colonial,  312. 

Assistants,  in  college  written  work,  219. 
Association  (of  1774),  291  ;  on  slave-trade, 

320. 

Assumption  of  state  debts,  331. 
Austria,  history,  *72  ;  founded,  347. 
Athens  County  (O.),  history,  *7i. 
Atkinson,  J.,  Newark  (N.  J.),  *66. 
Atkinson,  W.  P.,  On  history,  *3O  ;  Study 

of  Politics,  *3o. 
Atlanta,  capture  of,  415. 
Atlantis,  story  of,  234. 
Attorneys-General,  Official  Opinions*  122. 
Atwater,  C.,  Ohio,  *jo. 
Atwater,  E.  E.,  New  Haven,  *s8. 
Auckland  Correspondence,  301. 
Augusta  County  (Va.),  history,  *77. 
Austin,  G.  L.,  Wendell  Phillips,  *96. 
Austin,  Mrs.  J.  G.,  historical  novels,  *i37- 
Austin,  J.  T.,  Elbridge  Gerry,  *gi,  3x6. 
Autobiographies,  *i 27-132. 
Avalon,  colony  of,  253. 
Ayllon,  L.  V.    de,  voyages,  239. 

BACKUS,  I.,  biography, *87  ;  The  Bap 
tists,  285. 
Bacon,    Leonard,   Historical  Discourses, 

275- 

Bacon's  Rebellion,  in  Virginia,  252. 
Bacourt,  Souvenirs d^tn  Diplomate,*i2j. 
Badeau,  Adam,  U.  S,  Grant,  *gi. 
Baird,  C.  W.,  Rye  (N.  Y.),  *69  ;  Huguenot 

Emigration,  241. 

Baker,  G.  H.,  Poems  on  the  War,  418. 
Baker,  J.  F.,  Federal  Constitution,  327. 
Balboa,  discovers  Pacific,  236 
Baldwin,  H.,  General  View,  311. 
Baldwin,  J.  D.,  Ancient  America,  231. 
Ballads,  lists  of,  141. 


Ballagh,  J.  C.,  White  Servitude  in  Vir 
ginia,  315. 

Baltimore,  history,  *6z  ;  Sixth  Massachu 
setts  in,  410. 

Baltimore,  Lord.  —  See  Calverts. 

Bancroft,  F.,  William  H.  Seward,  *g8. 

Bancroft,  George,  United  States,  34,  45, 
*4&  ;  History  of  the  Constitution,  34  ; 
Plea  for  the  Constitution,  333. 

Bancroft,  H.  H.,  Pacific  States,  *57,  *s8, 
*67,  *7i,  *75,  *j6,  233  (includes  Alaska, 
Arizona,  California,  Mexico,  Native 
Races,  New  Mexico,  Oregon,  Utah, 
Texas,  Washington  Idaho  and  Mon 
tana). 

Bandelier,  A.  F.,  publications,  232;  His 
tory  of  Zuni,  240. 

Bank  Fraud  Act  (1798),  342. 

Bank  of  North  America,  319,  331. 

Bank  of  the  United  States,  organized, 
331;  constitutionality  of,  333;  rechar- 
tered,  356  ;  Supreme  Court  cases,  358  ; 
attitude  of  Jackson,  369 ;  deposits  re 
moved,  372  ;  fails,  381.  —  See  Implied 
Powers,  National  Banks. 

Banks,  Land  in  New  England,  280. 

Banks,  National  (1863),  419. 

Banks,  N.  P.,  Speaker,  398. 

Banks,  State,  352,  356,  372,  388,  419. 

Barbarossa,  Lost  Principle,  403. 

Barbary  powers,  treaties  of  tribute,  337. 

Barber,  Connecticut,  286  ;  New  London, 
286. 

Barber,  J.  W.,  and  Howe,  H.,  New 
York,  *67. 

Barbeyrac  and  Rousset,  Supplement  au 
Corps  Universel  Diplomatique,  *54. 

Barclay,  Robert,  Agricultural  Tour,  *j<). 

Barlow,  Joel,  Political  Writings,  *i24  ; 
Vision  of  Columbus,  *i4i. 

Barn-burners  in  New  York,  390.  —  See 
Democrats. 

Barneby,  W.H.,L(fein  the  Far  West,  *jg. 

"  Barnes  History,'1'1  *43. 

Barnes,  A.,  Scriptural  View,  375. 

Barnes,  M.  S.  and  E.,  Studies  in  Ameri 
can  History,  *43. 

Barnes,  T.  W.,  Thurlow  Weed,  *ioo. 

Barney,  Joshua,  biography,  *87. 

Barns,  C.  R.,  Missouri)  *6$. 

Barnwell,  J.  G.,  Reading  on  the  Constitu 
tion,  *35. 

Barrett,  J.  A.,  Ordinance  0/1787,  *jo. 

Barrows,  W.,  On  methods,  33  ;  Oregon, 
*7i. 

Barry,  J.  S.,  Massachusetts,  *62. 

Bartlett,  D.  W.,  Presidential  Candidates, 
401. 

Bartlett,  J.  R.,  Bibliography  of  Rhode 
Island,  *73  ;  Personal  Narrative,  *7g  ; 
Records  of  Rhode  Island,  *i  12  ;  Destruc 
tion  of  the  Gaspee,  293  ;  L  iterature  of 
the  Rebellion,  403. 

Barton,  Win.,  David Rittenhouse,  *gj. 

Bartram,  Wm.,  Travels,  *79 

Bassett,  J.  S.,  North  Carolina,  313. 

Bateman,  W.  O.,  Political  Law,  311. 

Bates,  Mary,/.  C.  Calhoun,  *88. 


432 


Index. 


Bates,  S.  A.,  (ed.),  Records  of  Braintree, 

*in. 

Bayard,  J.,  Brief  Exposition,  327. 
Bayard,  R.  H.  and  J.  A.,  Election  ofiSoi, 

344- 

Bayley,  R.  A.,  National  Loans,  305. 
Beaman,  C.  C.,  Alabama  Claims,  422. 
Bean,    T.    W.,     Washington    at    Valley 

Forge,  299. 

Beardsley,  E.  E.,  Satmiel  Seabury,  *98. 
Beatson,  R.,  Memoirs,  295. 
Beaumarchais,  C.  de,  relations  with  U.  S., 

300. 

Beauregard,  P.  T.,  biography,  406. 
Becher,  Captain,  Landfall  of  Columbus, 

235- 

Bedford  Correspondence,  289. 
Bee,  T.,  South  Carolina  Reports,  *iij. 
Beecher,  Henry  Ward,  biography,  *87. 
Beecher,  Lyinan,  Autobiography,  *i2j. 
Beecher,  W.  C.,  Henry  Ward  Beecher. 

*87. 

Beer,  G.  C.,  Commercial  Policy,  285,312. 
Behaim,  M.,  geographer,  234. 
Belknap,  J.,  New  Hampshire,  *65. 
Bell,  C.  H.,  Exeter  (N.  H.),  *t>*>. 
Bell,  John,  nominated  1860,  400. 
Belmont,  battle,  415. 

Benedict,  D.,  History  of  the  Baptists,  285. 
Benedict,  W.  A.,  and  Tracy,  H.  A.,  Sut- 

ton  (Mass.),  *64. 
Bennett,  E.  H.,  Massachusetts  Digest  of 

Decisions,  *nj. 
Benton,  T.   H.,   biography,  *8/ ;   Thirty 

Years'    View,   107,  *i2j;  Abridgement 

of  Debates,  330  ;  on  Texan  annexation, 

385  ;  Dred  Scott  Case,  399. 
Berkeley,  Governor  of  Virginia,  252  ;  his 

Report,  252. 
Berkeley,    Lord,   and    Carteret,   Sir    G., 

New  Jersey  grant,  260. 
Berlin  Decree  (1807),  350. 
Bernard,  Francis,  Letters,  285. 
Bernard,  John,  Retrospections,  *i28. 
Bernard,  M.,  Neutrality  of  Great  Britain, 

406. 
Bernhard,Duke  of  Saxe- Weimar- Eisenach, 

Travels  through  North  A  merica,  *79- 
Bernheim,    G.    T).,   German   Settlements, 

256;  Lutheran  Church,  285. 
Besse,  J.,  Sufferings  of  the  Quakers,  262. 
Beste,  J.  R.,  The  IVabash,  *79. 
Beverly,  R.,  Virginia,  *?6. 
Bibliography  of  American  history,  30-142  ; 

of  methods,  30-33  ;  special  bibliograph 


ical  aids,  33  ;  brief  bibliographies,  35  ; 
topical  outlines,  36  ;  useful  indexes,  37  ; 
useful  catalogues,  38 ;  index  to  public 


documents,  38  ;  general  reference  books, 
40;  school  text-books,  41-43;  college 
text-books,  43-45  ;  general  histories,  45  ; 
larger  comprehensive  works,  46-48  ;  his 
torical  geography,  48  ;  physical  geogra 
phy,  50;  physical  maps,  51;  historical 
maps,  53  ;  sources  of  historical  geogra 
phy  >  S3  i  works  on  special  topics,  55  ; 
state  and  local  histories,  57-78 ;  books 
of  travel,  78-86 ;  biographies,  86-101  ; 


periodicals,  101-104;  newspapers,  104- 
106  ;  printed  sources,  106  ;  colonial  rec 
ords,  107-118;  United  States  records, 
118-121 ;  reports  of  judicial  proceedings, 
121  ;  proceedings  of  learned  societies, 
122-124  ;  works  of  American  statesmen, 
124-127  ;  autobiographies,  127-132  ;  rem 
iniscences,  127-132  ;  collections  of  docu 
ments,  132-134;  collections  of  speeches, 
'32-134  ;  manuscript  sources,  134  ;  illus 
trative  material,  135  ;  historical  novels, 
137-140;  poems  and  ballads,  141;  lists 
ot  general  readings,  181-195;  use  in 
monographs,  221;  classified  lists  on 
colonial  history,  Part  II  ;  classified  lists 
on  United  States  history,  Part  III. — 
See  special  bibliographies  at  the  end  of 
each  section,  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS,  and 
INDEX,  passim. 

Biddle,  Charles,  Autobiography,  *i28. 

Biddle,  Nicholas,  banker,  369. 

Biddle,  R.,  Sebastian  Cabot,  246. 

Bienville,  Sieur  de,  biography,  *88 ;  in 
Louisiana,  244  ;  Journal  of  an  Expedi 
tion,  282. 

Bigelow,  John,  Samuel  J .  Tilden,  *gq  ; 
France  and  Confederate  Navy,  413. 

Billon,  F.  L.,  St.  Louis,  *6$. 

Binney,  H.,  Habeas  Corpus,  424. 

Binns,  John,  Recollections,  *i28. 

Biography,  lists  of  biographies,  86-ipi ; 
topics  in,  209,  210,215,218;  composition 
in,  210.  —  See  individuals  by  name. 

Bioren  and  Duane,  Laws  of  the  United 
States,  *49. 

Bird,  I.,  Englishwoman  in  America,  *jg. 

Birkbeck,  M . ,  Journey  in  America,  *79. 

Birney,  C.  H.,  Grimke  Sisters,  377. 

Birney,  J.  G.,  biography,  *87,  376. 

Birney,  W.,  James  G.  Birney,  *&j. 

Bishop,  C.,  Colonial  Suffrage,  261,  313. 

Bishop,  J.  L.,  American  Manufactures, 
*55- 

Bisset,  J.,  Acts  of  Maryland,  *ii5. 

Black,  A.,  Ohio,  *7O. 

Black,  J.  S.,  Reports,  *i2i ;  opinion  on 
coercion,  408  ;  controls  Buchanan,  408. 

Black  Hawk  War,  373. 

Blackmar,  F.  W.,  Spanish  Colonization, 
239- 

Blackstone,  W.,  Commentaries,  290. — 
See  Tucker. 

Black  Warrior  episode,  394. 

Blaine,  James  G.,  biography,  *88  ;  Twenty 
Years  of  Congress,  *i28. 

Blair,  Commissary  of  Virginia,  253. 

Blake,  J.,  Dorchester  (Mass.),  *6$. 

Blanchard,  Claude,  Journal,  285. 

Blanchard,  R.,  The  Northwest,  *jo. 

Bland,  Richard,  Rights  of  the  Colonies, 
289. 

Blane,  Wm.  N.,  An  Excursion  through 
the  U.  S.,*7<). 

Blankenburg,  H.,  Kdmpfe  in  Nord 
A  merika,  416. 

Bledsoe,  A.  T,,  Liberty  and  Slavery,  375  ; 
Is  Davis  a  Traitor  ?,  405. 

Blockade,   in    Napoleonic   wars,  350;  in 


Bates  —  Brown. 


433 


Civil  War,  402,  412,  415  ;  proclamations, 
420 ;  blockade-runners,  420. 

Blunt,  Joseph,  Historical  Sketch,  228. 

Boardman,  T.,  Log-Book,  *i28. 

Body  of  Liberties,  271. 

Boker,  G.  H.,  Poems  on  the  U'ar,  418. 

Holies,  A.  S.,  Financial  History,  *5S- 

Bollman  and  Swartwout,  349. 

Bond,  History  of  Watertown,  272. 

Bonham,  Josiah,  Recollections,  *i28. 

Books,  discriminating  use  of,  19,  197. 

Booth,  M.  L.,  City  of  New  York,  *68. 

"  Border  ruffians,"  396. 

Border  states,  status  in  1860,  402  ;  interest 
in  compromise,  408  :  attitude  on  slavery, 
425  ;  scheme  of  compensation,  425 ; 
emancipation,  425. 

Borgeaud,  Charles,  Modern  Democracy, 
290,  307  ;  Constitutions,  306. 

Boston,  histories,  *6j, ;  settlement  of,  269  ; 
Records,  *iu,  *272  ;  in  the  Revolution, 
293  ;  cases  of  fugitives,  393. 

Boston  (Schooner),  case  of,  379. 

Boston  Athenasum,  Catalogue,  34,  *38,  *39. 

Boston  Public  Library,  26  ;  Catalogue,  *38, 
*39  ;  Supplement  to  Catalogue,  *38,  39  ; 
Bulletin,  57. 

Boston  Record  Commission, Reports,*\\i. 

Botts,  J.  M.,  Great  Rebellion,  415. 

Botume,  E.  H.,  Contrabands,  376. 

Boundaries,  French  and  Spanish,  241  ; 
French  and  English,  242  ;  of  Canada, 
243  ;  of  Louisiana,  244 ;  of  Virginia, 
250  ;  of  Maryland,  253,  261  ;  of  the  Car- 
olinas,  255  ;  of  Georgia,  257  ;  of  New 
York,  258,  260,  261  ;  of  Pennsylvania, 
261  ;  of  Massachusetts,  269  ;  of  Connecti 
cut,  261,  274;  of  the  United  States  in 
treaty  of  1783,  303  ;  disputes  as  to  exte 
rior,  309,  317;  interior  under  Confeder 
ation,  317  ;  under  Louisiana  Treaty,  347  ; 
Northeastern,  383  ;  Northwestern,  383  ; 
Texan,  385  ;  by  treaty  of  1848,  387 ; 
Gadsden  purchase,  387.  —  See  England, 
France,  Geography,  Mexico,  Spain, 
States  (byname),  Territories  (by  name), 
Treaties. 

Boughton,  W.,  on  local  history,  32. 

Bourget,  Paul,  Outre-Mer ;  Impressions 
of  Atnerica,  *79. 

Bourne,  E.  G.,  Demarcation  Line,  235  ; 
Surplus  Revenue,  374. 

Boutmy,  E.,  English  Constitution,  312. 

Bouton,  N.,  Concord  (N.  H.),  *66,  286. 

Boutwell,  George  S.,  Speeches,  *i25  ;  Con- 
stitution,  404. 

Bowen,  C.  W.,  Boundaries  of  Connecticut, 
274. 

Bowen,  Francis,  James  Otis,  *q6  ;  Docu 
ments,  *i33  ;  Life  of  Lincoln,  302. 

Bowker,  R.  R.,  and  lies,  G.,  Reader's 
Guide,  *35. 

Boyd,  A.,  Lincoln  Bibliographv,  412. 

Boyd,  L).,  Greeley  and  Colorado,  *s8. 

Boykin,  Samuel,  Hon.  Howell  Cobb,  *89_ 

Boynton,  C.  B.,  Navy,  416. 

Boynton,  H.  V.,  Chattanooga  and  Chica- 
matiga,  416  ;  Shermans  Raid,  416. 


Bozman,  J.  L.,  Maryland,  *62. 

Brackinridge,  Henry  M.,  Western  Insur 
rection,  340. 

Brackenridge,  Hugh  H.,  Modern  Chiv 
alry,  *i37  ;  Insurrection  in  Pennsylva 
nia,  340. 

Brackett,  J.  R.,  Negro  in  Maryland,  315. 

Bradbury,  John,  Travels  in  America, 
*79- 

Braddock,  General,  defeat,  282. 

Bradford,  Aiden,  Massachusetts,  *62  ; 
Jonathan  Mayhew,  *95  ;  Massachusetts 
State  Papers,  *i  10  ;  Federal  Govern 
ment,  330. 

Bradford,  W.,  Plymouth  Plantation,*™*,, 
140,  265,  266  ;  Letter  Book,  266. 

Braintree  (Mass.),  history,  *63  ;  Records, 
*ni. 

Brann,  Henry  A.,  Most  Rev.  John  Hughes, 

*92- 

Brannan,    J.,    Official  Letters,  354 ;   The 

War,  354. 

Brattleboro  (Mass.),  history,  *63. 
Braxton,  C.,  Address,  307. 
Bray  ton,   G.    A.,    Samuel    Gorton,     *gi, 

273- 

Brazil,  Huguenot  colony  in,  241. 
Breckinridge,   J.    C.,  nominated  in   1860, 

400. 

Breese,  S.,  Illinois,  *6o. 
Bremer,    Frederika,    Homes  of  the  New 

World,  *79. 
Brevard,  Joseph,  Digest  of  the  Law  of 

South  Carolina,  *i  16. 
Brevoort,  J.  C.,  Verrazano,  240. 
Brewer,  J.  S.,  English  Studies,  *3o. 
Brewer,  W.,  Alabama,  *$7. 
Brewster,    C.    W.,   Portsmouth  (N.    H.), 

*66,  286. 

Brice,  W.  A.,  Fort  Wayne,  *6o. 
Briggs,  C.  A.,  A  merican  Presbyterianism, 

265. 

Brigham,  W.,  Laws  of  Plymouth,  *nr. 
Bright,  G.  F.,  English  History,  46,  284. 
Bright,  John,  American  Question,  422. 
Brightly,  F.  C.,  Pennsylvania  Digest, 

*i  17  ;   United  States  Digest,  *i  18. 
Brinton,    D.    G.,   Aboriginal   American 

A  uthors,  233. 

Bristol  (R.  I.),  history,  *74. 
Bristol  Parish  (Va.),  history,  *77. 
British  and  Foreign  State  Papers,  413. 
British  Museum,  Catalogue,  34,  *38. 
Brock,  R.  A.,  Virginia  and  Virginians, 

*76. 

Brodhead,  J.  R.,  New  York,  *67. 
Brookline  (Mass.),  history,  ^63  ;  Records, 

Brooklyn  (N.  Y.),  history,  *6j. 

Brooklyn  Mercantile  Library,  Catalogue, 

*38. 

Brooks,  E.  S.,  New  York,  *67. 
Brooks,  Noah,   Washington  in  Lincoln' 's 

Times,  *i28. 

Brothers,  Thomas,  United  States,  *?g. 
Brown  et  al.  vs.  Maryland,  358. 
Brown,  Alexander,  Genesis  of  the  United 

States,  249. 


434 


Index. 


Brown,  C.  B.,  Arthur  Mervyn,  *i37- 

Brown,  C.  R.,  Indiana,  *6o. 

Brown,  Geo.  \V.,John  Brown,  *88. 

Brown,  H.,  Illinois,  *6o. 

Brown,  I.,  Indianapolis,  *6o. 

Brown,  Jacob,  353. 

Brown,  John,  British  Churches,  285. 

Brown,  John,  Pilgrim  Fathers,  265. 

Brown,  John,  biographies,  *88 ;  slave  in 
surrection,  375  ;  rescues  of  fugitives, 
393  ;  in  Kansas,  396 ;  Harper's  Ferry 
raid,  399. 

Brown,  S.  G.,  Rufus  Choate,*%%. 

Browne,  A.  C.,  Jr.,/.  A.  Andrew,  *87. 

Browne,  Charles  F.,  Artemus  Ward,  His 
Book,  425  ;  His  Travels,  425. 

Browne,  J.  H.,  Four  Years  in  Secessia, 
418. 

Browne,  W.  H.,  Maryland,  *62  ;  George 
and  Cecil  ius  Calvert,  *88,  254  ;  Archives 
of  Maryland,  *ii5. 

Brownson,  O.  A.,  Essays  and  Reviews, 
398. 

Bruce,  P.  A.,  Economic  History  of  Vir 
ginia,  251. 

Bruce,  Henry,  General  Houston,  *g2 ; 
General  Oglethorpe,  *g6. 

Bryant,  W.  C.,  Popular  History.  *46. 

Bryce,    George,    Canadian     People,    243, 

Bryce,  James,  American  Commonwealth, 
*5&,  271  ;  Predictions,  366. 

Brymner,  Douglas,  Reports  on  Canadian 
Archives,  *iog. 

Buchanan,  James,  biography,  *88 ;  Bu 
chanan 's  Administration,  *i28  ;  on  pe 
titions,  378  ;  in  Lecompton  Constitution, 
396 ;  President,  398 ;  Dred  Scott  case, 
399  ;  investigation  of,  400  ;  administra 
tion,  400 ;  attitude  on  the  crisis,  407 ; 
message,  408  ;  South  Carolina  Commis 
sion,  408  ;  Fort  Sumter,  408  ;  waits,  408. 
—  See  Civil  War,  Compromise. 

Buchanan,  Roberdeau,  Hon.  Thomas  Mc- 
Kean,  *g4. 

Buck,  Edward,  Massachusetts  Ecclesias 
tical  Law,  *in,  271. 

Buck,  J.  S.,  Milwaukee  (Wis.),  *77. 

Buck,  W.  J.,  William  Perm,  *96;  Indian 
Walk,  263. 

Buckingham,  Lord,  Courts  and  Cabinets, 
3°3- 

Buckingham,  J.  S.,  America,  *jq\  East 
ern  and  Western  States,  *jg ;  Slave 
States,  *79. 

Buckingham,  J.  T.,  Newspaper  Litera 
ture,  *io4,  128. 

Budd,  T.,  Good  Order  Established,  262. 

Buffalo  (N.  Y.),  history,  *67. 

Bui  finch,  Th.,  Oregon  and  Eldorado,  *7i. 

Bullock,  J.  D.,  Secret  Service  of  Con 
federate  States,  413. 

Bullock,  Win.,  Journey  from  New  Or 
leans  to  New  York,  *8o. 

Bull  Run,  battle.  415  :  second  battle,  415. 

Bump,  Constitutional  Decisions,  404. 

Bunker  Hill,  battle,  294. 

Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Reports,  231. 


Bureau  of  Rolls  and  Library,  Bulletin, 
317- 

Burgess,  I.  B.,  College  preparatory  his 
tory,  32. 

Burgess,  J.  W.,  United  States  from  1815, 
*44  ;  Political  Science,  323. 

Burgoyne,  John,  biography,  *88 ;  cam 
paign  of,  298  :  State  of  the  Expedition, 
298 ;  effect  of  surrender  on  France, 
300. 

Burk,  J.  D.,  Virginia,  *?6. 

Burke,  Edmund,  Account  of  the  European 
Settlements,  #56,  284;  Works,  289; 
Speeches  on  Conciliation,  293. 

Burnaby,  Andrew,  Travels  thro2tgh  the 
Middle  Settlements.  *8o. 

Burnap,  Leonard  Calvert,  254. 

Burnet,  J.,  Northwestern  Territory,  *-jo. 

Burnett,  Airs.,  Through  One  Adminis 
tration,  *i37. 

Burns,  fugitive  slave,  393. 

Burnside,  A.  E.,  Burnside  Expedition, 
4i£- 

Burr,  Aaron,  biography,  *88 ;  Private 
Journal,  *i28 ;  Vice-President,  343, 
348;  duel  with  Hamilton,  348;  con 
spiracy,  348 ;  capture  of,  349 ;  trial  of, 
349- 

Burrage,  ~Wm.,Jokn  Hancock,  *g2. 

Bushnell,  H.,  Granville  (O.),  *7o. 

Butler,  B.  F.,  on  "  Contrabands,"  425. 

Butler.  Mrs.,  —  See  Kemble,  F.  A. 

Butler,  N.  M.,  War  of 1812,  357. 

Buxton,  Sidney,  Finance  and  Politics, 
421. 

Bynner,  E.  L.,  historical  novels,  *i37- 

CABEZA-DE-VACA,  wanderings, 
239- 

Cabinet,  organization  of  first,  329  ;  trouble 
with  J.  Adams,  340;  breaks  up  (1799), 
343:  Jefferson's,  345;  Monroe's,  359; 
on  Missouri  Act,  361  :  J.  Q.  Adams's, 
364 ;  Jackson's,  367  ;  Tyler's,  382  ;  Lin 
coln's,  423.  —  See  presidents  by  name, 
Civil  Service. 

Cable,  G.  W.,  historical  novels,  *i37. 

Cabot,  George,  biography,  *88. 

Cabot,  J.  E.,  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,*go. 

Cabot,  John  and  Sebastian,  discover 
North  America,  246  ;  Map,  244. 

Calef,  R.,  More  Wonders,  280. 

Calhoun,  John  C.,  biographies,  *88 ; 
Works,  *i25  ;  bank  bill  (1814),  356  ;  and 
Jackson,  367;  on  nullification,  370;  on 
distribution,  373  ;  against  abolitionists, 
378;  Texan  annexation,  385;  Compro 
mise  of  1850,  391  ;  on  secession,  404.  — 
See  Nullification,  Slavery. 

California,  histories,  *s8  ;  Monterey  occu 
pied,  385 ;  desired  by  Polk,  387 ;  con 
quered,  387  ;  annexed,  309,  387  ;  gold 
discovered,  390  ;  self-organization,  390  ; 
admitted  as  a  state,  391. 

California  Historical  Society,  Publica 
tions,  *I22. 

Call,  Daniel,  Reports  of  Cases  of  Vir 
ginia,  *ii7. 


Brown  —  Charters. 


435 


Callender,  sedition  case,  342. 
Callender,  E.  B.,    Thaddeus  Stevens,  *gS. 
Callender,  J.,  Rhode  Island,  *?4. 
Calverts,  The,  biography,  *88,  254  ;  Mary 
land  granted   to,    253  ;  founded  by  the, 

253,  255  ;  Papers,  254. 
Calvin,  John,  Institutes,  265. 
Cambridge  (Eng.),  "  Agreement"  at,  269. 
Cambridge    (Mass.),     histories    of,    *&3  ; 

Synod  at,  272. 

Camden,  battle  of  (1780),  301. 
Cameron,  Simon,  on   emancipation,  425. 
Campaigns  of  t lie  Civil  War  (Series ),4i6. 
Campbell,  C.,  Introduction  to  History  of 

Virginia,  *7&  ;  Dominion  of  Virginia, 

*?6. 

Campbell,  D.,  Puritans,  265. 
Campbell,  John  W.,  R.J.  Meigs,  *^. 
Campbell,  Lord,  Lord  Chancellors,  289  ; 

Lord  Chief  Justices,  289. 
Campbell,    Mrs.    Maria,    General    Wm. 

Hull,  *92. 
Campbell,  Thomas,  Gertrude  of  Wyom- 

Camp'beV'w.  W.,  Tryon  County  (N.  Y.), 
*6g  ;  De  Witt  Clinton,  *8g. 

Canada,  archives  of,  53  ;  discovered,  240 ; 
founded,  242  ;  conquered  by  England, 
282;  invasion  of  (1775),  294;  invasion 
of  (War  of  1812),  352  ;  fugitives  to,  379, 
393.  —  See  England,  France,  Louisiana. 

Canals.  —See  Internal  Improvements. 

Canning,  George,  biography,  *88. 

Cannon,  Geo.  Q.,  Brigham   Young,  *ioi. 

Cape  Ann,  early  settlement,  269. 

Cape  Breton,  discovery,  246. 

Cape  Cod,  history  of,  *&3. 

Capers,  H.  D.,  C.  G.  Memminger,  413. 

Capital,  selection  of  national,  331;  fixed 
at  Washington,  336. —  See  District  of 
Columbia. 

"  Cards,"  a  school  exercise,  154,  223. 

Carey,  H.  C.,  Slave  Trade,  380. 

Carey,  Matthew,  Olive  Branch,  *i33,  351 ', 
Remembrancer,  338. 

Carey,  Matthew,  and  Bioren,  John,  Laws 
of  Pennsylvania,  *  114. 

Carlier,  A.,  Republique  Americaine,  310. 

Carolana,  history,  *6g;  grant  of,  255. 

Carolinas,  The,  charters,  255  ;  settlement 
and  government,  255,  256 ;  "  Funda 
mental  Constitutions,"  255,  256.  —  See 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina. 

Carpenter,  F.  B.,  Six  Months  at  the 
White  House,  *i28. 

Carpenter,  T.,  Trial  of  Aaron  Burr,  349. 

Carr,  L.,  Missouri,  *6$  ;  Mounds,  231. 

Carrington,  H.  B.,  Battles  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  295. 

Carroll,  B.  R.,  South  Carolina,  #74. 

Carson,  H.  L.,  Hundredth  Anniversary, 
305  ;  Supreme  Court,  316. 

Carteret,  Philip,  Governor  of  New  Jersey, 
260. 

Cartier,  J.,  explores  the  St.  Lawrence, 
240;  writings,  241. 

Caruthers,  W.  A.,  historical  novels,  137. 

Carver,  J.,  Travels,  233. 


Gary,   Edward,   George    William  Curtis, 

*89. 

Case's  Map  of  the  United  States,  52. 
Case,    J.    W.,  Southold  (L.   I.)  Records, 

*ii3- 
Cass,  Lewis,    biography,  *88 ;  nominated 

for  presidency,    390 ;   suggests   popular 

sovereignty,  395  ;  in  Buchanan's  cabinet, 

408. 

Casseday,  L.  B.,  Louisville,  (Ky.),  *6i. 
Castaneda,  Relacion  de  la  Jornada,  232, 

240. 
Catalogues,     select,     38 ;    of    Geological 

Maps,  50. 

Catherwood,  F.,  Central  America,  233. 
Catholic  Historical  Researches,  235,  255. 
Catholics,  organization  against,  397. 
Caulkins,  F.  M.,  Norwich  (Conn.),  *58, 

274. 

Cavendish,  explorations  of,  247. 
Cavendish's  Debates,  293. 
Cecil  County  (Md.),  history,  *6z. 
Central  America,  first  voyages  to,  235. 
Century  Co.,  Civil  War,  403. 
Centz,   P.  C.   [Sage,  B.  J.J,  Republic  of 

Republics,  306. 
Chalmers,  George,  Collection  of  Treaties, 

*54,    288;    Annals,    *$6;    Opinions   of 

Lawyers,  *n8  ;   History  of  the  Revolt, 

296. 

Chamberlain,  Mellen,  Declaration  of  In 
dependence,  297. 
Chambers,  T.  F.,  Germans  of  New  Jersey, 

*66. 
Chambers,  Wm. ,  Things  in  A  merica,  *8o ; 

American  Slavery,  314. 
Champlain,  discoveries  in  America,  242  ; 

Champlain,  Lake,  history,  *6-j ;  discov 
ered,  242. 

Chancellorsville,  battle,  415. 

Chandler,  P.,  Criminal  Trials,  259. 

Channing,  Edward,  The  United  States, 
*44,  144,  145  ;  Town  and  County,  271 ; 
Navigation  Laws,  285. 

Channing,  William  Ellery,  biography,  *88. 

Channing,  Wm.  H.,  William  Ellery 
Channing,  *88. 

Chapman,  I.  A.,  Wyoming  (Pa.),  *72. 

Chapman,  T.  J.,  Wyoming,  299;  Year- 
Books,  256,  302. 

Charleston  (S.  C.),  founded,  255;  Year- 
Books,  256,  302;  attacked  (1776),  294; 
captured  by  Clinton  (1780),  301  ;  con 
vention  of  1860,  400.  —  See  Sumter. 

Charlestown  (Mass.),  history,  *63. 

Charlestown  (N.  H.),  history,  *66. 

Charlevoix,  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle 
France,  243. 

Charnay,  D.,  Cites  et  Ruines,  233;  An 
cient  Cities,  233. 

Charter  of  Privileges,  Pennsylvania,  263  ; 
Dutch  patroons,  258. 

Charters,  authorities  on,  229 ;  Raleigh's, 
248;  Virginia,  250;  Maryland,  253; 
Avalon,  253  ;  Carolana,  255  ;  Carolina, 
255;  Georgia,  257;  Dutch,  258;  New 
Jersey,  260  ;  Pennsylvania,  261  ;  Coun- 


43^ 


Index. 


cil  for  New  England,  268 ;  Massachu 
setts,  269,  279;  Rhode  Island,  273; 
Connecticut,  274  ;  forms  of  government 
under,  312.  —  See  Colonies  by  name, 
Constitution,  States. 

Charters  and  Constitutions,  *iog.  —  See 
Poor,  B.  P. 

Cliarters  of  the  British  Colonies  in  A  mer- 

Chase,  E.,  Old  Chester  (N.  H.),  *66. 

Chase,  G.  W.,  //azwAatf  (Mass.),  *64. 

Chase,  Salmon  P.,  Ohio,  *7o;  biography, 
*88 ;  on  Nebraska  bill,  395  ;  not  nomi 
nated  in  1860,  400 ;  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  410. 

Chase,  Samuel,  Judge,  impeached,  345. 

Chastellux,  Marquis  de,  Travels  in  North 
A  merica,  *8o. 

Chateaubriand,  F.  A.  de,  Voyages  en 
A  merique,  *8o. 

Chatham,  Earl  of,  Correspondence,  301. 

Chattanooga,  battles,  415. 

Chauncey,  C.,  Letter  from  Boston,  280. 

Chautauqua  system,  advantages  of,  22,  27. 

Cheetham,  James,  Thomas  Paine,  *g6. 

Cheever,  G.  B.,  Guilt  of  Slavery,  375. 

Cheney,  Mrs.  H.  V.,  Peepat  the  Pilgrims, 
*J37- 

Cherokees,  controversy  under  Jackson, 
373- 

Chesapeake  attacked  by  Leopard,  350. 

Chesney,  C.  C.,  General  Grant,  *gi. 

Chester  (N.  H.),  history,  *66. 

Chevalier,  Michel,  Letters,  *8o. 

Cheyney,  E.  P.,  Anti-rent  Agitation, 
382. 

Chicago  (111.),  history,  *6o. 

Chicago  Historical  Society,  publications, 

*I22. 

Chickamauga,  battle,  415. 

Child,  John,  New  England's  Jonas,  272. 

Child,  Mrs.  L.  M.,  historical  novels,  *i38  ; 
The  Oasis,  376;  Isaac  T.  Hopper,  377. 

Childs,  G.  W.,  General  Grant,  *QI. 

Chipman,  Daniel,  Thomas  Chittenden, 
*88 ;  Seth  Warner,  299. 

Chisholm  vs.  Georgia,  case,  334,  359. 

Chittenden,  L.  E.,  Personal  Reminis 
cences,  *i28,  146;  Conference  Conven 
tion,  409. 

Chittenden,  Th.,  biography,  *88. 

Choate,   Rufus,  biography,  *88 ;    Works, 

*I25. 

Christie,  R.,  Lower  Canada,  282. 

Chronology,  beginning  of  American  his 
tory,  3. 

Church,  A.  W.,  and  Smith,  H.  H.,  Tables 
showing  Contents,  34,  *3Q. 

Church,  B.,  Entertaining  Passages,  278. 

Church  of  England  established,  in  Vir 
ginia,  253  ;  in  Maryland,  255. 

Cieza  de  Leon,  Chronica  del  Peru,  238. 

Cincinnati  (O.),  history,  *7o,  71. 

Cist,  C.,  Cincinnati  in  1841,  *jo. 

Cities,  history  of,  57-78  ;  reasons  for  site, 

«  '^9.' 

Citizen,"  America,  363. 
Citizenship,  training  for,  23. 


Civil  Service,  Washington's,  329;  Adams's 
337;  Jefferson's,  345;  Monroe's,  359; 
J.  Q.  Adams's,  364 ;  Jackson's,  367 ; 
Lincoln's,  423.  —  See  presidents  by 
name. 

Civil  War,  topics  on,  14,  18;  conditions 
of,  402  ;  causes,  405  ;  attempts  to  ob 
viate,  408;  first  shot,  408;  attack  on 
Sumter,  410;  troops  called,  410;  Con 
federate  preparations,  412  ;  Union  prep 
arations,  415;  campaigns,  415;  end,  415; 
finances,  419;  international  complica 
tions,  420  ;  administration,  423  ;  parties, 
423  ;  popular  feeling,  423  ;  abolition  of 
slavery,  425.  —  See  Army,  Blockade, 
Confederate  States,  Navy,  Secession, 
commanders  and  engagements  by  name. 

Claiborne,  J.  F.  H.,  Mississippi,*^',  Sam 
Dale,  *i28. 

Clap,  R.,  Memoirs,  270. 

Clarendon  Papers,  260. 

Clark  and  Hall,  Bank  of  the  United 
States,  332. 

Clark,  G.  R.,  Campaign  0/1778,  309. 

Clark,  R.  H.,  Gladstone  and  Maryland 
Toleration,  255. 

Clarke,  H.  D.,  Decisions  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  *i  19. 

Clarke,  J.  F.,  Anti-Slavery  Days,*i2%, 
146. 

Clarke,  R.  &  Co.,  Bibliotheca  Ameri 
cana,^,  *37;  Books  on  the  Rebellion, 
418. 

Clarkson,  Thomas,  William  Penn,  *g6. 

Class  exercises,  152-157;  written  work, 
205  ;  tests,  223. 

Clay,  C.  M.,  Memoirs,  *i28. 

Clay,  Henry,  biographies,  *8g ;  Works, 
*i25  ;  Private  Correspondence,  *i25  ; 
and  Burr,  348;  urges  war,  352;  and 
Monroe,  359;  compromise  of  1821,  361; 
interest  in  Monroe  doctrine,  362 ;  charge 
of  corrupt  bargain  in  1825,  364 ;  and 
Jackson,  367;  fight  on  the  bank,  369; 
defeated  for  presidency,  369;  censure  of 
Jackson,  372  :  distribution  policy,  373  ; 
breach  with  Tyler,  382  ;  on  Texas,  385  ; 
loses  nomination  of  1844,  385  ;  compro 
mise  of  1850,  391. 

Clay,  J.  C.,  Swedes  on  the  Delaware,  *$g. 

Clayborne,  in  Maryland,  253,  254. 

Clason,  A.  W.,  Seven  Conventions,  326. 

Cleveland  (O.),  history  of,  *ji. 

Cleveland,  H.,  Alex.  H.  Stephens,  *98. 

Cleveland  Public  Library,  Catalogue,  *38. 

Climate,  of  North  America,  227. 

Clinton,  De  Witt,  biography,  *8g  ;  Vin 
dication  of  Jefferson,  334  ;  in  1812,  334. 

Clinton.  Sir  Henry,  Stedman's  History, 
296. 

Clute,  J.  J.,  State*.  Island,  *6g. 

Coahuila  and  Texas,  385. 

Cobb,  Howell,  biography,  *8g. 

Cobb,  T.  R.  R.,  Historical  Sketch  of 
Slavery,  315. 

Cobbett,  Pitt,  Cases  in  International 
Law,  422. 

Cobbett,  Wm.,  A   Year's  Residence  in  the 


Charters  —  Congress. 


437 


U.  S.,  *8o;  biography,  *8g  ;  Porcupine's 

Works,  339. 

Coburn,  Battle  of  Bennington,  299. 
Cochin,    Augustus,    Emancipation,    376, 

Results  of  Slavery,  403. 
Cocke,    W.    A.,    Constitutional  History, 

338. 
Coercion,  in  1832,  371;  plans  in  1860,  407  ; 

Buchanan's  attitude,  407;  action  of  Con 

gress,    408  ;    constitutional    principles, 

408;  Lincoln   on,  410.  —  See   Compro 

mise,  Civil  War,  Insurrections. 
Coffin,  C.  C.,  Old  Times  in  the  Colonies, 

314;  Drum-Beat,   416;  Republic,  416; 

Marching  to    Victory,    416  ;    Freedom 

Triumphant,  416. 
Coffin,    Joshua,   Neivbury   (Mass.),   *64  ; 

Slave  Insurrections,  376. 
Coffin,    Levi,    Reminiscences,    *i28,    377. 
Coggeshall,  American  Privateers,  353. 
Cohens  vs.  Virginia,  case,  359. 
Coinage,  under  Confederation,  319  ;  16  to 

i,  372.  —  See  Finance. 
Coke,  E.,  Institutes,  290. 
Colburn,  J.,  Bibliography  of  Massachu 

setts,  *63. 
Coleman,    Mrs.   Ann    Mary   (Chapman), 

John  J.   Crittenden,  *89. 
Coleman,  W.,  Death  of  Hamilton,  349. 
Coles,  Edward,  Ordinance  of  1787,  318. 
Collectanea  Adamantcea,  *i33- 
Colleges,  American   history  in,  2,  7,  24; 

text-books,  43,  154;  recitations  in,  153  ; 

"The  Quiz,"  156;  written  recitations, 

206. 

Collins,  L.,  Kentucky,  *6i. 
Colonies,  topics  on,  5,  12,  13,  15,  16;  con 

stitutional  status,  218  ;  boundaries,  228  ; 

condition      (1760),     284-288;      become 

states,  296,  306;  institutions,   311,   312, 

314;  influence  of,  on  later  government, 

329  ;  parties  in,  334  ;  slave  insurrections, 

375.  —  See  Colonies  by  name. 
"  Colonization,"  in  Monroe  doctrine,  362, 

363. 

Colonization  Society,  361. 
Colorado,  histories,  *s8. 
Colton,  Calvin,  Henry  Clay,  *Sg. 
Columbia     river,     discovery,     347.  —  See 

Oregon. 
Columbia  University,  Studies  in  History, 


Col 


Columbus,  Christopher,  biographies,  *8g  ; 

discovers  America,  235  ;  writings,  235. 
Columbus  (CO,  history,  *7i. 
Combe,  Geo.,  Notes  on  the  U.  S.,  *8o. 
Comet,  case  of,  380. 
Commerce,  of  the  Confederation,  321  :  re 

organization    in    1816,    356;     Supreme 

court  cases,  355.  —  See  Finances,  Inter 

nal  Improvements. 
Commissioners,  Royal,  in  New  England 

(1664),  278. 
Committee  of  Ten  of  1893,  suggestions  on 

history,  6  ;  on  preparation  of  teachers, 

21  ;  Report,  *3i. 
Committee  of  13  (1860),  408. 
Committee  of  33  (1860),  408. 


Commonwealth,  English,  relations  with 
Virginia,  252  ;  Maryland,  254  ;  Massa 
chusetts,  278. 

Committees  of  Congress,  organization, 
329. 

Committees  of  Correspondence,  204. 

Communism,  in  Plymouth,  266. 

Compact,  theory  of  the  Constitution,  327  ; 
the  Pilgrim,  266. 

Composition,  on  historical  subjects,  21, 
210. 

Compromises,  in  Federal  Convention, 
323  ;  of  1820,  361  ;  of  1821,  361  ;  of  1833, 
376;  of  1850,  391,404;  policy  in  1860, 
407  ;  committee  of  thirteen,  408  ;  com 
mittee  of  thirty-three,  408  ;  Crittenden's, 
408;  Peace  Conference,  408;  Vallan- 
dingham's,  408;  defeated  by  Lincoln, 
408.  —  See  Coercion,  Constitution,  Slav 
ery,  Tariff. 

"  Concessions,"  of  New  Jersey,  260. 

Concord  (Mass.),  battle  (1775),  294. 

Concord  (N.  H.),  history,  *66;  Records. 
*uo. 

Conduct  of  the  War,  417. 

Condy,  T.  D.,  Laws  of  U.  S.,  *n6. 

Cone,  Mary,  Rufits  Putnam,  *gj. 

Confederate  States  of  America,  manu 
script  archives,  135;  organized,  406; 
mission  to  Lincoln,  410  ;  attack  on  Sum- 
ter,  410 ;  additional  secessions,  410 ; 
formation  at  Montgomery,  412  ;  pro 
visional  constitution,  412  ;  permanent 
constitution,  412  ;  slavery,  412  ;  adminis 
tration,  412  ;  finances,  412  ;  conscription, 
412  ;  foreign  relations,  412  ;  collapse, 
412  ;  legal  status,  412  ;  Statute  sat  Large, 
414  ;  Public  Laws.  414  ;  Private  Laws, 
414.  —  See  Civil  War,  Coercion,  Seces 
sion,  seceding  states  by  name. 

Confederation,  The  (1781-1788),  topics  on, 
13,  17  ;  manuscript  relating  to,  134  ;  for 
mation  of,  304;  government  of,  316; 
proposed  amendments,  322  ;  a  prece 
dent  for  national  government,  329 ; 
expiration  of,  329 ;  no  implied  powers, 
333  ;  states  under,  336 ;  slavery  under, 
336.  —  See  Articles  of  Confederation, 
Constitution. 

Confederation  of  New  England.  —  See 
New  England  Confederation. 

Conference  Convention  (1861),  Official 
Journal,  409. 

Conference  on  History  (1893),  Report  to 
the  Committee  of  Ten,  *3i. 

Conference  system,  195. 

Confiscation,  in  Civil  War,  425. 

Congdon,  C.  T.,  Reminiscences,  *I28. 

Congregationalism,  English,  265. 

Congress,  of  Albany,  282,  283,  305. 

Congress,  of  the  Confederate  States.  — 
See  Confederate  States  of  America. 

Congress,  of  the  Confederation  (1781— 
1788),  315,  316;  calls  Federal  Conven 
tion,  322 ;  transmits  constitution  to 
states,  325.  —  See  Confederation. 

Congress,  Continental  (1775-1781),  Pro 
ceedings,  *io4 ;  manuscripts  of,  134  ; 


438 


Index. 


E 


powers  of,  296 ;  frames  articles  of  con 
federation,  304  ;  a  precedent  for  national 
government,  329  ;  implied  powers,  333. 

Congress  of  the  United  States  (1789-1895), 
index  to  documents  of,  38  ;  records  of 
debates,  *ng;  acts  of,  *i2o ;  organiza 
tion  of  (1789),  329  ;  first  financial  acts, 
331 ;  Missouri  Compromise,  361  ;  oppo 
sition  to  J.  Q.  Adams,  364  ;  breach  with 
Tyler,  382  ;  annexation  of  Texas,  385  ; 
territorial  crisis,  390 ;  Compromise  of 
I8so,  392  ;  Kansas- Nebraska  act,  395  ; 
Lecompton  Constitution,  396  ;  compro 
mise  and  coercion  (1860-1861),  408;  in 
Civil  War,  415,  419,  423  ;  acts  on  slav 
ery,  425  ;  thirteenth  amendment,  426. — 
See  Compromises,  Finances,  Internal 
Improvements,  Slavery,  Tariff,  Terri 
tories. 

Congresses,  early  colonial,  304,  305.  —  See 
Albany,  Stamp  Act. 

Congressional  Debates,  *ii9. 

Congressional  documents,  as  geographical 
sources,  54 ;  titles  of,  *i2o. 

Congressional  Globe,  *ioj. 

Congressional  Record,  *io7. 

Conkling,  A.  R.,  Roscoe  Conkling,  *8g. 

Conkling,  Roscoe,  Biography  of,  *8g. 

Connecticut,  histories,  *58  ;  Records,* '112  ; 
founded,  274  ;  charter,  274 ;  absorbs 
New  Haven,  275  ;  in  New  England 
Confederation,  276  ;  Quakers  in,  277  ; 
Andros  in,  278 ;  condition  of  (1760), 
286  ;  claims  to  western  lands,  304  ;  cedes 
lands,  317,  336;  emancipates  slaves, 
320  ;  ratifies  constitution,  325. 

"  Connecticut  Courant,"  secession  in,  404. 

"Connecticut  Farmer,"  Remarks  on  a 
Pamphlet,  318. 

Connecticut  Historical  Society,  publica 
tions,  *I22. 

Connelly,  E.  M.,  Kentucky,  *6i. 

Constitution,  of  the  Confederate  States, 
406,  412. 

Constitution,  of  the  United  States,  topics 
on,  13,  17;  manuscripts,  134;  memora 
ble  dates,  159  ;  extracts,  165  ;  topics  on, 
214,  218  ;  formation  of,  322,  323  ;  text 
and  reprints,  324 ;  ratification  of,  325, 
404  ;  theories  as  to,  327  ;  implied  powers 
in,  333  ;  application  to  territories,  390  ; 
interpretation  in  1860,  405  ;  strained  in 
Civil  War,  423.  —  See  Amendments, 
Habeas  Corpus,  Implied  powers,  Nulli 
fication,  Secession. 

Constitutions  of  the  States.  —  See  States 
by  name. 

Contraband,  in  Napoleonic  Wars,  350 ; 
Butler's,  425. 

Conventions,  of  1787,  see  Federal  Con 
vention  ;  for  ratifying  the  Constitution, 
325  ;  South  Carolina  nullification  (1832), 
370;  Nashville  (1850),  392;  Charleston 
(1860),  400;  Chicago  (1860),  400:  peace 
conference  (1861),  408;  secession,  406; 
Montgomery,  412. 

Conway,  M.  I).,  Thomas  Paine,  *cfi ; 
Edmund  Randolph,  *gj. 


Coode,  Rebellion  of,  in  Maryland,  254. 

Cooke,  J.  E.,  Virginia,  *j6;  R.  E.  Lee, 
*94 ;  historical  novels,  *i38  ;  Stonewall 
Jackson,  417. 

Cooley,  T.  M.,  Michigan,  ^64  ;  Constitu 
tional  Limitations,  311  ;  Story^s  Com 
mentaries,  320;  Acquisition  of  Louisi 
ana,  348. 

Cooper,  sedition  case,  342. 

Cooper,  J.  F.,  Navy  of  the  United  States, 
*56>  353  ;  Notions  of  the  A  mericans,  *8o  ; 
historical  novels,  138. 

Cooper,  T.,  Information  respecting  A  mer- 
ica,  *8o;  (with  McCord,  D.  J.),  Statutes 
of  South  Carolina,  *i  16. 

Cooper,  T.  V.,  American  Politics,  *i33- 

Cope,  T.  P.,  William  Penn,  *96- 

Coppee,  Henry,  U.  S.  Grant,  *gi. 

Corbett,  J.,  Sir  Francis  Drake,  247. 

Cordoba,  Voyage  to  Yucatan,  238,  239. 

Cornelison,  I.  A.,  Religion  and  Civil  Gov 
ernment,  285. 

Cornell,  W.  M.,  Pennsylvania,  *-jz. 

Cornell  University,  Bulletins,  378. 

Cornwallis,  Charles,  biography,  *8g ; 
southern  campaign,  301. 

Coronado,  explorations,  239. 

Cortez,  Hernando,  conquest  of  Mexico, 
238. 

Corwin,  Thomas,  biography  ,*8g;  Speeches, 
*i25  ;  constitutional  amendment,  408, 
425- 

Costa,  B.  F.,  Pre-Columbian  Discovery, 
234  ;  I'errazano,  240  ;  Norumbega,  250. 

Cotton,  Whitney's  gin,  336  ;  importance 
in  1860,  402  :  scarcity  in  Civil  War,  420, 
421.  —  See  Slavery. 

Cotton,  Edward  R.,  Nathaniel  Macon, 
*94- 

Cotton,  John,  Abstracts  of  the  Lawes  of 
New  England,  271. 

Councils,  colonial,  312. 

Counties,  histories  of,  57. 

Courts,  colonial,  312  ;  under  Confedera 
tion,  316  ;  Court  of  Appeals  in  Cases  of 
Capture,  316;  federal  organized,  329; 
under  Jefferson,  345  ;  Confederate,  412  ; 
Digests  of  Decisions,  *ng  ;  Reports  of 
Decisions,  *i2i.  —  See  Supreme  Court. 

"  Covode  Investigation,"  400. 

Cowan,  Frank,  Southern  Pennsylvania, 
*i4i. 

Cowpens,  battle  (1781),  301. 

Cox,  S.  S.,  Three  Decades,  *i28. 

Coxe,  ~Br\nto-n,  Judicial  Power,  290. 

Coxe,  D.,  English  Province  of  Carotana, 
*69. 

Coxe,  Tench,  Conduct  of  Great  Britain, 

Craig,  N.  B.,  Exposure  of  Misstatements, 

34°. 

Cranch,  William,  Reports,  121. 
Crane,  W.  C.,  Sam  Houston,  *g2. 
Crane  and  Moses,  Politics,  313. 
Crawford,  S.  T.,  Genesis  of  the  Civil  War, 

Creighton,  Louise,  Sir  Walter  Ralegh, 
247. 


Congress  —  DeLaet. 


439 


Creole,  case  of,  380. 

Cresap,  Michael,  biography,  *8g. 

Crevecceur,  St.  John  de,  Letters  from  an 

A  merican  Farmer,  *8o. 
Crew,  H.  W.,  Dayton  (Ohio),  *7o. 
Crittenden,  John  J.,  biography  of,  *8g  ; 


compromise  ( 
'rockett,   Da 
tures,  *i28. 


(1861),  < 
id,  Ex. 


',  408. 


Cross,  Answer  to  a  Brief  State,  263. 
Crozat,  Grant  of  Louisiana,  244,  347. 
Cuba,  discovery,  235  ;  circumnavigated, 

236  ;   conquest   of,   238  ;    Monroe    Doc 

trine,  363  ;  attempts  to  annex,  394,  395. 
Cumberland    Road,    356.  —  See    Internal 

Improvements. 
Cunningham,    W.,    Growth    of   English 

Industry  and  Coimnerce,  285. 
Currency.  —  See  Finances. 
Curriculum,    place   of  American   history 

in,  6. 

Curteis,  G.  H.,  Dissent,  265. 
Curtis,  B.  R.,  Reports,  *i22. 
Curtis,  G.  T.,  Constitutional  History, 

*47;  James    Buchanan,    *88;    Daniel 

Webster,  *ioo. 
Curtis,  G.  W.,  biography,  *8g  ;  Orations 

and  A  ddr  esses,  *  1  2  5  . 
Curwen,  Samuel,  /#?«•-««/,  304. 
Gushing,  William,  Index  to  North  A  mer 

ican  Review,  *37- 
Cutler,  Manasseh,  biography,  *8g. 
Cutler,  W.    P.,   Ordinance   of  1787,  *-jo, 

318  ;  (with  Julia  Perkins  Cutler),  Rev. 

Manasseh  Cutler,  *8g. 
Cutts,  J.  M.,  Brief  Treatise,  *ii8. 
Cyclopcedia  of  A  merican  Literature,  *4o. 
Cyclopcedia  of  Political  Science,  *4o. 
Cyclopaedias,  40,  41. 


ABNEY,  R.  I,.,  Defense  of  Virginia, 
403  ;  Stonewall  Jackson,  407. 


D 

Daggett,  J.,  Attleborough  (Mass.),  *63. 
Dale,  Sam.,  biography,  128. 
Dale's  Laws,  in  Virginia,  250,  251. 
Dall,   W.    H.,  Alaska,   57   (with    Baker, 
M.),  Publications  relating  to  Alaska, 

Dallas,  A.  J.,  biography,  *8g  ;  Laws  of 
Pennsylvania,     *ii4;      Reports,    *ii7, 

*I21. 

Dallas,  Geo.   M.,   Alexander  J.    Dallas, 

*8g. 
Dallinger,  F.  W.,  Nominations  for  Office, 

Dana,  C.   A.,  and  Wilson,  J.  H.,   U.  S. 

Grant,  *gi. 
Dana,  R.  H.,  biography,  *8g  ;   Wheaton'ls 

International  Law,  363. 
Dane,  N.,  and  others,  Laws  of  Massachu 

setts,  *in. 
Danforth,    H.    G.,    Digest    of   Supreme 

Court  Reports,  *i  ig. 
Daniel,  Richmond  Examiner,  414. 
Dankers,  J.,  and  Sluyter,  P.,   Voyage  to 

New  York,  *8o,  25g. 
Darby,    J.     F.,    Personal    Recollections, 

*I28. 


Darby,  Wm.,  Tour,  *8i. 

Dartmouth  College,  case,  35g. 

Dates,  memorable,  157-162. 

D'Aulnay  and  La  Tour,  242. 

Davenport,  John,  founder  of  New  Haven, 
275- 

Davenport  (Iowa),  history,  *6o. 

D'Avezac,  W'altzeemueller,  237. 

Davidson,  Hannah  H.,  Reference  His 
tory,  *3&. 

Davidson,  Drake's  Anchorage,  248. 

Davies,  H.  E.,  General  Sheridan,  *g8. 

Davis,  A.  McF.,  Provincial  Banks,  *28o 

Davis,  C.  H.,  Letters  of  J.  Downing, 
*x?8. 

Davis,  G.  L.,  Day  Star,  255. 

Davis,  H.  W.,  Speeches,  425. 

Davis,  Horace,  A  meric&n  Constitutions, 
306. 

Davis,  James,  Laws  of  North  Carolina, 
*iiS- 

Davis,  Jefferson,  Confederate  Govern 
ment,  *47  ;  biographies  of,  *go :  com 
promise  of  1850,  39 1  ;  resolutions  of 
1860,  400,  404  ;  president  of  the  Confed 
eracy,  412. 

Davis,  John,  Travels,  *8r. 

Davis,  J.  C.  B.,  United  States  Reports, 

*I2I. 

Davis,  Matthew  L.,  Aaron  Burr,  *88. 

Davis,  P.  hi.,  Authentic  History,  353. 

Davis,  Reuben,  Recollections,  *i28. 

Davis,  Mrs.  Varina  J.,  Jefferson  Davis, 
*go. 

Davis,  W.  B.,  and  Durrie,  D.  S.,  Mis 
souri,  *6$. 

Davis,  W.  H.  H.,  Spanish  Conquest,  23g. 

Davis,  W.  M.,  Geographical  Illustrations, 
*5i  ;  Governmental  Maps,  *5i,  151. 

Davis,  W.  T.,  Plymouth,  #64. 

Dawes,  Anna  L.,  Charles  Sumner,  *gg. 

Dawson,  G.  F.,  Gen. John  A.  Logan,*q\. 

Dawson,  A.  B.,  Battles  of  the  United 
States,  295  ;  Trial  ofj.  H.  Smith,  3004; 
Papers  Concerning  A  ndre,  300  ;  The 
Federalist,  325. 

Day,  S.  P.,  Down  South,  418. 

Day,  S.,  Historical  Collections  (Pennsyl 
vania),  *72. 

Dayton  (O.),  history,  *70. 

DeBow,  J.  D.  B.,  Industrial  Resources, 
403. 

Deane,  Charles,  Slavery  in  Massachu 
setts,  315. 

Deane,  Silas,  Papers,*\z$,  in  France,  300. 

Debates,  records  of  Congressional,  119; 
as  a  school  exercise,  173. 

DeBry,  Voyages,  233;  Report  of  Virginia, 
249. 

Debts,  in  treaty  of  1783,  303  ;  funding  of 
(i79°).  33i  !  1801,345. —  See  Loans. 

Declaration  of  Independence,  manuscript 
of,  134  ;  extracts,  162,  296,  297. 

Declaratory  Act,  288. 

Dedham,  history,  63  ;  Records,  *ui. 

De  Gasparin,  A.  E.,  Uprising  of  a  Great 
People,  403. 

DeLaet,  Nieuwe  IVereld,  230,  258. 


440 


Index. 


Delaware,  histories  of,  *$g  ;  colonial  rec 
ords,  *i  14 ;  colony  of,  261,  263  ;  first 
state  government,  306  ;  ratifies  consti 
tution,  325  ;  slavery  ceases,  426. 

Delaware  County  (N.  Y.),  history  of,  68. 

Delaware  County  (Pa.),  history  of,  73. 

Delaware  Historical  Society,  Papers,  122. 

Demarcation,  bull  of.  235. 

DeMille,  James,  Lily  and  Cross,  *i39- 

Democratic  Party,  early  American,  334 ; 
clubs,  339  :  Jeffersonian,  334  :  in  power 
(1801),  345  ;  split  (1812),  354  ;  era  of  good 
feeling,  359  ;  Jacksonian,  368  ;  elections, 
381,  385,  398;  split  (1860),  400:  during 
Civil  War,  423.  — See  Civil  War,  Elec 
tions,  Finance,  Internal  Improvements, 
Jackson,  Jefferson,  Slavery,  Tariff. 

De  Monts,  patent,  242. 

Dent,  J.  C.,  Canada,  384. 

Denton,  D.,  Description  of  New  York, 
259,  287. 

Denver  (Col.),  histories,  *s8. 

Denver,  Gov.,  396. 

Departments,  organization  of,  329. 

Deposit  act,  374;  suspended,  381. 

Deposits,  removal  by  Jackson,  372. 

D'Estaing,  Admiral,  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  300,  301. 

Desty,  Robert,  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  *ng. 

Detroit  (Mich.),  history,  *64 ;  captured 
1812,  352. 

De  Vries,  Korte  HistoriaeJ,  258. 

De  Witt,  Cornells,  Thomas  Jefferson, 
*93- 

Dewhurst,  W.  W.,  Saint  Augustine 
(Fla.),  *89- 

Dexter,  F.  B.,  Estimates  of  Population, 
284. 

Dexter,  H.  M.,  Roger  Williams,  *ioo, 
273  ;  Congregationalism,  265. 

Diaz,  Bernal,  Historia   Verdadcra,  232. 

Dicey,   A.    V.,  Law  of  the  Constitution, 

•*  333- 

Dicey,  Edward,  Federal  States,  418. 

Dickens,  Charles,  A  merican  Notes,  *8o. 

Dickeson,  A  merican  Numismatic  Man 
ual,  319. 

Dickinson,  Daniel  S.,  Speeches,  *i25. 

Dickinson,  John,  biography,  *go ;  Politi 
cal  ll-'ritings,  *i25  ;  Letters  of  a 
Farmer,  290 ;  draft  of  Articles  of  Con 
federation,  304. 

Dictionary  of  Altitudes,  50. 

Diesterweg,  G.,  Instruction  in  History, 
*3o. 

Digests,  *H7,  119. 

Dillon,  J.  B.,  Oddities  of  Colonial  Legis 
lation,  *io8. 

Dillon,  J.  D.,  Indiana,  *6o. 

Dinwiddie,  Governor,  Official  Records, 
283. 

Discovery,  topics  on,  12,  15  ;  memorable 
dates,  157  ;  of  America,  234-237. 

Dissenters,  in  Virginia,  253. 

Distribution  of  surplus,  373. 

District  of  Columbia,  organized,  336  ;  sta 
tus  of  slaves  in,  378  ;  petitions  on,  378  ; 


slave  trade,  390  ;  act  of  1850,  391  ;  eman 
cipation,  425. 

Disunion.  —  See  Civil  War,  Compromises, 
Nullification,  Secession. 

Dix,  Dorothea  L.,  biography,  *gp. 

Dix,  J.  A.,  Speeches,  *i25 ;  biography, 
407. 

Dix,  Morgan, John  A.  Dix,  407. 

Dixon,  Life  of  Penn,  262. 

Dixon,  Amendment  to  Nebraska  Bill, 
395- 

Documents  of  the  United  States,  *i2o; 
collections  of,  132-134. 

Documentos  Ineditos,  232. 

Dodge,  Abigail.  —  See  Hamilton,  Gail. 

Dodge,  T.  A.,  Civil  War,  415. 

Donaldson,  Th.,  Public  Domain,  49,  *4g, 
305- 

Dominion  Atlas,  385. 

Dongan,  Governor  of  New  York,  259. 

Doniol,  H.,  Participation  de  la  France, 
301. 

Donne,  W.  B.,  Correspondence  of  George 
III,  294. 

Dorchester  (Mass.),  history  of,  *63. 

Dorchester  Fishing  Company,  269. 

Dorr,  T.  W.,  biography,  382. 

Dorr  Rebellion  (1842),  382. 

Doubleday,  A.,  Fort  Sumter,  412. 

Dougherty,  J.  H.,  Constitutions  of  New 
York,  307. 

Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  biographies,  *go; 
Kansas-Nebraska  Act,  395  ;  Lecompton 
Constitution,  396  ;  Dred  Scott  decision, 
399 ;  debate  with  Lincoln,  400 ;  nomi 
nated  for  president,  400  ;  defeated,  400. 

Douglass,  C.  H.  J.,  Financial  History  of 
Massachusetts,  319. 

Douglass,    Frederick,    Life  and   Times, 

*I2g. 

Douglass,  W.,  British  Settlements,  *t,6, 

Doyle,  J.  A.,  English  in  America,  *47  ; 
Virginia,  *47,  241 ;  Puritan  Colonies, 
*47,  146. 

Drafts  of  1863,  423. 

Drake,  D.,  Kentucky, *6i. 

Drake,  Sir  Francis,  biography,  247 ; 
American  voyages,  247 ;  rescues  Ral 
egh's  colonists,  248. 

Drake,  F.  S.,  Dictionary  of  American 
Biography,  *4o  ;  Roxbury  (Mass.),  *&4  ; 
Henry  Knox,  *93. 

Drake,  S.  A.,  Great  West,  *$6,  360 ;  New 
England,  269  ;  Landmarks  of  Boston, 
286 ;  Nooks  and  Corners,  286 ;  His 
toric  Fields,  295. 

Drake,  S.  G.,  Boston,  *6$  ;  New  England 
Legends,  *i38 ;  French  and  Indian 
War,  283. 

Draper,  J.  W.,  History  of  the  Civil  War, 

*47,  Si- 

Draper,  L.,  King's  Mountain,  302. 
Drayton,  J.,  Memoirs,  296. 
Drew,  Benjamin,  Refugee,  394. 
Droysen,  J.  G.,  Outlines  of  the  Principles 

of  History,  *3i. 
Duane  (and  Bioren),  Laws  of  the  United 

States,  *49. 


Delaware  — 


England, 


441 


Duane,  Secretary,  removed,  372. 

Du  Bois,  W.  E.  B.,  Slave  Trade,  315. 

Du  Bose,  J.  W.,  William  Lowndes  Yan- 
cey ,  *ioo. 

Dudley,  Th.,  Letter  to  the  Countess  of 
Lincoln,  270. 

Duer,  W.  A.,  William  Alexander,  *g8 ; 
Constitutional  Jurisprudence,  3 16. 

Duke  of  York's  Laws,  *H4,  259. 

Dumont,  M.  J.,  Corps  Universel  Diplo 
matique,  *54,  228. 

Du  Monts,  La  Louisiane,  233. 

Dunbar,  C.  F.,  Topics  on  Financial 
Legislation,  *%6 ',  References  on  Eco 
nomic  History,  *36  ;  Laws  Relating-  to 


Dui 


finance,  332. 
ican,  J.  N.,  Travels,  *8i. 


Dunlap,  William,  Andre,  '141. 

Dunn,  J.  P.,  Indiana,  *6o. 

Dunning,  W.  A.,  Constitution  in    Civil 

War.  423. 
Duponceau,    P.    S.,   Landing  of  Penn, 

*72. 

Durand,  J  ,  Documents  on  the  Revolution, 
301. 

Durham,  Bishop  of,  jurisdiction,  2^3. 

Dutch,  claims  to  America,  227 ;  relations 
with  Swedes  and  English,  258 ;  influ 
ence  in  America,  258  ;  on  the  Delaware, 
261;  explorers  of  New  England,  264; 
relations  with  Plymouth,  266 ;  on  the 
Connecticut  river,  274  ;  relations  with 
New  England  Confederation,  276 ;  race 
element,  310;  loans  to  U.  S.,  319. 

Dutch  West  India  Company,  258. 

Duyckinck,  E.  A.  and  G.  L. ,  Cyclopa-dia 
of  A  merican  Literature,  *4o ;  Ballads, 
*i4i. 

Dwight,  S.  E.,  President  Edwards,  *go. 

Dwight,  Theodore,  Connecticut,  *s8 ; 
Thomas  Jefferson,  *93  ;  Hartford  Con 
vention,  351. 

Dwight,  Timothy,  Travels,  *8i  ;  Green 
field  Hill,  *i4i. 

Dyer,  Oliver,  Jefferson  Davis,  *9o. 

Dyer,  T.  H.,  Modern  Europe,  350. 

EARLE,   A.    M.,     Puritan    Sabbath, 
3!4- 

Earle,  Thomas,  Benjamin  Lundy,  *g4. 
East    Florida,   disputes    and  annexation, 

359- 

East  Hampton  (L.  I.),  Records,  *ii3. 
East  Jersey,  colony  of,  260. 
East  Tennessee,  Union  sentiment,  410. 
Eaton,  Major,  367. 
Eaton,    Theophilus,     founder    of     New 

Haven,  275. 

Echoes  from  the  South,  413. 
Eddis,  W.,  Letters,  287. 
Education,  in  provincial    New   England, 

280  ;  in  the  United  States  in  1830,  366.  — 

See  People. 

Edwards  County  (111.),  history,  *6o. 
Edwards,  E.,  Life  of  Ralegh,  247. 
Edwards,  Jonathan,  biographies,  *go. 
Edwards,  R.,  and  Hope  well,  M.,  Great 

West,  *65. 


Eelking,  Max  von,  Major-General  Ried- 

esel,*\^\. 

Eggleston,   G.   C,,  American    War  Bal 
lads,   *i4i  ;  A   JMan   of  Honor,   *i^S  ; 

Rebel's  Recollections,  418. 
Eggleston,  Edward,  History  for  School, 

*43  ;  Household  H istory ,  314. 
Egle,  W.  H.,  Pennsylvania,  *j2  ;  Notes 

and  Queries,  *io2. 
Egleston,  Melville,  Land  Systems  of  New 

England,  271. 
Elections,  first  national,  329  ;  of  1792, 334  ; 

of  1796,  340;  of   1800,  343  ;  of  1808,  351  ; 

of    1812,    354;    of    1816,    359;    of    1824, 

364,367;  of  1825,  364;  of  1828,  367;  of 

1832,  369;  of   1836,   381;  of    1840,  382; 

of  1844,  385 !  of  1848,  390;  of  1856,  398; 

of  1860,  400;  of  1864,  423. 
Eleventh   Amendment,    Supreme    Court 

cases,  358. 

Eliot,  W.  G  ,  Archer  Alexander,  394. 
Elizabeth  (N.  J.),  histories,  *66. 
Ellet,E.  F.,  Women  oftJie  Revolution,  292. 
Elliot,    H.    W.,  Affairs   in  Alaska,  *57 ; 

Our  Arctic  Province,  *57. 
Elliot,  J.,  Funding  System,  332  ;  Debates, 

324- 

Elliott,  Charles  W.,  New  England  His 
tory.  *5<S. 
Ellis,  G.  E.,  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson,  *g2  ; 

Puritan   Age,   265,   273,   279 ;    Bunker 

Hill,  296. 
Elmer,  L.  Q.  C.,  History  of  the  \_N.  /.] 

Constitution,  307. 
Elting,  I.,  Dutch    tillage  Communities, 

Emancipation.  —  See  Slavery. 

Embargo,   implied   powers,    333 ;    Jeffer 
son's,  351. 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo,  biographies,  *go. 

Encomium,  case  of,  380. 

Encyclopedia  Americana,  *4i. 

Encyclop&dia  Britannic  a,  *4<x 

Encyclopaedias,  special  treatises  in,  55. 

Endicott,  Charles  M.,/0/zw  Endicott,*yo. 

Endicott,  John,  biography,  *go  ;  in  Massa 
chusetts,  269. 

England,  strong  colonies  of,  4  ;  contribu 
tion  to  American  institutions,  5;  relations 
with  the  United  States,  29 ;  Statutes, 
*io8  ;  claims  to  America,  228  ;  explorers 
of,  246-248  ;  Reformation  in,  264  ;  Puri 
tans  in,  264;  Quakers  in,  277;  contest, 
with  France  (1690-1763),  281  ;  constitu 
tional  relations  with  the  colonies,  284  ; 
political  parties  in  (1765),  288  ;  minis 
tries  of  (1760-1776),  291  ;  political  insti 
tutions  (to  1775),  311  ;  boundary  contro 
versies  with  United  813168(1783-1789), 
317;  relations  with  the  Confederation, 
321  ;  as  furnishing  a  precedent  for 
national  government,  329 ;  war  with 
France  (1793),  337;  relations  with 
United  States  (1789-1796),  337;  claims 
to  Louisiana,  347  ;  war  with  France 
(1803),  350;  aggressions  on  neutral 
trade,  350,  355  ;  Orders  in  Council,  350  ; 
captures  American  ships,  350  ;  war  with 


442 


Index. 


United  States,  352,  353  ;  imports  from 
in  1816,  356 ;  commercial  convention 
with  (1815),  356;  fishery  convention 
(1818),  356  ;  slaves  carried  away  (1815), 
361  ;  on  South  American  affairs,  362  ; 
fugitives  to  Canada,  379  ;  controversy 
with  as  to  slave  vessels,  380  ;  treaty  of 
1842,  383  ;  boundary  controversies,  383  ; 
Oregon,  383  ;  treaty  of  1846,  383  ;  Paken- 
ham  correspondence,  385  ;  sympathy 
with  the  South,  402,  42 1  :  neutrality,  420  ; 
Trent  affair,  420 ;  Alabama  question, 
421  ;  Mexico,  421. 

English,  taught  through  history,  210; 
treatment  of  Indians  by,  232  ;  seamen, 
sixteenth  century,  247  ;  relations  with 
New  Netherland,  258  ;  conquest  of  New 
Netherland,  261. 

English,  T.  D.,  A  merican  Ballads,  *i4i. 

"  English  Bill,"  396. 

Enterprise,  case  of,  380. 

Episcopacy,  English,  265. 

Episodes,  as  subjects  for  written  work, 
209-210. 

Epochs  of  A  merican  History,  33,  44,  *45, 
J4S- 

"  Era  of  good  feeling,"  359. 

Eratosthenes,  theories  of,  234. 

Ericson.  —  See  Leif. 

Erie  Canal,  306. 

Erie  County  (Pa.),  history  of,  73. 

Erskine  treaty,  351. 

Escurial,  treaty  of  1795,  337. 

Essays,  historical  for  schools,  210;  for 
colleges,  215,  220 

Essex  (Mass.),  history  of,  64. 

Essex    Institute,   Historical    Collections, 

Europe,  connection  with  American  his 
tory,  4;  claims  to  America,  227.  —  See 
Dutch,  England,  France,  Portugal, 
Russia,  Spain,  Sweden. 

"European  System,"  in  Monroe  Doc 
trine,  302. 

Evans,  C.,  History  of  the  Friends,  262. 

Everett,  Edward,  Orations,  *i25. 

Examinations,  advantages  of,  205 ;  oral, 
223,  225  ;  written,  224. 

Excise,  early  acts,  331,  339. 

Excursions,  for  schools,  172. 

Executive,  Colonial,  312;  under  confed 
eration,  315;  organization  of  federal, 
329.  —  See  Cabinet,  Civil  Service,  Presi 
dent. 

Executive  Documents,  121. 

Exeter  (N.  H.),  history,  *6$  ;  settlement, 
275- 

Expenditures.  —  See  Finance. 

Exploration,  topics  on,  12,  15  ;  memorable 
dates,  157  ;  explorers'  reports  as  sources, 
48. — See  Europe  and  explorers  by  name. 

Extradition,  connection  with  slavery,  379; 
in  treaty  of  1842,  383. 

FAGAN,  W.  L.,  Southern  War  Songs, 
418. 

Fairbanks,  G.  R.,  Florida,  *59  ;  St.  Aug 
ustine,  241. 


Faithful,  Emily,  Three  Visits  in  Amer 
ica,*^. 

Falconer,  Thomas.  Oregon  Question,  384. 

Farmer,  J.,  and  Moore,  J.  B.,  Collections 
of  New  Hampshire,  *66. 

Farmer,  S.,  Detroit  and  Michigan,  *64. 

Farragut,  D.  G.,  biography,  *9o. 

Farragut,  Loyall,  David  Glasgow  Farra 
gut,  *9o. 

Farrar,  C.  S.,  The  War,^. 

Farrar,  T.,  Constitution,  323. 

Faux,  W.,  Memorable  Days,*Si. 

Fay,  Benjamin,  Treatise  on  Slave  Keep- 
in£>  3i5- 

Fearon,  H.  B.,  Sketches  of  A  merica,  *8i. 

Federal  Convention,  322  ;  Journal,  324  ; 
manuscripts,  134.  —  See  Confederation, 
Constitution,  and  members  by  name. 

Federalist,  *r34,  325. 

"  Federalists"  (1787-1788),  325. 

Federalist  Party,  formed,  334 ;  fall  of, 
343  ;  conciliated  by  Jefferson,  345  ;  ob 
jects  to  Louisiana  purchase,  347  ;  effect 
of  Burr's  conspiracy  on,  349  ;  opposes 
War  of  1812,  354  ;  disappearance,  359. 

Federations,  early  American,  304.  —  See 
Congress. 

Fedix,  M.,  L'Oregon,  71. 

Fendall,  rebellion  of  in  Maryland,  254. 

Felt,  J.  B.,  Ecclesiastical  History,  *s6, 
271 ;  Essex  (Mass.),  ^64  ;  Salem  (Mass.), 
*64 ;  Massachusetts  Currency,  280 ; 
Customs  of  New  England,  286. 

Fernow,  B.,  Ohio  Valley,  *-jo. 

Ferris,  B.,  Delaware,  *$g. 

Fessenden,  W.  P.,  secretary  of  the  treas 
ury,  419. 

Fidler,  Isaac,  Observations,  *8i. 

"  Fifty-four  forty  or  fight,"  383. 

Filibusters,  to  Cuba,  394. 

Filmer,  Sir  Robert,  Patriarcha,  290. 

Filmore,  Millard,  becomes  president, 
391  ;  accepts  the  compromise,  391. 

"  Finality  Resolutions,"  397. 

Finances,  of  the  Revolution,  304,  306; 
superintendent  of  the,  316  ;  of  the  Con 
federation,  319  ;  organization  of  in  1780, 
331;  federal  taxes,  343;  Jefferson  s 
policy,  345  ;  reorganization  in  1816,  356; 
under  Jackson,  367-374 ;  under  Van 
Buren,  381;  under  Polk,  388 ;  of  the 
Confederacy,  412  ;  of  the  Civil  War, 
419. 

Finch,  J.,  Travels,  *8i. 

Findley,  W.,  Insurrection  in  Pennsyl 
vania,  340. 

"  Fiscal  Bank  "  and  "  Fiscal  Corpora 
tion,"  382. 

Fischer,  Theobald,  Raccolta  di  Map- 
pamondi,  229. 

Fisher,  G.  P.,  Colonial  Era,  *44,  145. 

Fisher,  S.  G.,  Trial  of  the  Constitittion, 

Fisher,  W.  C.,  American  Trade  Regula 
tions,  322. 

Fisheries,  in  treaty  of  1783,  303  ;  conven 
tion  of  1818,  356. 

Fiske,  John,  School  History,  u,  42,  *43, 


English  —  French. 


443 


144;  Discovery  of  America,  45,  *47, 
146 ;  Beginnings  of  New  England, 
*47  ;  A  merican  Revohition,  *47  ;  Criti 
cal  Period,  *47  ;  Irving' 's  Washington, 

Fitch,  Charles  E.,  George  William  Cur 
tis,  *8g. 

Fitch,  John,  Army  of  Cumberland,  416. 
Fitzhugh,  G.,  Cannibals  All,  376. 
P'itzniaurice,  Lord  E.,  Life  of  Shelburne, 


-98,  230,  289. 
Five  Pe 


^er  Cent  Scheme,"  319. 

Flanders,  Henry,  Chief  Justices,  316. 

Flatbush,  N.  Y.,  history  of,  68. 

Fletcher  vs.  Peck,  case,   359. 

Fletcher,  H.  C.,  American  War,  403. 

Fletcher,  W.  \.,A.L.  A.  Index  to  Gen 
eral  Literature,  34,  *37,  149. 

Florida,  histories,  *sg  ;  Records,  *n6; 
extent  of,  239  ;  annexation  of,  309 ;  se 
cedes,  406. 

Florida,  The,  confederate  cruiser,  421. 

Flower,  G.,  Edwards  County  (111.),  *6o. 

"Fluents,"  a  school  exercise,  154;  in 
recitation,  223. 

Floyd,  J.  B.,  in  Buchanan's  cabinet,  408. 

Follett,  M.  P.,  The  Speaker,  330. 

Folsom,  George,  Despatches  of  Cortez, 
238  ;  Saco  and  Biddcford  (Maine),  275. 

Fonblanque,  E.  B.  de,  John  Burgoyne, 
*88,  296. 

Foote,  H.  S.,  Texas,  *?$. 

Foote,  S.  A.,  Dred  Scott  Decision,  399. 

Foote,  W.  H.,  North  Carolina,  *6g; 
Virginia,  *7&,  253,  287. 

Force  Act  (1833),  371. 

Force,  Peter,  American  Archives,  *i33  ; 
Tracts,  *i33  ;  manuscript  collections, 
J3S- 

Ford,  H.  A.,  and  K.  B.,  Cincinnati  (O.), 
•71. 

Ford,  P.  L.,  Pamphlets  on  the  Constitu 
tion,  35  ;  Franklin  Bibliography,  *go ; 
Jeffersoii's  Writings,  *i26  ;  Essays  on 
the  Constitution,  324 ;  Pamphlets  on 
the  Constitution,  324 ;  Bibliography 
and  Reference  List,  326  ;  Bibliotheca 
Hamiltonia,  333. 

Ford,  T.,  Illinois,  *6o. 

Ford,  W.  C.,  Washington's  Writings, 
127. 

Foreign  relations,  of  the  Confederation, 
316,  321  ;  under  Washington,  337  ;  under 
Jefferson,  345,  354;  after  1815,  356; 
effect  on  of  slavery,  379  ;  under  Tyler, 
382  ;  under  Polk,  383-388  ;  under  Taylor, 
394 ;  under  Pierce,  394 ;  in  Civil  War, 
420.  —  See  foreign  countries  by  name. 

Forney,  J.  W.,  Anecdotes  of  Public  Men, 
*i2g. 

Forrest,  W.  S.,  Norfolk  and  Vicinity, 
*76. 

Forsyth,  William,  Cases  and  Opinions, 
*n8. 

Fort  Donelson,  capture,  415. 

Fort  Duquesne,  capture,  282. 

Fort  Frontenac,  capture,  282. 

Fort  Henry,  capture,  415. 


Fort  Necessity,  surrender,  282. 

Fort  Sumter.  —  See  Sumter. 

Fort  Wayne  (Ind.),  history,  *6o. 

Foster,  F.  H.,  Seminary  Method,  *3i. 

Foster,  J.  W.,  Prehistoric  Races,  231. 

Foster,  W.  E.,  References  to  the  Consti 
tution,  34,  *35,  326  ;  References  to  Polit 
ical  Topics,  *35  ;  Presidential  Admin 
istrations,  34,  *35  ;  Monthly  Reference 
Lists,  *35  ;  Stephen  Hopkins,  *g2 ;  Town 
Government  in  Europe,  314. 

Fourteenth  Amendment,  effect  on  Con 
federacy,  412. 

Fox,  Charles  James,  biography,  *go. 

Fox,  George,  the  Quaker,  261. 

Fox,  G.  L.,  Study  of  Politics,  *36. 

Fox,  G.  V.,  Landfall  of  Columbus,  235. 

France,  feeble  colonies  of,  4;  relations 
with  America,  29 ;  claims  to  America, 
228 ;  relations  with  England,  282  ;  alli 
ance  with  United  States,  300;  in  Peace 
°f  17&3>  303;  relations  with  Confedera 
tion,  321 ;  effect  of  the  Revolution  of 
1789,  334  ;  relations  with  United  States 
(1778-1796),  337;  war  with  England 
(!793)»  337!  breach  with  (1797-1800), 
340)  343  ;  spoliation  claims,  341  ;  claims 
to  Louisiana,  347  ;  treaty  of  1800,  350; 
aggressions  on  neutral  trade  (1793),  350; 
treaty  of  1803,  350;  decrees  as  to  neutral 
trade,  350,  351 ;  question  of  withdrawal, 
351 ;  difficulty  with  Jackson,  368  ;  claim 
to  Texas,  385  ;  sympathy  with  South, 
402;  invasion  of  Mexico,  421;  obliged 
to  retire,  421.  —  See  French. 

Franchere,  G.,  Narrative,  *-ji. 

Frankland,  biography  of,  286. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  biographies,  *go  : 
bibliographies  of,  90,  125;  autobiogra 
phy,  107,  145,  285;  Works,  *i25 ;  in 
France,  300;  negotiates  treaty  of  1783, 
303  ;  drafts  plan  of  Confederation,  304. 

Franklin  County  (N.  Y.),  history,  69. 

Fredericksburg,  battle,  415. 

Fredericq,  P.,  on  historical  teaching  .in 
Europe,  33. 

Freeman,  E.  A.,  Methods  of  Historical 
Study,  *3i ;  Impressions  of  the  United 
States,  *8i  ;  English  Constitution,  312. 

Freeman,  F.,  Cape  Cod,  *63. 

Fremantle,  A.  J.,  Southern  States,  418. 

"  Freeport  Doctrine,"  400. 

Free-soil  Party,  origin,  385  ;  election  of 
1848,  390;  election  of  1852,  397  ;  basis  of 
Republican,  398. 

"  Free  Ships  "  in  Napoleonic  wars,  350. 

Fremont,  Jessie  Benton,  Memoirs,  *i2g. 

Fremont,  J.  C.,  Exploring  Expedition, 
*8i ;  Memoirs,  *8i,  *i2g ;  campaign  of 
1856,  398 ;  controversy  with  Lincoln, 
425. 

French,  The,  treatment  of  Indians,  232  ; 
early  discoveries  of,  234  ;  early  explorers, 
240,  264;  settlements  on  the  coast,  241, 
242  ;  explorations  in  interior,  243  ;  set 
tlement  of  Louisiana,  244 ;  relations 
with  the  New  England  Confederation, 
276;  wars  with  the  English  (i6go-i748), 


444 


Index. 


281  ;  French  and  Indian  war,  282  ;  race 
element,  310.  —  See  France. 

French,  B.  F.,  Historical  Collections  of 
Louisiana.,  *6i,  242  ;  Historical  Col 
lections  of  Louisiana  and  Florida,  *6i. 

Freneau,  Philip,  Poems,  *i4i. 

Friends,  in  New  England,  277  ;  in  the 
Southern  Colonies,  277.  —  See  New 
Jersey,  Quakers,  Pennsylvania. 

Fries,  Insurrection  (1799),  343. 

Frobisher,  explorations  of,  247. 

Froebel,  Julius,^  Travers  F  Amerique, 
*8i. 

Frothingham,  O.  B.,  Theodore  Parker, 
*g6  ;  Gerrit  Smith,  *g8. 

Frothingham,  Richard,  Rise  of  the  Repub 
lic,  *45  ;  Charlestovjn,  *6^  ;  Joseph 
Warren,  *gg  ;  Siege  of  Boston,  295  ; 
Bunker  Hill,  295. 

Froude,  J.  A.,  Short  Studies,  *3i  ;  Sci 
ence  of  History,  *3i  ;  Scientific  Method 
Applied  to  History,  *3i  ;  English  Sea 
men,  247  ;  History  of  England,  247  ; 
Calvinism,  265. 

Fugitive  slaves,  in  the  colonies,  314;  act 
of  1793,  336  ;  in  Washington,  378  ;  ques 
tion  of,  379  ;  cases  before  1850,  390  ;  act 
of  1850,  391,  393;  cases  (1850-1860), 
393  ;  tested  in  Ableman  case,  393  ;  act 
repealed  (1864),  426.  —  See  Slavery. 

Fuller,  T.,  Church  History,  265. 

"  Fundamental  Orders,"  of  Connecticut, 
274. 

Fundy,  Bay  of,  settlement  on,  242. 

Furman,  G.,  Brooklyn,  *6j  ;  Long  Island, 
*68,  286. 

Fusang  legend,  234. 

f~*  ABRIEL,  slave  insurrection,  375. 

VJ"     Gadsden  Purchase,  309,  387. 

Gaff  are  1,  P.,  Floride  Franc  aise,  *59>  239- 
H  istoire  de  la  Decouverte,  234,  235; 
Bres  il  Fra  n$a  ise  ,241. 

Gag  resolutions,  378. 

Gallatin,  Albert,  biographies,  *9o,  Writ 
ings,  *i25  ;  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
345  ;  on  internal  improvements,  356  ;  on 
the  tariff,  370,  North  Eastern  Boun 


dary,  384. 
Galloway,  Jo 


Galloway,  Joseph,  Candid  Examination, 

304- 
Gambrall,  T.  C.,  Church  Life  in  Colonial 

Maryland,  287. 
Gansey,  fugitive  slave,  379. 
Gannet,  Henry,  Boundaries,  *49,  Maps  of 

the   United  States,  51;  physical  maps, 

52  ;  Scribner  's  Statistical  A  tlas,  *53  ; 

Mother  Maps,  310. 
Garden,  Alexander,  Anecdotes,  *i2g. 
Garden,  G.  de,  Traites,  *54- 
Gardiner,  S.  R.,  History  of  England,  265  ; 

Constitutional    Documents,    290,    312; 

Students'  History,  311. 
Garfield,   J.  A.,  biography,  *go;   Works, 

*I25. 

Garland,  H.  A..,  John  Randolph,  *gj. 
Garneau,    F.    X.,   H  istoire   de    Canada, 
243- 


Garner,  Fugitive  Slave  Case,  393. 

Garrett,  W.  R.,  South  Carolina  Cession, 
3°5- 

Garrison,  F.  J.,  and  W.  P.,  Wm.  Lloyd 
Garrison,  *9i. 

Garrison,  W.  L.,  biographies,  *gr,  Writ 
ings,  376;  founds  the  Liberator,  376; 
mobbed,  377;  on  Secession,  404.  —  See 
Abolition,  Slavery. 

Gaspee,  Burning  of  the,  293. 

Gasparin.  —  See  De  Gasparin. 

Gay,  S.  H.,  Bryant's  Popular  History, 
45,  *j6  ;  James  Madison,  *q$. 

Gayarre,  C.,  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane, 
53,  *6i  ;  Louisiana,  *6i. 

Geary,  Governor,  396. 

Gee,  J.,  Trade  and  Navigation,  285. 

General  Histories,  45. 

"General  Welfare,"  333.— See  Implied 
Powers. 

Genet,  French  minister,  337. 

"  Gentlemen  of  Elvas,"  Conquest  of 
Terre  Florida,  239. 

Geography,  historical,  23,  29,  48,  49,  53, 
169-171  ;  physical,  29,  50;  topical  work 
in,  209;  of  North  America,  227-231, 
309;  ancient  and  mediaeval,  234  ;  polit 
ical,  of  the  United  States,  309;  in  1830, 
366;  in  1860,  402.  —  See  Annexation, 
Boundaries,  Territories,  States. 

Geological  Survey  of  the  United  States, 
50. 

George  III.,  Correspondence,  294. 

Georgia,  histories,  *sg;  Records,  *n6; 
settlement  of,  257 ;  boundaries,  257 ; 
condition  of  (1760),  288;  in  Revolution 
ary  War,  301 ;  claims  to  Western  lands, 
304;  cedes  claims  to  United  States,  317, 
336;  ratines  constitution,  325;  early 
insubordination,  339;  Indian  War  (1795), 
339;  and  J.  Q,  Adams,  364;  secedes, 
406  ;  controversy  with  Confederacy,  412; 
campaign  of  1864,  415. 

Georgia,  The,  Confederate  cruiser,  421. 

Georgia  Historical  Society,  publications, 

*I22. 

Gerard,  J.  W.,  Peace  of  Utrecht,  *S4- 

German,  Race  Element,  310. 

Gerry,  Elbridge,  biography,  *gi. 

Getchell,  G.  B.,  Our  Nation's  Executives, 
*45- 

Gettysburg,  battle,  415. 

Ghent,  treaty  of,  353. 

Ghillany,  Behaim,  236. 

Gibbes,  W.  R.,  Documentary  History, 
296. 

Gibbons  vs.  Ogden,  334,  359. 

Gibbs,  George,  Washington  and  A  dams, 
*ioo. 

Gibson,  James,  Journal  of  the  Siege,  281. 

Giddings,  J.  R.,  biography,  *gi ;  Speeches, 
*i25 ;  anti-slavery  man,  378,  390;  at 
tempts  to  censure,  378;  History  of  the 
Rebellion,  410. 

Gihon,  J.  H.,  Geary  and  Kansas,  397. 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  expeditions,  248. 

Giles,  F.  W.,  Topeka  (Kan.),  *6o. 

Gillet,  R.  H.,  Democracy,  360. 


French  —  Hadley. 


445 


Oilman,  Arthur,  People  of  the  United 
States,  44,  *45 ;  Boston,  *63. 

Oilman,  Caroline,  Recollections,  *i2g; 
New  England  Housekeeper,  *i38. 

Oilman,  D.  C.,  James  Monroe,  *gs. 

Gilmer,  J.  H.,  Southern  Politics,  414: 
Argument,  414. 

Oilmore,  J.  R.,  Rear  Guard  of  the  Revo 
lution,  *74  ;  John  Sevier,*-]^;  Advance 
Guard  of  Western  Civilization,  *74. 

Oirard,  C.,  Etats  Confederes,  414. 

Girardin,  L.  H.,  Continuation  of  Burk, 
302. 

Gist,  Governor,  406. 

Gladstone,  .T.  H.,  Englishman  in  Kan 
sas,  *8i. 

Gladstone,  W.  E.,  Vaticanism,  255. 

Glen,  James,  South  Carolina,  *74,  288. 

Gneist,  R.,  English  Constitution,  312; 
English  Parliament,  312. 

Gobright,  L.  A.,  Recollections,  *i2g. 

Goddard,  H.  P.,  Luther  Martin,  *gs- 

Goddard,  S.  A.,  Letters,  422. 

Goddard,  Bank  of  the  United  States,  373. 

Gold,  ratio  of  16  to  r,  372  ;  discovery  in 
California,  390 ;  during  Civil  War,  419. 

Goldsborough,  Naval  Chronicle,  341. 

Goldschmid,  Henry  Hudson,  258. 

Goldsmith,  L.,  Conduct  of  France,  342. 

Gomara,  Conquesta  de  Mexico,  238. 

Gomez,  Voyages,  239. 

Goodell,W.,  Slavery,  314,  375;  Constitu 
tional  Law,  378. 

Goodrich  and  Tuttle,  Indiana,  *6o. 

Goodrich,  S.  C.,  Recollections,  *i2g. 

Goodwin,  D.  R.,  Slavery,  376. 

Goodwin,  J.   A.,  Pilgrim  Republic,  *6$. 

Goodwin,  T.  S.,  Secession,  403. 

Gordon,  George  H.,  Army  of  Virginia, 
416;  War  Diary,  418. 

Gordon,  T.  F.,  New  Jersey,  *66;  Gazet 
teer  of  New  York,  *6j;  Pennsylvania, 

*J2. 

Gordon.  W.,  Revolution,  289. 

Gordy  and  Twitchell,  Pathfinder  in  A  me- 

rican  History,  *3i,  *36. 
Gorges,  Ferdinando,  268. 
Gorges,  Robert,  268. 
Gorges  Society,  publications,  264. 
Gorton,  S.,  biography,  *gi  ;  struggle  with 

Massachusetts,    273 ;    Simplicities   De 
fence,  274. 
Gosnold,  Bartholomew,  in  New  England, 

249. 
Goss,  Elbridge  H.,  Colonel  Paul  Revere, 

*97. 
Goss,  J.  D.,  Tariff  Administration, T,!,*, 

371- 

Gosse,  E.,  Raleigh^  247. 
Gouge,    W.     M.,      Texas,     *7S  ;    Paper 

Money,  369. 
Gough,  Quakers,  277. 
Gould,  B.  A.,  Investigations,  227. 
Gould,  E.   W.,  Fifty   Years  on  the  Mis 
sissippi,  *i2g. 

Gould,  J.,  Delaware  County  (N.  Y.),*68. 
Graduate  work  in    American    history,  2; 

connections  of,  7.  —  See  Methods. 


Graf  ton  (Mass.),  history  of,  63. 

Graf  ton,  Duke  of ,  ministry  with  Chatham, 
291. 

Graham,    James,   Daniel    Morgan,    *gs. 

Grammar  schools,  American  history  in,  6, 
23.  —  See  Methods. 

Grant,  Anne,  Memoirs,  *i2g. 

Grant,  General  U.  S.,  biographies,  *gr ; 
Personal  Memoirs,  *i2g;  campaigns, 
415;  Report,  417. 

Grants,  Colonial.  —  See  Charters. 

Granville  (O.),  history,  *7o. 

Gray,  W.  H.,  Oregon,  *ji. 

Gray  and  Lowell,  Case  of  Dred  Scott, 
399- 

Gray  don,  A.,  Memoirs,  *i2g,  285. 

Grayson,  Ordinance  of  1785,  317. 

Greeley,  tiorace,  A  merican  Conflict, 
*47;  biographies,  *gi ;  Recollections, 
*i2g;  Slavery  Extension,  386;  Lin 
coln's  influence,  410. 

Greeley  (Col.),  history,  *s8. 

Green,  J.  R.,  English  People,  46,  265. 

Green,  S.  A.,  Records  of  Groton,  *6$. 

Greenbacks.  —  See  Legal  Tenders. 

Greene,  D.  H.,  East  Greenwich,  273,  286. 

Greene,  F.  V.,  General  Greene,  *gi. 

Greene,  G.  W.,  Historical  View,  *s6, 
2g6 ;  Rhode  Island,  *74 ;  Nathaniel 
Greene,  *QI  ;  German  Element,  298. 

Greene,  Nathaniel,  biographies,  *QI  ; 
southern  campaign  of,  301. 

Greenhow,  R.,  Northwest  Coast,  *ji ; 
Oregon  and  California,  *7i. 

Orenville,  G.,  Papers,  289. 

Grenville,  colony  of,  248. 

Greenwood,  J.  M.,  on  teaching,  32. 

Griffin,  A.  P.  C.,  Bibliography  of  His 
torical  Societies,  *i22. 

Griffis,  W.  E.,  Sir  William  Johnson, 
*93  ;  Matthew  Galbraith  Perry,  *g6. 

Griffith,  T.  W.,  Annals  of  Baltimore, 
287. 

Grijalva,  236,  238. 

Grimke,  A.  H.,  William  Lloyd  Garri 
son,  *gi ;  Charles  Sumner,  *gg. 

Grimke,  J.  F.,  Laws  of  South  Carolina, 
*n6. 

Grimke  (sisters),  biography,  377. 

Griswold,  W.  M.,  A  Descriptive  List  of 
Novels,  *i37. 

Oriswold,  R.  W.,  Republican  Court,  330. 

Grosvenor,  Docs  Protection  Protect  ?  384. 

Groton,  history,  *&3  ;  Records,  272. 

Grund,  F.  J.,  The  Americans,  *82. 

Guadeloupe  Hidalgo,  Treaty  of,  387. 

Guild,  R.  A.,  Chaplain  Smith,  285. 

Ouilford,  battle  of,  301. 

Gunboat  system,  345,  350. 

Ourowski,  Adam,  America,  375;  Slav 
ery,  379- 

HABEAS    CORPUS,  in    Burr's   con 
spiracy,  34g ;  in  Civil  War,  423. 
Hackett,    F.'   W.,    Portsmouth   Records, 

*no. 

Hadden,  J.  M.,  Orderly  Books,  2g8. 
Hadley  (Mass.),  history  of,  63. 


446 


Index. 


Hagerman,  J.  F.,  Princeton  (N.  J.),  298. 

Hale,  E.  E.,  historical  novels,  *is8; 
Washington  J*ioo\  Franklin  in  France, 
300. 

Hale,  J.  P.,  Trans-A  lleghany  Pioneers, 
305;  anti-slavery  activity,  390. 

Hale,  Nathan,  biography,  *gi. 

Haliburton,  Thomas  C.,  The  Clockmaker, 
Samuel  Slick,  *i38;  Rule  and  Misrule, 
280. 

Hall,  Basil,  Voyages  and  Travels,  *82 ; 
Forty  Etchings,  *&2. 

Hall,  B.  H.,  Eastern  Vermont,  *75. 

Hall,  G.  S.,  Methods,  *3i,  33. 

Hall  and  Mansfield,  Bibliography,  *3O. 

Hall,  H.,  Ethan  Allen,  *87. 

Hall,  James,  Sketches  of  the  West,  *8a; 
Letters  from  the  West,  *&2. 

Hall,  S.  C.,  Retrospect,  *i2g. 

Halleck,  H.  W.,  International Laiv,  300. 

Halloway,  J.  N.,  Kansas,  *6o. 

Hallo  we  11,  Mrs.  A.  D.,  James  and  Lu 
cre  tia  Mott,  *g6. 

Hallowell,  R.  P.,  Quaker  Invasion,  277. 

Hakluyt,  R.,  Principall  Navigations, 
232  ;  Western  Planting,  248. 

Hakluyt  Society,  publications,  *i33. 

Hamersley,  L.  R.,  The  Navy,  416. 

Hamilton  (Mass.),  history  of,  64. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  biographies,  *9i, 
*92,  349;  Works,  *i25;  Reports,  331; 
as  a  party  leader,  334;  Conduct  of  John 
Adams,  334;  question  of  military  com 
mand,  340:  attack  on  Adams,  343. 

Hamilton,  Gail  (pseud.),  J.  G.  Blaine, 
*88. 

Hamilton,  J.  A.,  Reminiscences,  *i2g. 

Hamilton,  J.  C.,  Alexander  Hamilton, 
*gi. 

Hamilton,  Luther,  Robert  Rantoul,  *g-j. 

[Hamilton,  Thomas],  Men  and  Manners, 

*82. 

Hamlet,  fugitive  slave,  393. 
Hammond,  J.,  Leah  and Rachael,  255. 
Hammond,  J.  D.,  Parties  in  New  York, 

*6?,  326. 

Hamor,  R.,  Discoitrse  of  Virginia,  251. 
Hampton  (N.  H.),  settlement,  275. 
Hancock,  John,  biography,  *Q2. 
Hancock,  Mrs.,  //".  .V.  Hancock,  129. 
Hancock,  W.  S.,  biographies,  *g2,  129. 
Handlin,    W.    W.,    American    Politics, 

Hanger,  Col.  George,  Life,  Adventures, 

*I2g. 

Hannay,  J.,  Acadia,  242,  281. 

Harding,  S.  B.,  Ratification  by  Massa 
chusetts,  326. 

Hardwick  (Mass  ),  history,  *63. 

Hare,  J.  I.  C.,  Constitutional  Law,  323. 

Hariot,  Thomas,  Narrative  of  Virginia, 
233,  249. 

Harlem  (N.  Y.),  history,  *68. 

Harper,  W.,  Pro-Slavery  Argument, 
376. 

Harper's,  Cyclopaedia  of  United  States 
History,  *4o;  Great  Rebellion,  416. 

Harper's  Ferry,  John  Browu  raid,  399. 


Harriman,  W.,  Warner  (N.  H.),  *66. 

Harrington,  J.,  Oceana,  290. 

Harris,  Alex.,  Political  Conflict,  378. 

Harris,  T.  M.,  Journal  of  'a  Tour,  *82. 

Harris  and  McHenry,  Maryland  Reports, 
*n7. 

Harrison,  Frederick,  Meaning  of  History , 
*3i. 

Harrison,  Wm.  H.,  elected  president, 
382;  death,  382. 

Harrisse,  H.,  Christopher  Columbus, 
235;  John  Cabot,  246;  Jean  et  Sebas 
tian  Cabot,  246  ;  Discovery,  246. 

Harsha,  W.  J.  J.,  Iowa,  *6o. 

Hart,  A.  B.,  Studies  in  American  Edu 
cation,  *3i  ;  Revised  Suggestions,  *3i; 
High  and  Preparatory  Schools,  32 ; 
on  entrance  requirements,  32 ;  on  the 
study  of  history,  32;  Federal  Govern 
ment,  *35  ;  Epochs  of  A  merican  His 
tory,  44,  *45  ;  Formation  of  the  Union, 
*45;  Epoch  Maps,  52,  *S3,  144;  Ameri 
can  History  Leaflets,  *i33  ;  Harvard 
Debates,  174. 

Hart,  C.  H.,  Robert  Morris,  *g$. 

Hart,  F.  B.,  Thankful  Blossom,  *i38. 

Hart,  J.  C.,  Miriam  Coffin,  *i38. 

Hartford  County  (Conn.),  histories,  *$g. 

Hartford  Convention  (1814),  355. 

Hartwell,  Blair,  and  Chilton,  Present 
State  of  Virginia.  253. 

Harvard  College  Library,  Card  Catalogue, 
*3S. 

Harvard  Historical  Studies,  55. 

Harvey,  Governor  of  Virginia,  252. 

Harvey,  Peter,  Daniel  Webster,  *ioo, 
129. 

Haskins,  C.  H.,  Yazoo  Land  Companies, 
337- 

Haskins,  N.,  Vermont,  *75. 

Hass,  W.  de,  Western  Virginia,  *76. 

Hatfield,  E.  F.,  Elizabeth  (N.  J.),  *66. 

Haven,  C.  C.,  Annals  of  Trenton,  298. 

Haven,  S.  F.,  Archeology,  231;  Grants 
under  the  Council,  268. 

Haverhill  (Mass.),  history,  *6^. 

Hawks,  F.  L.,  North  Carolina,  *6q. 

Hawks  and  Perry,  Documentary  Histcry 
of  Episcopal  Church,  *iO9. 

Hawkins,  W.  G.,  Lunsford  Lane,  394. 

Hayburn's  case,  359. 

Hayden's  Survey,  50. 

Hayne,  R.  Y.,  debate  with  Webster,  370. 

Haynes,  G.  H.,  Representation  and  Suf 
frage  in  Massachusetts,  271,  313. 

Hayti,  relations  with,  379. 

Hay  wood,  J.,  Tennessee,  *74. 

Hawthorne,  N.,  Franklin  Pierce,  *g6 ; 
historical  novels,  *i38. 

Hazard,  Ebenezer,  Historical  Collections, 

Hazard,  S.,  Pennsylvania,  *-j2  ;  Register 
of  Pennsylvania,  *iO2  ;  Pennsylvania 
A  r chives,  *i  14. 

Hazen,  C.  D.,  American  Opinion  of  the 
French  Revolution,  338. 

Hazen,  W.  B.,  Narrative,  418. 

Headly,  J.  C.,  Great  Rebellion,  416. 


Hagermati  —  Howard. 


447 


Heath,  Sir  Robert,  Grant  of  Carolaua,  255. 

Heath,  Gen.  Wm.,  Memoirs,  298. 

Heatcn,  J.  L.,  Vermont,  *7&. 

Heckewelder,  J.,  Indian  Nations,  233. 

Helper,  H.  R.,  Impending  Crisis,  376. 

Helps,  Arthur,  Spanish  Conquest,  235 ; 
Life  of  Pizarro,  238  ;  Life  of  Cortez, 
238. 

Hening,  W.  W.,  Statutes-at-Large  of 
Virgin  ia,  *  1 1 5 . 

Hennepin,  on  Mississippi,  243. 

Heni"r,  Mission,  the  (1809),  351. 

Henry,  J.  B.,  Messages  of  Buchanan,  407. 

Henry,  J.  J.,  Accurate  Account,  296. 

Henry,  Patrick,  biographies,   *g2. 

Henry,  W.  W.,  Patrick  Henry,  *92. 

Hepburn  vs.  Griswold,  420. 

Herndon  and  Weik,  Abraham  Lincoln, 
*94, 

Herrera,  A.  des,  Historia  General,  236. 

Hessians,  in  Revolution,  298. 

He  watt,  A. ,  South,  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
*74,  256,  257. 

Hewes  and  Gannett,  Scribner 's  Statisti 
cal  Atlas,  *53. 

Hickey,  W.,  Constitution,  370. 

Higginson,  Francis,  biography,  *g2  ;  New 
England' s  Plantation,  269 ;  Voyage, 
269. 

Higginson,  T.  W.,  Young  Folks'  History, 
42,  *43,  H4;  Larger  History,  44,  *45, 
145  ;  Francis  Higginson,  *g2  ;  Wendell 
Phillips,  *g6 ;  English  History,  311; 
Army  Life,  418. 

High  Schools.  —  See  Methods. 

"  Higher  Law,"  on  slavery,  393. 

Hildreth,  R.,  History,  45,  *47 ;  on  geog 
raphy,  49 ;  The  Slave,  *i3g ;  Banks, 
332  ;  Despotism,  375. 

Hildreth,  S.  P.,  Pioneer  History,  *-]\. 

Hill,  D.  G.,  Dedham  Records,  *ui,  272. 

Hill,  H.  A.,  Abbott  Lawrence,  *^. 

Hill,  William,  Colonial  Tariffs,  313; 
First  Stages  of  the  Tariff,  313. 

Hillard,  G.  S.,  G.  B.  McClellan,  *94 ; 
Jeremiah  Mason,  *95- 

Hillegas,  Michael,  Journals  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  of  Pennsylvania, 

Hincks,  Sir  Francis,  Boundaries,  384. 

Hines,  G.,  Oregon,  *j2. 

Hingham  (Mass.),  history,  *64. 

Hinman,  R.  R.,  Blue  Laws  of  New 
Haven,  275;  A  ntiquities  of  Connecticut, 
286. 

Hinsdale,  B.  A.,  How  to  Study  and  Teach 
History,  *3o;  Old  Northwest,  48,  *4g, 
71,  228.  318;  Bounding  the  United 
States,  *49 ;  Right  by  Discovery,  222; 
American  Government,  313. 

Historical  geography,  sources,  48,  53, 
169-171 ,  227-231,  309-310.  —  See  Annex 
ations,  Boundaries,  Geography,  States, 
Territories. 

Historical  novels,  lists  of,  137-140. 

Historical  Societies,  publications  of,  2, 
122-124;  manuscripts  in,  135. 

History  of  the  British  Dominions,  *55. 


Hitchcock,    Henry,    State   Constitutions, 

306. 

Hittell,  J.  S.,  San  Francisco,  *$8. 
Hittell,  T.  H.,  California,  *&. 
Hoadly,    C.    J.,    New    Haven    Records, 

*II2. 

Hobbes,   T.,    Philosophical    Rudiments, 

290;  Leviathan,  290. 
Hodges,  Presbyterian  Church,  285. 
Hodgson,    Adam,   Letters  from    North 

A  merica,  *82. 
Hodgson,  Joseph,  Troup,  Quitman,  and 

Yancey,  *ioi  ;   Cradle  of  the  Confeder- 

acy>  379- 

Holland,  American  colonies  of,  258  ;  Eng 
lish  emigrants  in,  265.  —  See  Dutch. 
Holland,  J.   C.,  Abraham  Lincoln,*^; 

Bay-Path,  *i39;   Arthur  Bontiicastle, 

*'39- 

Hollister,  G.  H.,  Connecticut,  *s8. 
Holm,  T.  C.,  Nya   Swerige,  *5g;    New 

Sweden,  *sg. 
Holmes,   Abiel,    historical    influence,    i ; 

Cambridge,  *63- 
Holmes,  Arthur,  Parties  and  Principles, 

Holmes,  Isaac,  Account  of  the  U.  S.,  *82. 

Holmes,  O.  W.,  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson, 
*go;  John  Lothrop  Motley,  *gs  ;  histori 
cal  novels,  *i39- 

Holloway  and  French,  Index  of  Claims, 

Hoist,  H.  Von.  —  See  Von  Hoist,  H. 

Holy  Alliance  (1815),  361. 

Hone,  Philip,  Diary,  *i2g. 

Hooker,  Richard,  Ecclesiastical  Polity, 
290. 

Hooker,  Thomas,  biography,  *g2. 

Hopkins,  J.  H.,  Slavery,  376. 

Hopkins,  Stephen,  biography,  *g2  ;  True 
Representation,  283;  Rights  of  Colo 
nies,  289. 

Hopkinson,  Francis,  Battle  of  the  Kegs, 
*i4i. 

Horry,  Peter,  Francis  Marion,  302. 

Horsmanden,  D.,  Negro  Plot,  260. 

Hosack,  David,  De  Witt  Clinton,  *8g. 

Hosmer,  J.  K.,  Samuel  Adams,  *87;  Sir 
Henry  Vane,  *gg ;  A  nglo-Saxon  Free 
dom,  323. 

Hotchkin,  J.  H.,  Western  New  York, 
*6g. 

Hough,  F.  B.,  Jefferson  County  (N.  Y.), 
*68;  Lewis  County  (N.  Y.),  *68;  St. 
Lawrence  and  Franklin  Counties 
(N.  Y.),  *6g;  Nantucket  Papers,  *n2; 
A  merican  Constitutions,  *i33;  Charles 
ton,  302;  Savannah,  302. 

House  of  Representatives.  —  See  Con 
gress,  Compromises,  Internal  Improre- 
ments. 

Houston  vs.  Moore,  358. 

Houston,  D.  F.,  Nullification,  371. 

Houston,  Samuel,  biographies,  *ig2. 

Houston,  W.,  Documents,  *iog. 

Hovey,  Alvah,  Rev.  Isaac  Backus,  *87- 

Howard,  Benjamin,  Reports  of  the  Su 
preme  Court,  *i2i. 


448 


Index. 


Howard,    G.     E.,    Local    Constitutional 

History,  271. 

Howard,  O.  O.,  General  Taylor,  *gg. 
Howe,  H.,  Ohio,*! i. 
Howe,    S.    G.,  Refugees  from   Slavery, 

393- 
Howe,    General    Sir   William,    American 

campaign,  298.  299;  Narrative,  298. 
Howell,    G.   R.,    Southampton    (L.    I.), 

*69. 

Hoyt,  Luzerne  Townships  (Pa.),  299. 
Hubbard,  W.,  Troubles  with  the  Indians, 

278. 
Hudson,     C.,     History     of    Lexington 

(Mass.),  295. 
Hudson,  Frederic,  History  of  Journalism, 

*io4. 

Hudson,  Henry,  explorations,  258. 
Hughes,  John,  biography  of,  *g2. 
Hughes,  J.  L.,  on  topical  teaching,  32. 
Hughes,   John  T.,  Doniphaii's   Expedi 
tion,  *82. 

Hughes,  R.  M.,  General  Johnston,  417. 
Huguenots,  American  settlements,  241. 
Huling,  R.  G.,  on  secondary  education, 

Hull,  William,  biography  of,  *92. 

Humboldt,  A.  Von,  Rxamen  Critique, 
236,  237. 

Hunt,  C.  E.,  The  Shenandoah,  418. 

Hunt,  C.  H.,  Edward  Livingston,  *94. 

Hunt,  R.  D.,  California's  First  Constitu 
tion,  391. 

Hunter,  C.  L.,  Western  North  Carolina, 
*69. 

Hunter,  General,  raises  negro  troops, 
425- 

Hurd,  J.  C.,  Freedom  and  Bondage, 
315;  Theory  of  National  Existence, 
327;  The  Union-State,  405. 

Hurd,  R.  C.,  Habeas  Corpus,  312. 

Huron,  Lake,  discovered,  242. 

Hutchinson,  Anne,  biography,  *Q2  ;  con 
troversy  as  to,  272. 

Hutchinson,  P.  O.,  Letters  of  Thomas 
Hutchinson,  295. 

Hutchinson,  T.,  Massachusetts,  *62  ;  Pa 
pers,  *no;  Diary  and  Letters,  *i2S, 
129;  "  Hutchinson  Letters,"  294,  295. 

Hylacomylus,  Cosmographii,  237. 

Hylton  vs.  the  United  States,  case,  358. 

TBERVILLE,  in  Louisiana,  244. 
JL     Icazbalceta,  J.  G.,  Coleccion,  236. 
Iceland,  American  settlements  identified, 

264. 

Idaho,  histories,  *77- 
Illinois,    histories,   *6o ;    explored,    243; 

part  of  Louisiana,  244 ;  admitted,  360. 
Illustrative  material  and  methods,  23,  135- 

142,  171.  —  See  Methods. 
Immigration,  214,  310;  in  1830,  366. —  See 

Internal  Improvements,  Lands,  People, 

Territories. 
"  Impending  Crisis,"  controversy  (1859), 

400. 

Implied  Powers,  doctrine  of,  333 ;  Su 
preme  Court  cases,  358.  —  See  Bank, 


Constitution,  Internal  Improvements, 
Legal  Tenders,  Supreme  Court,  Tariff. 

Impressment,  question  in  1794,  337 ;  re 
newed,  350;  leads  to  war  (1812),  352; 
waived  (1814),  353  ;  disposed  of  (1842), 
383- 

Income  tax,  Civil  War,  419. 

Indentured  servants,  in  the  colonies,  314. 

Independence,  Declaration  of,  296,  297. 

"  Independent  Democrats,"  Appeal,  395. 

"  Independent  Treasury,"  established, 
381;  repealed,  381,382:  revived,  388.— 
See  Finance. 

Indexes,  37,  38,  108. 

"  Indian  Country,"  organized,  394. 

Indian  Territory,  373. 

Indiana,  histories,  *6o  ;  admitted,  360. 

Indianapolis,  history,  *6o. 

Indians,  The,  in  1492,  232;  policies  as  to, 
of  England,  France,  and  Spain,  232  ; 
and  the  French,  243,  244;  the  massacre 
in  Virginia,  250 ;  and  the  Dutch,  258  ; 
and  the  English  in  New  York,  259 ;  and 
the  Pilgrims,  266;  and  the  New  Eng 
land  Confederation,  276;  King  Philip's 
War,  277  ;  employed  by  French  against 
English,  281  ;  Pontiac's  conspiracy,  288 ; 
as  a  race  element,  310  ;  slavery  of,  314  ; 
under  Confederation,  320;  wars  (1790- 


J795),    339!    war   (1811),    352;    British 
intrigues  with,  352 
under  J.  Q.  Ada 
son, 373  ;  Black  F 
Indian  Territory. 


352  ; 

intrigues  with,  352  ;  Seminole  War,  3 
under  J.  0-  Adams,  364:  under  Jac 
son,  373;  Black  Hawk  War,  373.  —  See 


59  ; 
ck- 


Ingersoll,  C.,  Fears  for  Democracy,  324. 

Ingersoll,  C.  J.,  Second  War,  353. 

Ingersoll,  L.  D.,  Iowa,  *6o. 

Ingham,  on  the  Bank,  369. 

Instrument  of  Government,  290. 

Insurrections,  slave,  314,  375;  Whiskey, 
339 ;  Fries,  343 ;  Burr,  348 ;  Dorr,  382  ; 
John  Brown,  399  ;  principle  of  suppres 
sion,  408;  Civil  War,  405-427. 

Internal  improvements,  Jefferson's  pol 
icy,  345;  in  1817,  356;  constitutionality 
of,  333,  356  ;  under  J.  Q.  Adams,  364  : 
under  Jackson,  373  ;  by  states,  381  ; 
status  (1829-1849),  388 ;  forbidden  to 
Confederacy,  412.  —  See  Constitution, 
Commerce,  Implied  Powers. 

"  Interposition,"  theory  of,  327;  in  1798, 
342. —  See  Nullification,  Secession. 

''  Intervention,"  362,  363. 

Ipswich  (Mass.),  history,  *&4. 

Investigation,  in  American  history,  25; 
application  in  schools,  26;  in  colleges, 
26;  in  graduate  schools,  26.  —  See 
Methods. 

Iowa,  histories  of,  *6o. 

Iredell,  James,  biography,  *g2. 

Irish,  legendary  explorers,  234 ;  race  ele 
ment,  310. 

Irving,  Theodore,  Conquest  of  Florida, 
239- 

Irving,  W.,  Astoria,  *j2  ;  Columbus,  *8g  ; 
biographies,  *g2  ;  M'ashington,  *ioo  ; 
Knickerbocker  History,  '139;  Com 
panions  of  Columbus,  236. 


Howard  — Judiciary. 


449 


Isham,  Charles,  Silas  Dearie,  300;  Fish 
ery  Question,  354. 
Izard,  Ralph,  Correspondence,  *i2$. 

JACKSON,  Andrew,  biographies, *g2, 93, 
369;  and  Burr,  348;  in  the  Floridas,  359; 
defeated  for  the  presidency  (1824-1825), 
364;  president,  366-374;  policy,  367- 
373;  war  on  Bank,  369;  nullification, 
370;  removal  of  deposits,  372;  contro 
versy  with  Senate,  372  ;  opposes  internal 
improvements,  388. —  See  Bank,  Civil 
Service,  Deposits,  Indians,  Surplus, 
Tariff. 

Jackson,  Helen  Hunt,  historical  novels, 
*i39. 

Jackson,  "  Stonewall,"  biographies,  417. 

Jacob,  j.  J.,  Captain  Michael  Cresap, 
*89,287. 

James  I  (King  of  England),  religious 
persecutions,  265  ;  Works,  290. 

James,  E.,  Expedition  under^Major  Long, 
*83,348. 

James,  W.,  Military  Occurrences,  353  ; 
Naval  Occurrences,  354;  Naval  His- 
tory,  354- 

Jameson,  John  A.,  Constitutional  Con 
ventions,  306. 

Jameson,  J.  F.,  Introduction  to  the  States, 
306;  Essays,  316. 

Jamestown,  settlement,  250. 

Janney,  S.  M.,  William  Penn,  *g6; 
Friends,  262. 

Janson,    C.   W.,  Stranger   in  America, 

*82. 

Janvier,  T.  A.,  In  Old  New  York,  *68. 

Jay,  John  (ist),  biographies,  *93  ;  Corre 
spondence,  *i25  ;  in  negotiations  of  1782, 
303  ;  treaty  of  1794,  337  ;  treaty  expires, 
350;  boundaries  under,  383. 

Jay,  John  (2d),  on  American  history,  32 ; 
'Peace  Negotiations,  303. 

Jay,  Wm.,  John  Jay,  *93  ;  Writings  on 
Slavery ,  *i26,  362 ;  Mexican  War, 
387- 

Jefferson,  T.,  Notes  on  Virginia,  *j6, 
147 ;  biographies,  *g3  ;  Virginia  Re- 
Ports,  *iiy;  bibliography,  *i26;  Writ 
ings,  *i26;  Anas,  *i2g;  manuscripts, 
135;  Summary  View,  290;  ordinance 
of  1784,  317;  plan  of  coinage,  319;  on 
slavery  and  the  slave-trade,  320;  as 
sumption —  capital  compromise,  331; 
as  a  party  leader,  334  ;  election  of  1800, 
343  ;  political  history  of,  345  ;  and  Louis 
iana  purchase,  347;  at  Burr's  trial,  349; 
policy  as  to  neutral  trade,  350  ;  embargo 
policy,  351 ;  and  the  Supreme  Court, 
358  ;  on  Cuba,  394. —  See  Courts,  Decla 
ration  of  Independence,  Democrats, 
Finance,  Republicans. 

Jefferson  County  (N.  Y.),  history,  *68. 

Jenkins,  J.  S.,  Political  Parties  in  New 
York,  *67 ;  John  C.  Calhorm,  *88 ; 
James  K.  Polk,  *gj ;  Silas  Wright, 
*ioo. 

Jenness,  J.  S.,  Documents  relating  to 
New  Hampshire,  276. 


Jennings,  I.,  Memorial  of  a  Century 
(Bennington),  *76. 

Jesuits,  Relations,  243. 

Jogues,  Father  Isaac,  Novu-m  Belgium, 
258. 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  *io2. 

Johnson,  Albert  Sidney,  biography,  417. 

Johnson,  Andrew,  biography,  *93. 

Johnson,  B.  T.,  General  Washington, 
*ioo. 

Johnson,  E.,  Wonder-working  Provi 
dence,  270. 

Johnson,  J.,  Old  Maryland  Manors, 
3!3- 

Johnson,  Oliver,  William  Lloyd  Garri 
son,  *gi . 

Johnson,  Reverdy,  Popular  Sovereignty, 
395- 

Johnson,  Rossiter,  History  of  the  War, 
410. 

Johnson,  William,  Nathaniel  Greene, 
*9i. 

Johnson,  William  P.,  Albert  Sidney  John 
son,  417. 

Johnson,  Sir  William,  biography,  93. 

Johnson 's  Cyclopedia,  *4o. 

Johnston,  Alexander,  in  Lalor's  Cyclopa- 
dia,  *35  ;  School  History,  33,  42,  *43, 
144  (maps  in),  53;  American  Politics, 
44,  *45,  145  ;  The  United  States,  44, 
*45  ;  Connecticut,  *s8  ;  A  merican  Ora 
tions,  *i33  ;  Genesis  of  Connected 
Towns,  271. 

Johnston,  G.,  Cecil  County  (Md.),  *62. 

Johnston,  H.  P.,  Campaign  of  1776,  298; 
Yorktown  Campaign,  302. 

Johnston,  J.  E.,  Military  Operations, 
*i3o;  biography  of,  417. 

Johnston,  R.  M.,  historical  novels,  *i39 ; 
(with  Browne,  W.  H.),  Alexander  H. 
Stephens,  *g8. 

Joliet,  discovers  Mississippi  River,  243. 

Jomard,  E.  F.,  Monuments  de  la  Geog- 
raphie,  229. 

Jones,  C.  C.,  Georgia,  *$<)•,  Acts  of 
Georgia,  *i  16 ;  A  ntiquities,  233  ;  Trans 
actions  of  the  Trustees,  257  ;  Delegates 
of  Georgia,  292. 

Jones,  J.  B.,  Rebel  War  Clerk's  Diary, 

Jones,  J.  W.,  R.  E.  Lee,  *94. 

Jones,  L.  A.,  Index  to  Legal  Periodicals, 

34.  *37- 

Jones,  Paul,  biography,  *93- 
Jones,  Th.,  New  York,  295. 
Jones,  W.  C.,  Papers  arid  References, 

*36. 
Josselyn,  John,  Account  of  Two  Voyages, 

*82,  272. 
Journals,  of   Colonial  Assemblies,  *io7~ 

118;  of  Continental  Congress,  *ng;  of 

Congress  of  the  U.  S.,  *ng. 
Journal  of  Geology,  50. 
Judd,  S.,  AW/*y(Mass.),*63  ;  Margaret, 

J39- 

Judges.  —  See  Courts,  Supreme  Court. 
Judiciary,  digests  of  decisions,     119;   re 
ports  of,  *i2i  ;  topics  on,  214  ;  organized 


450 


Index. 


(1789),  329  ;  act  of  1800,  343  ;  repealed, 

345.  — See  Courts,  Supreme  Court. 
Judson,    H.   P.,  on   history  in  secondary 

schools,  32. 

Juilliard  vs.  Greenman,  334,  420. 
Julian,  George  W.,  Joshua  R.   Giddings, 

*9'>  337  i  Political  Recollections,  *i3o. 
Jurisdiction.  —  See  Judiciary. 

KALB,  John,  biography,  *93. 
Kalm,   Peter,    Travels  into  North 
A  jnerica,  *82. 

Kansas,  histories  of,  *6o ;  attempts  to  or 
ganize,  395  ;  settlement  of,  396  ;  terri 
torial  government,  396 ;  civil  war,  396  ; 
Lecompton  Constitution,  396  ;  deadlock 
in  Congress,  398  ;  admission,  396,  402. 

Kansas  State  Historical  Society,  Trans 
actions,  *I22. 

Kapp,  F.,  John  Kalb,  *93,  302  ;  William 
Von  Steuben,  *98,  299  ;  A  merika,  *I3O  ; 
Sklavenfrage,  375  ;  Geschichte  der  Skla- 
veret,y)$. 

Kayserling,  Christopher  Columbus,  235. 

Kearny,  J.  W.,  American  Finances,  332. 

Keith  vs.  Clark,  405. 

Kelley,  H.  J.,  Oregon  and  Upper  Cali 
fornia,  *72. 

Kemble,  Frances  Ann.  Journal,  *8o ; 
Records  of  Later  Life,  *i3o. 

Kendall,  Amos,  Autobiography,  *i3o ; 
on  abolition,  378. 

Kendall,  E.  A.,  Travels, *%2. 

Kendall,  G.  W.,  Texan  Santa  Fe  Ex 
pedition,  *75. 

Kennedy,  fugitive-slave  case,  379. 

Kennedy,  J.  P.,  William  Wirt,  *ioo,  379  ; 
historical  novels,  *i39- 

Kennedy,  W.,  Texas,  *75- 

Kennedy,  W.  S.,  /.  G.  Whittier,  *ioo. 

Kent,  James,  Commentaries,  316. 

Kentucky,  histories,  *6i  ;  admitted,  336  ; 
Resolutions,  342  ;  adheres  to  Union,  410  ; 
slavery  ceases,  425. 

Kentucky  vs.  Denison,  case,  379,  394. 

Kercheval,   S.,    Valley  of  Virginia,  *-j6. 

Kerr,  C.  H.,  Senate,  330. 

Kerr,  Orpheus  C.  —  See  Newell,  R.  H. 

Kerts,  Sir  Thomas,  captures  Quebec,  242. 

Ketchum,  W.,  Buffalo  (N.  Y.),  *67. 

Keyes,  E.  D.,  Fifty  Years'1  Observation, 
*i3o. 

Kidder,  F.,  Boston  Massacre,  293. 

King,  C.  C.,  George   Washington,  *ioo. 

King,  C.  R.,  Rnfus  King,  318. 

King,  D.,  Thomas  W.  Dorr,  382. 

King,  Grace,  Sieur  de  Bienville,  *88,  244  ; 
Monsieur  Motte,  *i39- 

King  Horatio,  Turning  on  the  Light, 
406. 

King  Philip's  War,  277. 

King,  R.  (ist),  biography  and  correspond 
ence,  318  ;  on  slavery  in  1785,  320. 

King,  R.  (2d),  Ohio,  *7i. 

King's  fountain,  battle  of,  301. 

King's  Survey,  50. 

Kingsford,  William,  History  of  Canada, 

*I09. 


Kingsley,  Charles,  Westward  Ho  !  *i3Q. 

Kingston  (N.  Y.),  history,  *68. 

Kinley,    David,   Independent    Treasury, 

389- 

Kinney,  J.  K.,  Digest,  *ng. 
"  Kitchen  Cabinet,"  Jackson's,  367. 
Knapp,  H.  S.,  Maumee  Valley,  *ji. 
Knight,  ]o\m,  Journal  of  the  Voyage,  *82. 
Knowles,  J.  D.,  Roger   Williams,  *ioo, 

2  73- 

Know  Nothing  Party,  397. 
Knox  County  (O.),  history,  *ji. 
Knox,  Henry,  biography,  *93. 
Knox,  J.  J.,  United  States  Notes,  357. 
Knox  vs.  Lee,  420. 
Koch,  C.  W.  de,  Abrege  de  rHistoire  des 

Traites  de  Paix,  *$\. 

Kohl,  J.  G.,  Discovery  of  Maine,  229. 
Kretschmer,  Entdeckung  A  merikas,  229. 
Kunstmann,  F.,  Entdeckung  A  merikas, 

229. 

T  ABOULAYE,  E.  R.  L.,  Paris  en 
_L/  A  merique,  *82  ;  Paris  in  A  merica. 

*S2. 

Laboulaye,  F.,  Separation,  403. 

Labrador,  discovery,  246. 

La  Cosa,  J.  De,  Map,  236. 

Ladd,  H.  O.,  New  Mexico,  *6j. 

"  Lady  of  Virginia,"  Diary,- 414. 

Lafayette,  Marquis  de,  biographies,  *93 ; 
Memoirs,  299;  in  Virginia,  301. 

Lafitau,  J.  F.,  A/trurs  des  Sauvages,  232. 

La  Harpe,  B.  de,  Journal  Historique, 
244. 

Lake  Champlain. —  See  Champlain. 

Lake  Erie,  battle  of,  352. 

Lake  of  the  Woods,  boundary,  383. 

Lalor,  J.  J.,  Cyclopaedia  of  Political  Sci 
ence,  *4O. 

Lamb,  Gen.  John,  biography,  *93. 

Lamb,  Mrs.  M.  J.,  City  of  New  York, 
*68 ;  Homes  of  A  merica,  285. 

Lambert,  E.  R,  New  Haven  Colony,  *s8. 

L'Amistad,  case  of,  380. 

Lancaster  (Mass.),  Records,  *ui. 

Lancaster  County   (Penn.),  history,   *72, 


*73- 
,andfa 


Landfall  of  Columbus,  235. 

Landon,  J.  S.,  Constitutional  History ',  44, 
*45,  146. 

Land  Office  Map,  52. 

Lands,  claims  to  western,  304 ;  cessions 
of,  304,  305,  306,  317,  336  ;  proceeds  of 
sales  of,  331  ;  Supreme  Court  cases, 
358  ;  under  Jackson,  373.  —  See  Annex 
ations,  Territories. 

Lane,  W.  C.,  Reference  Lists,  *35. 

Langworthy,  Edward,  Charles  Lee,  *94. 

Lanier,  S.,  Florida,  *59- 

Lanman,  C.,  Biographical  A  nnals,  *4O. 

Lanman,  J.  H.,  Michigan,  *&4. 

Larcom,  Lucy,  A  New  England  Girlhood, 
*i39- 

Larned,  E.  D.,  Windham  CoTtnty(Conn.}, 
*58,  274. 

Larned,  J.  N.,  History/or  Ready  Refer- 


Judson  —  Livermore. 


451 


La  Salle,  explores   Mississippi,  243  ;  at 
tempt  at  colonization,  244. 
Latin  Americans,  contribution  to  history, 

Latin  colonization,  238-245. 
La  Tour  and  D'Aulnay,  242. 
Laudonniere,   R.,  Huguenot  leader,  241  ; 

Histoire  de  la  Floride,  232,  241. 
Lauer,  P.  E.,  Church  and  State  in  New 

England,  271. 

Laughton,  J.  K.,  The  Armada,  247. 
Law,  John,  Mississippi  Bubble,  244. 
Lawrence  (Kan.),  founded,  396  ;  sacked, 

396. 

Lawrence,  Abbott,  biography,  *g3- 
Lawrence,  Amos,  biography,  *93  ;  Diary, 

*126. 

Lawrence,  W.,  Amos  A.  Lawrence,  *93- 
Laws,   of    the   States,   *io7-n8;    of    the 

United   States,    *i2o.  —  See    Congress, 

Courts,  etc. 

Lawson,  J.,  Description  of  North  Caro 
lina,  288. 

Lawton,  G.  W.,  Caucus  System,  335. 
Leake,  I.  Q.,  General  John  Lamb,  *93. 
Learning,     Aaron,    and     Spicer,    Jacob, 

Grants  of  New  Jersey,  *ii3,  261. 
Learned    societies,   proceedings   of,   122- 

124. 

Leavitt,  Joshua,  Monroe  Doctrine,  363. 
Lechford,  T.,  Plain  Dealing,  272  ;  Journal, 

272. 

Lecky,  W.  E.  H.,  England,  47,  147,  284. 
Leclerc,    Premier    Etablissement    de    la 

Foy,  243. 
Lecompton   Constitution,  396 :  effect  on 

Douglas,  396  ;  Lincoln  against,  400. 
Le  Comte,  Guerre  de  la  Secession,  416. 
Lectures,   by  students,  174;  by  teachers, 

198 ;  in  colleges,  199.  —  See  Methods. 
Lee,  Arthur,  biography,  *g4  ;  in   France, 

300. 
Lee,  Charles,  biographies,  *94  ;  treason  of, 

299 ;  Papers,  299. 
Lee,  D.,and  Frost,  J.  H.,  Ten  Years  in 

Oregon,  *i2g. 
Lee,  F.  D.,  History  of  Savannah  (Ga.), 

288. 

Lee,  Henry,  Memoirs,  302. 
Lee,  R.  E.,  biographies,  *g4  ;  surrender, 

415, 
Lee,  R.  H.,  biography,  *g4  ;  Arthur  Lee, 

*94,  300;  Resolutions  (1776),  296. 
Lee,  W.,  Letters,  *i26. 
Legal  tenders,  implied  powers,  333  ;  Su 
preme  Court  cases,  334,  419,  420. — See 

Banks,  Finance. 
Legare,  H.  S.,  Writings,  *i26. 
Legislative  department,  organization,  329. 

—  See  Congress. 
Leif,  the  explorer,  234. 
Leisler,   J.,   "rebellion"  in    New   York, 

259 ;  Papers,  259. 
Leland,   Charles  G.,  Abraham   Lincoln, 

*94- 
Lelewel,  J.,  Geographic  du  Moyen  Age, 

229. 
Lenox  Library,  26. 


Leopard,  attacks  the  Chesapeake,  350. 

Lery,  de,  Voyage  en  Bresil,  241. 

Lescarbot,  H  istoire  de  la  Nouvelle  1  ranee, 
232. 

Leslie,  Emma,  Saxby,  *i3g. 

Lester,  Life  of  Vespucius,  237. 

Lester,  C.  E.,  Houston,  386. 

Levermore,  C.  H.,  New  Haven  (Conn.), 
*S8. 

Lewis,  Major,  Jackson's  director,  367. 

Lewis,  Sir  G.  C.,  Government  of  Depen 
dencies,  284 ;  Observation  in  Politics, 
290  ;  A  dministrations  of  Great  Britain, 
301. 

Lewis,  V.  A.,  West  I7irginia,  *jj. 

Lewis  and  Clark  Expedition,  83,  347; 
Travels,  384  ;  Expedition  to  the  Pacific, 
384. 

Lewis  County  (N.  Y.),  history,  *68. 

Lexington  (Ky.),  history,  *6i. 

Lexington  (Mass.),  battle  of,  294. 

Leypoldt,  F.,  and  Jones,  L.  E.,  etc.,  A  mer- 
ican  Catalogue,  34,  *37- 

Libby,  O.  G.,  Vote  of  the  Thirteen  States, 
324. 

Liberator.  —  See  Garrison,  W.  L. 

Liberia,  361;  relations  with,  379.  —  See 
American  Colonization  Society. 

Liberty,  sloop,  seizure  of,  293. 

Liberty  Party,  organized,  377  ;  in  election 
of  1844,  385.  —  See  Republican. 

Libraries,  development  of,  3  ;  necessity 
of,  143  ;  small  collections,  144-148 ;  use 
of  public,  148 ;  great  libraries,  149 ; 
reserved  system,  150. 

Library  of  American  Literature,  *4i. 

Library  of  Congress,  Catalogue,  *38. 

Lieber,  Francis,  biography,  #94. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  biographies,  *94,  412  ; 
Complete  Works,  *i26 ;  Reminiscences 
of,  *i3i  ;  in  Congress,  390,  410 ;  debates 
with  Douglas,  396,  400,  410;  nominated 
for  presidency,  400;  elected,  400,  410; 
defeats  compromise,  408 ;  early  life, 
410;  attitude  on  compromise,  410;  in 
augurated,  410  ;  Confederate  commis 
sion,  410  ;  decides  to  reenforce  Sumter, 
410  ;  calls  for  volunteers,  410  ;  proclaims 
blockade,  410,  420;  connection  with 
military  operations,  415;  Trent  affair, 
421  ;  administration,  423  ;  habeas  corpus, 
423  ;  election  of  1864,  423  ;  emancipation 
proclamations,  425. 

Lincoln,  A.,  and  Douglas,  S.  A.,  Political 
Debates,  *i33. 

Lincoln,  Gen.  B.,  Southern  campaign, 
301. 

Lincoln,  \V .,  Journals  of  Provincial  Con 
gresses,  *i  10. 

Linn,  J.  B.,  and  Egle,  W.  H.,  Pennsyl 
vania  Archives,  *ii4. 

Linn,  P.,  Considerations  on  the  Election, 

334- 
Literature,  an  adjunct  to  history,   22  ;  in 

1830,  366 ;  in  1860,  402. 
Little,  L.  P.,  Ben  Hardin,  *i3o. 
Livermore,  George,  Historical  Research, 

321. 


452 


Index. 


Livingston,  Edward,  biography,  *94. 

Livingston,  William,  biography,  *Q4. 

Lloyd,  T.,  Register  of  Debates,  330. 

Loans,  under  confederation,  319;  fund 
ing,  331 ;  War  of  1812,  356  ;  Civil  War, 
419.  —  See  Debts,  Finance. 

Local  government,  beginnings,  250 ;  in 
Virginia,  250;  in  Massachusetts,  270, 
278;  in  England,  311;  in  the  colonies, 
312.  —  See  Colonies  by  name. 

Local  history,  57-78  ;  interest  in,  210,  217. 
—  See  states,  cities,  counties,  and  towns 
by  name. 

Locke,  John,  Civil  Government,  290. 

Lodge,  H.  C.,  English  Colonies,  34,  *45, 
146  ;  Boston,  *&3  ;  George  Cabot,  *88  ; 
Alexander  Hamilton,  *gi  ;  George 
Washington,  *ioo,  145  ;  Daniel  Webster, 
*ioo. 

Logan  vs.  United  States,  334. 

Logan,  John  A.,  biography,  *94. 

Logan,  J.  H.,  Upper  South  Carolina, 
*74- 

Lomenie,  L.  de,  BeaumarcJtais,  300. 

London  Company,  250. 

"  Lone  Star"  Republic.  —See  Texas. 

Long,  A.  L.,  Robert  E.  Lee,  *94. 

Longfellow,  H.  W.,  Final  Memorials, 
*i3o;  poems  illustrating  history,  *i4i. 

Long  Island,  histories,  *68 ;  campaign  of, 
298. 

Long  Island  Historical  Society,  publica 
tions,  *I23- 

Longstreet,  A.  B.,  Georgia  Scenes, ;  *i3g. 

Lords  of  Trade,  report  to  on  Virginia, 
252. — See  Commerce,  England,  Navi 
gation  Acts. 

Lorenzana,  F.  A.,  Plistoria,  238. 

Loring,  C.  G.,  and  Field,  E.  W.,  Corre 
spondence,  422. 

Loring,  C.  W.,  Nullification,  Secession, 
327- 

Loskiel,  G.  H.,  United  Brethren,  233. 

Lossing,  B.  J.,  Cyclopcedia  of  U.  S.  His 
tory,  *4o  ;  The  Hudson,  *68  ;  New  York 
City,  *68;  Philip  Schuyter,  *^,  296; 
Revolution,  295  ;  Two  Spies,  300  ;  War 
of  1812,  353  :  Civil  War,  416. 

Lothrop,  T.  K.,  William  H.  Seward, 
*93. 

Louisburg,  in  Intercolonial  Wars,  281, 
282. 

Louisiana,  histories,  *6i  ;  Records,  *n6; 
boundaries,  227,  243,  244;  ceded  to 
Spain  and  England  (1763),  227,  244,347; 
retroceded  to  France,  347 ;  ceded  to 
United  States,  347  :  territorial  govern 
ment,  347;  admitted  as  a  state,  347; 
question  of  implied  powers,  347  ;  slavery 
in,  361  ;  secedes,  406. —  See  Annexations, 
Boundaries,  Territories,  Secession. 

Louisville  (Ky.),  history,  *6i. 

Lovejoy,  mobbed,  377. 

Lowell,  A.  L.,  Essays  on  Government,  330. 

Lowell,  E.  J.,  Hessians,  298. 

Lowell,  J.  R.,  historical  poems,  141  ; 
Among  My  Books,  279;  Political  Es 
says,  406. 


Lowry,  R.,  and  McCardle,  W.  H.,  Missis 
sippi,  *6$. 

Loyalists,  in  the  Revolution,  303,  304. 

Lucas,  C.  P.,  Historical  Geography,  288. 

Lucas,  Eliza,  Jortrnal,  257. 

Lucas,  Samuel,  Charters  of  the  Colonies, 
229. 

Luden,  Heinrich,  Reise  durch  Nord- 
A  jnerika,  *?<). 

Lundy,  Benjamin,  biography,  *94,  376. 

Lunt,  E.  C.,  Key  to  United  States  Census, 
403- 

Lunt,  George,  Origin  of  the  Late  War, 
39°  • 

Luther  vs.  Borden,  case  of,  383. 

Luzerne  County  (Pa.),  history,  *?3. 

Lyell,  Charles,  Travels,  *83. 

Lyman,  T.,  Diplomacy,  300. 

MACAULEY,  J.,  New  York,  *67. 
McCall,  George  A.,  Letters  from 
the  Frontier,  *83. 

McCall,  H.,  Georgia,  *59. 

McCarthy,  C.,  Soldiers'1  Life,  418. 

McCarthy,  W.,  Songs  on  National  Sub 
jects,  *4i. 

McClellan,  G.  B.,  biographies,  *94  ;  Own 
Story,  *94  ;  Report,  417. 

McClellan,  G.  B.  (2d),  George  Brinton 
McClellan,  *94. 

McClellan,  H.  B.,/.  E.  B.  Stuart,  417. 

McClintock,  J.  N.,  New  Hampshire,  *66. 

McClure,  A.  K.,  Lincoln  and  War  Time*, 

*I30. 

MacCoun,  Townsend,  Historical  Geogra 
phy,  *53,  300. 

McCulloch  vs.  Maryland,  334,  359. 

McCulloch's  Dictionary,  285. 

McCulloch,  Hugh,  Men  and  Measures, 
*i3o,  147. 

McDougall,  M.  G,.  Fugitive  Slaves.  315. 

Mace,  W.  H.,  Working  Manual,  *36. 

McGregor,  John,  Progress  of  A  merica, 
389- 

Machiavelli,  N.,  Discourses  on  Liv 

Mackay,  Alexander,  Western 

McKean,  Hon.  Thomas,  biography,  *94. 

MacKibbin,  S.,  on  study  of  history,  32. 

McKee,  T.H.,  Reports  of  Committees,*^. 

MacKenzie,  A.  S.,  Paul  Jones,  *93. 

McKenzie,  R.,  Strictures  on  Tarleton, 
302. 

Mackie,  With  the  Admiral,  235;  Last 
Voyages,  235. 

McLaughlin,  A.  C.,  Lewis  Cass,  *88. 

Maclay,  E.  S.,  History  of  the  Navy,*&, 
34'- 

Maclay,  William,  Journal,  *i3o,  330. 

McLeod,  D.,  Wisconsin,  *jj. 

McMahon,  J.  V.  L.,  Maryland,  *62. 

McMaster,  J.  B.,  History,  45,  *47,  146; 
Benjamin  Franklin,  *go. 

McMaster,  J.  B.,  and  Stone,  F.  D.,  Penn 
sylvania  and  the  Constitution,  *ii4. 

McMullen,  J.,  History  of  Canada,  2 43. 

"  Macon  Bill  No.  2,"  351. 

Macon,  Nathaniel,  biography,  *g4. 

MacPherson,  Annals  of  Commerce,  285. 


Livingston  —  Massachusetts. 


453 


McPherson,  E.,  History  of  the  Rebellion, 
*i33  ;  Index  of  Executive  Documents, 
*39  ;  Index  to  Reports,  *3g. 

McPherson,  J.  H.  T.,  Liberia,  362. 

McRee,  G.  J.,  James  Iredell,  *Q2,  302. 

McCrie,/^«  Knox,  265. 

Macvane,  S.  M.,  American  History 
(bibliography),  *35. 

Macy,  O.,  Nantucket,  *£>*,. 

Madison,  Dorothy,  Memoirs,  *i3o. 

Madison,  James,  biographies,  *g$  ;  Pa 
pers,  *i26  ;  Writings,  *i26  ;  on  Alien 
and  Sedition  Acts,  342  :  "Virginia  resolu 
tions,  342,  355;  president,  351;  vetoes 
Bank  bill,  356;  vetoes  Bonus  bill,  356; 
on  nullification,  370. 

Magruder,  A.  ~B.,John  Marshall,  *g^. 

Mahan,  A.,  American  War,  416. 

Mahan,  A.  T.,  David  G.  Farragut,  416; 
Gulf  and  Inland  Waters,  416. 

Mahon,  Lord,  History  of  England,  *4j, 
284. 

Maillard,  N.  D.,  Texas,  *7$. 

Maine,  histories,  *62  ;  Gorges  grant,  268  ; 
early  settlements,  275;  boundaries,  309 ; 
British  invasion  (1814),  353 ;  Missouri 
Compromise,  361;  in  1830,  366;  bound 
aries,  366,  383. 

Maine    Historical    Society,   publications, 

*I23. 

Maine,  H.  S.,  Popular  Government,  324. 
Major,  R.  H.,  Prince  Henry,  237;  Dis 
coveries,  237. 

Makower,  F.,  Church  of  England,  265. 
Mallory,  D.,  Henry  Clay,  *89. 
Manchester  (N.  H.),  history,  *66. 
Mandeville,  Flushing  (L.  I.),  286. 
Mann,  H.,  Dedham  (Mass.),  *63. 
Mansfield.    E.    D.,    Personal   Memoirs, 

*I30. 

Manufactures,  in  1815  and  1816,  356. 

Manumission,  375.  —  See  Slavery. 

Manuscript  sources,  134. 

Maps,  of  the  United  States,  government, 
51,  52  ;  of  America,  physical,  51  ;  his 
torical,  53,  228;  as  a  class  exercise,  209. 
facsimiles,  229;  originals,  230.  —  See 
Annexations,  Boundaries,  Geography. 

Marblehead  (Mass.),  history  of,  64. 

Marbois,  F.  B.,  Louisiattf,  *6i  ;  Corn- 
plot  d'  Arnold,  300. 

Marbury  vs.  Madison,  345,  359. 

Marbury,  Horatio,  and  Crawford,  W.  H., 
Digest  of  the  Laivs  of  Georgia,  *i  16. 

Marcel,  G.,  Catalogue  des  Documents 
Geographiques,  231  ;  Reproductions  de 
Cartes,  229. 

March,  C.  W.,  Reminiscences  of  Congress, 
*i3o. 

Marcos,  Fray,  explorations,  239. 

Margry,  P.,  Metnoires,  233,  243. 

Markham,  Clements  R.,  Columbus,  *8g  ; 
Hawkins's  Voyages,  247. 

Marquarde,  T.,  Sir  Francis  Drake,  247. 

Marquette,  Pere,  discovers  Mississippi, 
246. 

Marryat,  Capt.  F.,  Diary  in  A  merica*^. 

Marsden,  J.  B.,  Early  Puritans,  265. 


Marsh,  Mrs.  C.  C.,  George  Perkins 
Marsh,^  *q$. 

Marsh,  G.  P.,  biography,  *95- 

Marsh,  L.  R.,  A  Ivan  Stewart,  376. 

Marshall,  C.,  Diary,  *i3o. 

Marshall  County  (la.),  history,  *6o. 

Marshall,  J.  A.,  American  Bastile,  424. 

Marshall,  John,  biographies,  *95  ;  George 
Washington,  *ioo  ;  Writings,  *I26. 

Marshall,  O.  H.,  Writings,  242. 

Marshall,  S.  E.,Jo/tn  Marshall,  *9s. 

Marsillac,  J.,  Guillaume  Penn,  *g6. 

Martens,  C.  de,  et  Cussy,  F.  de,  Recueil 
de  Traites,  *S4,  228. 

Martens,  G.  F.  de,  et  al.,  Recueil  de 
Traites  des  Puissances  et  etats  de 
I 'Europe,  *54- 

Martin  vs.  Hunter's  Lessees,  334,  359. 

Martin  vs.  Mott,  359. 

Martin,  F.  X.,  Louisiana,  *6i  ;  North 
Carolina,  *6g  ;  Statutes  of  England  in 
North  Carolina,  *io8,  115;  Laivs  of 
North  Carolina,*-Lif, ;  North  Carolina 
Decisions,  *nj. 

Martin,  J.,  Gazetteer  of  Virginia,  *-j6. 

Martin,  Luther,  biography,  *g5. 

Martineau,  Harriet,  Retrospect  of  Western 
Travel,  *83  ;  Society  in  A  merica,  *83 . 

Martyr,  Peter,  Decades,  236. 

Maryland,  histories,  *62  ;  Records,  *ii4  ; 
settlement  and  government  of,  253 ; 
religion  in,  254;  Quakers  in,  277  ;  condi 
tion  of  (1760),  287;  delays  Confedera 
tion,  304  ;  ratines  Constitution,  325  ; 
adheres  to  Union,  410;  abolition  of 
slavery,  425. 

Maryland  Historical  Society,  publications, 

*I23. 

Mason,  E.  C.,  Veto  Power,  312. 

Mason,  George,  biography,  *95. 

Mason,  Jeremiah,  biography,  #95. 

Mason,  John,  grants  to,  268. 

Mason  and  Dixon  Line,  261. 

Mason,  capture  (1861),  421. 

Massachusetts,  physical  maps,  51 ;  his 
tories,  *62-&4  ;  Records,  *uo-ii2,  271; 
Archives,  135  ;  absorbs  Plymouth,  267; 
grants  of,  268  ;  charter  of,  269 ;  settle 
ment  and  government  of,  268-270  ;  ban 
ished  Roger  Williams,  272  :  Antinomian 
controversy,  272  ;  Gorton  controversy, 

273  ;  emigration    from,  to   Connecticut, 

274  ;  relations  with  northern  settlements, 

275  ;  relations  with   New  England  Con 
federation,  276;  treatment  of  Quakers, 
277 ;   King    Philip's    War,   277  ;  charter 
overthrown,  278;  Andros  in,  278;  prov 
ince  charter,  279  ;    witchcraft   delusion, 
279  ;  in  colonial  wars,  281-283  ''  condition 
of  (1760),  286;  opposition  of,  to  English 
government  (1760-1774),  288-295  \  begin 
ning  of  Revolutionary  War,  294;  claims 
to  western  lands,  304  ;  first  state  govern 
ment,  306,  307  ;  land  cessions,  317  ;  sug 
gests  Federal  Convention,  322  ;  emanci 
pates  slaves,  320;   ratifies  constitution, 
325;    calls    Hartford   Convention,   355; 
Sixth  Regiment,  410. 


454 


Index. 


Massachusetts  Bay.  —  See  Massachusetts. 

Massachusetts  Emigrant  Aid  Society, 
396- 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  publi 
cations,  *i23 ;  Index  to  Proceedings, 
*37- 

Massachusetts  Military  Historical  Society, 
Papers,  416. 

Massachusetts  State  Library,  Catalogue, 
*38. 

Massasoit,  treaty  with,  266. 

Massey,  W.  N.,  History  of  England,*  u, 
284. 

Massie,  J.  W.,  America,  377. 

Masson,  \).,John  Milton,  265. 

Mather,  Cotton,  biography,  *gs;  Mag- 
nalia,  277  ;  Wonders,  280. 

Mather,  Increase,  biography,  *q$ ;  Re 
markable  Providences,  272;  Brief  His 
tory,  278. 

Matson,  Henry,  References,  *35. 

Maumee  Valley,  history  of,  71. 

Maury,  Ann,  Huguenot  Family,  253. 

Maverick,  S.,  Description  of  New  Eng 
land,  270. 

Maximilian,  Mexican  emperor,  421. 

Maxwell,  VV.  (ed.),  Virginia  Historical 
Register,  *iO3. 

May,  Capl.  John,  Journals  and  Letters, 
*83. 

May,  Samuel,  Memoirs,  *i3o;  Recollec 
tions,  *i3o. 

May,  Samuel  (2d),  Catalogrte,  376. 

May,  T.  E.,  Constitutional  History,  284. 

Mayflower  Compact,  266. 

Mayhew,  Jonathan,  biography,  *93. 

Mayo,  Robert,  Political  Sketches,  *i3o. 

Maysville  Road,  veto,  373. 

Mead,  E.  D.  (ed.),  Old  South  Leaflets, 
*'33- 

Meade,  W.,  Churches  and  Families  of 
Virginia,  *77,  252. 

Meigs,  R.  J.,  biography,  *gs'i  Journal, 
296. 

Meleyn,  Nederlandsche  Provintie?i,  259. 

Melish,  John,  Travels,  *83. 

Mellick,  A.  D.,  Story  of  an  old  Farm, 
*66. 

Memminger,  C.  G.,  biography,  413. 

Memorials.  —  See  Petitions,  Slavery. 

Memorizing,  value  of,  156. 

Mendon  (Mass.),  history,  *&4. 

Menendez,  founds  St.  Augustine,  241. 

Merivale,  Colonization,  281. 

Merriam,  J.  M.,  Ordinance  [of  17871,318. 

Merrill,  J.,  Amesbnry  and  Merrimac 
(Mass.),  *63. 

Merrimac,  battle  with  Monitor,  415. 

Merriman,  Habeas  Corpus,  case,  423. 

Merriman,  T.  M.,  Pilgrims,  Puritans, 
and  Roger  Williams,  273. 

Merry  Mount,  268. 

Metcalf,  J.  G.,  Mendon  (Mass.),  *64. 

Methods  of  teaching,  19-29,  152-225  ;  the 
place  of  method,  19;  preparation  of 
teachers,  21  ;  school  work,  23  ;  college 
work,  24;  investigation,  25  ;  study  with 
out  a  teacher,  27  ;  collateral  subjects, 


29 ;  bibliography  of,  30,  33  ;  use  of 
books,  143-154,  197;  use  of  libraries, 
147-151;  class  exercises,  152-178;  reci 
tations,  152;  use  of  text-books,  153; 
reviews,  154;  "quiz,"  155;  memorizing, 
156-168 ;  historical  geography,  169  ;  illus 
trative  methods,  171  ;  debates,  173  ;  re 
ports  of  pupils,  174;  student  lectures, 
174;  seminaries,  176;  reading,  179-204; 
necessity  of  reading,  179;  consecutive 
reading,  180;  general  reading,  180  ;  list 
of  general  readings,  181-195;  topical 
reading,  195  ;  conference  system,  195  ; 
talks  by  teachers,  198;  formal  lectures, 
199;  note-taking,  200-203;  giving  out 
references,  203  ;  written  work,  205-222  ; 
written  reviews,  205  ;  brief  written  reci 
tations,  205;  topical  system,  207;  sub 
jects  for  topics,  208  ;  "  compositions," 
210;  "  special  reports,"  211 ;  "essays," 
215;  monographs,  220-222;  tests,  223- 
225  ;  class-room  tests,  223  ;  written  tests, 
223  ;  oral  examinations,  225. 

Mexico,  discovery  of,  236;  Spanish  con 
quest  of,  238  ;  Monroe  Doctrine,  363 ; 
fugitives  to,  379;  connection  with  Ore 
gon,  383  ;  province  of  Texas,  385  ;  bound 
ary  treaty  of  1832,  385  ;  protest  against 
Texan  independence,  385;  claims,  387  ; 
war  with  United  States,  387  ;  treaty  of 
1848,  387;  French  invasion  (1862),  421; 
Maximilian's  empire,  42 1 ;  attitude  of  the 
U.S.,  421. 

Miami  expedition  of  1790,  339. 

Michaux,  F.  A.,  Voyage  a  rOuest,  *83  ; 
Travels  to  the  Westward,  *83. 

Michie,  P.  S.,  Emory  Upton,  *9g. 

Michigan,  histories,  *64. 

Michigan,  Lake,  discovery  of,  243. 

Michigan,    Pioneer   Society   of,   Reports, 

*I23. 

Michigan,  University  of,  publications,  *55. 

Middle  Colonies,  258-263. 

Middle  States,  Revolutionary  War  in, 
298. 

Milan  Decree,  350. 

Militia,  early  statutes,  329  ;  question  as  to, 
354  ;  Supreme  Court  Cases,  358  ;  in  Civil 
War,  402,  410,  415. 

Military  histories,  291.  —  See  Civil  War, 
Indians,  Mexican  War,  Militia,  Revolu 
tion,  War  of  1812. 

Miller,  J.,  Description  of  Neiu  York,  260. 

Miller,  F.  W.,  Cincinnati's  Beginnings, 

*7I. 

Miller,  S.  F.,  Reports,  *i22  ;  Lectiires  on 
the  Constitution,  316,  333. 

Milligan,  military  tribunal,  423. 

Mills,  D.,  Boundaries  of  Ontario,  228. 

Mills,  R.,  South  Carolina,  *74,  288. 

Milwaukee  (Wis.),  history,  *77_ 

Miner,  C.,  H'yoming,  *?2,  299. 

Minerals  of  North  America,  227. 

Minnesota,  histories,  *&4  ;  admitted,  402. 

Minnesota  Historical  Society,  publica 
tions,  *I23. 

Minot,  G.  R.,  Massachusetts  Bay,*b^. 

Miranda  project,  341. 


Massachusetts  Bay — Natura lization .         455 


Mississippi,  histories,  *6i  ;  admitted,  360, 
secedes,  406. 

Mississippi  Bubble,  The,  244. 

Mississippi  River,  discovered,  236,  239, 
explored,  243  ;  navigation  of,  337  ;  opened 
by  Union  forces,  415.  — See  Boundaries, 
Geography. 

Missouri,  histories,  *&5  ;  compromise  con 
troversy,  361 ;  admitted,  361 ;  enlarged, 
394;  interference  in  Kansas,  396;  ef 
fect  of  compromise  of  1850,  395;  effect 
of  Dred  Scott  decision,  399;  adheres  to 
the  Union,  410,  415;  emancipation  in, 
425. 

Mitchell,  A.  F.,  Westminster  Assembly, 
265;  Westminster  Confession,  265. 

Mitchell,  S.  W.,  In  War  Times,  *i39; 
Roland  Blake,  *i39- 

Mobile,  capture  by  Farragut,  415. 

Mombert,  J.  I.,  Lancaster  County  (Pa.), 

*72. 

Monette,  J.  W.,  Valley  of  the  Mississippi, 

*6i. 

Monitor,  battle  with  Merrimac,  415. 

Monmouth,  battle  of,  298. 

Monographs,  growth  of,  2  ;  preparation 
of,  26,  220  ;  subjects  for,  222. 

Monongahe'a,  history,  *73. 

Monroe,  James,  biographies,  *gs;  Calen 
dar  of  the  Correspondence  of,  *i2&; 
amendment  to  Confederation,  321;  in 
France,  337;  Conduct  of  the  Executive, 
339;  Louisaina  Purchase,  347;  vetoes 
internal  improvement  bill,  356;  presi 
dent,  359;  Missouri  act,  359;  message 
of  1823,  363. 

Monroe  Doctrine,  annunciation,  362. — See 
Mexico,  Panama  Congress. 

Montana,  histories,  65,  '77. 

Montcalm,  General,  Journal,  283. 

Monterey,  occupation  of  1842,  385. 

Montesquieu,  Esprit  des  Lois,  290. 

Montgomery,  Congress  at,  412. 

Montgomery,  D.  H.,  American  History, 

*43- 

Montreal,  discovery  of,  240. 
Moore,  Francis,  Voyage  to  Georgia,  *83. 
Moore,  Frank,  Furman's  Long  Island, 

*68  ;  A  ndrew  Johnson,  *93  ;  war  ballads, 

*i4i  ;  Rebellion  Record,  407. 
Moore,  G.   H.,  Treason  of  Charles  Lee, 

299;  Slavery  in  Massachusetts,  315. 
Moore,    J.     W.,    North     Carolina,    *6g; 

A  merican  Congress,  330. 
Moorehead,  W.  R.,  Primitive  Man,  231. 
Moran,  J.  F.,  Bi-Cameral  System,  313 
Morey,  W.  C.,  Written  Constitution,  307  ; 

First  State  Constitution,  307  ;  A  meri- 

can  Federalism,  313. 
Morgan,  Daniel,  biography,  *95- 
Morgan,  E.   V.,  Slavery  in  New   York, 

Morgan,  L.  H.,  Montezuma's  Dinner, 
232;  Houses  and  House-Life,  232; 
League  of  the  Iroguois,  232. 

Morey,  J.,  Edmund  Burke,  301. 

Morris,  Gouverneur,  biographies,  *gs  ,' 
Diary  and  Letters,  *i30. 


Morris,  Robert,  biographies,  *95  ;  super 
intendent  of  finance,  319. —  See  Bank, 
Finance. 

Morse,  Jedediah,  American  Universal 
Geography,  *$i,  227,  237,  309. 

Morse,  J.  T.,  Jr.,  American  Statesmen 
(Series),  86,  145-147  ,  Benjamin  Frank 
lin,  *9o;  Alexander  Hamilton,  *gi  ; 
J ' ohn  A  dams,  *87  \J ohn  Quincy  A  dams, 
*87  ;  Tho  mas  Jefferson,  *93  ;  Abraham 
Lincoln,  *94,  145. 

Morton,  N.,  New  England's  Memorial, 
266. 

Morton,  T.,  at  Merry  Mount,  268;  New 
English  Canaan,  270. 

Mosby,  J.  S.,  IVar  Reminiscences,  418. 

Moses,  J.,  Illinois,  *6o. 

Motley,  J.  L.,  biography,  *gs ;  Corre 
spondence,  *i26;  Merry-Mount,  *i3g. 

Motolinia,  Historia,  238. 

Mott,  James  and  Lucretia,  biography,  *g6. 

Moultrie,  General,  Memoirs,  296. 

Mountfield,  D.,  Church  and  Puritans, 
265. 

Mourt,  Relation,  266. 

Muhlenberg,  H.  A.,  General  Peter  Muh 
lenberg,  *g6. 

Muhlenberg,  Peter,  biography,  *g6. 

Mulford,  I.  S.,  New  Jersey,  *66. 

Muller,  F.  &  Co.,  Remarkable  Maps  Re 
produced,  229. 

Munro,  W.  H.,  Bristol  (R.  I.),  *74- 

Munsell,  Joel,  Annals  of  Albany,  *i,i3- 

Murat,  Achille,  A  merica,  *83,  366  ;  Etats- 
Unis,  *83. 

Murdock,  Nova  Scotia,  242. 

Murphy,  H.  C.,  Verrazano,  240. 

Murray,  N.,  Elizabeth-Town  (N.  J.), 
*66,  266. 

Muzzey,  A.  B.,  Reminiscences  and  Memo 
rials,  *i3o. 

AJADAILLAC,  Marquis  de,  Prehistoric 

1>I      America,  231. 

Nantucket  (Mass.),  history, *64  ;  Records, 

*II2. 

Napoleon  I,  sale  of  Louisiana,  347;  con 
tinental  system,  350.  —  See  France, 
Louisiana. 

Napoleon  III,  Mexican  invasion,  421.— 
See  France. 

Narvaez,  expedition,  239. 

Nash,    Wallace,    Two    Years  in  Oregon, 

*I30. 

Nashville  (Tenn.),  history,  *75  ;  battle  of, 

Nason,  E.,  Life  of  Frankland,  286. 

National  Conventions,  first,  369.  —  See 
Parties. 

National  Cyclopfedia  of  A  merican  Biog 
raphy,  *4o. 

National  Educational  Association,  Report 
of  the  Committee  of  Ten,  *T,\. 

National  Geographic  Magazine,  50,  *iO3- 

National  Geographic  I\Ionographs,  *5'i. 

Nationality,  topics  on,  14,  17. 

Native  Americans.—  See  Know  Nothings. 

Naturalization,  act  of  1798,  342. 


456 


Index. 


Navarrete,  Coleccion,  235  ;  Biblioteca  Mar- 
itima,  236. 

Navigation  Acts,  revision  of  1764,  288. 

Navy,  in  troubles  with  France,  340 ;  in 
War  of  1812,  352  ;  in  Civil  War,  415. 
—  See  Blockade,  Embargo,  England, 
France,  Military,  Slave  Trade,  Wars. 

Neagle,  case  of  (in  re  Neagle),  334. 

Neal,  D.,  Puritans,  265. 

Nebraska,  lack  of  organization,  394; 
Douglas's  bills,  395  ;  bills  of  1854,  395  ; 
act  for  organization,  395. 

Nebraska  University,  historical  publica 
tions,  55. 

"Necessary  and  proper."  —  See  Bank, 
Constitution,  Implied  Powers. 

Needles,  Slavery  in  Pennsylvania,  315. 

Negroes,  South.  Carolina  under,  *j4 ; 
colonial  slavery,  250,  314  ;  race  element,  I 
310;  as  soldiers  in  Revolution,  320; 
characteristics,  375,  376 ;  free,  legal  sta 
tus,  375,  379  ;  mobs  against,  377;  troops 
in  Civil  War,  423.  —  See  Colonization, 
Fugitives,  Slavery. 

Negro  Plot  (N.  Y.),  259. 

Neill,  E.  D.,  Minnesota,  *&4 ;  Virginia 
Company,  251  ;  Virginia  Vetusta,  251 ; 
Virginia  Carolorum,  252  ;  Terra  Ma- 
riae,  254  ;  founders  of  Maryland,  254; 
Maryland  not  a  Roman  Catholic  Col- 
ony-i  255- 

Neilson,  C.,  Burgoyne's  Campaign,  299. 

Nelson,  Anson  and  Fanny,  Sarah  Child- 
ress  Polk,  *97. 

Neolithic  man,  231. 

Netherlands,  king  of,  arbitration  by,  383. 

Neutral  trade,  aggressions  of  British  on 
(1794-1812),  337,  350-352.  —  See  Block 
ade,  Embargo,  England,  France,  Navy. 

Neutrality,  declared  in  1793,  337. 

Nevada,  histories,  *$8,  65. 

Newark  (N.  J.).  history,  *66. 

Newburg  (N.  Y.),  history,  *68. 

"  Newburg  Addresses"  (.1783),  319. 

Newbury  (Mass.),  history,  *&4. 

Newburyport  (Mass.),  history,  *6^. 

Newell,  R.  H.,  Orpheus  C.  Kerr  Papers, 
425. 

New  England,  early  explorations,  246, 
249;  colonies,  263-276;  Quakers  in, 
277;  commissioners  in  (1664),  278  ;  An- 
dros  in,  278;  witchcraft  in,  279;  in 
colonial  wars,  281-283  '•>  condition  of 
(1760),  284  ;  objects  to  Louisiana  pur 
chase,  347;  and  the  embargo,  351; 
Henry's  mission  to,  351  ;  opposes  War 
of  1812,  354;  threatens  secession,  404. — 
See  Tariff,  Slavery. 

New    England    Association    of   Colleges    | 
and  Schools,  on  entrance  requirements,    ! 

New   England   Confederation,  formation,     ; 
276;  records,  276  ;  and  the  Quakers,  277.    ' 

New  England,  Council  for,  its  charter  and 
grants,  266-269. 

New  England  Emigrant  Aid  Society,  396.     ! 

New  England  Historic-Genealogical  Soci 
ety,  publications,  *i23. 


Newfoundland,  Gilbert's  expedition  to, 
248. 

New  France,  242.  —  See  Canada,  French. 

New  Hampshire,  physical  maps,  51 ;  his 
tories,  *6s  ;  Records,  109,  no;  Masonian 
grant,  268  ;  early  settlement,  275  ;  con 
dition  of  (1760),  286;  first  state  govern 
ment,  306,  307  :  emancipates  slaves, 
320;  ratifies  constitution,  325.. 

New  Haven,  histories,  *s8 ;  Records, 
*ii2  ;  settlement  of,  275  ;  in  New  Eng 
land  Confederation,  276  ;  joined  to  Con 
necticut,  275. 

New  Haven  Colony  Historical  Society, 
publications,  *i22. 

New  Jersey,  physical  maps,  51  ;  histories, 
*66  ;  Records,  *i  13  ;  settlement  and  gov 
ernment  of,  260  ;  condition  of  (1760), 
287;  first  state  government,  307;  eman 
cipates  slaves,  320;  land  cessions,  317, 
336  ;  ratifies  Constitution,  325. 

New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  publica 
tions,  *I23. 

New  Mexico,  histories,  *67  ;  discovery  of, 
239  ;  conquered  by  the  U.  S.,  387  ;  ceded 
by  Mexico,  387  ;  territorial  crisis,  391  ; 
organized  as  a  territory,  391.  —  See 
Compromises,  Mexico,  Texas. 

New  Netherland,  settlement  of,  258  ;  con 
quered  by  English,  258.  —  See  New 
York. 

New  Orleans,  histories,  *6i  ;  battle  of 
(1815),  353,  367;  capture  (1862),  415.  — 
See  French,  Louisiana. 

New  Plymouth  Colony,  settlement  and 
history  of,  267.  —  See  Massachusetts, 
New  England,  Plymouth. 

Newspapers,  *io4-io6. 

New  Sweden,  histories,  *$g.  —  See  Dela 
ware. 

New  York,  histories,  %7-6g ;  Records, 
*ii2;  boundaries,  258,260;  Andros  in, 
278;  condition  of  (1760),  287;  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  298  ;  claims  to  west 
ern  lands,  304 ;  first  state  government, 
307;  land  cessions,  317  ;  ratifies  Consti 
tution,  325  ;  anti-rent  agitation,  382, 
388. 

New  York  Historical  Society,  Catalogue, 
*38 ;  publications,  *i23. 

New  York,  University  of,  Regent's  Report 
on  Boundaries,  260. 

Niagara,  in  1759,  282  ;  in  War  of  1812, 
352,353-  ' 

Nicaragua,  discovery  of,  236. 

Nichols,  Thomas  L.,  Forty  Years  of 
A  merican  Life,  *84. 

Nicolay,    J.   G.,    Outbreak  of  Rebellion, 

Nicolay,  J.  G.,  and  Hay,  John,  Abraham 

Lincoln,  *94. 

Nicoll,  R.,  Governor  of  New  York,  259. 
Niles,  H.,  Principles  and  Acts,  *i33,  295. 
Nixon,    O.  W.,  How   Marcus  Whitman 

saved  Oregon,  *?2. 
Non-Conformists,  English,  264. 
Non-Importation,  act  of  1806,  350.  —  See 

Embargo,  Neutral  Trade. 


Navarrete  —  Palmer. 


457 


Non-Intercourse,  policy  of,  351. —  See 
Embargo,  Neutral  Trade. 

Nootka  Sound  Convention  (1790),  362. 

Nordenskiold,  A.  E.,  Fac-Simile  Atlas, 
230. 

Norfolk  (Va.),  history  of,  *76. 

Norman,  B    M.,  New  Orleans,  *6i. 

Norris,  W.  H.,  and  others,  Digest  of 
Maryland  Decisions,  *nj. 

Norse  explorers,  234. 

North,  Lord,  plan  of  conciliation,  300. 

North.  S.  N.  D.,  Newspaper  Press,  *io4. 

North  America,  physiography  of,  227. — 
See  Geography. 

North  Carolina,  histories,  *6g ;  Records, 
*ii5;  explored,  248;  Roanoke  colony, 
248;  settlement  of,  255;  condition  of, 
(1760),  287;  western  land  claims,  304; 
secedes,  410.  —  See  Carolinas. 

Northeastern  boundary  controversy,  383. 

Northwest  coast,  history,  *7o ;  bound 
aries,  383. 

Northwest  Ordinance,  317  ;  slavery  clause, 
317-320;  confirmed,  336. 

Northwest  Territory,  history,  *7O,  */i  ; 
state  cessions,  317  ;  divided,  336. 

Northwestern  boundary  controversy,  383. 

Northrop,  Solomon,  Narrative,  394. 

Northrop,  T.,  Twelve  Years  a  Slave,  376. 

Norton,  A.  B.,  Knox  County  (O.),  *^\. 

Norumbega,  story  of,  240,  264. 

Norwich  (Conn.),  history,  *s8. 

Notes,  how  to  take,  20,  28,  198,  200-203, 

221. 

Nott,  Samuel,  Slavery,  376. 

Nourse,  H.  S.,  Records  of  Lancaster, 
(Mass.),  *m,  272. 

Novels,  lists  of,  136,  137. 

Nueva  Espafia,  238.  —  See  Mexico. 

Nullification,  theory  of,  327,  342. — See 
Constitution,  Implied  Powers,  Interpo 
sition,  Secession. 

O  BERLIN  (O.),  abolition  center,  376  ; 
rescue  of  fugitives,  393. 
O'Callaghan,   E.    B.,  Documentary  His 
tory,   53,   1 06,  *ii3;  New   Netherland, 
*6j  ;  Documents  relating  to  New  York, 
106,  *ii3;  Laws  of  New  Netherland, 

*II2. 

Ogden,  J.  C,  Bethlehem  and  Nazareth 
(Pa.),  *84. 

Oglethorpe,  J.  E.,  biographies, *g6  ;  founds 
Georgia,  267. 

Ohio,  histories,  *7o  ;  admitted,  336,  360.  — 
See  Northwest  Ordinance  and  Terri 
tory. 

Ohio  River  and  Valley,  history,  *yo ;  the 
French  in,  243  ;  in  colonial  wars,  282  ; 
rival  claims  to,  282. 

Ohio  Historical  and  Archjeological  Soci 
ety,  publications,  *i24. 

Old  South  Leaflets,  *i33,  145. 

Oliver,  P.,  Puritan  Commonwealth,  *63, 
273- 

Olmsted,  F.  L.,  Seaboard  Slave  States, 
*84 ;  Texas  Journey ,  *84  ;  Back  Coun 
try,  *84  ;  Cotton  Kingdom,  376. 


"  Omnibus  Bill  "  of  1850,  391. 

O'Neil,  C.  A.,  American  Electoral  Sys 
tem,  330,  365. 

Opinions  of  the  Attorneys-General,  *I22. 

Oppenheim,  Samuel,  Congressional  Re 
porters,  330. 

Orange  County  (N.  Y.),  history,  *68. 

"  Orders  in  Council ''  on  neutral  trade, 
350;  withdrawn  (1812),  352. 

Ordinances,  of  1787.  —  See  Northwest 
Ordinance;  of  Nullification, 370;  of  Se 
cession,  404,  406. 

Ordronaux,  J.,  Constitutional  Legislation, 

Ordway,  Albert,  Indexes  of  the  Journals 
of  Congress,  *3g. 

Oregon,  histories,  *yi,  72;  annexation  of, 
309,  347;  British  in  (1812),  347;  under 
Monroe  Doctrine,  363  ;  boundaries,  366, 
368 ;  in  1830,  366 ;  question  in  election 
of  1844,  385  ;  settlement  of  boundaries, 
383  ;  admitted,  402.  —  See  Boundaries, 
England,  Russia,  Spain. 

O'Reilly,  Don  John,  Regulations,  *n6, 
244. 

O'Rell,  Max,  Jonathan  and  His  Conti 
nent,  *84. 

Orinoco,  discovery  of,  235. 

Orleans,  territory  of,  347.  —  See  Louisi 
ana. 

Ormsby,  R.  McK.,  Whig  Party,  335. 

Osborn  vs.  Bank  of  the  United  States, 
334)  359- 

Osgood,  H.  L.,  England  and  Colonies, 
313  ;  Ideas  of  the  Puritans,  313. 

Ostend  Manifesto,  394. 

Oswald,  J.,  British  commissioner  (1782), 
303. 

Otis,  James,  biography,  *g6,  292  ;  I- indi 
cation,  289 ;  Rights  of  the  Colonies, 
289. 

Outline  Maps,  52. 

Oviedo,  Historia  General,  236. 

PACHECO,  and  Cardenas,  Docu- 
tnentos,  236. 

Pacific  Coast,  exploration  of,  238,  239, 
247. 

Pacific  Ocean,  discovery  of,  236. 

Pacific  States,  history  of,  57,  58,  71,  75,  77. 
—  See  California,  Idaho,  Montana, 
Nevada,  Oregon,  Utah,  Washington, 
Wyoming. 

Pacte  de  Famille,  245. 

Page,  T.  N.,  The  Old  South,  *i3r;  his 
torical  novels,  *i39. 

Paget,  J.,  Inquiry  into  the  Evidence,  262. 

Paige,  L.  R.,  Cambridge  (Mass.),  *63 ; 
Hardwick  (Mass.),  *63. 

Paine,  Thomas,  biography,  *g6,  277 ; 
Common  Sense,  297  ;  Public  Good,  318. 

Pakenham,  correspondence  with  Calhoun, 
385- 

Paleolithic  Man,  in  America,  231. 

Palfrey,  J.  G.,  New  England,  *47,  *$6 ; 
Compendious  History,  *$6. 

Palmer,  P.  S.,  Lake  Champlain,  *fy,  242. 

Palmer,  T.  H.,  Historical  Reporter,  354. 


458 


Index, 


Palmer,  W.  P.,  Calendar  of  Virginia 
State  Papers,  253. 

Panama  Congress,  363,  364 ;  effect  on 
Cuba,  394.  —  See  J.  Q.  Adams,  Mon 
roe. 

Panic,  of  1819,  356;  of  1837,  381 ;  of  1839, 
381. 

Paper  Money,  in  the  colonies,  280 ;  under 
Confederation,  319;  state  bank  notes, 
see  State  Banks ;  Civil  War,  see  Legal 
Tenders. 

Paris,  Peace  of  1763,  245,  282  ;  of  1783, 
245,  303. 

Parish  government,  colonial,  312. 

Parker,  A.  A.,  Trip  to  the  West,  *84. 

Parker,  Joel,  Origin  of  Neiv  England 
Towns,  271 ;  Constitutional  Law,  424  ; 
Habeas  Corpus,  424 ;  Three  Powers, 
424. 

Parker,  Samuel,  Exploring  Tour,  *84. 

Parker,  Theodore,  biographies,  *g6;  His 
toric  Americans,  293  ;  Speeches,  396. 

Parkinson,  Richard.  Tour  in  America, 
*84. 

Parkman,  F.,  France  and  England,  45, 
46,  *47  ;  Oregon  Trail,  *84 ;  I'assall 
Morton,  *I39  ;  Pioneers,  241,  242;  La 
Salle,  242  ;  Mont  calm  and  Wolfe,  281. 

Parliamentary  History,  289. 

Parson's  Cause,  The,  288,  289. 

Parsons,  Theophilus,  biography,  *g6. 

Parsons,  Theophilus,  Jr.,  Chief  Justice 
Parsons,  *g6. 

Parties,  organization  of  national,  334 ; 
Federal,  334-359  ;  Jeffersonian  Repub 
licans,  334,  342-354;  Era  of  Good  Feel 
ing.  356-362;  Jacksonian  Democracy, 
366-374;  Anti-Masonic,  368;  Whig,  368, 
382-397;  Liberty,  377  ;  Free  Soil,  390; 
Know  Nothing,  397  ;  Republican,  397- 
401  ;  War  Democrats,  423 ;  in  Civil 
War,  423- 

Partisan  Leader,  412. 

Parton,  James,  Aaron  Burr,*SB  ;  Benja 
min  franklin,  *go ;  A  ndreiv  Jackson, 
*92  ;  Thomas  Jefferson,  *qi,. 

Patents,  colonial.  —  See  Charters. 

Patroons,  in  New  Netherlands,  258.  —  See 
Dutch. 

Pattee,  W.  S.,  Braintree  and  Quincy 
(Mass.),  *63. 

Patterson,  C.  S.,  United  States  and 
States,  333. 

Patton,  J.  H.,  National  Resources,  *ST. 

Paul,  G-  S.,  Methods  of  Teaching  History , 
*3i. 

Paulding,  J.  K.,  historical  novels,  *i3g. 

Payne,  E.  J.,  Elizabeth  Seamen,  247. 

Peabody  Library  (Baltimore),  Catalogue, 
34,  *38. 

Peabody  Museum  (Cambridge),  Reports, 
231. 

Peabody,  Oliver  W.  B.,  Israel  Putnam, 
*97  ;  John  Sullivan,  316. 

Peace.  — See  Treaties. 

Peace  Conference,  1861,  408. 

Pearce,  S.,  Luzerne  County  (Pa.),  *73, 
299. 


Pearson,  J.,  Schenectady  Patent,  *6g. 

Peck,  G.,  Wyoming  (Pa..) ,  *73,  299. 

Pedagogy,  value  of,  22.  —  See  Methods. 

Pedder,  H.  C.,/.  G.  Garfield,  *9o- 

Pierce,  D.  K.,  and  Hale,  C.,  Convention 
of  Massachusetts,  326. 

Pellew,  George,  John  Jay,  *93_ 

Peninsular  Campaign,  1862,  415. 

Penn,  William,  biographies,  *g6 ;  connec 
tion  with  New  Jersey,  260 ;  founds 
Pennsylvania,  261  ;  Macaulay's  charges, 
262 ;  his  later  connection  with  Pennsyl 
vania,  263  ;  grants  Charter  of  Privileges, 
263.  —  See  Pennsylvania. 

Penn  —  Logan  correspondence,  263. 

Pennsylvania,  histories,  *72  ;  Records, 
*ii4  ;  public  men  of,  213  ;  disputes  with 
Maryland,  253  ;  colony,  261-263  ;  condi 
tion  of  in  1760,  287  ;  first  state  govern 
ment,  306,  307  ;  emancipates  slaves,  320; 
ratifies  Constitution,  325 ;  recharters 
United  States  Bank,  372. 

Pennsylvania  Hall  Riot,  377. 

Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  publica 
tions,  *io3,  *i24. 

Pennsylvania,  University  of,  history,  287. 

Pennypacker,  S.  W.,  Hendrich  Penne- 
becker,  263. 

People  of  the  United  States,  composition 
of  the,  310;  share  in  ratification  of  the 
constitution,  327. 

Pequod  War,  274. 

Perceval,  John,  Transactions  of  the 
Trustees  of  Georgia,  *n6. 

Periodicals,  select  list,  *ioi-io4. 

Perkins,  F.  B.,  Check  List  for  Local 
History,  *57- 

Perrot,  N.,  Memoire  sur  les  Moeurs, 
232. 

Perry,  B.  F.f  Reminiscences,  *i3i. 

Perry,  Matthew  G.,  biography,  *g6. 

Perry,  T.  S.,  Francis  Lieber,  *94. 

Perryville,  battle,  415. 

Perry,  W.  S.,  Historical  Collection,  *io9, 
278. 

Personal  Liberty  Acts,  393.  —  See  Fugi 
tive  Slaves. 

Peters,  Richards,  Admiralty  Decisions, 
*ii7;  Condensed  Supreme  Court  Re 
ports,  *I2I. 

Peters,  Richards,  Jr.,  Reports,  *i2i. 

Perth  Amboy  (N.  J.),  history  of,  66. 

Peru,  discovery  of,  236  ;  Spanish  conquest 
of,  238. 

Peschel,  O.,  Theilung  de  Erde,  235. 

Peterson,  E.,  Rhode  Island,  *74. 

"  Petition  and  Advice,"  The,  290. 

Petitions,  Abolition,  378.  —  See  Slavery. 

Petrie,  George,  Church  and  State  in 
Maryland,  255. 

Peyton,  American  Crisis,  414. 

Peyton,  J.  L.,  Augusta  County  (Vz.), *^^, 
253,  287. 

Phelan,  J.,  Tennessee,  *75. 

Philadelphia  (Pa.),  history  of,  73. 

Phillips,  Wendell,  biographies,  *g6; 
Speeches,  *i26;  an  abolitionist  leader, 
376 ;  Conquest  of  Kansas,  397. 


Palmer  —  Prescott. 


459 


Phillips,   Paper    Currency,   306  ;    Conti 

nental  Paper  Money,  306. 
Phinney,  E.,  Battle  of  Lexington,  295. 
Phisterer,  F.,  Record  of  the  Armies,  403. 
Physical  geography,  50. 
Physiography,  of  North  America,  227  ;  of 

the  Civil  War,  402.  —  See  Geography. 
Pickard,  K.  E.  R.,  kidnapped,  376. 
Pickering,    Danby,    Statutes    at    Large 

[English],  *io8. 

Pickering,  Judge,  impeached,  345. 
Pickering,  Octavius,  Timothy  Pickering, 

*96. 

Pickering,  Timothy,  biography,  *g6. 
Pickett,  A.    J.,  Alabama,  Georgia,  and 

Mississippi,  *6$. 
Pictures,  as  illustrations,  172. 
Pierce,  E.  L.,  Charles  Sumner,  *gg. 
Pierce,  Franklin,  biography,  *g6  ;  elected 

president,   397  ;    attitude   on   Nebraska 

bill,  395. 

Pierce,  F.  C.,  Grafton  (Mass.),  *f>3- 
Pierce,  Mary   Francis,    Weston  Records, 

*in. 

Pierson,  H.  W.,  Thomas  Jefferson,*^. 
Pike,   J.   S.,   South  Carolina,  *74;  New 

Piiritan,  279  ;  First  Blows  of  the  Civil 

War,  392. 
Pike,  Z.  M.,  Expeditions  to  Sources  of 

Mississippi,  *8_4,  348. 
Pilgrims,  The,  in  England  and  Holland, 

265;  in  New  Plymouth  colony,  266,  267  ; 

on   the    Connecticut    River,   274.  —  See 

Connecticut,  Maine,  New  Haven,  New 

Plymouth. 

Pilling,  J.  C.,  Bibliographies,  233. 
Pillsbury,  Parker,  Anti-Slavery  Apostles, 

377- 

Pineda,  236,  239. 
Pinckney,  C.  C.  (of  S.  C.),  337,  340. 


cney, 
in,  T.,  hi 


Pitkin,  T.,  historical  influence,  i  ;  Political 

History,  *A,I. 
Pitt,  William  (Earl  of  Chatham),  biogra 

phy,   *g6;    Secretary  for    War,    282; 

Correspondence,   289;  ministry  of,  291. 

—  See  England. 
Pitt,  William  (the  younger),  biographies, 

*97.  —  See  England. 
Pittsburg  Landing,  battle,  415. 
Pittsfield  (Mass.),  history  of,  64. 
Pizarro,  conquest  of  Peru,  238. 
Plattsburgh,  battle  of,  353. 
Ploetz,  Carl,  Epitome,  V- 
Plumer,  William,  biography,  *g7. 
Plumer,  Wm.,  Jr.,  William  Plumer,*^. 
Plymouth,  colony  of  New,  histories,  *&4  ; 

Records*\\\  ;  Bradford's  History,  *i25  ; 

colony  founded,  266;  later  history,  267; 

grants  from  the  Council  for  New  Eng 

land,  268  ;   in  New  England  Confedera 

tion,    276;    Quakers  in,   277;    in    King 

Philip's  War,  277  ;  united  with  Massa 

chusetts,  278,  279. 
Plymouth    Company    (English)    and    its 

colonies,  268. 

Poems  and  ballads,  select  list,  141-142. 
Polk,    James    K.,    biographies    of,    *97  ; 


elected  president,  385 ;  orders  Taylor 
forward,  387  ;  Oregon  treaty,  383  ;  forces 
Mexican  War,  387;  peace  of  1848,  387; 
opposes  internal  improvements,  378,  388, 
attempts  to  organize  territory,  390. 

Polk,  Sarah,  biographies,  *g6. 

Pollard,  E.  A.,  Lost  Cause,  *^j  ;  Jefferson 
Davis,  *go ;  Southern  History  of  the 
War,  416. 

Pollock,  F.,  Science  of  Politics,  290. 

Pomeroy,  J.  N.,  Constitutional  Law,  323  ; 
International  Law,  422. 

Ponce  de  Leon,  discovers  Florida,  239. 

Pond,  Enoch,  Increase  Mather,  *<)S- 

Pontiac's  Conspiracy,  288. 

Poole,  W.  F.,  Index  to  Periodicals,  34, 
*37  ;  Anti-Slavery  Opinions,  315. 

Poor,  H.  V.,  Internal  Improvements,  357. 

Poore,  B.  P.,  Catalogue  of  Government 
Publications,  34,  *3g ;  Charters  and 
Constitutions,  53,  *iog,  134;  Perley's 
Reminiscences,  *i3i. 

Pope,  The,  letter  to  Jefferson  Davis,  412. 

Pope,  John,  Tour  through  the  United 
States,  *84. 

Popham  Colony,  264. 

Popular  sovereignty,  theory  of,  390;  early 
suggestions,  394  ;  Douglas's  notion,  395  ; 
application  in  Kansas,  396 ;  abandoned 
in  1860,  400.  —  See  Dred  Scott,  Kansas, 
Nebraska,  Douglas,  Lincoln. 

Population,  statistics  of,  52  ;  by  decades, 
162;  in  1760,  284;  character  in  1783, 
310,311;  in  1830,366;  in  1860,402. 

Porter,  D.  D.,  David  Porter,  341 ;  Naval 
History,  416;  Incidents,  418. 

Porter,  J.  A.,  City  of  Washington,  332. 

Porter,  L.  H.,  on  study  of  history,  32. 

Port  Royal  (Acadia),  in  intercolonial  wars, 
281. 

Port  Royal  (Carolina),  Huguenot  colony, 
241. 

Portsmouth  (N.  H.),  history ,*6s;  Records, 
*i4i. 

Portsmouth  (Va.),  history,  *76. 

Post,  Mrs.  L.  M.,  Personal  Recollections, 
*i3i. 

Post-Office,  under  Confederation,  319; 
organization  of  United  States,  331 ;  used 
by  Abolitionists,  378. 

Potter,  C.  E.,  Manchester  (N.  H.),  *66. 

Potter,  E.  R.,  Narragansett  (R.  L),  *74 ; 
Considerations  on  Rhode  Island,  382. 

Potter  and  Ryder,  Paper  Money  of  Rhode 
Island,  280. 

Pouchot,  M.,  The  Late  War,  282. 

Powell,  J.  W.,  Survey,  50;  physical  maps, 
52  ;  Reports,  231. 

Pownall,  Gov.,  Memorial  to  the  Sover 
eigns,  285. 

Pratt,  D.  J.,  Report  on  Boundaries,  260. 

Pratz,  Le  Page  du,  Historie,  *6i,  244. 

Preble,  W.  P.,  Decision  of  the  King,  384. 

Pre-Columbian  discoveries,  234. 

Presbyterians,  English,  265. 

Prescott,  W.  H.,  biography,  *g7 ;  Con 
quest  of  Peru,  238;  Conquest  of  Mex 
ico,  238. 


460 


Index. 


Presidents,   status    in    1789,   329;    power    I 
under  alien  act,  342  ;  list  of,  160.  —  See 
Executive,  presidents  by  name. 

Preston,  H.  W.,  Documents,  *i34. 

Preston,  Margaret,  Colonial  Ballads,  *i4i. 

Prigg  vs.  Pennsylvania,  case  of,  379, 
394- 

Prime,  N.  S.,  Long  Island,  *68. 

Prince,  J.  T.,  Schools  of  Germany,  *3i. 

Prince  Society,  Publications,  *i34- 

Princeton,  battle  of,  298. 

"  Prior  Documents,"  The,  *io8. 

Privateers,  in  French  War,  340;  in  War 
of,  112,  353  ;  Confederate,  421. 

Proclamations. —  See  presidents  by  name. 

Protection,  debate  on  (1789),  331;  consti-    I 
tutionality  of,  333;  in  1816,  356.  —  See 
Tariff. 

Prothero,  G.  W.,  Const itiitional  Docu 
ments,  312. 

Proud,  R.,  Pennsylvania,  *JT,. 

Providence  Plantations  (and  Town),  his 
tories,  *74;  Records,  *ii2;  settlement, 
272  ;  the  "  Incorporation  "  of,  273.  —  See 
Rhode  Island. 

Providence  Public  Library,  Bulletin,  34. 

Prowse,  D.  W.,  Newfoundland,  234,  240. 

Ptolemy,  Geography,  230. 

Public  Documents,  indexes,  38  ;  lists,  119— 
121. 

Public  libraries,  use  of,  148. 

Pulszky,  Francis  and  Theresa,  White, 
Red,  Black,  *84. 

Pupils,  reports  by,  174. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimcs,  233. 

Puritans,  the  English,  264 ;  control  Lon 
don  Company,  250;  in  Maryland,  254; 
attitude  toward  dissentients,  272;  rela 
tions  with  the  Friends,  277;  relations 
with  the  English  Puritans  (1640-1660), 
278.  —  See  Connecticut,  England,  Mas 
sachusetts,  New  England,  New  Hamp 
shire,  Pilgrims. 

Purry,  I.  P.,  Description  of  South  Caro 
lina,  256. 

Putnam,  D.,  Bunker  Hill,  296. 

Putnam,  F.  W.,  Collections,  231. 

Putnam,  Israel,  biography,  *97. 

Putnam,  Rufus,  biography,  #97. 

QUAKERS.  — See  Friends. 
Quebec,  founded,  242  ;  captured  by 
English    (1629),    242 ;     again    captured 
(1759),  282. 

Quebec  Act,  The,  294. 
Quebec   Historical  Society,  publications, 

*I24. 

Quincy  (Mass.),  history,  *6$. 

Quincy,  E.,  Josiah  Quincy,  *gj. 

Quincy,  Josiah  ("  Jr."),  biography,  *97; 
Massachusetts  Reports,  *n8,  289;  se 
cession  speech,  404. 

Quincy,  Josiah  (3^),  Boston,  *63  ;  John 
Quincy  Adams,  *8j  ;  biographies,  *97  ; 
Josiah  Quincy,  Jr.,  *gj  ;  Figures  of  the 
Past,  107,  *i3i,  145. 

Quitman,  biography,  *ioi. 

"  Quiz,"  a  school  exercise,  155. 


RACE  elements,  310,  314. 
Rafn,  Antiquitatcs,  234. 

Railroads,  beginnings  of,  366 ;  early  build 
ing,  388.  —  See  Commerce,  Lands,  In 
ternal  Improvements. 

Ralegh,  Sir  Walter,  biographies,  247, 
249;  expeditions  sent  out  by,  247,  248; 
charter  to,  248. 

Ramsay,  D.,  South  Carolina,  *74; 
American  Revolution,  302;  Revolution 
of  South  Carolina,  302. 

Ramsay,  J.  G.  M.,  Tennessee,  *75. 

Ranck,  G.  W.,  Lexington  (Ky.),  *6i. 

Randall,  Henry  S.,  Thomas  Jefferson, 
*93- 

Randolph,  Edmund,  biography,  *97; 
"  Despatch  No.  10,"  337  ;  Vindication, 
339- 

Randolph,  Edward,  in  New  England, 
278  ;  Report,  278. 

Randolph,  John,  biographies,  ^97  ;  Letters 
to  a  Relative,  *i3i ;  in  1811-1815,  354. 

Randolph,  Sarah  N.,   Thomas  Jefferson, 

*93- 

Rantoul,  Robert,  Jr.,  biography,  *97. 

Ratification  of  the  Constitution,  325; 
theories,  327.  —  See  Constitution.  Nulli 
fication,  People,  Secession,  States. 

Rat/el,  Friedrich,  Die  Vereinigten 
Staaten,  *5i . 

Raum,  J.  Q.,  New  Jersey,  *66;  History 
of  Trenton,  298. 

Raumer,  Frederick  von,  American 
People,  *84. 

Rawle,    W.,    View   of  the    Constitution, 

Raymond,  H.  J.,  Abraham  Lincoln,*^. 

Rayon,  I.  L.,  Archivo  Mexicano,  238. 

Read,  George,  biography,  *97. 

Read,  J.  M.,  Henry  Hudson,  258. 

Read,  W.  T.,  George  Read,  ^97. 

Reading,  in  schools,  23:  in  colleges,  24; 
without  a  teacher,  27:  necessity  of ,  179; 
consecutive,  180;  general,  180;  list  of 
general,  181-195;  topical,  195.  —  See 
Method. 

Rebellions,  P>acon's  (Va.),  252  ;  Kendall's 
and  Coode's,  254;  Leisler's,  259;  Negro 
Plot  (N.  Y.),  259;  in  New  Jersey,  260; 
English  Puritan,  278;  of  1689,  in  New 
England,  278;  Whiskey,  339;  Dorr 
(1842),  382.  — See  also  Civil  War,  Insur 
rections. 

Recitation,  system  of.  152,  223;  written, 
205.  —  See  also  Methods. 

Reclus,  Elisee,  Earth  and  its  Inhabi 
tants,  227. 

Reconstruction,  topics  on,  14,  18. 

Recopilacion  de  Leyes  de  las  Indias, 
*n6. 

Records,  colonial,  108-118;  United  States, 
118. 

Records  of  Salem  Witchcraft,  280. 

Recreations,  in  the  Colonies,  314. 

Recueil  des  Traitez  de  Paix,  de  Treve, 

*S4- 

Redington,  J.,  Calendar  of  Home  Office 
Papers,  *io8. 


Presidents  —  Rogers. 


461 


Red  Men.  —  See  Indians. 

Redpath,  James,  Capt.John  Brown,*%%; 
Echoes  of  Harper 's  Ferry ,  400. 

Reed,  H.,  Lectures  in  English  History, 
*3i. 

Reed,  Joseph,  biography,  *<)j. 

Reed,  Wm.  K.,  Joseph  Reed,  *97 

Reeder,  Governor,  396. 

Reeves,  A.  M.,  Finding  of  Wineland, 
234- 

References,  general  books,  40;  giving 
out,  203. 

Reformation,  in  England,  264. 

Register  of  Debates,  *ii4. 

Regicides,  in  New  England,  278. 

Reid,  Whitelaw,  Horace  Greeley,  *9i. 

Relation  of  Maryland,  254. 

Relations  des  Jesuits,  243. 

Religion,  in  Virginia,  253  ;  in  Plymouth, 
267 ;  in  New  England,  280  ;  in  the  col 
onies,  314  ;  in  the  United  States  in  1830, 
366,  in  1860,  402.  —  See  Churches  by 
name. 

Reminiscences,  127-132. 

Removals.  —  See  Civil  Service. 

"Reports,"    of    pupils,    174;    system    of    ! 
written,  211. 

Representation.  —  See  Federal  Conven 
tion. 

Representative  government,  in  Virginia, 
250;  in  Maryland,  254;  in  Massachu 
setts,  270,  280  ;  English,  311. 

Republic  of  Texas.  —  See  Texas. 

Republican  party  (Jeffersonian),  formed 
in  1793,  334  ;  Jefferson  president,  345  ; 
divided  on  war  <*f  1812,  354  ;  absorbs 
Federals,  345,  349 ;  broken  up  in  1820, 
359.  —  See  Democrats,  Jefferson. 

Republican  party,  origin  in  1854,  395, 
397 ;  majority  in  the  House,  396 ;  in 
Kansas  struggle,  396  ;  name,  397  ;  elec 
tion  of  1856,  398  ;  election  of  1860,  400  : 
attitude  on  compromise,  408  ;  in  Civil 
War,  423.  —  See  Free-Soil  Party. 

Restoration  (1660),  relations  with  Massa 
chusetts,  278. 

"  Resulting  Powers."  —  See  Implied 
Powers. 

Revenue.  —  See  Finance. 

"  Revenue  Scheme,"  319. 

Revere,  Paul,  biography,  *97. 

Reviews,  of  exercises,   154;  written,  205. 

Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States, 
*i20  ;  index  to,  118. 

Revolution,  American  (1775^,  topics  on, 
13,  16;  memorable  dates.  159;  causes 
of,  284;  passive  resistance  (1761-66), 
288;  active  resistance  ('767-74),  291; 
precipitated  (1772-76),  204;  political 
development,  296  ;  military  events,  298- 
303  ;  finances,  304 ;  parties,  334.  —  See 
Confederation,  Declaration  of  Inde 
pendence,  Wars. 

Revolution  (1689),  in  New  England,  279. 

Reynolds.  J.,  Illinois,  *6o. 

Rhode  Island,  physical  maps  of,  51  ;  his 
tories  of,  *73  ;  records  of,  *ii2;  settle 
ment  of,  272  ;  federation  of  towns,  272  ; 


franchise  in,  273  ;  relations  with  the  New 
England  Confederation,  276  ;  Andros  in, 
278;  condition  of  in  1760,286;  emanci 
pates  slaves,  320;  ratines  constitution, 
325  ;  Dorr  Rebellion,  382. 

Rhode  Island  Historical  Society,  publica 
tions,  *I24. 

Rhode  Island  Historical  Tracts,  *74. 

Rhodes,  J.  F.,  History  of  the  United 
States,  34,  45,  46,  *47,  146. 

Ribault,  Huguenot  Colony,  241. 

Rice,  A.  T.  (ed.),  Reminiscences  of  Lin- 
coln,  *94,  *i3i. 

Rice,  F.  P.  (ed.),  Records  of  Worcester, 
*ui. 

Richard,  E.,  Acadia,  281. 

Richmond,  captured  by  Grant,  415. 

Riddle,  A.  G.,  Benjamin  F,  Wade,*q<); 
Recollections,  *i3i  ;  Bart  Ridgely, 
*i39- 

Rider,  S.  S.  (ed.),  Rhode  Island  Histori 
cal  Tracts,  *74,  273. 

Ridgley,  D.,  Annapolis  (Md.),  *62,  287. 

Ridpath,  J.  C.,  Popular  History,  *47_ 

Riedesel,  Baroness,  Memoirs,  *i3i,   298. 

Riedesel,  General,  Memoirs,  *i3i. 

Riker,  J.,  Harlem  (N.  Y.),  *68. 

Rindge  (N.  H.),  history,  *66. 

Ringwalt  (and  Brookings),  Briefs  for  De 
bate,  *36. 

Riots,  drafts,  423.  —  See  Insurrections. 

Ripley  and  Dana,  A  merican  Cyclopedia, 
*4i. 

Ripley,  R.  S.,  War  with  Mexico,  386. 

Ripley,  W.  Z.,  Financial  History  of  Vir 
ginia,  319. 

Rittenhouse,  D.,  biography,  *97. 

Rives,  W.  C.,  Jr.,  James  Madison,  *g5. 

Roads,  S.,  Marblehcad,  (Mass.),  *64. 

Roanoke  colony,  248. 

Robbins,  Jonathan,  case  of,  343. 

Roberts,  A.,  Never  Caught,  416. 

Roberts,  E.  H.,  New  York,*6j  ;  Battle  of 
Oriskany,  299;  Government  Revenue, 

Robertson,   C.    F.,  Louisiana  Purchase, 

348. 
Robertson,   James,   A     Feiu  Months    in 

A  merica,  *§$. 

Robertson,  Wyndham,  Oregon,  384. 
Roberval,  expedition  of,  240. 
Robin,  Abbe,  Travels,  *84. 
Robinson,  Conway,    Virginia  Company, 

281. 

Robinson,  J.  H.,  Features  of  the  Con 
stitution,  324. 

Robinson,  R.  E.,  Vermont,  *-j6. 
Robinson,  S.  T.  L.,  Kansas,  397. 
Rochambeau,    Marquis  de,   at    Newport, 

301  ;  Memoirs,  302. 
Rockingham,  Marquis  of,  biography,  *g7  ; 

Papers,  289 ;  first  ministry,  288  ;  second 

ministry,  303. 

Roe,  E.  P.,  historical  novels,  *i4o. 
Rogers,  H.  W.,   Constitutional  History, 

358. 
Rogers,  J.  E.  T.,  Protests  of  the  Lords, 

289. 


462 


Index. 


Roman,  A.,  P.  T.  Beauregard,  406. 
Roman   Catholics,   in   Maryland,  254  ;  in 

England,  264.  —  See  Religion. 
Roosevelt,   T.,    Winning  of  the    West, 

*56;  New    York   (City),  *68;    Thomas 

Hart  Benton,  *8j ;  Gouverneur  Morris, 

*95;  Naval  War  of  1812,  353. 
Root,  ].,  Connecticut  Reports,  *u8. 
Ropes,  J.  C.,  Civil  War,  46,  *i47. 
Rose,  English  minister,  351. 
Rosebery,  Lord,  Pitt,  *Q7,  303. 
Rosier,  narrative  of,  250. 
Ross,    A.,     Oregon     or    the     Columbia 

River,  *j2. 

Ross,  Charles,  Cornwallis,  *8g,  299. 
Rotundity  of  the  earth,  234,  235. 
Rochefoucauld,  Travels,  *8s. 
Rous,  John,  New  England,  277. 
Rowan  County  (N.  C.),  history  of,  69. 
Rowland,    K.    M.,    George    Mason,  *gs, 

3°7- 

Roxbury  (Mass ),  history,  *64. 
Royall,    W.  L.,  Jackson  and  the  Bank, 

369- 

Royce,  Josiah,  California,  *s8. 
Ruge,   Sophus,  Entwickelung  der  Kar- 

tographie,    230;     Geschichte  des  Zeit- 

alters  der  Entdeckungen,  236. 
"  Rule  of  1756,"  in  Napoleonic  wars,  350. 

—  See  Neutral  Trade. 
Rumple,  J.,  Rowan  County  (N.  C.),  *6g. 
Runnels,    M.    T.,    Sanbornton   (N.    H.), 

*66. 
Rupp,    I.    D.,   Lancaster   County  (Pa.), 

*73  ;   Western  Pennsylvania,  *73  ;  Re- 

ligioiis  Denominations,  285. 
Rush,  Richard,  A   Residence  at  London, 

*I3I>    363;     Washington   in    Domestic 

Life,  300. 

Russell,  A.  P.,  Thomas  Corwin,  *8g. 
Russell,  Lord  John,  Charles  James  Fox, 

*go,  293  ;  Retollections,  *i3i, 
Russell,    W.    H.,   Hesperothen,   *8s ;  My 

Diary,  418. 

Russell,  W.  S.,  Guide  to  Plymouth,  267. 
Russia,  mediation,  353  ;  Northwest  claims, 

362;   Treaty   of    1824,   363,    383.  — See 

Monroe    Doctrine,     Northwest    Coast, 

Oregon. 

Rut,  John,  voyage,  248. 
Ruttenber,  E.  M.,  County  of  Orange  (N. 

Y.),  *68;  Newburgh  (N.  V.),  *68. 
Ruysch,  Map  of  1508,  236. 
Rye  (N.  Y.),  history,  *69. 
Ryerson,  A.  E.,  Royalists,  304. 

SABIN,  Joseph,  Dictionary,^,  *ij. 
Sabine,  L.,  Adherents  to  the  Crown, 

304;  American  Loyalists,  304. 
Safford,  W.  H.,Harman  Blennerhassett, 

349  ;  Blennerhassett  Papers,  349. 
Sagadahoc      Colony,     The,      264.  —  See 

Maine. 
Sagard,  Histoire  du  Canada,  232  ;  Grand 

Voyage,  232. 

Sage,  Bernard  J.  —  See  Centz,  P.  C. 
Sahagun,   F.  B.,  Historia  general,   232; 

Conquista  de  Mexico,  238. 


Sainsbury,  W.  Noel  (ed.),  Calendar  of 
[British]  State  Papers,  Colonial,  *io8. 

Saint-Croix  River,  383. 

St.  Augustine  (Fla.),  histories,  *sg  ;  settle 
ment  of,  241. 

St.  Brandan's  Island,  legend  of,  234. 

St.  Clair,  Gen.  Arthur,  Papers,  *i26;  in 
Burgoyne's  Campaign,  298;  defeated 
d79i),  339- 

St.  George's  Parish  (Va.),  history,  *77. 

St.  Germain,  treaty  of,  242. 

St.  John,  J.  A.,  Life  of  Raleigh,  247. 

St.  Lawrence  County  (N.  Y.),  history,  *6g. 

St.  Lawrence  River,  discovery  of,  240. 

St.  Louis  (Mo.),  histories,  *6$. 

St.  Mark's  Parish  (Va.),  history  of,  #77. 

Saint-Martin,  V.,  Histoire  de  la  Geogra 
phic,  230. 

St.  Paul  (Minn.),  history,  *6s. 

Salem  (Mass.),  history,  *64;  Records, 
*m  :  settlement  of,  269.  —  See  Massa 
chusetts. 

Salmon,  Lucy  M.,  on  elementary  schools, 
32  ;  on  academies  and  colleges,  32 ; 
Appointing  Power,  330. 

Sanborn,  E.  D.,  New  Hampshire,  *66. 

Sanborn,  F.  K.,  fa/in  Brown,  *88. 

Sanbornton  (N.  H.),  history,  *66. 

Sanderson,  J.,  Signers  of  the  Declara 
tion,  292. 

Sanford,  E.  B.,  Connecticut,  *s8. 

Sanford,  L.  G.,  Erie  County  (Pa.),  *73. 

San  Francisco,  histories,  *s8. 

Sanitary  Commission,  423. 

Sante  Fe  Expedition,  history  of,  75.  —  See 
New  Mexico.  • 

Santarem,  Viscount,  Atlas,  230;  Re 
searches,  237. 

Saratoga,  Convention  of,  298,  299. 

Sargent.  Epes,  Henry  Clay,  *8g. 

Sargent,  Nathan,  Public  Men  and  Events, 
*i3i,  i47; 

Sargent,  Winthrop,  Major  John  Andre, 
*&7,  300;  Loyalist  Poetry,  *i4i  ;  Fort 
Duquesne,  282. 

Sato,  Shosuke,  Land  Question,  305. 

Saunderson,  H.  H.,  Charleston  <N.  H.), 
*66. 

Savannah  (Ga.),  history,  *sg ;  settlement 
of,  257;  French  at,  300;  capture  of 
(1778),  301. 

Saybrook  (Conn.),  settlement  of,  274. 

Scaife,  W.  B.,  Geographical  History,*^. 

Scharf,  J.  T.,  Delaware,  *5g;  Maryland, 
*62;  Baltimore  (Md.),  *62 ;  St.  Louis 
(Mo.),  *6s,  243 ;  with  Westcott,  T., 
Philadelphia,  *j$  ;  Confederate  Navy, 
4'3- 

Schenck,  D.,  North  Carolina,  *jo. 

Schenectady  (N.  Y.),  history,  *6g, 

Schlaeger,  E.,  Stellung  der  Deutschen, 
*85. 

Schmucker,  S.  M.,  Henry  Clay,  *8g; 
Alexander  Hamilton,  *gi. 

Schoell,  F.,  Histoire  A bregee  des  Traites 
de  Paix,  *54. 

Schools,  American  history  in,  2  ;  introduc 
tion  to  American  history,  6 ;  proper 


Roman  —  Short. 


463 


work  in  American  history,  23  ;  text 
books,  41-43,  153  ;  use  of  public  libra 
ries,  148  ;  recitation  in,  152  ;  "The  Quiz," 
155;  rooms,  attractive,  172;  written 
recitations,  206.  — See  Methods. 

Schoonmaker,  M.,  Kingston  (N.  Y.),  *68. 

Schouler,  J.,  on  historical  grouping  and 
research,  33;  History  of  the  U.  S.,  45, 
46,  *48,  146;  Thomas  Jefferson,  *93. 

Schuckers,  Jacob  W.,  Salmon  P.  Chase, 
*88. 

Schulze,  J.  L.,  Nachrichten  von  Penn- 
sylvanien,  *T$. 

Schurz,  Carl,  Henry  Clay,  *8g,  145 ;  A  bra- 
ham  Lincoln,  *g4. 

Schuyler,  Eugene,  American  Diplomacy, 
3°3- 

Schuyler,  G.  W.,  Colonial  New  York, 
*67 ;  Philip  Schuyler,  *g7. 

Schuyler,  Philip,  biographies,  *gj. 

Scot,  George,  Model  of  East  New  Jersey, 
261. 

Scotch,  race  element,  310. 

Scott,  Dred,  case  of,  399. 

Scott,  E.  G.,  Constitutional  Liberty,  312. 

Scott,  E.  H.  (ed.),   The  Federalist,*^. 

Scott,  W.  A.,  Repudiation  of  State  Debts, 
389- 

Scott,  Winfield,  biographies,  *g8 ;  Me 
moirs,  *i3i;  Mexican  campaign,  387; 
defeated  for  presidency,  397;  "  Views  " 
in  1860,  407. 

Scribner's  Statistical  Atlas,  *53,  310; 
Citizen's  Atlas,  310;  Campaigns  of  the 
Civil  War  (Series),  416. 

Scudder,  H.  E.,  School  History,  n,  33, 
*43,  144  ;  A  merican  Commonwealths, 
57 ;  George  Washington,  *ioo ;  Noah 
Webster,  *ioo  ;  Stories  and  Romances, 
*i4o  ;  Men  and  Manners  in  A  merica, 
284,  314. 

Seabury,  Samuel,  biography,  *gS  ;  Slavery 
Justified,  375. 

Secession,  theory  of  the  Constitution,  327 ; 
threats  in  1850,  392,  404 ;  the  acts  in 
1860,400;  historical  development,  404 ; 
enunciations,  404 ;  status  in  1860,  404 ; 
causes,  405  ;  grievances,  405  ;  of  South 
Carolina,  406;  of  other  cotton  states, 
406;  of  border  states,  410;  Confederacy 
formed,  406,  412.  —  See  Compromise, 
Constitution,  Nullification,  Virginia  and 
Kentucky  Resolutions. 

Sedgwick,  C.  M.,  historical  novels,  *i4o. 

Sedition  Act,  342. 

Seeley,  Sir  J.  R.,  Expansion  of  England, 
284. 

Seelye,  Mrs    E.  E.,  Washington,  *ioo. 

Seminaries,  in  history,  176. 

Seminole  Wars,  359,  367,  373. 

Semple,  Baptists  in  Virginia,  287. 

Senate,  of  the  United  States,  documents 
and  records,  *iig,  *i2i ;  controversy 
with  Jackson,  372. —  See  Civil  Service, 
Compromises,  Congress,  Impeach 
ments,  Treaties. 

Separatists,  English,  264,  265.  —  See  Pil 
grims,  Puritans. 


Sergeant,  John,  Select  Speeches,  *i26. 

Sergeant,  T.,  Constitutional  Law,  358. 

Sevier,  John,  biography,  *g8. 

Sewall,  Samuel,  Diary,  *i$i  ;  connection 
with  witchcraft  delusion,  279;  Revolu 
tion  in  New  England,  279 ;  Joseph  sold 
by  his  Brethren,  315. 

Seward,  F.  W..  Seward at  Washington, 
*98. 

Seward,  W.  H.,  John  Quincy  Adams, 
*87;  biographies,  *gS;  Works,  *i26; 
Autobiography,  *i3i  ;  on  compromise 
of  1850,  391 ;  not  nominated  in  1860, 
400;  attitude  on  compromise,  408;  de 
sired  foreign  war,  410;  Lincoln's  influ 
ence,  410 ;  foreign  relations,  420 ;  Mex 
ico,  421. 

Sewel,  VI.,  History  of  the  Friends,  226, 
277. 

Seybert,  A.,  Statistical  Annals,  346. 

Seymour,  E.  S.,  Minnesota,  *6$. 

Seymour,  G.  E.,  Study  of  History,  *3i. 

Shadrach,  fugitive-slave  case,  393. 

Shaler,  N.  S.,  Nature  and  Man  in 
America,  *5i,  227,  311;  The  United 
States,  48,  *5i,  55,  227,  310;  Kentucky, 
*6i,  343;  on  physiography  of  North 
America,  227. 

Shannon,  Henry,  Slavery,  376. 

Sharp,  Governor,  Correspondence,  287. 

Shattuck,  L.,  History  of  Concord  (Mass.), 
295. 

Shea,  George,  Alexander  Hamilton,  *qi. 

Shea,  J.  G.,  Charlevoix,  243  ;  Mississippi, 
243 ;  Early  Voyages,  243  ;  Hennepin"1  s 
Louisiana,  243  ;  Catholic  Church,  285. 

Sheahan,  James  W.,  Stephen  A.Doug 
las,  *go. 

Shelburne,  Earl  of,  biography,  *g&;  in 
second  Rockingham  Ministry,  303  ; 
Prime  Minister,  303. 

Sheldon,  Mrs.  E.  M.,  Michigan,  *64. 

Sheldon-Barnes,  Mary,  General  History, 
32;  Studies  in  American  History,  33, 
42,  *43,  144,  145. 

Shenandoah,  Confederate  cruiser,  421. 

Shenandoah  Valley,  settlement  of,  253  ; 
campaigns  of  Civil  War,  415. 

Shepard,  E.  M.,  Martin  Van  Buren,  *gg. 

Sheppard,  John  H.,  Samuel  Tucker,  *gg. 

Sherard,  E.  H.,  St.  Louis  and  Missouri, 
*65. 

Sherburne,  Andrew,  Memoirs,  *i3i. 

Sheridan,  Philip  H.,  biography,  *g&; 
Personal  Memoirs,  *i3i. 

Sherman,  H.,  Slavery,  375. 

Sherman,  John,  Selected  Speeches,  *i26; 
Recollections,  *i3i. 

Sherman,  John,  and  Sherman,  W.  T., 
Letters,  *i3i. 

Sherman,  W.  T.,  Memoirs,  *i3i  ;  Georgia 
campaign,  415;  march  to  the  sea,  415; 
northward  march,  415. 

Shindler,  James,  on  history  in  public 
schools,  32. 

Shipp,  Bernhard,  De  Soto,  239. 

Short,  J.  T.,  Historical  Reference  Lists, 
*3&  ;  North  Americans,  231. 


464 


Index. 


Shurtleff,  N.  B,,  Records  of  Massachu 
setts,  *no;  Records  of  New  Plymouth, 

Sidney,  A.,  Discourses  on  Government, 
290. 

Siebert,  W.  H.,  Underground  Railroad, 
393- 

Sigourney,  L.  H.    Pocahontas,  *i^2. 

Simcoe,  J.  G.,  Queen's  Rangers,  299. 

Sims,  fugitive-slave  case,  393. 

Simms,  W.  G.,  South  Carolina,  *-]\;  his 
torical  novels,  *i4o;  War  Poetry  of  the 
South,  *i4i  ;  Francis  Marion,  301. 

Sinclair,  A.,  The  Alabama,  418. 

Skrellings,  The,  231. 

Slade,  W.,  Vermont  State  Papers,  308. 

Slavery,  as  a  sectional  issue,  10;  topics  on, 
14,  17;  in  the  colonies,  314  ;  under  Con 
federation,  320,  336 ;  compromise  in 
Federal  Convention,  323;  after  1789, 
336;  condition  of  in  1830,  366,  375; 
insurrections,  375;  arguments  for  and 
against,  376 ;  in  District  of  Columbia, 
378,  390;  under  Tyler,  382;  connec 
tion  with  annexation  of  Texas,  385  ; 
with  Mexican  War,  387 ;  territorial  cri 
sis,  390;  compromise  of  1850,  391; 
fugitives,  393 ;  connection  with  Cuba, 
394  ;  in  Kansas,  396  ;  splits  Know  Noth 
ings,  397;  Dred  Scott  decision,  399; 
John  Brown,  399;  election  of  1860,399; 
Davis  resolution  of  1860,  400;  effects  in 
1860,  402  ;  a  cause  of  secession,  405  ; 
proposed  amendments  on,  408;  recog 
nized  by  Confederacy,  412  ;  in  Civil 
War,  421  ;  "  contrabands,"  425;  confis 
cation,  425  ;  emancipation  in  D.  C., 
425  ;  in  territories,  425  ;  negro  troops, 
425;  emancipation  proclamations,  425; 
state  emancipations,  425  ;  fugitives,  425  ; 
abolition  by  i3th  Amendment,  426. — 
See  Abolition,  Fugitives,  Insurrections, 
Memorials,  Rebellions,  Slave  Trade. 

Slaveholders,  375.  —  See  Slavery. 

Slave  Trade,  beginnings  of,  247;  under 
Confederation,  320;  compromise  in  Fed 
eral  Convention,  323  ;  Acts  of  1794,  336  ; 
prohibited  (1807),  361;  in  1830.  375; 
domestic,  378,  379 ;  regulation  of,  380  ; 
in  treaty  of  1842,  383 ;  in  District  of 
Columbia,  390;  act  of  1850,  391  ;  treaty 
with  England,  425  :  domestic  forbidden, 
425.  —  See  Navy,  Slavery. 

Slafter,  E.  M.,  The  Northmen,  234,242. 

Slaughter,  P.,  Bristol  Parish  (Va.),  *77, 
252  ;  St.  George's  Parish  (Va.),  *77, 
252;  St.  Mark's  Parish  (Va.),  *77,  252. 

Slephton,  J.,  Saga  of  Olaf,  234. 

Slidell,  Mexican  mission,  387;  captured 
(1861),  421. 

Sloane,  W.  M.,  French  War  and  Revo 
lution,  *44,  145. 

Small,  A.  W.,  American  Nationality, 
307. 

Smedes,  Susan  D.,  Southern  Planter, 
376. 

Smith,  A.,  Wealth  of  Nations,  285. 

Smith,  Buckingham,  Documentos  para  la 


Florida,  *n6;    Cabeza  de    Vaca,  239; 
De  Soto  Letter,  239. 

Smith,  Edward,  William  Cobbett,  *8g. 

Smith,  George,  Delaware  County  (Pa.), 
*73,  262,  299. 

Smith,  Gerritt,  biography,  *g8. 

Smith,  Goldwin,  United  States,  44,  *45, 
145  ;  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  *gi. 

Smith,  J.  E.  A.,  PittsfieU (l&azs.)t  *64. 

Smith,  Capt.  John,  True  Relation,  233, 
251  ;  in  Virginia,  250  ;  General Historie, 
251  ;  Map  of  Virginia,  251  ;  credibility 
of,  251;  New  England  voyages,  264; 
Description  of  New  England,  264 ; 
New  England's  Trials,  264. 

Smith,  J.  H.,  Narrative,  300. 

Smith,  Lucian  H.,  Atlas, *^- 

Smith,  M.  L.,  Brief  Compend,  *\t>. 

Smith,  P.  H.,Acadia,2^. 

Smith,  Richard,  Diary,  297. 

Smith,  Richmond  M.,  Emigration  and 
Immigration,  *5&,  310. 

Smith,  S.,  New  Jersey,*^. 

Smith,  Seba,  Major  Jack  Downing,  *i40, 
369- 

Smith,  W.,  Pennsylvania,  263. 

Smith,  William.  New  York,  *67. 

Smith,  W.  R.,  Wisconsin,  *78. 

Smithsonian  Institution,  Reports  and 
Contributions,  231. 

Smyth,  John  F.  D.,  Tour  in  the  U.  S., 
*S5. 

Snow,  C.  H.,  Boston,  *63. 

Snow,  Freeman,  American  Diplomacy, 
303,  363:  Lectures,  421. 

Social  Institutions  in  Colonies,  4,  314.— 
See  Colonies  by  name. 

Societies,  Proceedings  of  Learned,  122- 
124. 

Soley,  H.,  Records  of 'the  Society  of  Jesus, 
255. 

Soley,  J.  R.,  Blockade,  416. 

Soniienschein,  W.  S.,  Best  Books,  ^37. 

Soto,  De,  explorations,  239. 

Soule,  C.  C.,  Lawyer's  Reference  Min- 
ual,  *37. 

Sources,  interest  in,  2  ;  instruction  through, 
19  ;  set  of,  in  schools  and  colleges,  26  ; 
manuscript,  134. 

South,  The,  Revolutionary  War  in,  301  : 
emancipation  under  Confederation,  320  : 
on  Missouri  Compromise,  361  ;  on  tariff, 
364;  on  slavery,  378;  in  Texas,  385  :  in 
the  crisis  of  1850,  391 ;  on  the  election 
of  Lincoln,  400;  status  in  1860',  402; 
grievances,  405  ;  separation,  405-415-;  de 
feat,  415-427.  —  See  Secession,  Slavery. 

Southampton  (L.  I.),  history,  *6g. 

South  America,  little  contribution  to  his 
tory, 
tion 
under  "Monroe  Doctrine,"  362. 

"  South  American,"  Revolution,  363. 

South  Carolina,  histories,  *74  ;  Records, 
*n6:  settlement  of,  255;  condition  of 
(1760),  288;  British  in,  301;  first  state 
government,  306:  land  cessions,  317; 
ratifies  constitution,  325 ;  protests  against 


,  3  :  first  voyages  to,  235  ;  explora 
of,  236  ;  called  "  New  World, "237; 


Shurtleff—  Sterling. 


465 


tariff,  370 ;  nullification,  370 ;  secession 
spirit  in  1832,404;  movement  for  seces 
sion,  400,  406;  secession  convention, 
406;  ordinance,  406;  Journal  of  the 
Convention,  407;  commission  to  Bu 
chanan,  408 ;  fires  on  Star  of  the  West, 
408;  correspondence  with  Buchanan, 
408;  commission  to  Lincoln,  410;  Fort 
Sumter  taken,  410.  —  See  Carolinas, 
Nullification,  Secession. 

South  Carolina  Historical  Society,  publi 
cations,  *I24. 

Southern  Confederacy.  —  See  Confederate 
States. 

Southold  (L.  I.),  history,  *6g ;  Records, 
•113. 

Sovereignty  of  Congress,  333. 

Spain,  feeble  colonies,  4;  relations  with 
the  United  States,  29  ;  claims  to  Amer 
ica,  228 ;  treatment  of  Indians,  232 ; 
discoveries,  235;  conquests  of  Peru  and 
Mexico,  238;  in  present  U.  S.,  239; 
acquires  Louisiana,  244  ;  colonial  policy 
of,  287 ;  during  American  Revolution, 
303  ;  and  the  confederation,  321 ;  and 
the  U.  S.,337;  West  Florida  and  Louis 
iana,  347  ;  Florida  negotiations,  359  ; 
treaty  of  1819,  360;  European  system, 
362  ;  Oregon  claims  extinguished,  383 ; 
claim  to  Texas,  385  ;  Cuba,  394;  Black 
Warrior  episode,  394;  relations  with 
Mexico  (i86i),42i. 

Spanish  Americans,  little  contribution  to 
history,  4. 

Sparks,  E.  E.,  Topical  References,  34, 
*36. 

Sparks,  Jared,  historical  services,  i; 
American  Biography,  86;  Benedict 
Arnold,  *87,  300;  Benjamin  Franklin, 
*qo ;  Charles  Lee ,  *94,  299 ;  Gouverneur 
Morris,  *gs  ;  biographies,  *g8;  George 
Washington,  *ioo  ;  Correspondence  of 
the  Revolution,  *i2j  ;  Diplomatic  Cor 
respondence,  *I34,  300;  Life  of  Ribault, 
241. 

Sparks,  W.  H.,  Memories,  *i32. 

Speaker  of  the  House,  treatise  on,  330. 

"  Special  Reports,"  system  of  written, 
211. 

"  Specie  Circular,"  372. 

Specie  payments,  stopped  in  Revolution, 
298;  under  Confederation,  319;  stopped 
in  1813,  356;  resumed  (1817),  356; 
stopped  1861,  419. 

Speeches,  collections  of,  132-134. 

Spelman,  H.,  Relation  of  Virginia,  251  ; 
True  Declaration,  251. 

Spence,  James,  American  Union,  375. 

Spencer,  C.  P.,  North  Carolina,*^. 

Spencer,  J.  A.,  History  of  the  U.  S .,  *i$. 

Spotswood,  Governor  of  Virginia,  253 ; 
Official  Letters,  253. 

Spring,  L.  W.,  Kansas,  *6o. 

Sprott  vs.  United  States,  405. 

"Squatter  Sovereignty."  —  See  Douglas, 
Popular  Sovereignty. 

Squire  and  Davis,  Ancient  Monuments, 
231. 


Staatsarchiv,  414. 

Stamp  Act,  288,  289  ;  text  of,  290. 

Stamp  Act  Congress,  288,  304 ;  Proceed 
ings,  289  ;  Resolves,  290. 

Stanhope,  Lord,  William  Pitt,  *97,  303. 

Stanton,  E.  M.,  biography,  *g8  ;  Secretary 
of  War,  423. 

Stanton,   H.   B.,  Random  Recollections, 

*I32. 

Stanwood,  E.,  Presidential  Elections,  *$6, 
145- 

Staples,  W.  R.,  Providence  (R.  I.),  *74, 
273  ;  Destruction  of  the  Gaspee,  293  ; 
Rhode  Island,  328. 

Stapleton,  A.  G.,  George  Canning,  *88. 

Star  of  the  West,  408. 

Stark,  Caleb,  General  John  Stark,  *gS. 

Stark,  John,  biography,  *g8,  299. 

Staten  Island,  history,  *6g. 

States,  the,  western  founded,  10;  histories 
of,  *57~78;  constitutions  of,  108,  306, 
336;  archives  of,  135;  admission  of, 
161,  361  ;  claims  to  western  lands,  228; 
first  governments  of,  296 ;  under  Confed 
eration,  304-321;  ratify  Constitution, 
325;  status  of  non-ratifying,  327;  sover 
eignty  of,  327;  precedents  for  national 
government,  329;  assumption  of  debts, 
331 ;  protest  against  Alien  and  Sedition 
acts,  342;  banks  of,  356;  receive  de 
posits,  372;  finances  (1845-49),  388;  in 
ternal  improvements,  388;  Personal 
Liberty  bills,  393 ;  admissions,  402 ; 
"war"  upon,  408;  status  before  1789, 
404;  emancipation  in,  425.  —  See  the 
states  by  name,  Constitution,  Nullifica 
tion,  Secession,  Virginia  and  Kentucky 
Resolutions. 

Statesmen,  works  of,  *i24-i27. 

Statistics,  topics  in,  209. 

Statutes  at  Large  of  the  United  States, 
as  sources,  48,  *49,  107,  *i2o;  index  to, 
*i  18  ;  of  Great  Britain,  *io8,  229. 

Steamboats,  366.  —  See  Commerce,  Inter 
nal  Improvements. 

Stearns,  Charles,  Henry  Box  Brown,  394. 

Stearns,  E.  S.,  Rindge  (N.  H.),  *66. 

Stebbing,  W.,  Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  247. 

Stedman,  E.  C.,  historical  poems,  *i42; 
with  (Hutchinson,  E.  M.),  Library  of 
American  Literature,  41,  *i34,  141. 

Stedman,  C.,  American  War,  295. 

Steele,  J.  D.  and  E.  B.,  ["Barnes"} 
Brief  History,  *43. 

Steiner,  B.  C.,  Slavery  in  Connecticut, 
3'5- 

Stephen,  J.,  War  in  Disgitise,  350. 

Stephen,  J.  L.,  Central  America,  233; 
Yucatan,  233. 

Stephens,  Alex.  H.,  biography,  *g8 ; 
Union  speech,  406  ;  correspondence  with 
Lincoln,  410  ;  "  cornerstone  "  speech, 
412  ;  rivalry  with  Davis,  412. 

Stephens,  H.   B.,  Cartier,  240, 

Sterne,  Simon,  Constitutional  History, 
44,  *45,  146. 

Sterling,  Earl  of  (W.  Alexander),  biogra- 

r»V»\r      *r\ft 


466 


Index. 


Steuben,  W.  von,  biographies,  *g8. 

Stevens,  Anthony  Burns,  394. 

Stevens,  B.  F.,  Clinton-Cornwallis  Con 
troversy,  302. 

Stevens,  C.  E.,  Sources  of  the  Constitu- 
tution^,  290. 

Stevens,  E.  T.,  Flint  Chips,  231. 

Stevens,  H.,  Franklin's  Life  and  Writ 
ings,  *i25;  Historical  and  Geographi 
cal  Notes,  230. 

Stevens,  J.  A.,  Albert  Gallatin,  *9O. 

Stevens,  Thaddeus,  biography,  *g8. 

Stewart,  Abram,  biography,  376. 

Stiles,  H.  R.,  Windsor  (Conn.),  *59 ; 
Brooklyn  (N.  Y.),  *6?. 

Still,  William,  Underground  Railroad, 
393- 

Stille,  Charles  J.,  John  Dickinson,  *go; 
Anthony  Wayne,  *ioo ;  Beaumarchais, 
300  ;  How  a  Free  People,  419. 

Stine,  J.  H.,  Army  of  Potomac,  416. 

Stith,  W.,  Virginia,  *jj. 

Stoddard,  A.,  Louisiana,  *62,  244. 

Stoddard,  W.  O.James  A .  Garfield,  *go ; 
James  Monroe,  *95- 

Stone,  W.  L.,  New  York  City,  *68 ;  Sir 
William  Johnson,  282;  Campaign  of 
Burgoyne,  298;  Life  of  Brant,  299; 
Wyoming  (Pa.),  */3,  299. 

Stone  River,  battle,  415. 

Storey,  Moorfield,  Charles  Sumner,  *gg. 

Story  of  the  States  (Series),  57. 

Story,  J.,  biography,  *g8 ;  Writings,  *i26. 

Story,  W.  W.Joseph  Story,  *98. 

Stoughton,  John,  William  Penn,  *g6. 

Stovall,  P.  A.,  Robert  Toombs,  *9g. 

Stowe,  Harriet  Beecher,  historical  novels, 
•140. 

Strabo,  theories  of,  234. 

Strachey,  W.,  Travail  into  Virginia,  249. 

Straus,  O.  S.,  Roger  Williams,  *ioo. 

Strobel,  P.  A.,  The  Salzburgers,  288. 

Strong,  M.  McL.,  Wisconsin,  *jS. 

Strype,  J.,  Life  of  Whitgift,  265  ;  Life  of 
Grindal,  265. 

Stuart,  A.,  Succinct  Account,  384. 

Stuart,  Isaac  W.,  Captain  Nathan  Hale, 
*gi. 

Stuart,  James,  North  America,  *8s,  376. 

Studen,  J.  H.,  Columbus  (O.),  *;i. 

Sturges  vs.  Crowninshield,  358,  359. 

Sturgis,  W.,  Oregon  Question,  384. 

Stuyvesant,  Peter,  biography,  *g8  ;  Gov 
ernor  of  New  Netherland,  258. 

Suffolk  County  (Mass.),  Records,  *nr. 

Suffrage,  colonial,  312. 

Sullivan,  J.,  Maine,  *62  ;  biography,  *gg. 

Sullivan,  John,  biography,  *gg. 

Sullivan,     William,     Familiar    Letters, 

*I32. 

Summer  Schools,  value  of,  22. 

Sumner,  Charles,  biographies, *gg ;  Works, 
#126;  assault  on,  398;  foreign  affairs, 
420. 

Sumner,  Wm.  Graham,  Alexander  Ham 
ilton,  *g2  ;  A  ndrew  Jackson,  *Q3  ;  Rob 
ert  Morris,  *gs  ;  A  merican  Currency, 
319;  History  of  Banking,  389. 


Sumter,  Fort,  Buchanan's  attitude,  408; 
Lincoln's  attitude,  410 ;  surrenders, 
410;  effect,  415. 

Superintendent  of  Documents,  Monthly 
Catalogue,  *38. 

Supreme  Court,  Reports,  *i2i ;  as  geo 
graphical  sources,  54;  organization,  329  ; 
great  decisions,  358;  and  Jackson,  368; 
power  over  territorial  slavery,  390 ; 
Dred  Scott  decision,  3gg ;  legal  tender 
decisions,  410. — See  cases  by  name, 
Courts,  Implied  Powers. 

Surgy,  J.  P.  R.  de,  Histoire  .  .  .  de  la 
Pennsylvanie,  *73. 

Surplus,  under  Jefferson,  345  ;  1836,  373. 

Surveys,  of  the  West,  50. 

Susquehanna,  boundary  controversy,  261, 
263. 

Sutcliff,  R.,  Travels,  *8s- 

Suttpn  (Mass.),  history,  64. 

Swain,  James  B.,  Henry  Clay,  *8g. 

Swan,  J.  G.,  Northwest  Coast,  *jj. 

Swank,  History  of  the  Manufacture  of 
Iron,  285. 

Swedes,  claims  of  to  America,  228;  rela 
tions  with  the  Dutch,  261;  settlement 
on  the  Delaware,  261.  —  See  Delaware, 
New  Sweden. 

Swinton,  Vf ., Decisive  Battles,  415  \Army 
of  Potomac,  416. 

Symmes,  Raphael,  Cmiseof  the  Alabama, 
414. 

TAILFER,  P.,  Narrative  of  Georgia, 
257. 

Tallack,  Wm.,  Friendly  Sketches,  *8s. 

Tallmadge,  B.,  Memoirs,  300. 

Tallmadge,  Missouri  amendment,  361. 

Taney,  R.  B.,  biography,  *gg ;  removes 
deposits,  372  ;  Chief  Justice,  378.  —  See 
Dred  Scott,  Habeas  Corpus. 

Tappan,  L. ,  Arthur  Tappan,  367. 

Tarbox,  L,  Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  24g. 

Tariffs,  Colonial,  313  ;  propositions  under 
Confederation,  3ig;  state,  321;  first 
national  act  (i78g),  331  ;  of  1812,  356;  of 
1816,  356  ;  of  1824,  364,  370  ;  of  1828,  364, 
370;  of  1832,  370;  of  1833,  370,  382: 
connection  with  surplus,  373  ;  of  1842, 
382  ;  of  1846,  388  ;  of  1857,  400  ;  protec 
tion  forbidden  in  Confederate  Constitu 
tion,  412  ;  war  tariff,  419. 

Tarleton,  B.,  Campaigns,  302. 

Tassel,  case  of,  373. 

Taswell-Langmead,  T.  P.,  English  Con 
stitutional  History,  312. 

Taussig,  F.  W.,  Topics  in  Tariff  History, 
*36  ;  Tariff "  History,  *s6 ;  State  Pa 
pers  on  the  Tariff,  *i34,  332. 

Taxation,  of  slaves  debated  (1776),  320; 
Supreme  Court  cases,  358 ;  in  Civil 
War,  419.  —  See  Finances. 

Taylor,  Hannis,  English  Constitution,  271. 

Taylor,  Zachary,  biography,  *qg  ;  advance 
through  Texas,  387 ;  Mexican  cam 
paigns,  387;  elected  president,  390; 
against  compromise,  391  ;  death,  391 ; 
against  filibusters,  394. 


Steuben  —  Trott. 


467 


Tea,  English  Act,  294;  destruction  (1773), 
294. 

Teachers,  preparation  to  teach  history, 
21  ;  function  of,  22  ;  in  recitations,  153  ; 
talks  by,  189.  —See  Methods. 

Teaching  of  American  history,  develop 
ment  of,  2. 

Tennessee,  histories,  *74  ;  admitted,  336; 
secedes,  410. 

Territories,  division  into,  309  ;  creation  of, 
317;  slavery  in,  320;  organization  after 
1789,  336;  compromise  of  1820,  361; 
slavery  crisis  (1846-49),  390;  theories  of 
slavery  in,  390;  compromise  of  1850, 
391 ;  popular  sovereignty,  395  ;  Dred 
Scott  decision,  399;  status  in  1860,  402; 
slavery  prohibited,  425.  —  See  Geog 
raphy,  Slavery. 

Tests  of  pupils,  223,  224. 

Texas,  histories,  *75  ;  annexation  of,  309; 
negotiations  with  Spain  as  to,  360;  in 
1830,  366;  Jackson's  policy  as  to,  368; 
independent,  373 ;  Van  Buren's  policy 
as  to,  381 ;  territorial  history,  385  ;  inde 
pendence,  385 ;  annexation  proposed, 
385  ;  annexation  treaty,  385 ;  annexation 
completed,  386;  leads  to  war,  387;  in 
treaty  of  1848,  387  ;  claims  New  Mexico, 
390  territorial  adjustment,  391  ;  secedes, 
406.  —  See  France,  Mexico,  Spain. 

Texas  vs.  White,  405. 

Text-books,  in  schools,  23 ;  without  a 
teacher,  27;  characteristics  of,  41  ;  for 
schools.  41  ;  for  colleges,  43,  44  ;  use  of, 

Thacher,  James,  Military  Journal,  *i32, 
295- 

Thackeray,  W.  M.,  Virginians,  *i4o. 

Thayer,  Eli,  Kansas  Crusade,  397. 

Thayer,  J.  B.,  Cases  on  Constitutional 
Law,  *i34,  307,  334. 

Theses,  for  colleges,  215,  220. 

Thevet,  A.,  alleged  voyage,  241;  Singu 
lar  itez,  241. 

Thomas,  A.  C.,  History,  33,  42,  *43,  53, 
144. 

Thomas,  E.  S.,  Reminiscences,  *i32. 

Thomas,  F.  W.,  John  Randolph,  *gj. 

Thomas,  Gabriel,  Pennsylvania,  *73,  263  ; 
East  Jersey,  261  ;  History  of  Salem 
(N.  J.),  287. 

Thomas,  George  H.,  biography,  *gg. 

Thomas,  Isaiah,  History  of  Printing, 
*iQ4,  285. 

Thompson,  B.  F.,  Long  Island,  *6S,  286. 

Thompson,  D.  P.,  Green  Mountain  Boys, 
*Ho. 

Thompson,  George,  Prison  Life,  377. 

Thompson,  J.  P.,  American  Independ 
ence,  323. 

Thompson,  M.,  Louisiana,  *6z. 

Thompson,  P.  G.,  Bibliography  of  Ohio, 
*7o,  318. 

Thompson,  R.  W.,  Recollections,  *i32. 

Thornton,  J.  Q.,  Oregon  and  California, 
*72. 

Thorpe,  F.  N.,  American  History,  *3 1 ; 
Outline  of  a  General  Course,  *3&. 


Thruston,  Antiquities  of  Tennessee,  233. 
Thwaites,    R.    G.,     The    Colonies,    *45  ; 

Wisconsin,  *78. 
Ticknor,    George,   William  H.  Prescott, 

*97- 
Ticonderoga,  capture  of  by  English,  282  ; 

seized  by  Americans,  294. 
Tiedeman,  C.  G.,  Unwritten  Constitution, 

404. 
Tilden,  S.  J.,  biography,  *gg;   Writings, 

*I26. 

Tiernan,  Mary  F.  S.,  Homosselle,  *i4o. 
Tiffany,  Francis,  Dorothea  Lynde  Dix, 

Tiffany,  J.,  Treatise  on  Government,  324. 
Tiffany,  Wm.   N.   M.,  historical  stories, 

*I40. 

Tocqueville,  A.  de,  Democracy  in 
A  merica,  309. 

Todd,  C.  B.,  City  of  New  York,  *68. 

Tompkins,  H.  B.,  Bibliotheca  Jeffersoni- 
ana,  *93,  *i26. 

Tonnage  duties,  early,  331. 

Toombs,  R.,  biography,  *gg. 

Topeka  (Kansas,  history),  *6o ;  Conven 
tion  of,  396. 

Topical  outlines,  36;  reading,  195;  sys 
tem,  207-210. 

Topics,  lists  of,  11-18;  subjects  for,  208. 

Torfaeus,  I'inlandiae,  234. 

Toscanelli,  theories  of,  234. 

Tourgee,  A.  W.,  historical  novels,  *i4o. 

Tower  Collection,  Index,  *37. 

Tower,  C.,  Jr.,  Lafayette,  *93. 

Towns,  histories  of,  *57~78;  records  of, 
*iog-ii7;  in  Virginia,  253;  in  New 
England,  270,  271,  275  ;  English  proto 
types,  311;  in  colonial  times,  312. 

Townsend,  A.,  Non-Combatant,  418. 

Townsend,  S.  D.,  Anecdotes,  418. 

Townshend,  Charles,  Acts,  291,  293. 

Trafalgar,  battle  of,  350. 

Training,  through  American  history,  3, 
19,  23- 

Travels,  *78-86. 

Treason,  trials  after  whiskey  rebellion, 
339;  after  Burr's  conspiracy,  34g ;  in 
embargo  times,  351;  in  Civil  War, 
423. 

Treaties,  as  sources,  48,  54  ;  list  of,  affect 
ing  geography,  228,  22g;  boundaries 
with  England,  383,  394;  boundaries 
with  Mexico,  385.  —  See  Boundaries, 
Fisheries,  Wars. 

Treaties  and  Conventions,  54,  *I2O. 

Tremain,  Mary,  Slavery  in  the  D.  C., 
337>  378. 

Trenton,  gravel  of,  Paleolithic  implements 
in,  231. 

Trescott,  W.  H.,  Diplomatic  History, 
3°o,  338- 

Tripolitan  War,  345. 

Trobriand,  P.  R.  de,  Army  of  the  Poto 
mac,  418. 

Trollope,  Anthony,  North  America,  *S$. 

Trollope,  Mrs.  Frances  M.,  Domestic 
Manners,  *8s,  387. 

Trott,  N.,  Laws  of  the  British  Planta- 


468 


Index. 


tions,  *io8 ;  Laws  of  South  Carolina, 

*n6. 

Troup,  biography,  *ior. 
Trumbull,  B.,  Connecticut,  *sg. 
Trumbull,  John,  Autobiography,  *I32. 
Trumbull,    J.     H.,     Hartford      County 

(Conn.),   *sg;    (with    Hoadly,    C.    J.), 

Records  of  Connecticut,  *ii2. 
Tryon  County  (N.  Y.),  history,  *6g. 
Tucker,      George,      History,      45,    *48 ; 

Thomas  Jefferson,   *g3  ;     Progress  of 

the  United  States,  367. 
Tucker,  G.  Y.,  Monroe  Doctrine,  363. 
Tucker,    St.    George,    Hansford,    *i4o ; 

Blackstone' 's    Commentaries,    328 ;    on 

secession,  404. 

Tucker,  Samuel,  biography,  *gg. 
Tuckerman,    B.,    Lafayette,     *93  ;  Peter 

Stuyvesant,  *g8. 
Tuckerman,    H.   T.,   America   and  her 

Commentators,  *8s. 
Tudor,  Wm.,  James  Otis,  *g6. 
Turner,  Nat.,  slave  insurrection,  375. 
Turner,     O.,    Holland    Purchase,    *68 ; 

Phelps  and  Gorham'' s  Purchase,  *6g. 
Tuthill,  F.,  California,  *s8. 
Tuttle,  C.  R.,  Wisconsin,*^. 
Twichell,  J.  H.,John  Winthrop,  *ioo. 
Twining,  Thomas,    Travels  in  A  merica, 

*85- 
Twiss,  Travers,  Oregon   Territory,  384 ; 

Law  of  Nations,  422. 
"Two-Million  Bill,"  387. 
Tyler,  John,  elected  vice-president,  382 ; 

becomes  president,  382  ;  breach  with  the 

Whigs,    382  ;    ambition    in    1844,    385  ; 

annexation  of  Texas,  386;  opposes  in 
ternal  improvements,  388. 
Tyler,    L.  G.,   The  Tylers,   *gg ;  Habeas 

Corpus,  424. 
Tyler,      M.    C.,     Patrick    Henry,    *92 ; 

American  Literature,  285. 
Tyler,  Samuel,  Roger  B.   Tauey,  *gg. 

«  T  TNDERGROUND  Railroad,"  379, 
*J  393-  —  See  Fugitive  Slaves. 

Underbill,  J.,  News  from  America,  274. 

Union,  the,  foundation  of,  10  ;  early  plans, 
304,  305,  306;  genesis  of,  3og-3is;  is 
it  older  than  the  states  ?  326 ;  danger 
to  in  1788,  321;  in  1798,  342;  in  1814, 
354 ;  in  1820,  361 ;  in  1850,  3g2  ;  in  1860, 
400;  in  1861,  410.  —  See  Congresses, 
Confederation,  Constitution. 

United  Colonies,  The,  296. 

United  Colonies  of  New  England,  276, 
304. 

United  Netherland  Company,  258. 

United  States,  Catalogue  of  Public  Docu 
ments,  *38;  Geological  Survey,  50; 
physical  maps,  51;  Records,  *n8; 
Digests,  *n8  ;  Statutes,  *i2o;  Statisti 
cal  Abstract,  311;  War  of  the  Rebel 
lion,  407  ;  Case  before  the  Geneva  Tri 
bunal,  422;  Opinions  of  Attorneys- 
General,  424. 

United  States  vs.  Fisher,  334. 

United  States  vs.  Castner  Hanway,  394. 


United  States  vs.  Judge  Peters,  359. 
Universities,  American  history  in,  2. 
University  extension,  value  of,  22. 
Upham,  C.  W.,  Salem   Witchcraft,  279: 


Timothy  Pickering,  351. 
Upham,  W.  P.,  Town  Rt 
•in. 


e cords  of  Salem, 


Upton,  Emory,  biography,  *gg. 

Updike,  W.,  Episcopal  Church  in  Nar- 

ragansett,  *74. 

Upland,  Records  of  the  Court  of,  262. 
Upshur,  A.  P.,  Brief  Enquiry,  405. 
Utah,  histories,  *75  ;  organization  in  1850, 

391. — See  Pacific  States. 
Utrecht,  Treaty  of,  228,  243,  281. 

VALENTINE,  D.  T.,  City  of  New 
York,  *69,  286. 

Vallandigham,  C.  L.,  biography,  *gg ; 
Record  on  Abolition,  *i26 ;  compro 
mise,  408  ;  trial  by  military  court,  423. 

Vallandigham,  James  L.,  Clement  L. 
Vallandigham,  *gg. 

Van  Buren,  M.,  Political  Parties,  *$6, 
332;  biography,  *9g;  association  with 
Jackson,  367;  president,  381;  defeat  of 
1840,  382 ;  loses  nomination  in  1844, 
385  ;  nominated  by  the  Free-Soilers  in 
1848,  390. 

Vanderbilt,  G.  L.,  Flatbush  (N.  Y.),  *68. 

Van  Der  Donk,  Niew  Nederlant,  259. 

Van  Home,  Thomas  B.,  George  H. 
Thomas,  *gg ;  A  rmy  of  Cumberland, 
416. 

Van    Santvoord,   George,   Chief  Justices, 

Van  Schaack,  H.  C.,  Peter  Van  Schaack, 
*97- 

Van  Schaack,  P.,  biography,  *g7- 

Vane,  Sir  Henry,  biography,  *gg ;  gov 
ernor  of  Massachusetts,  272. 

Van  Zandt,  case,  379. 

Varney,  G.  J.,  Maine,  *6z. 

Vamhagen,  Nouvelles  Recherches,  237. 

Varnum,  J.  V.,  Case'of  Trevett  vs.  Weed- 
en,  319. 

Veech,  J.,  Mason  and  Dixon's  Line, 
262  ;  The  Monongahela  of  Old,  *73- 

Vega,  G.  de  la,  Commentaries,  2.38. 

Venezuela,  Monroe  Doctrine,  363. 

Vergennes,  Comte  de,  Memoire  histo- 
rique,-2.^. 

Vermont,  histories,  *75 ;  condition  of 
(1760),  276;  first  state  government,  308; 
emancipates  slaves,  320;  admitted,  336. 

Vermont  Historical  Society,  publications, 

*I24. 

Vernon,  Thomas,  Diary,  *i32. 

Verona,  Congress  of,  362. 

Verrazano,  voyage,  240. 

Vesey  Denmark,  slave  insurrection,  375. 

Vespucci,  Amerigo,  voyages,  237  ;  Letters, 

237- 
Veto,    first,    329;    Madison's    bank,   356; 

bonus   bill,  356;  Monroe's  (1822),  356; 

Jackson's  bank,  3&g  ;  Jackson's  pocket, 

373;  internal  improvements,  388.  —  See 

presidents  by  name. 


Troup  —  Welde. 


469 


Vicksburg,  battle,  415. 

Victor,  O.  J.,  Southern  Rebellion,  416. 

Vigne,  Godfrey  T.,  Six  Months  in  A  mer- 
ica,  *S$. 

Vincent,  F.,  Delaware,  *$g. 

Vincent,  J.  M.,  Bibliography,  *$6. 

Vining,  E.  P.,  Inglorious  Columbus,  234. 

Vinland,  234. 

Virginia,  histories,  *;6-77  ;  Records,  *i  15 ; 
name,  248;  charters,  250;  Assembly  of 
1619,  251 ;  ordinance  of  1621,  251  ;  gov 
ernment  and  history  of,  248,  249,  252, 
253  ;  disputes  with  Maryland,  253,  255  ; 
Quakers  in,  277;  condition  of  (1760), 
287;  Resolves  of  1765,  290;  of  1769, 
293  ;  of  1773,  294  ;  of  1776,  296  ;  claims 
western  lands,  304  ;  first  state  govern 
ment,  306,  307  ;  cedes  claims  to  western 
lands,  317;  ratifies  Constitution,  325; 
convention  (1788),  326 ;  resolutions 
(1798),  342,  404  ;  secedes,  410  ;  campaign 
of  1864,  415. 

Virginia  Historical  Society,  publications, 

*I24. 

Von  Borcke,  H.,  Confederate  War,  414. 

Von    Hoist,  H.,  Constitutional  History, 

43,  45,  46,  *48  ;  John  C.  Calhoun,  *88. 

WADDELL,  J.  A.,  Augusta  County 
(Va.),  *77- 

Wade,  B.  F.,  biography,  *gg. 

Waite,  T.  B.,  State  Papers,  *i2o. 

Wakarusa  War,  396. 

Wakeman,  Henry  O.,  Charles  James  Fox, 
*9o- 

Waldseemueller,  Martin,  Cosmographies, 
237- 

Walker,  C.  M.,  Athens  County  (O.), 
*7i. 

Walker,  F.  A.,  Making  of  the  Nation, 
*44,  145  ;  General  Hancock,  *g2. 

Walker,  George  L.,  Thomas  Hooker,*^, 
271. 

Walker,  J.  B.,  New  Hampshire  Conven 
tion,  325. 

Walker,  R.  J.,  report  on  tariff,  388  ;  gov 
ernor  of  Kansas,  396. 

Walker,  T.,  A  merican  Law,  404. 

Walker,  W.,  Congregationalism,  265. 

Wallace,  J.  W.,  United  States  Reports, 
*i2i  ;  William  Bradford,  298. 

Wallace,  Lew,  Fair  God,  *i4o. 

Walpole,  Horace,  Letters,  289  ;  Journals, 
301  ;  Memoirs,  301. 

Walter,  E.  P.,  Records  of  Vermont,  318. 

Wansey,  H.,  Journal,  *8$- 

Wars,  Indian,  339;  intercolonial,  281; 
French  and  Indian,  281  ;  Revolution, 
298-303  ;  French  (1799),  341  ;  Barbary, 
345,  3S6,  357!  °f  1812,  352,  354;  Semi- 
nole,  359;  Black  Hawk,  373  ;  Mexican, 
387  ;  Civil  War,  402-424. 

War  of  the  Rebellion,  Official  Records, 

Warburton,  George,  Conquest  of  Canada, 

282. 

Ward,  Artemus.  —  See  Browne,  C.  F. 
Warfield,   E.    D.,    Kentucky's    Struggle, 


318;  Virginia  and  Kentucky  Resolu 
tions,  342. 

Ward,  G.  A.,  Curwerfs  Journal,  304. 

Ward,  N.,  Simple  Cobbler  of  Agawam, 
272. 

Warden,  D.  B.,  Statistical  Account,  284. 

Warden,  R.  B.,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  *88  ; 
Stephen  A  .  Douglas,  *go. 

Warner,  C.  D.,  South  and  West,  *8$  ; 
Washington  Irving',  *g2  ;  John  Smith, 

Warner  (N.  H.),  history,  *66. 

Warren,  Edward,  John  Warren,  *Q9- 

Warren,  John,  biography,  *gg. 

Warren,  Joseph,  biography,  *gg. 

Warville,  J.  P.  B  de,  Travels,  *7g. 

Washburn,  E.,  Judicial  History,  271. 

Washburn,  Israel,  Northern  Boundary, 
384- 

Washington,  George,  biographies,  *gg, 
*ioo;  Writings,  *i2j  ;  Journal,  *I32, 
282;  manuscripts,  135;  in  French  and 
Indian  War,  282 ;  in  Revolutionary 
War,  294-300  ;  president,  329-340  ;  fare 
well  address,  340. 

Washington,  city  of,  founded,  336 ;  cap 
tured  by  British,  353.  —  See  District 
of  Columbia. 

Washington-Irvine  Correspondence,*  127. 

Washington,  state  of,  histories,  ^77. 

Wassenaer,  New  Netherland,  259. 

Waterhouse,  B.,  Oregon,  *j2. 

Watertown  (Mass.),  Records,  *ni,  273. 

Watkins,  R.  and  G.,  Digest  of  the  Laws 
of  Georgia,  *n6. 

Watson,  Elkanah,  Memoirs,  *&$,  285. 

Watson,  J.  F.,  New  York  City  and  State, 
*6g;  Philadelphia  and  Pennsylvania, 
*73,  287. 

Watson,  P.  B.,  Pre-Columbian  Bibliog 
raphy,  2T,\.  • 

Watson,  R.  G.,  South  America,  238. 

Wayne,  Anthony,  biography,  *ioo  ;  Indian 
campaign  of,  339. 

Webb,  S.  B.,  Correspondence,  *i32. 

Webster,  Daniel,  biographies,  *ioo;  Pri 
vate  Correspondence,  *i27;  Works,  *i27; 
and  Jackson,  367  ;  debate  with  Calhoun, 
370  :  debate  with  Hayne,  370  ;  relations 
with  Tyler,  382  ;  Ashburton  treaty,  383  ; 
on  compromise  of  1850,  391.. 

Webster,  Noah,  biography,  *ioo  ;  Essays, 
*i27;  American  Policy,  322. 

Webster,  P.,  Political  Union,  322. 

Weed,  T.,  biography,  *ioo;  Autobiogra 
phy,  *I32. 

Weeden,  W.  B.,  Economic  History,  *s6, 
271,  286;  Representation,  271. 

Weeks,  S.  B.,  Historical  Literature  of 
North  Carolina,  256;  Religious  Devel 
opment,  314  ;  Church  and  State,  315. 

Weems,  M.  L.,  demoralizing  influence,  i. 

Weise,  A.  J.,  Discoveries  of  America, 
236. 

Weiss,  John,  Theodore  Parker,  *g6,  377. 

Welby,  A.,  Visit  to  North  America,  *S^. 

Weld,  Isaac,  Jr.,  Travels,  *S$- 

Welde,  T.,  Antinomians,  *2jj,. 


4/0 


Index. 


Wells,  Gideon,  Lincoln  and  Seward, 
422. 

Welling,  J.  C.,  Conflict  over  Public 
Lands,  318. 

Wells,  J.  A.,  Teaching  of  History,  *3i. 

Wells,  W.  V.,  Samuel  Adams,  *87. 

Wendell,    Barrett,    Cotton    Mather,   *gs,     j 
146,  279  ;   Witchcraft,  27g. 

Wentworth,  J.,  Reminiscences,  *i32. 

Welsh,  legendary  explorers,  234. 

Wessagusset,  Weston's  settlement  at,  268. 

West,  the,  conflicting  claims  to,  304 ;  set 
tlement  of,  till  1782,  317  ;  in  1816,  356.  — 
See  Lands,  Territories,  and  states  by 
name. 

West  Florida,  boundaries  of,  244  ;  disputes 
as  to,  309  ;  annexation  of,  347,  350,  359. 
—  See  Florida,  Louisiana,  Spain. 

West  India  trade,  under  Confederation, 
321  :  cut  off,  355  ;  after  1815,  356. 

West  Jersey,  colony  of,  260. 

West  Newbury  (Mass.),  history,  *6^. 

Western  Reserve,  of  Connecticut,  336. 

West  Virginia,  histories,  *77  ;  Union  sen 
timent,  410  ;  abolishes  slavery,  425. 

Weston  (Mass.),  Records,  *in. 

Weston,  C.  J.,  South  Carolina  Docu 
ments,  *n6. 

Weston,  G.  M.,  Slavery,  403. 

Weymouth,  George,  in  Maine,  249. 

Wharton,  Francis,  Digest  of  Interna 
tional  Law,  *I34,  300 ;  Revolutionary 
Diplomatic  Correspondence,  *i34,  300  ; 
Commentaries,^;  State  Trials,  335. 

Wheaton,  Henry,  William  Pinkney,*g6; 
Reports,  *i2i  ;  International  Law,  421. 

Wheeler,  E.  P.,  Supreme  Coiirt,  330. 

Wheeler,    H.    G.,   History  of  Congress, 

*I32. 

Wheeler,  J.  H.,  North  Carolina,  *7o, 
288. 

Wheeler's  Survey,  Reports,  50,  231. 

Whig  Party,  organization  of,  368 ;  in  elec 
tion  of  1836,  381 ;  campaign  of  1840,  382  ; 
breach  with  Tyler,  382  ;  financial  policy, 
382  ;  breaking  up,  397. 

Whiskey  Rebellion,  339. 

Whitaker,  E.,  Southold  (L.  I.),  *6g. 

Whitcomb,  S.  L.,  Chronological  Outlines, 
*i.37- 

White  vs.  Hart,  405. 

White,  Andrew  D.,  on  the  study  of  his 
tory,  32 ;  on  European  schools,  32. 

White,  G.  S.,  Samuel  Slater,  332. 

White,  Horace,  Money  arid  Banking,  419. 

White,  John,  Planter's  Plea,  269. 

White,  John,  in  Roanoke  colony,  248. 

White,  R.  G.,  Poetry  of  Civil  War,  418; 
New  Gospel  of  Peace,  425. 

White,  Joseph,  Land  Laws  of  Great 
Britain,  France,  and  Spain,  *ii7- 

Whitefield,  George,  Journal  of  a  Voyage, 

Whitehead,  W.  A.,  Perth  Amboy  (N.  J.), 
*66  ;  Archives  of  New  Jersey,  *H3; 
East  Jersey,  261;  Contributions,  261. 

Whitelock,  William,  John  Jay,  *93. 

Whiting,  W.,  War  Powers,  405. 


Whitmore,W.  H.,  Bibliographical  Sketch, 
*no,  272;  Laws  of  Massachusetts, 
*m  ;  Boston  Records,  *iu,  272. 

Whitney,  E.  L.,  South  Carolina,  256,313. 

Whitney,  J.  D.,  The  United  States,  48, 
*5i,  227,  310. 

Whitney,  J.  L.,  Historical  Fiction,  *i37. 

Whittlesey,  C.,  Cleveland  (O.),  *7i. 

Whittier,  J.  G. ,  biography,  *ioo ;  historical 
poems.  *i42. 

Wickes,  Medicine  in  New  Jersey ,  287. 

Wilcox,  A.,  Powers  over  Slavery,  393. 

Wilder,  D.  W.,  Kansas,  *6o. 

Wilderness,  battle,  415. 

Wilhelm,  L.  W.,  Maryland  Local  Insti 
tutions,  313. 

Wilkeson,  Frank,  Recollections,  418. 

Wilkie,  F.  B.,  Davenport  (la.),  *6o. 

Wilkins,  Mary  E.,  historical  stories,  *i4o. 

Wilkinson,  James,  Memoirs,  *i32;  con 
nection  with  Burr,  348. 

Wilkinson,  John,  Blockade  Runner,  418. 

Willamette,  settlement,  383. 

William  and  Mary  College,  253. 

Williams,  extradition  case,  379. 

Williams,  A.  M.,  Sam  Houston,  *g2. 

Williams,   Edwin,  Statesman's  Manual, 

Williams,  G.  F.,  Massachusetts  Citations, 

*n8. 
Williams,^  G.    W.,    Negro    Race,    315; 

Negro   Troops,  403. 
Williams,  J.  ?.,  Minnesota,*^;  St.  Paul 

(Minn.),  *&5.« 
Williams,  James,  South  Vindicated,  403  ; 

Model  Republic.  403. 
Williams,  J.  L.,  Florida,  *sg. 
Williams,  O.  H.,  Narrative,  302. 
Williams,   Roger,   biographies,   *ioo;    in 

New  England,  272. 
Williams,  S.,  Vermont,  *76. 
Williamson,  H.,  North  Carolina,  *jo. 
Williamson,  Passmore,  fugitive-slave  case, 

393- 

Williamson,  W.  D.,  Maine,  *62. 
Willis,  History  of  Portland  (Me.),  275. 
Williston,  E.  E.,  Eloquence  of  the  United 

States,  326. 
Willoughby,  W.  W.,  Supreme  Court,  330, 

358- 

Wilmot  Proviso,  390.  —  See  Territories. 

Wilson,  A.,  Savannah,  *5g. 

Wilson,  Daniel,  Lost  Atlantis,  231 ;  Pre- 
11  istoric  Man,  231. 

Wilson,  H.  W.,  Iron-Clads  in  Action, 
416. 

Wilson,  Henry,  Slave  Poiuer,  *48;  Mili 
tary  Measures,  424. 

Wilson,  Henry,  and  Black,  J.  S.,  Edwin 
M.  Stanton,  *g8. 

Wilson,  James,  Works,  *\2j. 

Wilson,  J.  G.,  City  of  New  York,  55, 
*6g;  Great  Commanders  (Series),  416. 

Wilson,  J.  G.,  and  Fiske,  John,  Cyclo 
pedia  of  American  Biography,  *4i. 

Wilson,  Woodrow,  Division  and  Reunion, 

*45- 
Windham  County  (Conn.),  history,  *s8. 


Well*  —  Zeni. 


471 


Windsor  (Conn.),  histories,  *sg. 

Wingfield,  E.  M.,  Discourse  of  Virginia, 
251. 

Winship,  G.  P.,  Coronado's  Journey,  232, 
240. 

Winsor,  Justin,  America,  15,  34,  46,  *48, 
49,  55,  106,  134;  Reader's  Handbook  of 
the  Revolution,  *$6 ;  Cartier  to  Fronie- 
nac,  *48,  240 ;  Columbus,  48,  *8q  ;  Missis 
sippi  Basin,  48,  244  ;  maps  in  his  works, 
53  ;  Boston,  55,  *&3  ;  H istorical  Fiction, 
*i375  his  library  system,  150;  Kohl 
Collection  of  Early  Maps,  230 ;  Ptol 
emy1 's  Geography,  231  ;  New  England 
Indians,  233. 

Winterbotham,  W.,  View  of  the  United 
States,  337. 

Winterburn,  Rose  B.,  on  high  schools,  32. 

Winthrop,  John,  biographies,  *ioo  ;  Life 
and  Letters,  *i2j;  History  of  New 
England,  *i27  ;  governor  of  Massachu 
setts,  269. 

Winthrop,  Robert  C.,  John  Winthrop, 
*ioo;  Addresses  and  Speeches,  *i2j  \ 
elected  speaker,  390. 

Wirt,  William,  biography,  *ioo  ;  Patrick 
Henry,  *g2 ;  Two  Principal  Argu 
ments,  349. 

Wisconsin,  histories,  *77. 

Wisconsin  Historical  Society,  publica 
tions,  *I24. 

Wisconsin  University,  historical  publica 
tions,  55. 

Wise,    Henry   A.,  Seven    Decades,  *i32. 

Witchcraft  delusion,  in  New  England, 
279. 

Withers,  A.  S.,  North-western  Virginia, 
*77- 

Witherspoon,  John,  Works,  *i2j. 

Wolcott,  Oliver,  biography,  *ioo. 

Wollaston,  at  Merry  Mount,  268. 

Wood,  C.  J.,  Reminiscences,  *i32. 

Wood,  S.,  Long  Island  (N.  Y.),  *68,  268. 

Wood,  W.,  New  England's  Prospect, 
270, 272. 

Woodbury,  Levi,  Writings,  *\2j. 

Woods,  H.  F.,  Brookline  (Mass.),  *6s. 

Woods,  John,  Two  Years'  Residence,  *86. 

Wooldridge,  John,  Nashville  (Tenn.),*75. 

Woolman,  John,  journal,  *86,  315. 

Woolsey,    Sarah   C.,    Philadelphia   (Pa.), 

*73- 

Woolsey,  T.,  International  Law ,  422. 
Worcester  (Mass.),  Records,  *iu. 
Worcester  vs.  Georgia,  358,  368,  373. 


Worthington,T.  K.,  Finances  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  3 19. 

Wortley,  Lady  E.  S.,  Travels  in  the 
U.  S.,  *86. 

Wright,  Frances,  Vieuts  of  Society,  *86. 

Wright,  G.  F.,  Ice  Age,  231. 

Wright,  J.,  Speeches  of  Fox,  303. 

Wright,  J.  H.,  on  original  research,  33. 

Wright,  Marcus  J.,  General  Scott,  *g8. 

Wright,  R.,  General  Oglethorpe,  *g6 ; 
Life  of  Wolfe,  282. 

Wright,  Silas,  biography,  *ioo. 

Writs  of  Assistance,  288,  289. 

Written  work,  in  schools,  23  ;  in  colleges, 
25  ;  description  of,  205-222  ;  formal  tests, 
223.  —  See  Methods. 

Wyat,  T.,  Memoirs  of  the  Generals.  292. 

Wynne,  T.  H.,  and  Gilman,  W.  Si,  Rec 
ords  of  Virginia,  *i  15. 

Wyoming  (Pa.),  histories,  *72,  *73  ;  mas 
sacre  of,  299. 

Wyoming  Historical  Society,  publications, 

*I24. 

Wyse,  Francis,  America,  *86. 


X. 


Y.  Z.  Episode,  340. 


\/"ALE,Todd  case,  359. 

JL       Yancey.W.  L.,  biography,  *ioo,  101. 
Yates,  J.  V.    N.,  and   Moulten,   J.   W., 

New   York,  *6j. 

Yazoo,  Georgia  grants,  336  ;  repealed,  339. 
Yoakum,  H.,  Texas,  *75- 
Yonge,  Proceedings  of  South   Carolina, 

256. 
York,  James,  Duke  of,  "  Duke  of  York's 

Laws,"  *n45  grants  of  New  York  to, 

259. 

J^r/&[Me.]  Detds,  *m. 
Yorktown,  campaign  of  1781,  301. 
Young,  Alexander,  Chronicles  of  Massa 
chusetts  Bay,  *i34,  267  ;  Chronicles  of 

the  Pilgrims,  *i34,  270. 
Young,  A.  W.,  A  merican  Statesman,  330. 
Young,  Brigham,  biography,  *ioi. 
Young,  Edward,  Tariff  Legislation,  357; 

Report  on  Customs,  371,  3%$. 
Yucatan,  Cordoba's  voyage,  238,  239. 

'VAVALA,    Lorenzo   de,    Viage  a    los 

/^     Estados-  Unidos,  *86. 
Zeisberger,  David,  Diary,  *\->ti. 
Zenger,  case,  259. 
Zeni  brothers,  stovy  of,  234. 


HISTORY. 


113 


A  General  History. 

For  High  Schools  and  Colleges. 
By  P.  V. 


T.  N.  MYERS,  Professor  of  History,  University  of  Cincinnati. 
12mo.  Half  leather,  x  +  759  pages,  mailing  price,  $1.65;  for  intro 
duction,  $1.50. 


history  is  believed  to  combine  all  the  qualities  that  such  a 
work  should  possess,  —  a  philosophic  eye  for  the  great  line  of 
development  of  the  life  of  the  race,  not  diverted  by  mere  inci 
dents  ;  candor  in  the  treatment  of  all  questions  ;  a  due  sense  of 
proportion ;  accuracy  of  scholarship ;  a  style  transparent  though 
at  the  same  time  full  of  color  ;  and  the  quality  of  teachableness. 

One  feature  of  the  greatest  interest  and  practical  value  is  this, 
—  the  author  not  only  brings  out  and  keeps  distinct  the  interrela 
tions  of  things,  but  he  notes  and  sets  clearly  before  the  reader 
what  each  nation  has  contributed  to  the  life  and  advancement  of 
the  race,  —  and  so  to  our  present  civilization.  Among  the  methods 
which  will  specially  recommend  themselves  to  teachers  is  the  plan 
of  cross-references  which  bind  the  branches  of  the  learner's  acqui 
sitions  compactly  and  vitally. 

J.  W.  Stearns,  Professor  of  Peda 
gogy,  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madi 
son,  Wis. :  Its  selection  of  topics  for 


treatment,  its  conception  of  the  rela 
tions  of  parts  to  the  whole,  its  grasp 
of  what  is  most  vital  in  the  history 


of  the  civilized  world,  together  with 
the  vividness  and  vitality  of  the  nar 
rative,  make  it  the  best-text-book  in 


Shatter  Mathews,  Associate  Pro 
fessor  of  New  Testament  History, 
Chicago  University :  The  statements 


are  singularly  clear  and  vivid ;  the 
simplicity  of  its  style  and  its  pictur 
esque  character  fit  it  especially  for 


an  elementary  text-book. 

George  C.  Chase,  President  and 
Professor  of  Psychology  and  Logic, 
universal  history  for  beginners  that  j  Sates  College :  I  find  it  unlike  other 
we  are  acquainted  with.  works  of  its  kind,  thoroughly  read- 

A.  H.  Fetterolf,  President  Girard  \  able.    The  author  has  shown  a  sense 


College,  Philadelphia,  Pa. :  I  keep 
it  on  my  desk,  and  whenever  I  have 
a  few  moments  unoccupied  I  take  it 
up,  and  I  never  turn  to  a  page  that 
does  not  have  some  things  that 
interest  me. 

Angle  Clara  Chapin,  Professor  of 
Greek,  Wellesley  College,  Mass. :  It 
is  a  marvel  of  condensation,  retain 
ing,  however,  the  breadth  and  inter 
est  of  a  fuller  narrative. 


of  proportion  seldom  exhibited    in 
books  devoted  to  general  history. 

Charles  S.  Walker,  Professor 
of  Mental  and  Political  Science, 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  College, 
Amherst :  He  presents  the  facts  in 
their  relation  to  the  art,  commerce, 
government,  and  civilization  of 
mankind  so  as  to  attract  attention 
in  the  very  beginning  and  hold  it 
to  the  end. 


114 


HISTORY. 


A  History  of  Greece. 

For  High  Schools  and  Colleges.  By  P.  V.  N.  MYERS,  Professor  of  His 
tory  and  Political  Economy  in  the  University  of  Cincinnati.  12mo. 
Cloth,  xiii  +  577  pages.  Illustrated.  Mailing  price,  $1.40;  for  intro 
duction,  $1.25. 

work,  although  written  on  lines  drawn  by  the  author  in  a 
previous  work,  is  practically  a  new  book.  It  is  designed  for 
use  in  colleges  as  well  as  with  advanced  classes  in  high  schools 
and  seminaries. 

The  aim  of  the  author  has  been  to  bring  into  prominence  the 
vital  and  permanent  elements  of  Greek  history.  Special  care  has 
been  exercised  not  to  overload  the  book  with  too  many  details. 
The  import  for  Greek  history  of  the  recent  archaeological  discov 
eries  on  Greek  soil  has  been  indicated,  and  the  development  of 
the  Athenian  Constitution  traced  in  the  new  light  afforded  by  the 
lately  found  Aristotelian  treatise.  There  are  special  chapters 
devoted  to  art,  literature,  philosophy  and  the  social  life  of  the 
ancient  Greeks. 

Besides  a  full  bibliography  at  the  end  of  the  book,  each  chapter 
is  followed  by  references  to  parallel  readings,  while  numerous 
foot-notes  direct  the  student  to  the  original  authorities.  The  book 
is  illustrated  with  numerous  cuts. 


U.  G.  Weatherly,  Professor  of 
History,  Indiana  University,  Bloom- 
ington,  Ind.:  It  possesses  those  qual 
ities  most  to  be  desired  in  a  text-book 
on  the  subject  —  clearness,  orderly 
arrangement,  and  terseness,  com 
bined  with  vitality. 

J.  L.  Day,  Lecturer  in  Classics, 
Me  Gill  University,  Montreal:  It 
gives  me  great  pleasure  to  adopt 
Myers's  Greece  this  year  with  my 
freshman  class.  The  maps,  illustra 
tions,  scope  of  work,  and  execution 
are  excellent. 

E.  L.  Sargent,  Sub- Master  of  Eng 
lish  High  School,  Cambridge,  Mass.  : 
For  use  in  high  schools,  it  seems  to 
me  that  it  is  perhaps  the  best  and 
most  satisfactory. 


H.  C.  Stanclift,  Department  of 
History,  Northwestern  University, 
Evanston,  III. :  The  work  possesses 
the  excellent  qualities  of  Professor 
Myers's  other  histories  together  with 
some  valuable  new  features. 

Geo.  W.  Harper,  Principal  of 
Woodward  High  School,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio  :  I  am  an  enthusiastic  admirer 
of  Professor  Myers's  histories.  His 
new  History  of  Greece  is,  if  possible, 
a  little  better  than  any  of  his  pre 
vious  works. 

Lincoln  Hulley,  Professor  of  His 
tory,  Bucknell  University,  Lewis- 
burg,  Pa. :  The  analysis  and  ar 
rangement,  the  choice  of  materials, 
and  the  literary  workmanship  are 
fine. 


HISTORY.  115 

The  Eastern  Nations  and  Greece. 

(Part  I.  of  Myers's  and  of  Myers  and  Allen's  Ancient  History.) 

By  P.  V.  N.  MYERS,  Professor  of  History,  University  of  Cincinnati; 
author  of  Mediseval  and  Modern  History,  etc.  12mo.  Cloth,  ix  +  369 
pages.  Mailing  price,  $1.10;  for  introduction,  $1.00. 

T^IITS  work  embraces  the  history  of  the  Egyptians,  Assyrio- 
Babylonians,  Hebrews,  Phoenicians,  Lydians,  Medes  and  Per 
sians,  and  Greeks.  About  three-fifths  of  the  space  is  given  to 
Greece. 

The  chapters  relating  to  the  Eastern  nations  have  been  written 
in  the  light  of  the  most  recent  revelations  of  the  monuments  of 
Egypt  and  Babylonia.  The  influence  of  Oriental  civilization  upon 
the  later  development  of  the  Western  peoples  has  been  fully  indi 
cated.  It  is  shown  that  before  the  East  gave  a  religion  to  the 
West  it  had  imparted  many  primary  elements  of  art  and  general 
culture.  This  lends  a  sort  of  epic  unity  to  series  of  events  and 
historic  developments  too  often  regarded  as  fragmentary  and  un 
related,  and  invests  the  history  of  the  old  civilizations  of  the 
Orient  with  fresh  interest  and  instruction. 

In  tracing  the  growth  of  Greek  civilization,  while  the  value  of 
the  germs  of  culture  which  the  Greeks  received  from  the  older 
nations  of  the  East  is  strongly  insisted  upon,  still  it  is  admitted 
that  the  determining  factor  in  the  wonderful  Greek  development 
was  the  peculiar  genius  of  the  Greek  race  itself. 

The  work  is  furnished  with  chronological  summaries,  colored 
maps,  and  numerous  illustrations  drawn  from  the  most  authentic 
sources.  See  also  Myers's  and  Myers  and  Allen's  Ancient  History. 


Arthur  Latham  Perry,  Emeritus 
Prof,  of  Political  Economy ,  Williams 
College,  Mass. :  I  have  read  every 
word  of  Myers's  Eastern  Nations  and 
Greece,  and  wish  to  express  my  sense 
of  the  great  skill  and  elegance  with 
which  has  been  condensed  into  a 
single  small  volume  all  that  is  really 
most  important  to  be  known  of  the 
early  nations,  in  such  a  way  that  the 
memory  can  easily  hold  it,  and  that 
the  mind  is  satisfied  at  once  with  the 


facts  selected  and  the  taste  exhibited 
in  handling  them. 

I.  T.  Beckwith,  Prof,  of  Greek, 
Trinity  College,  Hartford,  Conn.  : 
The  book  seems  to  me  remarkable  in 
its  comprehensiveness,  and  likewise 
in  the  clearness  and  life  with  which 
it  presents  the  leading  facts  in  each 
great  movement.  I  think  it  far  more 
interesting  and  useful  than  any  other 
epitome  of  the  kind  which  I  have 


118 


H1STOKY. 


Outlines  of  Mediceual  and  Modern  History. 

By  P.  V.  N.  MYERS,  A.M.,  Prof.  History,  Univ.  of  Cincinnati,  author 
of  Outlines  of  Ancient  History,  and  Remains  of  Lost  Empires,  12mo. 
Half  morocco,  xii  +  740  pages.  With  colored  maps,  reproduced,  by  per 
mission,  from  Freeman's  Historical  Atlas.  Mailing  price,  $1.65;  for 
introduction,  $1.50. 

FTl.HIS  work  aims  to  blend  in  a  single  narrative  accounts  of  the 
social,  political,  literary,  intellectual,  and  religious  develop 
ment  of  the  peoples  of  mediaeval  and  modern  times,  —  to  give  in 
simple  outline  the  story  of  civilization  since  the  meeting,  in  the 
fifth  century  of  our  era,  of  Latin  and  Teuton  upon  the  soil  of  the 
Eoman  Empire  in  the  West.  The  author's  conception  of  History, 
based  on  the  definitions  of  Ueberweg,  that  it  is  the  unfolding  of  the 
essence  of  spirit,  affords  the  key-note  to  the  work.  Its  aim  is  to 
deal  with  the  essential  elements,  not  the  accidental  features,  of  the 
life  of  the  race. 

Unity  and  cohesion  are  secured  by  grouping  facts  according  to 
the  principles  of  historic  development,  and  while  the  analysis  is 
rigid  and  scientific,  the  narrative  will  be  found  clear,  continuous, 
interesting,  and  suggestive. 


W.  F.  Allen,  late  Prof,  of  History, 
University  of  Wisconsin:  Mr.  Myers's 
book  seems  to  me  to  be  a  work  of 
high  excellence,  and  to  give  a  re 
markably  clear  and  vivid  picture 
of  mediaeval  history. 

E.  B.  Andrews,  Pres.  Brown  Uni 
versity,  Providence,  R.I. :  It  seems 
certain  to  take  its  place  as  one  of  the 
most  serviceable  books  of  its  kind 
before  the  school  and  college  public. 

Geo.  \V.  Knight,  Prof,  of  History, 
Ohio  State  University :  The  author 
seems  to  have  gotten  hold  of  the 
active  principle,  the  leading  motives 
and  tendencies  of  each  age;  to  have 
taken  a  comprehensive  view  of  the 
development  of  man's  ideas,  of  na 
tions,  and  of  governments.  Then  he 
has  grouped  the  various  events  in 


such  a  way  as  will  bring  clearly  to 
view  these  different  phases  of  the 
world-development  without  ignoring 
what  may  be  called  the  collateral 
events. 

Frances  M.  Buss,  Prin.  N.  London 
College  for  Girls,  London,  England : 
A  valuable  work,  not  too  detailed, 
but  enumerating  general  principles. 
The  maps  are  especially  valuable, 
and  the  book  is  sufficiently  interest 
ing  to  be  used  as  a  school  prize.  It 
supplies  a  place  in  the  ranks  of  our 
text-books  until  now  empty. 

Brandt  V.  D.  Dixon,  President 
Woman's  Department,  Tulane  Uni 
versity  :  I  am  using  it  with  the  best 
results  I  have  ever  seen  in  the  study 
of  the  period  treated. 


HISTORY.  119 

Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

From  the  Battle  of  Adrianople  to  the  death  of  Charlemagne  (A.D. 
378-814).  By  EPHRAIM  EMERTON,  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical  History 
in  Harvard  University.  12mo.  Cloth,  xviii  +  268  pages.  Mailing 
price,  $1.25;  for  introduction,  $1.12. 

TUIIS  work  aims  to  give,  in  simple  narrative  form,  an  account  of 
the  settlement  of  the  Germanic  peoples  on  Roman  soil,  the 
gradual  rise  of  the  Frankish  supremacy,  the  growth  of  the  Chris 
tian  Church  and  its  expression  in  the  monastic  life  and  in  the 
Roman  Papacy,  and  finally  the  culmination  of  all  in  the  Empire 
of  Charlemagne. 


George   P.  Fisher,  Professor  of 

Ecclesiastical  History,  Yale  College : 


vestigation ;  it  is  concise,  but,  at  the 
same  time,  lucid  and  interesting. 


The  work  is  the  fruit  of  diligent  in- 

MedicBual  Europe  (814-1300}. 

By  EPHRAIM  EMERTON,  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical  History  in  Harvard 
University.  12mo.  Cloth,  xxv  +  607  pages.  Illustrated.  Mailing 
price,  $1.65;  for  introduction,  $1.50. 

rpHIS  work  is  a  continuation  of  the  author's  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  the  Middle  Ages.     Its  aim  is  to  call  the  attention  of 
students  to  the  most  important  political,  social,  and  religious  in 
stitutions  of  Continental  Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages  proper. 

Beginning  with  the  Empire  of  Charlemagne,  the  first  topic 
discussed  is  the  formation  of  the  European  States,  as  they  were 
to  remain  during  the  period.  The  two  great  institutions,  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire  and  the  Roman  Papacy,  are  then  traced 
during  the  period  of  the  later  Carolingian  Emperors  and  the  rise 
of  a  true  German  power  under  the  Saxon  kings.  Next  is  shown 
the  decline  of  the  Papacy  under  the  control  of  the  local  Roman 
nobility,  and  its  restoration  by  the  Saxon  emperors.  The  parallel 
development  of  the  Empire  under  the  Franconian  House  and  of 
the  Papacy  under  the  influence  of  the  Cluny  Reform  movement  is 
traced  to  the  conflict  of  these  two  powers  under  Henry  IV  and 
Gregory  VI  T. 


Moses  Coit  Tyler,  Professor  of 
American  History,  Cornell  Univer- 
sift/  :  It  is  a  treat  to  look  into  so 


scholarly  and  satisfactory  a  book. 
It  is  in  full  use  here  as  a  text- 
book. 


120 


HISTORY. 


The  Leading  Facts  of  English  History. 

By  D.  H.  MONTGOMERY.  New  edition.  Rewritten  and  enlarged,  with 
Maps  arid  Tables.  12mo.  Cloth,  viii  +  445  pages.  Mailing  price, 
$1.25;  for  introduction,  $1.12. 

TN  this  work  the  important  events  of  English  History  are  treated 
with  great  fullness,  and  their  relation  to  that  of  Europe  and 
the  world  is  carefully  shown. 

The  text  is  in  short  paragraphs,  each  with  a  topical  heading  in 
bold  type  for  the  student's  use.  The  headings  may  be  made  to 
serve  the  purpose  of  questions.  By  simply  passing  them  over,  the 
reader  has  a  clear,  continuous  narrative. 

The  treatment  of  each  reign  is  closed  with  a  brief  summary  of 
its  principal  points.  Likewise,  at  the  end  of  each  period  there  is 
a  section  showing  the  condition  of  the  country,  and  its  progress  in 
Government,  Religion,  Military  Affairs,  Learning  and  Art,  General 
Industry,  Manners  and  Customs. 

No  pains  have  been  spared  to  make  the  execution  of  the  work 
equal  to  its  plan.  Vivid  touches  here  and  there  betray  the  author's 
mastery  of  details.  Thorough  investigation  has  been  made  of  all 
points  where  there  was  reason  to  doubt  traditional  statements. 

The  text  is  illustrated  with  fourteen  maps,  and  supplemented 
with  full  genealogical  and  chronological  tables. 


Hon.  E.  J.  Phelps,  recently  United 
States  Minister  to  Great  Britain : 
The  author  has  done  a  much-needed 
work  extremely  well. 

Professor  Goldwin  Smith:  The 
book,  besides  being  very  attractive 
in  appearance,  seems  to  be  very 
suitable  for  the  purpose  in  view. 

Elisha  B.  Andrews,  President  of 
Brown  University :  I  db  not  remem 
ber  to  have  seen  any  book  before 
which  sets  forth  the  leading  facts  of 
English  History  so  succinctly,  and 
at  the  same  time  so  interestingly 
and  clearly. 

A.  L.  Perry,  Emeritus  Professor 
of  Political  Economy,  Williams  Col 
lege  :  I  have  never  seen  anything  at 


all  equal  to  it  for  the  niche  it  was 
intended  to  fill. 

Jas.  F.  Colby,  Professor  of  Law 
and  Political  Science,  Dartmouth 
College :  Its  title  is  a  true  descrip 
tion  of  its  contents.  Its  author 
shows  sense  of  proportion,  and  wise 
ly  gives  prominence  to  economic 
facts  and  the  development  of  consti 
tutional  principles. 

F.  B.  Palmer,  Principal  of  State 
Normal  School,  Fredonia,  N.  Y. :  I 
have  not  examined  anything  that 
seems  to  me  equal  to  it  for  a  class  in 
Enelish  History. 

John  Fiske,  Professor  of  History, 
Washington  University :  It  seems  to 
me  excellent. 


HISTORY.  121 

The  Leading  Facts  of  French  History. 

By  D.  H.  MONTGOMERY.  12mo.  Cloth,  vi  +  321  pages,  with  fourteen 
black  and  colored  maps,  and  full  tables.  Mailing  price,  $1.25;  for 
introduction,  $1.12. 

rpHE  object  of  this  volume  is  to  present,  within  a  moderate 
compass,  the  most  important  events  of  the  history  of  France, 
selected,  arranged,  and  treated  according  to  the  soundest  principles 
of  historical  study,  and  set  forth  in  a  clear  and  attractive 
narrative. 


0.  W.  Knight,  Prof,  of  History, 
Ohio  State  University:  I  do  not 
know  another  book  which,  in  any 


thing  like  the  same  space,  conveys 
for  youthful  students  so  good  a  no 
tion  of  French  events. 


The  Leading  Facts  of  American  History. 

By  D.  H.  MONTGOMERY.  12mo.  Half  morocco,  xii  +  365  pages,  be 
sides  colored  maps  and  full-page  illustrations,  with  an  Appendix  of  67 
pages.  Mailing  price,  $1.15;  for  introduction,  $1.00. 

Tj^EW  text-books  have  met  with  such  immediate  recognition  as 
this.  It  seems  to  be  regarded  by  the  best  judges  as,  on  the 
whole,  the  best  school  history  of  the  United  States  yet  published. 
It  was  written  and  not  simply  compiled.  The  author  did  not  take 
it  for  granted  that  a  history  of  our  country  must  be  a  perfunctory 
work  made  up  from  previous  histories  and  merely  iterating  an  old 
set  of  facts,  ideas,  and  stories.  The  book  is  a  panorama  of  the 
leading  events  of  our  history,  with  their  causes  and  results  clearly 
traced.  Attention  has  been  given  to  all  the  departments  of 
American  life  and  activity.  It  describes  the  development  of  the 
American  people.  The  author's  broad  and  liberal  sympathies 
saved  him  from  sectarian,  sectional,  or  partisan  views.  The  style 
is  full  of  life,  and  the  words  can  all  be  understood  by  the  pupils 
for  whom  the  book  is  designed. 


E.  Q-.  Bourne,  Professor  of  History, 
Yale  University :  The  matter  is  well 
selected,  and  the  style  fresh  and  in 
teresting.  The  first  chapter  on  the 


discoveries  deserves  especial  com 
mendation  for  its  clear  explanations 
of  the  underlying  causes  of  voyages 
of  the  period. 


The  Beginner's  American  History. 

By  D.  H.  MONTGOMERY.  12mo.  Cloth.  234  pages.  Fully  illustrated 
with  new  maps  and  pictures.  Mailing  price,  70  cents ;  for  introduction, 
GO  cents.  See  page  199. 


122  HISTORY. 

A  Short  Constitutional  History  of  England. 

By  H.  ST.  GLAIR  FEILDEX,  late  of  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford,  Eng. 
Revised  and  in  part  rewritten  by  W.  GRAY  ETHERIDGE,  late  scholar  of 
Keble  College.  12mo.  Cloth,  xx  +  358  pages.  Mailing  price,  $1-35  • 
for  introduction,  $1.25. 


FTHIS  is  a  concise,  clearly  written  treatise  which  is  believed  to 
have  no  equal  in  its  department.  As  a  convenient  manual  of 
reference,  teachers  and  students  of  English  constitutional  history 
will  find  it  invaluable.  It  treats  of  the  following  subjects,  citing 
Stubbs,  Hallam,  May  and  other  recognized  authorities  :  the 
origin,  power,  and  limitations  of  the  Crown,  traced  from  the 
earliest  period  down  to  modern  times  ;  the  rise  and  jurisdiction 
of  the  King's  Councils,  the  Cabinet,  and  the  Ministerial  system  ; 
the  origin  and  growth  of  Parliament,  party  government  and  ler-is- 
lation  ;  the  rise  and  decline  of  the  Feudal  system  (land  tenure)  ; 
taxation  and  finance  ;  the  people  ;  the  press,  and  the  growth  of 
towns,  the  -church,  the  army  and  navy.  An  appendix  gives  a 
summary  of  the  more  important  charters  and  statutes  and  a 
digest  of  leading  constitutional  cases  decided  by  the  high  courts 
and  by  Parliament. 


Benjamin  S.  Terry,  Professor  of 
Medixval  and  English  History,  Uni 
versity  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  III. :  I 
regard  it  as  a  thoroughly  good  book. 


rational  in  treatment.  Within  my 
knowledge  it  is  the  best  presentation 
of  English  Constitutional  History  in 
so  ^mall  a  compass,  that  we  have. 


It  is  compact,  well  arranged,  and 

Reference  History  of  the  United  States. 

By  HANXAH  A.  DAVIDSON,  formerly  Teacher  of  History,  Belmont 
School,  California.  12mo.  Cloth,  xii  +  190  pages.  By  mail,  90  cents; 
for  introduction,  80  cents. 

rpHIS  book  is  an  attempt  to  connect  history  teaching  more 
closely  in  method  and  matter  with  the  teaching  and  study  of 

history  in  the  college  and  the  university. 

Historia  do  Brazil. 

Resume  da  Historia  do  Brazil,  para  uso  das  escolas  primarias  Brazileiras. 
Pela  Professora  MARIA  G.  L.  DE  ANDRADE.  12mo.  Cloth,  x  +  277 
pages.  Illustrated.  By  mail,  $1.00;  for  introduction,  90  cents. 


is  a  history  of  Brazil,  from  the  earliest  times  to  the  year 
1891,  written  in  the  Portuguese  language. 


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